多釜串联实验数据

实验报告课程名称： 化工专业实验 指导老师： 成绩：________________实验名称： 多釜串联流动特性的测定 实验类型： 反应工程实验 同组学生姓名： 一、实验目的和要求 二、实验内容和原理 三、主要仪器设备 四、操作方法和实验步骤 五、实验数据记录和处理 六、实验结果与分析 七、讨论、心得一、实验目的1．观察了解多釜串联的流动特性，并与理想流型特性曲线作比较。

2．掌握用脉冲示踪法测定停留时间分布的实验方法及数据处理。

3．根据单个釜的流动特性推测四釜串联的理论流动特性，并与实际测量值进行比较。

二、实验原理1．对于等容积理想全混式多釜串联的流动，如用脉冲示踪法测定其出口浓度变化曲线，经过换算，可得到停留时间分布的密度函数E ( t )，即1()(1)!N Nt N tN t E t eN t t --⎛⎫= ⎪-⎝⎭ (1)()1()(1)!N N N t E N e N t θθθθ--⎛⎫==⎪-⎝⎭…………（2） 式中 N —釜数t — 整个装置的平均停留时间，(= N (V R )i / v ) (V R )i — 每一小釜的体积 v — 流体流量据式（1），（2）可计算一组理想全混式的流动，由于实验测定的是出口浓度变化曲线C ( t ) ~ t ，经下列关系换算，可得E ( t )()()()C t C t E t CoCdt∞==⎰ 或写成离散型函数1()()nC t E t C t=-∆∑及 1()()()ntC t E tE t C tθ==-∆∑ (3)据式（3）可得一组实验测定E ( θ ) ~ θ曲线，可与图1（a）所得到的一组曲线进行拟合比较。

（a）理论值（b）实验值图1 多釜串联的停留时间分布曲线2．计算实测分布曲线的均值（t）和方差2θσ因为21 Nθσ=由上式可计算的模型参数N（釜数）及t，再与理论值进行比较。

三、实验装置及仪器本装置由四个搅拌釜反应器组成，分别装备了不同类型的搅拌桨和挡板，每个搅拌釜反应器可独立操作，也可以串联操作。

四釜串联停留时间的分布的测定数据处理：化工03-1 方培林2003031116数据处理：将实验数据导入并作图：>> data1x=data1(:,1); y1=data1(:,2); y2=data1(:,3); y3=data1(:,4); y4=data1(:,5);plot(x,y1,x,y2,x,y3,x,y4)以第四个反应釜为例：1．将实验数据V(t)-t曲线拟合：（1）拟合曲线：用高斯三阶拟合求曲线表达式：y=0.534*exp(-((x-352.8)/222.3)^2)+0.4597*exp(-((x-218.4)/127.8)^2)+ 0.483*exp(-((x-710.6)/999.4 )^2)积分求面积：A1=int('0.534*exp(-((x-352.8)/222.3)^2)+0.4597*exp(-((x-218.4)/127.8)^2)+ 0.483*exp(-((x-710.6)/999.4 )^2)',0, 846.72) 得：A1= 669.46898835250308069810477106541减去空白面积：A=A1-846.72*0.45=288.4449 由实验数据分析终点时间为：846.72 在第385组数据ET=(y4(1:385,:)-0.45)/A;pt=sum(x(1:385,:).*ET)/sum(ET) %平均停留时间sigmaf=sum(x(1:385,:).^2.*ET)/sum(ET)-pt^2sig=sigmaf/pt^2 n=1/sigA=288.4449 pt =344.33458 sigmaf =23259.5671 sig=.19617 n=5.0975面积：A=288.4449 平均停留时间：tm= 344.33458 方差：223259.5671 t σ=无因次方差：20.19617 θσ= 小于1符合实际流型：相当于釜数N=5.0975检验归一性()1t E t dt ∞==⎰jifen=int('(0.534*exp(-((x-352.8)/222.3)^2)+0.4597*exp(-((x-218.4)/127.8)^2)+ 0.483*exp(-((x-710.6)/999.4 )^2)-.45)/288.4449',0,846.72) jifen=1.0000003063063450964052571949284计算Peclet 准数:取其中一个釜进行分析为开放体系：22228mt Per Perσ=+ 解方程：per=solve('8*x^2+2*x-0 .19617=0') 得两组解：per =[ -.32536529140547271941324376838209]（舍去） [ .75365291405472719413243768382092e-1] Peclet 准数为：0. 75365 作E(t)-t 关系图：fplot('(0.534*exp(-((x-352.8)/222.3)^2)+0.4597*exp(-((x-218.4)/127.8)^2)+ 0.483*exp(-((x-710.6)/999.4 )^2)-.45)/288.4449',[0 846.72])作F(t)-t 关系图：0()()tF t E t dt =⎰syms xFT=int((0.534*exp(-((x-352.8)/222.3)^2)+0.4597*exp(-((x-218.4)/127.8)^2)+0.483*exp(-((x-710.6)/999.4 )^2)-.45)/288.4449)function y=myfun(x)y=217535077020598272/1057161738408951875*pi^(1/2)*erf(10/2223*x-392/247)+538299452482387968/5285808692044759375*pi^(1/2)*erf(5/639*x-364/213)+126367970891923456/151023105486993125*pi^(1/2)*erf(5/4997*x-187/263)-13194139533312/8457293907271615*x%将积分结果，定义为函数myfun fplot('myfun',[0 846.72]) 第四个反应釜F(t)-t 曲线：2．将第三个实验数据V(t)-t曲线拟合：用高斯四阶拟合求曲线表达式：f=0.7926*exp(-((x-212.2)/126.5)^2)+0.7935*exp(-((x-304.4)/256)^2+0.5084*exp(-((x-127)/72)^2)+0.5974*exp(-((x-867.4)/ 825.4)^2)积分求面积：A1=int('0.7926*exp(-((x- 212.2)/ 126.5)^2) + 0.7935*exp(-((x-304.4)/ 256)^2)+0.5084*exp(-((x-127)/72)^2) + 0.5974*exp(-((x-867.4)/ 825.4)^2)',0, 821.76)A1= 933.00202288276715439975963721132减去空白面积：A=A1-821.76*0.58= 456.38122ET=(y3(1: 374,:)-0.58)/A;pt=sum(x(1: 374,:).*ET)/sum(ET) %平均停留时间sigmaf=sum(x(1: 374,:).^2.*ET)/sum(ET)-pt^2sig=sigmaf/pt^2n=1/sigA=456.38122 pt = 282.00226 sigmaf =21904.7178 sig=.27544 n=3.6305面积：A=456.38122 平均停留时间：tm= 282.00226 方差：221904.7178tσ=无因次方差：20.27544θσ=小于1符合实际流型：相当于釜数N=3.6305检验归一性0()1tE t dt∞==⎰jifen=int('(0.7926*exp(-((x- 212.2)/ 126.5)^2) + 0.7935*exp(-((x-304.4)/ 256)^2)+0.5084*exp(-((x-127)/72)^2) + 0.5974*exp(-((x-867.4)/ 825.4)^2)-.58)/ 456.38122',0,821.76)jifen =1.0000000063165770808881216392106per=solve('8*x^2+2*x-0.4399=0') per =0 .9873作E(t)-t关系图：fplot('(0.7926*exp(-((x- 212.2)/ 126.5)^2) + 0.7935*exp(-((x-304.4)/ 256)^2)+0.5084*exp(-((x-127)/72)^2) + 0.5974*exp(-((x-867.4)/ 825.4)^2)-.58)/ 456.38122',[0 821.76])作F(t)-t关系图：同理可得结果如下表：数据个数494阀开时间0.5 sec气体温度25 ℃气体流量40 m3/hr气体压差10 mmH2O液体温度20 ℃液体流量20 1/hr操作员号A01-student实验日期2006\04\24实验时间16\32\17Timer, mV1, mV2, mV3, mV4, No.2.198,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.43,14.397,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,26.595,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.43,38.794,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.43,410.992,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.43,513.190,0.63,0.53,0.57,0.42,615.389,2.21,0.52,0.57,0.41,717.587,3.12,0.53,0.56,0.42,819.785,3.12,0.61,0.56,0.42,921.984,3.11,0.71,0.56,0.42,1024.182,3.08,0.79,0.56,0.42,1126.381,3.04,0.89,0.57,0.43,1228.579,2.99,0.97,0.58,0.43,1330.777,2.96,1.03,0.60,0.43,1432.976,2.91,1.11,0.62,0.43,1535.174,2.87,1.17,0.63,0.43,1637.372,2.83,1.24,0.65,0.43,1739.571,2.78,1.30,0.67,0.43,1841.769,2.74,1.34,0.69,0.43,1943.968,2.69,1.40,0.72,0.43,2046.166,2.65,1.44,0.75,0.43,2148.364,2.62,1.49,0.77,0.43,2250.563,2.58,1.54,0.80,0.44,2352.761,2.55,1.58,0.83,0.45,2454.960,2.51,1.62,0.86,0.45,2557.158,2.48,1.65,0.90,0.46,2659.356,2.44,1.69,0.93,0.47,2761.555,2.40,1.72,0.96,0.48,2863.753,2.37,1.74,1.00,0.48,2965.951,2.33,1.77,1.03,0.49,3068.150,2.29,1.80,1.07,0.50,3170.348,2.27,1.82,1.10,0.51,3272.547,2.23,1.84,1.13,0.52,3374.745,2.21,1.85,1.17,0.53,3476.943,2.17,1.87,1.20,0.54,3579.142,2.15,1.89,1.23,0.55,3690.134,2.02,1.94,1.38,0.61,41 92.332,2.00,1.95,1.40,0.62,42 94.530,1.97,1.95,1.43,0.63,43 96.729,1.94,1.96,1.46,0.64,44 98.927,1.91,1.96,1.48,0.66,45 101.126,1.89,1.96,1.51,0.67,46 103.324,1.87,1.96,1.53,0.68,47 105.522,1.84,1.96,1.55,0.69,48 107.721,1.82,1.96,1.59,0.71,49 109.919,1.79,1.96,1.60,0.72,50 112.117,1.77,1.96,1.63,0.74,51 114.316,1.75,1.96,1.65,0.75,52 116.514,1.72,1.95,1.67,0.76,53 118.713,1.70,1.95,1.69,0.78,54 120.911,1.69,1.95,1.71,0.79,55 123.109,1.67,1.94,1.73,0.80,56 125.308,1.65,1.93,1.74,0.81,57 127.506,1.63,1.92,1.75,0.82,58 129.704,1.60,1.91,1.77,0.83,59 131.903,1.59,1.91,1.79,0.85,60 134.101,1.57,1.90,1.81,0.87,61 136.300,1.56,1.90,1.82,0.88,62 138.498,1.54,1.89,1.84,0.89,63 140.696,1.53,1.88,1.85,0.90,64 142.895,1.51,1.87,1.86,0.92,65 145.093,1.50,1.87,1.88,0.93,66 147.291,1.48,1.85,1.89,0.94,67 149.490,1.46,1.84,1.89,0.95,68 151.688,1.44,1.83,1.90,0.96,69 153.887,1.41,1.81,1.91,0.97,70 156.085,1.40,1.80,1.91,0.97,71 158.283,1.39,1.80,1.92,0.99,72 160.482,1.39,1.79,1.93,1.00,73 162.680,1.38,1.78,1.94,1.02,74 164.879,1.37,1.77,1.94,1.03,75 167.077,1.35,1.76,1.95,1.04,76 169.275,1.34,1.75,1.96,1.05,77 171.474,1.33,1.74,1.96,1.06,78 173.672,1.32,1.73,1.96,1.07,79 175.870,1.30,1.72,1.97,1.08,80 178.069,1.29,1.71,1.97,1.09,81 180.267,1.28,1.70,1.97,1.10,82 182.466,1.27,1.68,1.97,1.10,83193.457,1.21,1.62,1.97,1.14,88 195.656,1.21,1.62,1.97,1.15,89 197.854,1.20,1.60,1.97,1.15,90 200.053,1.19,1.59,1.97,1.16,91 202.251,1.18,1.59,1.97,1.17,92 204.449,1.17,1.57,1.96,1.18,93 206.648,1.16,1.56,1.96,1.18,94 208.846,1.14,1.55,1.96,1.19,95 211.045,1.14,1.54,1.96,1.19,96 213.243,1.13,1.52,1.96,1.20,97 215.441,1.12,1.51,1.95,1.20,98 217.640,1.10,1.50,1.94,1.20,99 219.838,1.09,1.49,1.94,1.21,100 222.036,1.08,1.47,1.93,1.21,101 224.235,1.07,1.46,1.93,1.21,102 226.433,1.07,1.45,1.92,1.21,103 228.632,1.06,1.44,1.91,1.21,104 230.830,1.05,1.43,1.90,1.21,105 233.028,1.04,1.42,1.90,1.22,106 235.227,1.03,1.41,1.89,1.22,107 237.425,1.03,1.40,1.88,1.22,108 239.623,1.02,1.39,1.88,1.22,109 241.822,1.01,1.38,1.87,1.23,110 244.020,1.00,1.37,1.86,1.23,111 246.219,0.99,1.36,1.85,1.23,112 248.417,0.99,1.35,1.85,1.23,113 250.615,0.98,1.34,1.84,1.23,114 252.814,0.97,1.33,1.83,1.24,115 255.012,0.96,1.32,1.82,1.24,116 257.211,0.95,1.31,1.82,1.24,117 259.409,0.95,1.30,1.81,1.24,118 261.607,0.94,1.28,1.80,1.24,119 263.806,0.93,1.28,1.79,1.24,120 266.004,0.92,1.27,1.78,1.23,121 268.202,0.92,1.25,1.78,1.23,122 270.401,0.91,1.24,1.77,1.23,123 272.599,0.90,1.23,1.77,1.24,124 274.798,0.89,1.22,1.76,1.24,125 276.996,0.89,1.21,1.75,1.24,126 279.194,0.88,1.20,1.74,1.24,127 281.393,0.88,1.20,1.73,1.24,128 283.591,0.87,1.19,1.73,1.24,129 285.789,0.87,1.18,1.71,1.24,130296.781,0.85,1.14,1.67,1.22,135 298.980,0.85,1.13,1.65,1.22,136 301.178,0.84,1.12,1.64,1.22,137 303.377,0.84,1.12,1.63,1.21,138 305.575,0.83,1.11,1.62,1.21,139 307.773,0.83,1.10,1.62,1.21,140 309.972,0.82,1.09,1.60,1.20,141 312.170,0.81,1.08,1.59,1.20,142 314.368,0.81,1.07,1.58,1.20,143 316.567,0.81,1.06,1.57,1.20,144 318.765,0.80,1.05,1.56,1.20,145 320.964,0.80,1.04,1.56,1.19,146 323.162,0.79,1.03,1.55,1.19,147 325.360,0.78,1.02,1.54,1.18,148 327.559,0.78,1.01,1.53,1.18,149 329.757,0.78,1.00,1.52,1.17,150 331.955,0.77,1.00,1.50,1.16,151 334.154,0.77,0.99,1.49,1.16,152 336.352,0.77,0.99,1.48,1.15,153 338.551,0.77,0.98,1.47,1.15,154 340.749,0.76,0.98,1.46,1.14,155 342.947,0.76,0.97,1.45,1.14,156 345.146,0.76,0.96,1.44,1.13,157 347.344,0.76,0.96,1.43,1.13,158 349.543,0.75,0.95,1.42,1.13,159 351.741,0.75,0.95,1.42,1.12,160 353.939,0.75,0.94,1.40,1.12,161 356.138,0.74,0.93,1.40,1.11,162 358.336,0.74,0.92,1.39,1.11,163 360.534,0.74,0.92,1.38,1.11,164 362.733,0.73,0.91,1.37,1.10,165 364.931,0.72,0.90,1.37,1.10,166 367.130,0.72,0.90,1.36,1.10,167 369.328,0.72,0.89,1.34,1.09,168 371.526,0.72,0.89,1.33,1.09,169 373.725,0.72,0.89,1.33,1.08,170 375.923,0.72,0.89,1.32,1.07,171 378.121,0.72,0.88,1.31,1.07,172 380.320,0.71,0.87,1.29,1.06,173 382.518,0.71,0.87,1.28,1.06,174 384.717,0.71,0.86,1.27,1.05,175 386.915,0.71,0.85,1.27,1.04,176 389.113,0.70,0.84,1.26,1.04,177400.105,0.69,0.83,1.22,1.02,182 402.304,0.69,0.83,1.22,1.01,183 404.502,0.69,0.82,1.21,1.01,184 406.700,0.69,0.82,1.20,1.00,185 408.899,0.69,0.81,1.19,1.00,186 411.097,0.69,0.81,1.18,0.99,187 413.296,0.69,0.80,1.17,0.99,188 415.494,0.69,0.80,1.16,0.98,189 417.692,0.68,0.79,1.16,0.98,190 419.891,0.68,0.79,1.15,0.97,191 422.089,0.68,0.78,1.14,0.97,192 424.287,0.68,0.78,1.13,0.96,193 426.486,0.67,0.78,1.12,0.96,194 428.684,0.67,0.77,1.12,0.95,195 430.883,0.67,0.77,1.11,0.95,196 433.081,0.67,0.76,1.11,0.94,197 435.279,0.67,0.76,1.10,0.94,198 437.478,0.67,0.76,1.09,0.93,199 439.676,0.67,0.76,1.09,0.93,200 441.874,0.67,0.76,1.08,0.92,201 444.073,0.67,0.75,1.07,0.92,202 446.271,0.66,0.75,1.07,0.91,203 448.470,0.66,0.75,1.06,0.91,204 450.668,0.66,0.74,1.05,0.90,205 452.866,0.66,0.74,1.05,0.90,206 455.065,0.65,0.73,1.04,0.89,207 457.263,0.65,0.73,1.04,0.89,208 459.462,0.65,0.73,1.03,0.88,209 461.660,0.65,0.72,1.02,0.88,210 463.858,0.65,0.72,1.02,0.87,211 466.057,0.65,0.72,1.01,0.87,212 468.255,0.64,0.71,1.01,0.86,213 470.453,0.64,0.71,1.00,0.86,214 472.652,0.64,0.71,0.99,0.85,215 474.850,0.64,0.71,0.99,0.85,216 477.049,0.64,0.71,0.98,0.84,217 479.247,0.64,0.70,0.97,0.84,218 481.445,0.64,0.70,0.97,0.84,219 483.644,0.64,0.69,0.96,0.83,220 485.842,0.63,0.69,0.95,0.83,221 488.040,0.63,0.69,0.95,0.82,222 490.239,0.63,0.69,0.95,0.81,223 492.437,0.63,0.68,0.94,0.80,224503.429,0.62,0.66,0.92,0.79,229 505.628,0.62,0.66,0.92,0.78,230 507.826,0.62,0.66,0.92,0.78,231 510.024,0.62,0.66,0.91,0.78,232 512.223,0.62,0.66,0.90,0.77,233 514.421,0.62,0.66,0.90,0.77,234 516.619,0.61,0.65,0.89,0.76,235 518.818,0.62,0.65,0.89,0.76,236 521.016,0.62,0.65,0.88,0.75,237 523.215,0.62,0.65,0.87,0.75,238 525.413,0.61,0.65,0.86,0.75,239 527.611,0.61,0.65,0.86,0.75,240 529.810,0.62,0.65,0.86,0.74,241 532.008,0.61,0.65,0.86,0.74,242 534.206,0.61,0.64,0.85,0.74,243 536.405,0.61,0.64,0.85,0.74,244 538.603,0.60,0.63,0.84,0.73,245 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617.745,0.57,0.58,0.73,0.62,281 619.943,0.57,0.58,0.73,0.62,282 622.142,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.62,283 624.340,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.61,284 626.538,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.61,285 628.737,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.60,286 630.935,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.60,287 633.134,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.60,288 635.332,0.57,0.58,0.72,0.59,289 637.530,0.57,0.58,0.71,0.59,290 639.729,0.58,0.58,0.70,0.59,291 641.927,0.58,0.58,0.70,0.59,292 644.126,0.58,0.58,0.70,0.59,293 646.324,0.57,0.57,0.70,0.59,294 648.522,0.56,0.57,0.70,0.59,295 650.721,0.56,0.57,0.70,0.58,296 652.919,0.57,0.57,0.70,0.58,297 655.117,0.57,0.57,0.70,0.57,298 657.316,0.57,0.57,0.69,0.57,299 659.514,0.57,0.57,0.68,0.57,300 661.713,0.57,0.57,0.68,0.57,301 663.911,0.57,0.57,0.68,0.57,302 666.109,0.56,0.56,0.68,0.57,303 668.308,0.56,0.56,0.68,0.56,304 670.506,0.56,0.56,0.68,0.56,305 672.704,0.57,0.57,0.68,0.56,306 674.903,0.57,0.57,0.68,0.56,307 677.101,0.57,0.57,0.67,0.56,308 679.300,0.57,0.57,0.67,0.56,309 681.498,0.57,0.56,0.67,0.56,310 683.696,0.56,0.56,0.67,0.56,311 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762.838,0.56,0.55,0.63,0.50,347 765.036,0.56,0.55,0.62,0.50,348 767.235,0.56,0.55,0.62,0.50,349 769.433,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.50,350 771.632,0.56,0.54,0.62,0.50,351 773.830,0.55,0.54,0.62,0.50,352 776.028,0.55,0.54,0.62,0.50,353 778.227,0.56,0.54,0.62,0.49,354 780.425,0.56,0.54,0.62,0.49,355 782.623,0.56,0.54,0.62,0.49,356 784.822,0.56,0.55,0.62,0.48,357 787.020,0.56,0.55,0.62,0.49,358 789.219,0.56,0.54,0.62,0.49,359 791.417,0.56,0.55,0.61,0.49,360 793.615,0.56,0.55,0.61,0.49,361 795.814,0.56,0.55,0.61,0.49,362 798.012,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.49,363 800.211,0.55,0.54,0.61,0.49,364 802.409,0.55,0.54,0.61,0.49,365813.401,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.47,370 815.599,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.48,371 817.798,0.56,0.55,0.60,0.48,372 819.996,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.48,373 822.194,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.48,374 824.393,0.55,0.53,0.60,0.48,375 826.591,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.47,376 828.789,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.47,377 830.988,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.47,378 833.186,0.56,0.54,0.61,0.47,379 835.385,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.47,380 837.583,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.47,381 839.781,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.48,382 841.980,0.55,0.53,0.60,0.47,383 844.178,0.56,0.53,0.60,0.47,384 846.377,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,385 848.575,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.47,386 850.773,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.47,387 852.972,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.47,388 855.170,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.47,389 857.368,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.47,390 859.567,0.55,0.53,0.60,0.47,391 861.765,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,392 863.964,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,393 866.162,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,394 868.360,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.47,395 870.559,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.47,396 872.757,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.47,397 874.955,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.46,398 877.154,0.55,0.54,0.60,0.45,399 879.352,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,400 881.551,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.46,401 883.749,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.46,402 885.947,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.47,403 888.146,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.46,404 890.344,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.46,405 892.543,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.45,406 894.741,0.56,0.54,0.60,0.46,407 896.939,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.46,408 899.138,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.46,409 901.336,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.46,410 903.534,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.46,411 905.733,0.56,0.53,0.59,0.45,412916.725,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.46,417 918.923,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.46,418 921.121,0.55,0.53,0.59,0.45,419 923.320,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.45,420 925.518,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.45,421 927.717,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.45,422 929.915,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.45,423 932.113,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.45,424 934.312,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.46,425 936.510,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.46,426 938.709,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,427 940.907,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,428 943.105,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.44,429 945.304,0.56,0.53,0.59,0.45,430 947.502,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.45,431 949.700,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,432 951.899,0.54,0.53,0.58,0.45,433 954.097,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,434 956.296,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,435 958.494,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.44,436 960.692,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.44,437 962.891,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.45,438 965.089,0.55,0.54,0.59,0.45,439 967.287,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,440 969.486,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,441 971.684,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,442 973.883,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,443 976.081,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,444 978.279,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.44,445 980.478,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,446 982.676,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,447 984.874,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.45,448 987.073,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,449 989.271,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.44,450 991.470,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.44,451 993.668,0.56,0.54,0.59,0.44,452 995.866,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.44,453 998.065,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,454 1000.263,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.45,455 1002.462,0.55,0.52,0.57,0.45,456 1004.660,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,457 1006.858,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,458 1009.057,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.44,4591020.049,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,464 1022.247,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,465 1024.445,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.43,466 1026.644,0.56,0.54,0.58,0.44,467 1028.842,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,468 1031.040,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,469 1033.239,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.45,470 1035.437,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.44,471 1037.636,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,472 1039.834,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,473 1042.032,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.43,474 1044.231,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.44,475 1046.429,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.44,476 1048.628,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,477 1050.826,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,478 1053.024,0.54,0.53,0.58,0.44,479 1055.223,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.44,480 1057.421,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.44,481 1059.619,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,482 1061.818,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.43,483 1064.016,0.56,0.54,0.58,0.44,484 1066.215,0.55,0.54,0.58,0.44,485 1068.413,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,486 1070.611,0.54,0.53,0.58,0.44,487 1072.810,0.54,0.53,0.57,0.44,488 1075.008,0.55,0.52,0.57,0.44,489 1077.206,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.44,490 1079.405,0.55,0.53,0.57,0.44,491 1081.603,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.44,492 1083.802,0.55,0.53,0.58,0.43,493 1086.000,0.56,0.53,0.58,0.43,494。

串联流动反应釜停留时间分布实验数据处理1、单釜实验根据实验原始数据，选取零点后扣除零点并删除离散较大的数据点，得到响应曲线：图1 单釜实验c(t)-t响应曲线采用离散法，在保留图像主要特征的基础上取49个点，得到下图：图2 离散法处理后所得c(t)-t 响应曲线由E(t)=c (t )c (t )dt∞0，进一步得到概率密度函数曲线：图3 单釜实验概率密度函数E(t)-t 关系曲线由离散法取得的49组数据，代入t=t×c(t)∆tc(t)∆t 、σt2=t2×c(t)c t−t2、N=t 2σ23，得到单釜实验停留时间t、方差σt2以及模型参数N。

将计算值和记录值列表：表1 单釜实验数据计算值与记录值对照表通过对比可知，记录值和计算值差别不大，模型参数N2、多釜实验根据实验原始数据，选取零点后扣除零点并删除离散较大的数据点，得到响应曲线：图4 多釜实验c(t) – t响应曲线采用离散法，在保留图像主要特征的基础上，釜1、釜2、釜3分别取41、46、47个点，得到下图：图5 多釜实验c(t) – t 响应曲线平滑曲线由E(t)=c (t )c (t )dt∞0，进一步得到概率密度函数曲线：图6 多釜实验概率密度函数E(t) – t 关系曲线由离散法取得的数据，代入t=t×c(t)∆tc(t)∆t 、σt2=t2×c(t)c t−t2、N=t2σ23，得到单釜实验停留时间t、方差σt2以及模型参数N。

将计算值和记录值列表：表2 多釜实验数据计算值与记录值对照表。

实验一 多釜串联连续流动反应器中停留时间分布的测定一、实验目的本实验通过单釜与三釜反应器中停留时间分布的测定，将数据计算结果用多釜串联模型来描述返混程度，从而认识限制返混的措施。

1、掌握停留时间分布的测定方法；2、了解停留时间分布与多釜串联模型的关系；3、掌握多釜串联模型参数N 的物理意义及计算方法。

二、实验原理在连续流动的反应器内，不同停留时间的物料之间的混和称为返混。

返混程度的大小，一般很难直接测定，通常是利用物料停留时间分布的测定来研究。

然而在测定不同状态的反应器内停留时间分布时，可以发现，相同的停留时间分布可以有不同的返混情况，即返混与停留时间分布不存在一一对应的关系，因此不能用停留时间分布的实验测定数据直接表示返混程度，而必须借助于反应器数学模型来间接表达。

物料在反应器内的停留时间完全是一个随机过程，须用概率分布方法来定量描述。

所用的概率分布函数为停留时间分布密度函数E (t)和停留时间分布函数F (t)。

停留时间分布密度函数E (t )的物理意义是：同时进入的N 个流体粒子中，停留时间介于t 到t +dt 间的流体粒子所占的分率dN/N 为E (t )dt 。

停留时间分布函数F (t )的物理意义是：流过系统的物料中停留时间小于t 的物料所占的分率。

停留时间分布的测定方法有脉冲输入法、阶跃输入法等，常用的是脉冲输入法。

当系统达到稳定后，在系统的入口处瞬间注入一定量Q 的示踪物料，同时开始在出口流体中检测示踪物料的浓度变化。

由停留时间分布密度函数的物理含义，可知： E (t )dt ＝VC (t )/Q (1) ⎰∞=0)(dt t VC Q (2)所以 ⎰⎰∞∞==)()()()()(dtt C t C dtt VC t VC t E (3)由此可见E (t )与示踪剂浓度C (t )成正比。

本实验中用水作为连续流动的物料，以饱和KCl 作示踪剂，在反应器出口处检测溶液的电导值。

在一定范围内，KCl 浓度与电导值成正比，则可用电导值来表达物料的停留时间变化关系，即E (t )∝L (t )，这里L(t)＝L t －L ∞，L t 为t 时刻的电导值，L ∞为无示踪剂时电导值。

多釜串联返混性能测定实验实验基本要求及注意事项：(1) 书包放书包柜或实验台最外侧柜子；(2) 必须穿实验服；(3) 实验完成后清扫桌面和地面；关闭锁好窗户拉好窗帘；(4) 老师在原始数据上签字后方可离开实验室；(5) 实验操作规程在设备对应实验台的第一个抽屉内。

1实验前准备工作1.1检查并确认水箱内水满(去离子水)；用100ml烧杯配好饱和KCl溶液待用。

1.2电导率仪调节：按下绿色按钮后，打开电导率仪开关，将温度补偿旋钮调至25℃，按“测量”档位至“×103”，“调零”旋钮调至“0.000”；按下“校正”键，校对电极常数与电极棒常数(已标在电极棒上)相一致；再按“测量”档位至“×103”。

注意不要碰触蓝色电极棒，以免损坏。

1.3 检查搅拌釜及其控制系统：搅拌马达控制器电源为关闭状态(“0”)，搅拌转速为0(旋钮逆时针旋到头)；关闭各釜下底阀门(注意：左手扶住阀体，右手顺时针方向扳阀柄至水平位。

固定阀柄的螺母松动后，应及时拧紧)。

1.4记录实验室温度和各反应釜的体积(体积已标在相应反应釜上)。

1.5确认离心泵旁路阀已打开，多釜进水阀和流量计阀门已关闭，启动离心泵(按下黄色按钮)。

1.6打开计算机，点击桌面上文件名为“dfc”的实验装置图标进入操作系统界面。

2三釜串联实验2.1向釜内加水：打开多釜进水阀，慢慢打开转子流量计调节阀至20L/hr，向釜内注水至红色刻线。

此期间，当水位没过搅拌桨时，开启搅拌釜上方搅拌马达开关(“1” )，用旋钮缓慢调节马达转速至200rpm。

通过调节搅拌釜左侧π形管高度，控制各釜内的液位至红色刻线。

2.2实验及采集数据：各釜内液位稳定在红色刻线后，调节电导仪调零旋钮至“0.000”，以扣除本底。

点击“实验操作”“参数设定”“采样频率”调为5s“确定”；“实验操作”“多釜实验”；“实验操作”“开始实验”。

点击“结果显示”“曲线图”，待跑线稳定后，用注射器取3ml饱和KCl溶液，赶气泡并用滤纸吸干注射器外面液体后，迅速注入第一釜。

反应器停留时间分布测定实验化学 系 二 班 学号 006xxx55 姓名 于某 第 2 套装置 组别 B1组8号 得分 同组人姓名 赵某 ， 宋某 ， 田某实验日期 2009 年 3 月 11 日 星期 三 文件名 d2*******-2（一）实验目的：1.熟悉单釜和多釜串联反应装置的结构、特点和工作原理；2.掌握利用脉冲激发响应法测定反应器分布时间函数；3.学习反应器的停留时间密度分布函数E(t )和停留时间分布函数F(t )的测定、特点。

学会平均停留时间和方差的计算。

（二）实验原理： 1.停留时间分布函数停留时间是指当物料连续流经化学反应器时，流体从反应器的入口开始到反应器的出口所需流经的时间。

当同一流体在反应器中的停留时间不同时，将会存在一个停留时间分布，可以用停留时间分布函数来描述这一分布情况。

停留时间分布函数是指：从刚开始到时间t 内，流出反应器的流体占所有流体的比例，一般用F(t )表示。

而停留时间的另一描述是停留时间密度分布函数，则指在单位时间内流出的流体占总流体的比例，一般用E(t )表示。

从上面的定义可知，F(t )和E(t )分别有如下数学表达式：()tdN F t N =⎰(1) 1()()()dN E t N dt=(2)物料在反应器内的停留时间是一个随机变量，其主要有两个数字特征：数学期望：即平均停留时间，是指各流体微元通过反应器所需停留时间的平均值。

其数学表达式如下：00()()()tE t dtt tE t dt E t dt∞∞∞==⎰⎰⎰(3)方差：指各流体微元通过反应器所需停留时间和平均停留时间之差的平方的平均值，用符号2t σ表示，它反映了停留时间分布的离散程度。

其数学表达式如下： 22220()()()()()tt t E t dt t E t dt t E t dtσ∞∞∞-==-⎰⎰⎰(4)若采用无量纲停留时间表示，令/t t θ=，则：()()F t F θ=(5)()()E tE t θ=(6) 222/()t t θσσ=(7)物料在反应器中的流动有两种理想的状态：活塞流模型：指物料在反应器中，各质点以相同的速度沿着同一方向流动，各物料质点之间完全不返混。