the Development of English Literature

A Survey of the Development of English LiteratureEnglish literature has a long history, rich legacy and great influence on the literature and life of the world. Its origin can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon Period with the production of the famous The Song of Beowulf and covers a history of more than 1000 years.1. Early and Medieval English literature (5th C.-1485)1) Anglo-Saxon (Old English) Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is in the form of poetry and prose, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf.2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)In 1066, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of Hastings. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.2. The English RenaissanceThe key-note of Renaissance is humanism and the greatest humanist is Thomas More, the author of Utopia. The representatives in literature are Shakespeare and Bacon. The former has the greatest contribution in drama and sonnets while the latter’s essays are condensed and witty.The most influential writer of the English middle Ages is Geoffrey Chaucer, ―The Father of English Poetry‖.3. The 17th Century—The Period of Revolution and RestorationThe greatest representatives of this period are the ―Three Johns‖: John Milton, John Donne, the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan, a great prose writer.4. The 18th C.—The Age of EnlightenmentIn literature, Classicism, or Neoclassicism, dominated this century.The middle of this century in England sees the inception of a new literary current– sentimentalism .At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.5. The Romantic Period (1798—1832)Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century with William Blake and Robert Burns representing the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798, Romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Scott in 1832.This is an age of poetry.6. The Victorian Age —Realism in England (1830s—1918)The (Critical) Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and fifties. The task of the realists is criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint.In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel enters a stage of decline.The 2nd half of the 19th century in England produced a number of outstanding poets such as Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning etc. The greatest of them was Browning.7. The 20th C. Literature — Modernism(1918-45) and Post-Modernism(1945- )The reaction against the values of Victorian society and the theme of its literature that began in the 1890’s, was manifested in the early decades of the 20th century by drastic changes in form, vocabulary and image. The movement has come to be called Modernism.The most important period for Modernism was between 1910 and 1925.After WWII, it faded into what has been termed Post-Modernism (Contemporary Literature ).。

英文文献综述标准范文A comprehensive review of English literature。

Introduction。

The field of English literature is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of genres, periods, and styles. A comprehensive review of English literature is essential for understanding the development and evolution of the discipline. This paper aims to provide a standard sample of an English literature review, covering key aspects of the field and highlighting important works and authors.Historical overview。

English literature has a rich and complex history, with roots dating back to the early medieval period. The development of English literature can be traced through various literary movements, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism. Each period has its own distinct characteristics and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural context of the time.Key themes and genres。

Preface (The Development of British Literature)1. Early and Medieval Literature (5th century-1485)2. The Period of English Renaissance (the end of 15th century-the beginning of 17th century)3. 17th Century Literature4. The Period of Enlightenment (the end of 17th century-the middle of 18th century)5. English Romanticism (1798-1832)6. The Age of Realism (1830s-1918)7. The Age of Modernism (1918-1945)8. Contemporary British Literature (1945- )Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)Lived in the 14th centuryThe greatest writer in this century and the 14th century is usually known as “The Age of Chaucer”Was acclaimed as “father of English poetry”◆Literary Career1. From 1360 to 1372 (French period)Translations: The Romance of the Rose2. From 1373 to 1386 (Italian period)Major works: 1380 The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》1384 The House of Fame《声誉之堂》1385 Troilus and Criseyde《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》1386 The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》The Legend of Good Women3. From 1387 to 1400 (English period)Masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales1700lines—about half of Chaucer’s entire literary productionThe whole poem is a collection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan, which shows the influence of Boccaccio’s Decameron.◆The PrologueThe Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. We see the whole cavalcade, as it rides out on a fine spring morning.The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups, with various interests, tastes and predilections. (preference)◆CommentsChaucer makes English the language of literature. The language he used, known as Middle English now, is vivid and smooth.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry i s that he greatly enriched the rhyme schemes by introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types.◆TermsIambic Pentameter:五音步抑扬格It refers to a poetic line consisting of metrical foot in poetry consisting of one short or unstressed syllable followed by one long or stressed syllable.Heroic Couplet:英雄双韵体It refers to a pair of rhymed iambic pentameter lines. A stanza composed of two heroic couplets is called a heroic quatrain.Alliteration:头韵It refers to the repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes, the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds.Unit 2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)William Shakespeare is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature. Comedy Tragedy Historical Play38/39 plays; 154 sonnets; 2 narrative poemsTwo tragedies:Romeo and Juliet；The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 《凯撒大帝》Great tragedies: Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkThe two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece were respectively published in 1593 and 1594.His Sonnets were published in 1609. They are divided into two groups. One is about the conflicted lover for a young man of superior beauty and the other about the uncontrollable love for a mysterious “dark lady” of irresistible beauty.◆HamletHamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art.Hamlet i s the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. Major Characters:Hamlet, the Ghost, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes◆Some of the Problems Troubling Hamlet1. His father was murdered by his uncle who has become the king of Denmark.2. His mother was married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3. The Ghost of his father urged him to seek revenge for his murder, but Hamlet was not quite sure that the ghost was h is father’s spirit, for he feared it might have been a devil sent to torment him.4. His former friends Rosencrantz & Guildenstern were dispatched by the king to spy on him (A betrayal of friendship! As a humanist he attached great importance to friendship).5. His girl friend Ophelia was sent as a tool to find out whether or not he was really mad (A betrayal of love!).◆What do you learn about Hamlet’s mental conflict and character through this soliloquy独白? Further AnalysisIn this soliloquy, Hamlet is detached, reflective, analytic and moral. His thoughts were philosophical rather than practical; his concerns were on the nature of things rather than any specific plans for actions; his feelings were of a deep sorrow over the injustice and vanity, “a sea of troubles” which brought pains into human life. His melancholy and procrastination are also revealed. Here he is pondering on the question of life and death.He is thinking of committing suicide. But he hesitates for he doubts whether death can give him rest and peace. Besides, he is not sure whether the world of death would be better than this one. He gives the reasons why he wants to commit suicide.Apart from his personal revenge (He hasn’t mentioned it in this soliloquy), he cannot bear the social injustices and grievances. He is conscious of his own weakness of thinking too much which makes him dilatory, allowing many opportunities to slip away.◆SonnetA fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.It includes three Quatrains and a concluding Couplet, with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.Each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final comment.Unit 3 Francis Bacon (1561-1626)◆Literary CareerBacon’s works ma y be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.1. Philosophical works:1605 The Advancement of Learning (in English)1620 Novum Organum (in Latin)2. Literary works:1597-1625 Essays(Of Truth, Of Death, Of Revenge, Of Friendship)3. Professional works:1630 Maxims of the Law1642 Reading on the Statue of Uses◆Of Studies“Of Studies” is the one of the shortest, but probably the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.1. It analyzes the major functions of studies and the different ways of pursuing studies by different people.2. It probes into the effects studies have upon human character.3. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the essay best reveals Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.The essay starts with the general use and benefits of studies, namely, delight, ornament and ability.Then it goes on to relate studies to experience and reveals the mutual-promoting relation between them.Bacon also points out that studies need to be treated properly and conducted in right ways.By doing it right, he reckons, our characters shall be improved in different aspects.The whole essay seems to be a manifesto of the Renaissance and a declaration of the beginning of the coming Age of Reason.◆CommentsBacon was a representative of the Renaissance in England.He was a prominent philosopher and scientist as well as an essayist.He contributed to the foundation of modern science with his scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for knowledge.Although he wrote much in Latin, he was capable of varied and beautiful styles in English and there is a peculiar magnificence and picturesque-ness in much of his writing.Many of his sentences in Essays have assumed almost the character of proverbs.His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has become a landmark in the development of English prose.Unit 7 Jane Austen (1775-1817)◆Main works:《理智与情感》（Sense and Sensibility，1811)《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice，1813)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（Mansfield Park，1814)《爱玛》（Emma，1816)《诺桑觉寺》（Northanger Abby，1818)《劝导》（Persuasion，1818)◆Pride and PrejudiceThe whole story portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and the haughty Darcy. Their relationship begins with the initial misunderstandings and ends with their mutual enlightenment. Finally they learn that their first impressions, based on pride and prejudice, were incorrect.◆Major Characters:Mr. Bennet＋Mrs. Bennet五个女儿：Jane（Mr. Bingley）; Elizabeth（Mr. Darcy）; Mary; Kitty; Lydia（Mr. Wickham）Lady Catherine（Mr. Darcy的姨妈）Charlotte（Elizabeth最好的朋友，和Mr. Collins结婚）◆人物分析Mr. BennettHe is a queer, sarcastic man.Being the father of 5 daughters, he is destined the responsibility for the future of them. But when a prospective catch comes, he keeps reserved and calm; he even teases his wife inconsiderately when she urges him to visit the new comer.This and his other oddities can only be accounted for that Mr. Bennett is regretful for his own marriage and thus becomes hesitant about his daughters. But he is now at a loss to help it, since there is such a gossipy and garrulous（唠叨，爱管闲事的）wife in the house. That is why he rarely talks to his wife as an equal and prefers to have the privacy of his library, his country and his self-entertaining irony.After all, he is a lively character.Mrs. BennettShe fails by all relevant criteria.empty-headed, snobbish, inconsiderate, ill-mannered, vulgar, foolish…She has no feminine charm.As a parent, she is partly responsible for the superficial characters of her 3 younger daughters. Lydia is clearly in her mother’s mold.She thinks of marriage mainly as a means of social and economic advancement.JaneThe eldest of the Bennett girls has two distinguishing characteristics: she is very beautiful, and she is very unperceptive, or, she is so pure of heart and mind that she will go to any length not to believe evil of any one.On the most superficial level, the plot is the story of the romance of Jane and Bingley; but actually their story provides only the occasion for the real interest of the novel.Jane and Bingley exhibit neither pride nor prejudice. The themes of social status arise only indirectly in their case. Choice for them is never problematic. Their function rather is to show how people can suffer from the pride and prejudice.◆CharacterizationWhich of these methods does Jane Austen employ? Cite examples to illustrate your choices.1. Physical description of a character by the author;2. A description of another character;3. The use of dialogue or conversation;4. An explanation of a character’s inner thoughts;5. The behavior or actions of a character;6. The reactions of a character to another character or to a situation◆Theme: Love and MarriageIn this novel, Austen provides 4 different marriages. They are utilitarian marriage, sex-oriented marriage, moral marriage and perfect marriage.It is analyzed that one’s character reflects his/her marriage and attitudes towards love and social mores are reflected in their marriage’s formation.The conditions for love and marriage: material wealth and social position; beauty and passion; true love with consideration of the partner’s personal virtue as well as his economic and social status.It is wrong to marry just for money, or beauty; it is also wrong to marry without it.Elizabeth thinks she is happier than Jane.◆Writing StyleIn style, Austen is a classicism advocate, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, and gracefulness in novel writing. She writes within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting and plot are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Irony（反讽）A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”In this statement, Austen cleverly illustrates 3 points: she declares that the main subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage; she has established the humorous tone of the novel by taking a simple subject to elaborate and to speak intelligently of; she has prepared the reader for a chase in the novel of either a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband.The first line also defines Jane’s book as a piece of literature that connects itself to the 18th century period, in which, the emphasis on man in social environment was important, and the use of satire and wit was a common form of the 18th century literature.Unit 8 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)◆Ode (颂)1. It refers to a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.2. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.◆Ode to the West Wind1. Talking about the poem, Shelley says that it was his emotional response to a strong hailstorm in which he happened to be swallowed one autumn evening in 1819 on the Arno near Florence.2. Shelley sees, in the storm of the natural world, an apt metaphor for the storm of revolution in the human world. The poet had been feeling depressed at the triumph of the reactionary Holy Alliance over Napoleon and the French Revolution and was emphatic in his forecast that the storm of revolution would make a powerful comeback yet.◆The Form1. This ode contains five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each containing four tercets and a closing couplet.2. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme first used by Dante in his well-known The Divine Comedy.3.In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza.4. Thus, each of the five stanzas follows the rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.5. Function: This linked chain gives a feeling of onward motion and the verse has a breathless quality which is in keeping with the onward motion of the wind’s movement.Ⅰ哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，（唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。

实用文档Exercise for English Literature (2)Choose the best answer for each blank.1.________, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born inLondon about 1340.A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Sir GawainC.Francis BaconD. John Dryden2.Chaucer died on the 25th October 1400, and was buried in ________.A.FlandersB. FranceC.ItalyD. Westminster Abbey3.The progress in industry at home stimulated the commercial expansion abroad. ________ encouragedexploration and travel, which were compatible with the interest of the English merchants.A.Henry VB. Henry VIIC.Henry VIIID. Queen Elizabeth4.Except being a victory of England over ________, the rout of the fleet “Armada” (Invincible) was also thetriumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism.A.SpainB. FranceC.AmericaD. Norway5.At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist ________ wrote his Utopia in which he gave aprofound and truthful picture of the pe ople’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.A.Thomas MoreB. Thomas MarloweC.Francis BaconD. William Shakespear6.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen ________.A.MaryB. ElizabethC.WilliamD. Victoria7.English Renaissance Period was an age of ________.A.prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC.essays and journalsD. ballads and songs8.From the following, choose the one which is not Francis Bacon’s work: ________.A.The Advancement of LearningB. The New InstrumentC.EssaysD. The New AtlanticsE.Venus and Adonis9.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” This is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s ________.A.songsB. playsediesD. sonnets10.The heroines of Shakespeare’s great comedies, ________ are the daughters of the Renaissance, whoseimages and stories will remain a legacy to readers and audiences of all time.A.PortiaB. RoselandC.ViolaD. Beatrice11.Choose the four great tragedies of Shakespeare from the following ________.A.HamletB. OthelloC.MacbethD. King LearE.Timon of Athens12.Which play is not a comedy? ________A.A Midsummer Night’s DreamB. The Merchant of VeniceC.Twelfth NightD. Romeo and JulietE.As You Like It13.“Denmark is a prison”. In which play does the hero summarise his observation of his world into such a bittersentence? ________A.Charles IB. OthelloC.Henry VIIID. Hamlet14.The works of ________ and the Authorised Version of the English Bible are the two great treasuries of theEnglish language.A.Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC.William ShakespeareD. Ben Johnson15.In which play does the hero show his profound reverence for man through the sentence: “What a piece ofwok is a man! How nobel in reason! How finite in faculty!” ________A.Romeo and JulietB. HamletC.OthelloD. The Merchant of Venice16.In 1649, ________ was beheaded. England became a commonwealth.A.James IB. James IIC.Charles ID. Charles II17.The revolution of 1688 meant three of the following things: ________.A.the supremacy of ParliamentB.the beginning of modern EnglandC.the triumph of the principal libertyD.the triumph of the principle of political libertyE.the Restoration of monarchy18.Who of the following were the important metaphysical poets? ________A.John DonneB. George HerbertC.John MiltonD. Richard Lovelace19.Which work was NOT written by John Milton? ________A.Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC.Samson AgonistesD. Volpone20.Paradise Lost is ________.A.John Milton’s masterpieceB.a great epic in 12 booksC.written in blank verseD.about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority21.John Milton is ________.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylistD.a great master of blank verse22.From the Old Testament, John Milton took his stories of Paradise Lost, i.e. ________.A.the creationB.the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angelsC.their defeat and expulsion from HeavenD.the creation of the death and of adam and EveE.the fallen angels in hell plotting against GodF.Satan’s temptation of EveG.the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden23.The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and ________ is often regarded as the real hero ofthe poem.A. GodB. SatanC. AdamD. Eve24.Who is the greatest of the Metaphysical school of poetry? ________A.John DonneB. George HerbertC.Andrew MarvellD. Henry Vaugham25.________ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.A.The RenaissanceB. The EnlightenmentC.The Religious ReformationD. The Chartist Movement26.The main literary stream of the 18th century was ________. What the writers described in their works weremainly social realities.A.naturalismB. romanticismC.classicismD. realismE.sentimentalism27.The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English ________. The novel of this period spoke the truthabout life with an uncompromising courage.A.dramaB. poetryC.essayD. novel28.In 1704, Jonathan Swift published two works together, ________ and ________, which made him well-known as a satirist.A.A Tale of a TubB. Bickerstaff AlmanacC.Gulliver’s TravelsD. A Modest Proposal29.“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” This sentence is said by ________, oneof the greatest masters of English prose.A.Alexander PopeB. Henry FieldingC.Daniel DefoeD. Jonathan Swift实用文档30.As a journalist, ________ had learned how to make his reporting vivid and credible by a skillful use ofcircumstantial detail. This power to make his characters alive and his stories credible is an inimitable gift. A.Joseph Addison B. Daniel DefoeC.Samuel RicharsonD. Tobias Smollett31.Which of the following are NOT written by William Blake? ________A.Poetical SketchesB. Songs of InnocenceC.Songs of ExperienceD. Auld Lang SyneE.The Marriage of Heaven and HellF. ProphecisG.Visions of the Daughters of Albion and America, a Prophecy32.In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of pre-romanticism were ________.A.William WordsworthB. William BlakeC.Robert BurnsD. Jonathan Swift33.The Romantic Age begab with the publication of The Lyrical Ballads which was written by ________.A.William WordsworthB. Samuel JohnsonC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. Wordsworth and Coleridge34.The Romantic Age came to an end with the death of the last well-known romantic writer ________.A.Jane AustenB. Walter ScottC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William Wordsworth35.The glory of the Romantic Age lies in the poetry of ________.A.William WordsworthB. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.George Gordon ByronD. Percy Bysshe ShelleyE.John Keats36.The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists. They are ________.A.George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe ShelleyB.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Walter Scott and Jane AustenD.Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt37.Which poets belong to the Active Romantic group? ________A.George Gordon ByronB. William WordsworthC.Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. John KeatsE.John Milton38.Which poets belong to the Lakers? ________A.William WordsworthB. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.John KeatsD. Robert SoutheyE.Walter Scott39.Which of the folloeing were written by Wordsworth ONLY? ________A.To the CuckooB. The Lyrical BalladsC.Lucy PoemsD. The Solitary ReaperE.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud40.The publication of ________ marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century,i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.A.The Lyrical BalladsB. The PreludeC.Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD. Don Juan41.As contrasted with the classicists who made reason, order and the old, classical traditions the criteria in theirpoetical creations, ________ based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”A.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. George Gordon ByronC.Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. William Wordsworth42.________ was the first critic of the Romantic School.A.William WordworthB. Samuel JohnsonC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. Wordworth and Coleridge43.Which of the following statements is (are) NOT true about George Gordon Byron? ________A.Byron’s early years had been far from happy for he was born with a clubfoot, in the frequent family scenes hismother called him “you lame brat.”B.Byron died in Italy annd was deeply mourned by the Italian people and by all progressive people throughoutthe world.C.The reactionary criticism of the 19th century tried to belittle Byron’s genius and his role in the development ofEnglish literature, but Byron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.D.Since the May 4 Movement in 1919, more and more of Byron’s poems have been translated into Chinese andwell received by the poets and young readers. Byron has now become one of the best-known English poets in our country.44.In 1805, Wordsworth completed a long autobiographical poem entitled ________.A.Biographia literariaB. The PreludeC.Lucy PoemsD. The Lyrical Ballads45.________ is regarded as the most wonderful lyricist England has ever produced mainly for his poems onnature, on love, and on politics.A.William WordsworthB. John KeatsC.George Gordon ByronD. Percy Bysshe Shelley46.Which of the following statements is (are) NOT true about Percy Bysshe Shelley? ________A.Prometheus Unbound is Percy Bysshe Shelley’s masterpiece, a long epic poem.B.At Eton Percy Bysshe Shelley was known as “Mad Shelley”, for his obstinate opposition to the brutal faggingsystem, according to which the younger school-boys were obliged to obey the older boys and bear a great deal of cruel treatment.C.George Gordon Byron alled Percy Bysshe Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew.”D.Percy Bysshe Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters.47.________’s pursuit of beauty in all things bespoke an aspiration a fter a better life than the sordid realityunder capitalism. His leading principle is: “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”A.Percy Bysshe ShelleyB. George Gordon ByronC.William WordsworthD. John Keats48.Choose the four immortal odes written by John Keats. ________A.Ode to the West WindB. Ode to a NightingaleC.To AutumnD. Ode on MelancholyE.Ode on a Grecian Urn49.Choose the works written by Jane Austen. ________A.Pride and PrejudiceB. Sense and SensibilityC.Northanger Abbey C. EmmaE.Mansfield ParkF. Persuasion50.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend called ________ appeared. And it flourished in theforties and in the early fifties.A.romanticismB. naturalismC.realismD. critical realism51.English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of ________. The critical realists, most ofwho were novelists, described with vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticised the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.A.novelB. dramaC.poetryD. essay52.The greatest English critical realist novelist was ________, who criticised the bourgeois civilisation andshowed the misery of the common people.A.William Makepeace ThackerayB. Charles DickensC.Charlotte BronteD. Emily Bronte53.Which of the following writers belong to critical realists? ________A.Charles DickensB. Charlotte BronteC. Emily BronteD. Thomas Hardy54.________ wrote a number of little sketches of “cockney characters”. He signed them “Boz”, which was hisnickname for his young brother. His first book, Sketches by Boz appeared in 1836.A.Elizabeth GaskellB. William M. ThackerayC.Charles DickensD. Jane Austen55.________ has been called “the supreme epic of English life.”A.A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC.Pickwick PapersD. Oliver Twist56.The theme underlying ________ is the idea “Where there is oppression, there is revolution”.A.A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC.Pickwick PapersD. Oliver Twist57.In the Victorian Age, poetry was not a major art intended to change the world. The main poets of the agewere ________.A.Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC.Mrs. BrowningD. Robert BurnsE.William Blake实用文档58.The ________ Movement appeared in the thirties of the 19th century. It showed the English workers wereable to appear as an independent political force and were already realising the fact that the industrial bourgeoisie was their principal enemy.A.EnlightenmentB. RenaissanceC.ChartistD. Romanticist59.Which novel is a great satire upon the society and those people who dream to enter the higher societyregardless of the social reality? ________A.A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC.Great ExpectationD. Dombey and Son60.Charles Dickens takes the French Revolution as the background of the novel ________.A.A Tale of Two CitiesB. Great ExpectationC.Hard TimesD. David Copperfield61.________ is often regarded as the semi-autobiography of the author Dickens in which the early life of thehero is largely based on the author’s early life.A.Tom JonesB. David CopperfieldC.Oliver TwistD. Great Expectation62.The Bronte sisters are ________. They were all talented writers and all of them died young.A.Charlotte BronteB. Emily BronteC.Anne BronteD. Jane AustenE.Catherine63.Charlotte Bronte produced four novels: ________.A.ProfessorB. Jane EyreC.ShirleyD. VilletteE.Agnes Grey64.Emily Bronte wrote only one novel entitled ________.A.Wuthering HeightsB. Jane EyreC.EmmaD. Agnes Grey65.Choose the names appear in the novel Jane Eyre. ________A.Jane EyreB. Mr. RochesterC.Mary BartonD. Silas Marner66.Which characters appear in the novel Wuthering Heights? ________A.HeathcliffB. CatherineC.HindleyD. CathyE.Hareton67.In the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte ________.A.pours a great deal of her own experienceB.criticises the bourgeois system of educationC.shows that true love is the foundation of marriageD.shows that women should have equal rights with men68.Women novelists began to appear in England during the second half of the ________ century.A.17thB. 18thC.19thD. 20th69.Anne Bronte also wrote two novels ________ and ________.A.ShirleyB. VilletteC.The Tenant of the Wildfell HallD. Agnes Grey70.Which of the following statements are true about Jane Eyre? ________A.One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education.B.Another problem raised in the novel is the position of women in society.C.This book is Charlottel Bronte’s best literary production.D.In this book, the author attacked the greed, petty tyranny and lack of culture among the bourgeoisie andsympathised with the sufferings of the poor people. Her realism was coloured by petty-bourgeois philanthropy.71.Most of Robert Browning’s important works, including ________, are written in the form of dramaticmonologue.A.Dramatic LyricsB. Dramatic RomancesC. Men and WomenD. dramatics Personae72.Thomas Hardy is one of the representatives of English ________ at the turn of the 19th century.A.critical realismB. pre-romanticismC.neo-classicismD. new romanticism73.Which statement is true? ________A.Thomas Hardy is a famous novelist.B.Thomas Hardy is also a poet.C.Thomas Hardy is a critical realist.D.Fatalism is strongly reflected in Thomas Hardy’ novels.74.According to Thomas Hardy’s own classification, his novels divided themselves into three groups. They are________.A.Novels of character and environmentB.Romances and FantasiesC.Novels of IngenuityD.Working class literature75.Novels of character and environment are also called Wessex novels, taking the southwest counties ofEngland for their setting. They include: ________.A.Under the Greenwood TreeB. The Return of the NativeC.The Mayor of CasterbridgeD. Tess of the D’UrbervillesE.Jude the Obscure76.The following statements are about Thomas Hardy’s novels, which are true? ________A.His Wessex novels are of great significance.B.The Southwest counties of England are the setting of his Wessex novels.C.There is pessimism in his novels.D.Mankind is subjected to hostile and mysterious fate.E.There are elements of naturalism in his works.77.Oscar Wilde is one of the important dramatists in the 19th century. In his comedies, he criticises the upperclass of the English bourgeois society. His best comedies are ________.dy Windermere’s FanB.A Woman of No ImportanceC.An Ideal HusbandD.The Importance of Being EarnestE.The Picture of Dorian Gray78.Oscar Wilde was the representative among the writers of ________.A.aestheticismB. decadenceC.critical realismD. pre-romanticism79.Alfred Tennyson’s poetic output was vast and varied. His main poems are ________.A.The PrincessB. MaudC.In MemoriamD. Idylls of the KingE.Crossing the Bar80.Which of the following short poems was/were written by Alfred Tennyson? ________A.Break, Break, BreakB. Crossing the BarC.The EagleD. Sweet and LowE.Tears, Idle Tears81.Which lament was written by Alfred Tennyson for the death of his friend Hallam? ________A.In MemoriamB. LycidasC.AdodaisD. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard82.My Last Duchess is ________.A.a dramatic monologueB. a short lyricC.a novelD. an essay83.________ are generally regarded as Joseph Conrad’s finest novels.A.Lord JimB. NostromoC.YouthD. The Old Wives’ Tale84.Who is regarded as a forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century?A.John GalsworthyB. Henry JamesC.Thomas Stearns EliotD. James Joyce85.George Bernard Shaw’s essay ________, a commentary on Henrik Ibsen’s dramatic works, served also as theauthor’s own program of dramatic creation.A.Widower’s HousesB. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionC.Major BarbaraD. The Quintessence of Ibsenism86.In English literature, ________ and ________ are the two best-known novelists of the “stream ofconsciousness” school.A.David Herbert LawrenceB. Robert TressellC.James JoyceD. Virginia Woolf87.________’s admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of English language.”实用文档A.D.H. LawrenceB. T.S. EliotC.James JoyceD. W.B. Yeats88.________ is the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments in novel form.A.The WindowB. Time PassesC.To the LighthouseD. The Waves89.Which of the following novels belong(s) to the “stream of consciousness” school of novel writing?A.UlyssesB. Finnegans WakeC.To the LighthouseD. The Waves90.________ was written by James Joyce.A.The Portrait of an Artist as a Young ManB.Portrait of a LadyC.The Picture of Dorian GrayD.To the Lighthouse91. D.H. Lawrence’s representative work ________ was positively taken as a typical example and livelymanifestation of the Oedipus Complex in fiction, as the result of Lawrence’s long-range study of the psychologic theories of Sigmund Freud.A.Sons and LoversB. The RainbowC. Lady Chatterley’s LoverD. Women in Love92.Which of the characters are in the novel Sons and Lovers?A.Mrs. MorelB. PaulC. MiriamD. Clara93.Which of the following writers were from Ireland?A.George Bernard ShawB. Jonathan SwiftC.James Joyce Oscar WildeE.W.B. Yeats94.Which of the following play(s) was/were NOT written by George Bernard Shaw?A.Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionB. Widower’s HousesC.Major BarbaraD. PygmalionE.The Man of Property95.Which of the following plays deals with the story that a linguist trains a flower girl to speak the so-calledhigh-civilised English?A.Major BarbaraB. PygmalionC.Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionD. Man and Superman96.In 1923, ________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.A.William Butler YeatsB. Samuel ButlerC.Thomas Stearns EliotD. David Herbert Lawrence97.William Butler Yeats was _______.A.an Irish poetB. a dramatistC. a criticD. a senator in the Irish Free State in 192198.Thomas Stearns Eliot defined his belief as ________.A.classicist in literatureB. royalist in politicsC.Anglo-Catholic in religionD. all of the above99.Which of the following statement is NOT true?A.Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in America.B.Thomas Stearns Eliot became a British subject in 1927.C.Thomas Stearns Eliot was educated in Harvard University and Oxford University.D.Thomas Stearns Eliot was a poet, a critic and a playwright.E.Thomas Stearns Eliot was also a great novelist.100.In which poem are the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world after 1st World War expressed?A.Ode to the West WindB. The Solitary ReapermiaD. The Waste LandKeys:1-5: A, D, D, A, A 6-10: B, B, D, D, ABCD11-15:ABCD, D, D, C, B 16-20: C, ABC, AB, D, ABCD21-25: ABCD, ABCDEFG, B, A, B 26-30: D, D, AD, D, B31-35: D, BC, D, B, ABCDE 36-40: C, ACD, ABD, ACDE, A41-45: D, C, B, B, D 46-50: A, D, BCDE, ABCDEF, D51-55: A, B, ABCD, C, C 56-60: A, ABC, C, C, A61-65: B, ABC, ABCD, A, AB 66-70: ABCDE, ABCD, C, CD, ABCD71-75: ABCD, A, ABCD, ABC, ABCDE76-80: ABCDE, ABCD, AB, ABCED, ABCDE81-85: A. A. AB, B, D 86-90: CD, C, D, ABCD, A 91-95: A, ABCE, ABCDE, E, B 96-100: A, ABCD, D, E, D。

英语博士培养方案参考书目English Doctoral Training Program Reference BooksAs part of the rigorous training required to become an English doctoral candidate, a strong foundation in literature, language, and research skills is essential. This article presents a comprehensive collection of reference books that serve as valuable resources for individuals pursuing a Ph.D. in English. These books cover a wide range of topics, from literary theory and criticism to linguistic analysis and academic writing. By familiarizing themselves with these texts, aspirants can deepen their knowledge, refine their research skills, and gain a deeper understanding of the field of English studies.1. "The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism" edited by Vincent B. Leitch et al.This seminal text provides a comprehensive survey of literary theory and criticism. It presents a wide array of literary ideas, schools of thought, and critical perspectives from ancient times to the present. This anthology is an indispensable resource for students aiming to develop a strong theoretical foundation.2. "The Oxford English Literary History" edited by Jonathan BateThis multi-volume set provides a detailed overview of the development of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period to contemporary works. Each volume focuses on a specific time period, examining key literary movements, authors, and works. It offers a comprehensive understanding of the historical and cultural contexts that shape English literature.3. "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language" by David CrystalWritten by a renowned linguist, this book offers an in-depth exploration of the English language. It covers topics such as phonetics, syntax, historical development, and regional variations. The book also includes sections on English as a global language and its sociolinguistic aspects. It serves as an invaluable resource for researchers interested in the intricate workings of the English language.4. "The MLA Handbook" by The Modern Language Association of AmericaThis handbook is an indispensable guide for academic writing in the field of English studies. It provides in-depth instructions on citation styles, research methodologies, and manuscript preparation. Its detailed explanations and examples make it an excellent companion for students working on their dissertations and research papers.5. "How to Interpret Literature: Critical Theory for Literary and Cultural Studies" by Robert Dale ParkerThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to critical theory and its application to literary analysis. It covers various theoretical approaches, including formalism, structuralism, poststructuralism, feminist theory, and more. By providing theoretical frameworks and practical examples, this book aids students in critically analyzing literary texts.6. "Research Methods for English Studies" by Gabriele GriffinResearch is a crucial aspect of pursuing a Ph.D. in English. This book provides a comprehensive overview of research methodologies commonly used in English studies, including textual analysis, archival research, survey design, and digital humanities. It guides students through the research process, from formulating research questions to analyzing data and writing up findings.7. "Stylish Academic Writing" by Helen SwordEffective academic writing is essential for Ph.D. candidates. This book offers tips and strategies to enhance writing skills, improve clarity, and engage readers. It explores ways to avoid common writing pitfalls and develop a distinctive scholarly voice. With practical advice and examples, this book helps students produce polished and persuasive academic prose.8. "The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare" edited by Michael Dobson and Stanley WellsShakespearean studies are integral to the field of English literature. This comprehensive reference work provides detailed information on Shakespeare's life, works, historical context, and critical interpretations. It also includes entries on key themes, characters, and Shakespearean theater. It serves as an indispensable resource for researchers delving into Shakespearean scholarship.In conclusion, the above-mentioned reference books provide a rich and diverse array of resources for individuals pursuing a Ph.D. in English. These texts cover various aspects of literature, language, and academic research. By engaging with these valuable resources, students can expand their knowledge base, enhance their research skills, and enrich their understanding of the field.。

一．中古英语时期♦Beowulf is theoldestpoem intheEnglishlanguage,andthemostimportantspecimen(范例、典范)ofAnglo-Saxonliterature,andalsotheoldestsurvivingepicintheEnglishlanguage. ♦Theromance isapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod（中世纪）.Itusesverseorprosetosing knightly adventuresorotherheroicdeeds.♦Geoffrey?Chaucer,one?ofthegreatestEnglishpoets,whosemasterpiece,TheCanterburyTal es（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,wasoneofthemostimportantinfluencesonthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature.♦Chaucer isconsideredas thefatherofEnglishpoetry andthefounderofEnglishrealism.二．文艺复兴Renaissance♦Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetween the14thandmid-17th centuries.Itmarksatransitio n(过渡)fromthemedievaltothemodernworld.♦ItstartedinItalywiththefloweringofpainting,sculpture（雕塑）andliterature,andthenspreadtotherestofEurope.♦HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance-----Manisthemeasureofallthings.♦ThiswasEngland’s GoldenAgeinliterature.QueenElizabeth reignedoverthecountryinthis period.TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceisthe Elizabethandrama.Themostfamo♦♦FrancisBaconwasthebestknownessayistofthisperiod.“OfStudies”isthemostpopularofB acon’s58essays.♦ThomasMore——Utopia♦EdmundSpenser——TheFaerieQueene相关练习♦ 1.WhichistheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguage?♦ A.UtopiaB.FaerieQueene♦ C.BeowulfD.Hamlet♦ 2._____isthefatherofEnglishpoetry.♦ A.EdmundSpenserB.WilliamShakespeare♦ C.FrancisBacon D.GeoffreyChaucer♦ 3.____isnotaplaywrightduringtheRenaissanceperiodonEngland.♦ A.WilliamShakespeare B.GeoffreyChaucer♦ C.ChristopherMarloweD.BenJohnson三．莎士比亚WilliamShakespeare♦“Alltheworld'sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeare ♦WilliamShakespeareisconsideredthegreatestplaywrightintheworldandthefinestpoetwho haswrittenintheEnglishlanguage.Shakespeareunderstoodpeoplemorethananyotherwriter s.Hecouldcreatecharactersthathavemeaningbeyondthetimeandplaceofhisplays.Hisfourt ragediesare Hamlet(《哈姆雷特》),Othello(《奥赛罗》),KingLear(《李尔王》)andMacbeth(《麦克白》).♦Shakespeare’s sonnets,154innumber,aretheo nlydirectexpressionofthepoet’sownfeeli ngs;Sonnet18deservesitsfamebecauseitisoneofthemostbeautifullywrittenversesintheE nglishlanguage♦诗选♦Sonnet18♦ShallIcomparetheetoaSummer’sday?♦Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.♦RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,♦AndSu mmer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.♦（我怎能将你与夏日相比?/你比它更温和可爱：/动人的花蕾在五月咆哮的风中颤抖，/夏日的美好时光也绝不长久：）♦Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,♦Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;♦Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,♦Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;♦（太阳的金色光芒虽然耀眼，/却常常以灰暗的面貌出现；/再美貌的物什都逃不过凋谢，/命运流转或无意间将其拆解；）♦ButthyeternalSummershallnotfade,♦Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st♦NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,♦Whenineternallinetotimethougrow’st.♦Solongasmencanbreathoreyescansee,♦Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.♦（可你如夏日般不会褪色,/你的美貌也将永存;/死神无法夸耀你曾在它的阴影中游荡,/伴随永恒的诗篇你将留存。

The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。

英语文学知识第一章英国文学第一阶段中古英国文学( 8 世纪~14 世纪)Old and Medieval English Literature*Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里.乔叟)(1340~1400)He is considered the father of modern English poetry because he opened a brilliant page in English literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets. It is him alone who, for the first in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.II 真题详解1. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrimson their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by __B .(2005) A. William Langland B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred TennysonIII 练习题1. Which of the following does not belong to the works of GeoffreyChaucer ?BA. The Canterbury TalesB. The Vision of Piers PlowmanC .Troilus and Criseyde D. The Romaunt of the Rose2. _______ ___D brings the readers into a world that belongs to the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.A. The Vision of Piers PlowmanB. The house of FameC. The Romaunt of the RoseD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Which of the following is the translation work of Geoffrey Chaucer?__C___A. The Canterbury TalesB. Troilus and CriseydeC. The Romaunt of the RoseD. The house of Fame4.In the 14th century , the most important writer in England is ___D___.A. LanglandB. WyclifC. GowerD. Chaucer5.In Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf represented the ___A___ poetry .A .pagan B. religious C .romantic D .sentimental6. ____ When we speak of the old English prose, we might think of __D __ , who is the first scholar in English literature and hasbeen regarded as father of English learning.A. William ShakespeareB. BeowulfC. Julius CaesarD. Venerable Bede7. ______ __A is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex .A. Alfred the GreatB. Venerable BedeC. Adam BedeD. King Arthur8. ______ ___A i s the culmination of the Arthurian romance.A .Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Story of BeowulfC. The Vision of Piers PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales9. William Langland 's __B _____ is written in the form of a dream vision.B. The Vision of Piers Plowman D. Morte d 'Arthur Medieval English literature is theC. RomanceD. Science 11.In which century was Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales written? AA. FourteenthB. FifteenthC. Sixteenth D .Seventeenth12. ___________________________ William Langland wrote for __D __________________________ .A. the royal familyB. the court C .the monks D .the common people13. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight focuses on ___C___.A. immediate social issuesB. the real life as well as people 's feelings and desiresC .a remote world belongs to the Celtic Legend of King Arthur and his knightsA .Kublai KhanC. The Dream of John Bull10.The prevailing form of_C ___ .A .French B. LatinD .the imagination of the future world14. King Alfred 's Anglo Saxon Chronicle was written in ___C___ form .A. poeticB. dramaticC. proseD. none of the above 第二阶段文艺复兴时期（14世纪~17 世纪中期）The Renaissance PeriodThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth ”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristics of the 14th and 15 th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. And the real main stream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. *William Shakespeare （威廉.莎士比亚）（1564~1616）He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists. His sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Elizabethan poetry. And many of his plays enjoy international popularity. A Midsummer Night 's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》All is Well that Ends Well 《终成眷属》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》（四大悲剧之一）King Lear 《李尔王》（四大悲剧之一）Macbeth《麦克白》（四大悲剧之一）Othello 《奥赛罗》（四大悲剧之一）Much Ado About Nothing 《无事生非》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与茱丽叶》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》The Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》*Francis Bacon （弗朗西斯.培根）（1561~1626）He is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of the literary form. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. II 真题详解1. ___B___is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. （2006）A .Free Verse B. Sonnet C .Ode D .EpigramIII 练习题1. The publication of Philip Sidney's ___B___ made sonnetsequence a popular literary form in England.A. ArcadiaB. Astrophel and Stella C .Defense of Poetry D.Utopia2. The nine-line verse stanza was originated from __A __ .A. Edmund SpenserB.Philip SidneyC. Thomas MoreD. William Shakespeare3. Here is the sentence from an essay, “Read not to contradict andconfuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider”. The essay must be__A___.A. Of Studies by Francis BaconB. The Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC. Novum Organum by Francis BaconD. Essays by Francis Bacon4. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is _D ___ .A. lyric poemB. ironic poemC.narrative poemD.allegorical poem5. In Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not payback the money he borrowed form Shylock, because_D __ .A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost6. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare's fourgreat tragedies?BA. HamletB.Romeo and JulietC.MacbethD.King Lear7. ____ _A is the first important English essaylist and the founder of modern science in England.A.Francis BaconB.Edmund SpenserC.William CarxtonD.Sidney8. W hat flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?BA.NovelB.DramaC. EssayD.Poetry9. ___D___exposes the corruption of vicious ambition. A.OthelloB.King LearC.HamletD.Macbeth10.Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia in__C ___ in 1516.A.FrenchB.EnglishtinD.Italian11. ________________________________________ William Shakespeare is one of the giants of__D ___________ .A.RomanticismB.critical realismC.AestheticismD.the Renaissance12. How many lines does a sonnet have?CA.10B.12C.14D.They vary13. Which of the following plays written by Shakespeare is history play?CA.Juliet CaesarB. The Merry Wives of WindsorC. Henry IVD.King Lear14. Which is Christopher Marlowe 's first famous play?AA.TamburlaineB.Edward IIC.The tragical History of Doctor FaustusD. The Jew of Malta15. Which of the following is NOT the work of Sir Philip Sideny?DA.Astrophel and StellaB.Denfense of PoetryC.ArcadiaD.Samson Agonists16.Spenserian stanza is a_C ____ .A.14 Line stanzaB.8 line stanzaC.9 line stanzaD.12 line stanza17. Which of the following is NOT the feature of Metaphysical poems?CA.They use conceits to express ideas in sharp and harsh manner.B. They reject the romantic exaggeration of Elizabethan love poetry.C. Their metaphors are commonly used in daily life.D. The form of them is often an argument with the poet 's lover,God or himself.18. “To be, or not to be” has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind. This is a quotation from__B__.A.King LearB.HamletC.Romeo and JulietD.Othello19. The first official version of Bible known as the Great Bible,wasrevised in___B___.A.16 th centuryB.17th centuryC.18th centuryD.19 thcentury20.In reading Shakespeare , you must have come across the phrase “The pound of flesh ”by_C _ .go in OthelloB.Lear in King LearC.Shylock in The Merchant of VeniceD.Hamlet in Hamlet21.Most of the ballads of the 15 th century focused on the legend about___C___as a heroic figure.A.Green NightsB.GawainC.Robin HoodD.Hamlet 22.In the 16 th century, Thomas More 's work___D___ became immediately popular after its publication.A. Paradise LostB.A Pleasant Satire of the Throe EstatesC. The Faerie QueenD.Utopia23. ______ ___C is from Shakespeare's sonnet No.18.A. “Let me not to the marriage of true minds ”B. “To be or not to be:that is the question ”C. “Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day”D. “No longer mourn for me when I am dead ”24. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare's romantic love comedies?BA. Twelfth NightB.The TempestC.As you like itD.The Merchantof Venice25. “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man, and writing an exact man ”is from__C ___ 's essay Of Stuies.A.Alexander PopeB.John MiltonC.Francis BaconD.Charles Lamb26. Francis Bacon's Essays first published in 1597 has been considered as an important landmark in the development of English___D___,and as the first collection of essays in the English language.A.poetryB.epicsC.fictionD.prose27. _______________________ The Flea was written by_A .A.John DonneB.Philip SidneyC.Thomas MoreD.William Shakspeare第三阶段新古典主义时期（17 世纪中期~18 世纪）The Neoclassical PeriodI 概述Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement, which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe. The movement was a furtherance of the th Renaissance from the 14 th century to the mid 17 th century.The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world withthe light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.It celebrated reason of nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education. With the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England, a revival of interest in the old classical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as the neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Creek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of the thematic concern.*Alexander Pope ( 亚历山大.蒲柏)( 1688~1744)Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. He first introduced rationalism to England and is one of the greatest poets in his century as well as in the English literature world.II 真题详解1. In Literture a story in verse or prose with a double meaningis defined as __________ A__.(2010)A. allegoryB.sonnetC.blank verseD.rhymeIII 练习题1. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands ofthe people of Vanity Fair, John Bunya intends to show the prevalent political and religious_D ________ .A.persecutionB.improvementC.prosperityD. disillusionment2. _____________________________ An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative. The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding 's work__B ________________________ .A.Jonathan Wild the GreatB.Tom JonesC.The Coffee-House PoliticianD.Amelia3. Whichof following works was not written by Jonathan Swift?DA.A Modest ProposalB.Gulliver 's TravelsC.A Tale of a TubD.The Rivals4_B ____ was the greatest dramatist during the Neoclassical Period in England.A.GoldsmithB.SheridanC.SternD.Fielding5. ______ __C i s the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A.GenesisB.ExodusC.The Pilgrim 's ProgressD.The Holy War6. __D___is one of Swift 's masterpiece. It is a satire oncorruption in religion and learning.A. The Way of the WorldB.Love for LoveC.The Beggar 's OperaD.A Tale of a Tub7. _________________________________ Many lines fromAlexander Pope's poem An Essay on Criticism have become proverbial maxims,such as: “To err is human ；to forgive,divine. ” “__A _____________________ learning is adangerous thing.”A. A littleB.LittleC.NoD. Few8. Which of the following does not belong to pioneering effortsin the creation of the English novel?DA. John Lily 's EuphuesB.Sir Philip Sidney 's ArcadiaC.Thomas Lodge's RosalndeD.Samuel Richardson 's Pamela9. ________________________________________ The novel Gulliver 's Travels was written by_B ________________ .A.Tobias SmollettB.Jonathan Swifturence SterneD.John Bunyan10. Whose work signaled the beginning of the age of Restoration Drama?BA.William WycherleyB.John DrydenC.William CongreveD.John Gay11. Which of the following books was Samuel Johnson's monumental success?AA. A Dictionary of the English LanguageB. O liver TwistC. The Old Curiosity ShopD. Barnaby Rudge12. Who is best remembered as the recipient of Johnson's famous letter?BA.DickensB.Lord ChesterfieldC.Thomas HardyD.Joseph Addison13. _____ _D 'sThe Pilgrim 's Progress was writtenin the formof allegory and dream.AJohn Dryden B.Francis Bacon C.John Milton D.John Bunyan14. _________ John Dryden was all of the following EXCEPT___D ___ in the literary world of RestorationEngland .A.a poetB.a dramatistC.a literary criticD.a short story writer15. ______________________________________ An Essay on Criticism was written by__D ___________________ , which first established his reputation as a _____ .A.Francis Bacon,criticB.Francis Bacon,essayistC.Alexander Pope,playwrightD.Alexander Pope,poet16. ____________________________________ Daniel Defoe was famous for his novel__B ___________________ which is often considered to be the first novel in English literature.A.Gulliver 's TravelsB. T he Adventures of Robinson CrusoeC. The Pilgrim 's ProgressD. Oliver Twist17. A Dictionary of the English Language(1755) by___B__was the first comprehensive lexicographical work on English ever undertaken.A.Francis BaconB.Samuel JohnsonC.Alexander PopeD.John Milton18. “Yahoos”from the novel___A___written by Jonathan Swift are described to be very much similar to human beings in outward appearance and their unworthy actions as well.A.Gulliver 's TravelsB.The Adventures of Robinson CrusoeC.The Wuthering HeightsD. Sons and Lovers19. ___C___ 's masterpiece Tom Jones provides a vivid and truthful panoramic view of the life of the English society in the 18 th century.A.Daniel DefoeB.Jonathan SwiftC.Henry FieldingD.Jane Austin20. The greatest English playwright of the 18 th centurywas__D___.A.Walt ScottB.Bernard ShawC.Thomas GrayD.Richard Sheridan 第四阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末期~19世纪中期）The Romantic PeriodI 概述In the late 18 th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to European mainland and then to England. It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keatsare the major poets. They started a rebellion againstthe neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as “the poetic revolution ”.It prevailed in England from 1798to 1837.II 真题详解1. The novel Emma is written by__D __ .(2005)A. Mary ShellyB.Charlotte BronteC.Elizabeth C.GaskellD.Jane Austen2. Ode to the West Wind was written by___D__.(2009)A. William BlakeB.William ShakespeareC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD.Percy B.ShelleyIII 练习题1. “Poetry is Spontaneous”was put forward by__C .A. Robert BurnsB. William BlakeC.William WordsworthD.Charles Lamb2. ___________________ Wordsworth is a___C .A.realistB.classicistC.romanticistD.impressionist3. _____________________________________ The authorof Odw to the West Wind is__A _____________ .A.ShelleyB.ByronC.romanticistD.impressionist4. Which of the following did not belong to Romanticism ？DA.KeatsB.ShelleyC. WordsworthD.AlfredTennyson5. P rometheus Unbound was written by___D___.It appeared in the year of Peterloo Massacre.A.WordsworthB.CloeridgeC.ByronD.Shelly6.Frankenstein was filmed many times. Who wrote the book?CA.Edgar Allan PoeB.James JoyceC.Mary ShelleyD.Brain Stoker7. W hich of the following poem was not written by John Keats?AA.Ode to the West WindB.Ode to AutumnC.Ode on a Grecian UrnD.Ode to a Nightingale8. W hose informal essays observed life with humor, and often in a gloomy tone?BA.Joseph AddisonB.Charles LambC.Lord ChesterfieldD.Thomas Hardy9. Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein belongs to the typeof___A___which is often set in gloomy castles where horrifying ,supernatural events take place.A.GothicB.RealismC.RomanticismD.Classicism10. _____________________ T he English poets___D________________________ ,William Wordsworth ,and Robert Southey, were known as “Lake Poets”because they lived in the Lake District Northwestern England at the beginning of the 19 th century.A. George Gordon ByronB.John KeatsC.Percy B.ShellyD.Samuel Taylor Coleridge11. ________________ George Gordon Byron was famous for the following works EXCEPT__B .A.Childe Harold 's PilgrimageB.Ode to SkylarkC.Hours of IdlenessD.Don Juan12. _________________________ Prometheus Unbound isa symbolic work in the form of verse-drama written by___A .A.Percy Bysshe ShelleyB.John KeatsC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD.George Gordon Byron13. The famous line “ If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” was from__A___written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.A.Ode to the West WindB.Ode on a Grecian UrnC.Ode to a SkylarkD.Ode to a Nightingale14. ______ __C is one of the best known novels written by Jane Austen.A.Jane EyreB.Tess of the d'UrbervillesC.Pride and PrejudiceD.The Wuthering Heights15. Essays of Elia and Tales from Shakespeare were written by famous essayist__C __ .A.Robert BurnsB.William BlackC.Charles LambD.Robert Frost16. Which of the following is the novel by Jane Austen?BA.FrankensteinB.Sense and SensibilityC.Kubla KhanD.Don Juan 第五阶段维多利亚时期( 19世纪中期~19 世纪末)The Victoria PeriodI 概述Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques,writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. By this time, Romanticism gradually gave way to Realism. During the Victorian Age the novel gradually became the dominant form of literature.II 真题详解1. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?B (2005)A. William WordsworthB.George ElliotC.George G.ByronD.Percy B.Shelley2. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte?(2007)DA.Oliver TwistB.MiddlemarchC.Jane EyreD.Wuthering Heights3. ______________________________ All of the following are well-known female writers in the 20 th century Britain EXCEPT__A _____________________ .(2008)A.George EliotB.Iris Jean MurdochC.Doris LessingD.Muriel Spark4. ______ ___C is best known for the technique of dramaticmonologue in his poems.(2010)A.Will BlakeB.W.B. YeatsC.Robert BrowningD.William WordsworthIII 练习题1. Which is Thackeray 's masterpiece?BA.The VirginiansB.Vanity FairC.The Book of Snobs.D.The News Comes2. ___A___,the pioneering woman,according to D.H. Lawerence, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside ”.A. George ElliotB.Jane AustenC.Charlotte BronteD.Emily Bronte3. The French revolution is the background of__B___.A.Hard TimesB.Tales of Two CitiesC.Great ExpectationD.David Copperfield4. _________________________________________ Cha rles Dicken 's best-depicted characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, and helpless__B ____________ characters such as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield and little Dorrit.A. girlsB.childrenC.womenD.adults5. _____ __C was published in 1849. “Of all my books, ”wrote Charles Dickens, “I like this the best. ” A.Oliver Twist B.The Ole Curiosity Shop C.David CopperfieldD.Great Expectation6. _______________________________________ Charle s Dickens is a representative__A _______________ of English critical realism.A.novelistB.dramatistC.poetD.essayistr7. Jane Eyre was written by which Bronte sister?B A.Anne B.Charlotte C.Emily D.Jane8. _____ The author of the novel The Return of the Nativeis__A __ .A.Thomas HardyB. werenceC.Robert BrowningD.Alfred Tennyson9. Which of the following female writers did not belong to the Bronte Sisters?DA.Charlotte BronteB.Emily BronteC.Anne BronteD.Mary Bronte10. The novel The Mill on the Floss was writtenby__A___.A.George Eliot B .Jane AustenC.Chatlotte BronteD.Emily Bronte11. ______________ The novel Oliver Twist is the story about the underworld of__C .A.IrelandB.WashingtonC.LondonD.Paris12. William Makespeace Thackeray 's topics were mostly dealing with___A__.A.the middle and upper-class lifeB. the school teachers'lifeC. the urban lifeD. the sea life13. Which of the following novelists was the last of the great Victorian novelists?CA.Charles DickensB.William Makespeace ThackerayC.Thomas HardyD.George Meredith14. ______________ The greatest novelist of the Realism in the 19 th century was_A .A.Charles DickensB.Jane AustenC.Mark TwainD.David LawerenceC.D.H. Lawerence D.James Joyce 15. Which of the following novels was NOT written byCharles Dickens?DA.David Copperfield B.ThePickwick PapersC.Oliver TwistD.Women in Love 16.Jane Eyre is the best known of___A___ 's novels.A.Charlotte Bronte B.Emily Bronte C.Jane Austen D.Emily Dickinson 17.In the three novels of Adam Bede, The Mill on theFloss and Silas Marner written by_D ________ , moralproblems are discussed and psychological analysis ofcharacters are emphasized.A.Charlotte BronteB.Jane AustenC.Charles DickensD.George Eliot18.In Memoriam, which was written a long period of 17years, is often regarded as the most important of___B ________ poems.A.Percy Shelley 'sB.Alfred Tennyson 'sC.John Keats 'D.William Yeats ' 第六阶段 现代主义时期（ 19 世纪末 ~）The Modern PeriodI 概述Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, themodern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. The realistic tradition is sensitive to immediate social issues. After 1914, the realistic tradition, though it continued to live, was gradually overtaken by other literary trends such as symbolism, the stream of consciousness and naturalism.II 真题详解1. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20 thcentury?(2006)AA．T.S. Eliot B.D.H. LawerenceC. Theodore DreiserD.James Joyce2. _________________________________ William Butler Yeatswas a(n)__C ________________________ poet and playwright.(2007)A. A mericanB.CanadianC.IrishD.Australian3. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by__C___.(2009)A.Thomas HardyB.John GalsworthyC.D.H. Lawerence D.James JoyceIII 练习题1. “The Lawerence Trilogy ”refers to the followingthree plays except ___ D__.A. A Collier 's Friday NightB. The Daughter-in LawC. The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyeddy Chatterley 's Lover2.Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?DA.A Tale of Two CitiesB.Hard TimesC.Oliver TwistD.Sons and Lovers3. The modern English novel, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a__B ___ p resentation of life of the common people.A.romanticB.realisticC.propheticD.idealistic4.Structurally and thematically, George Bernard Shaw follows the great tradition of ___ C___.C.D.H. Lawerence D.James JoyceA.ModernismB.RomanticismC.RealismD. Naturalism5.John Galsworthy was famous for__C __ .A. Heart of DarknessB.UlyssesC.The Forstyle SagaD.A Passage to Indiath6.Several gifted women played a part in 19 th century literature. Which of the following is an exception?AA.Virginia WoolfB.Emily BronteC.Jane AustenD.Charlotte Bronte7. ________________________________________ G eorge Bernard Shaw is an outstanding __A ________ dramatist.A.realisticB.expressionisticC.modernistD.classical8. __________________ T.S. Eliot is generally considered to be the most important English_A .A.poetB.novelistC.dramatistD.essayistLawerence?D9. Which of the following was NOT written by D.H. Lawerence?DA. Sons and LoversB. Women in LoveC. The RainbowD.Widowers 'Houses10. Who is NOT the major figure of modernist movement?DA.T.S. EliotB.James JoyceC.Charles DickensD. Ezra Pound11. Which one is D.H. Lawerence 's autobiographical novel?AA.Sons and LoversB.Women in LoveC.The Lost Girldy Chatterley 's Lover12. ____________________________________ W.S. Maugham was most famous for___C __________________ .A.Moon and SixpenceB.Cakes and AleC.Human BondageD.The Razor 's Edge13. _______________________ G eorge Orwell wrote__B , the best and mostmoving English novel about the Spanish Civil War.A.The Road to Wigan PierB. Homage to CataloniaC. Animal FarmD. Nineteen Eighty Four14. Which book made Graham Greene one of the greatest contemporary novelists in England?AA.The Power and the GloryB. The Quiet AmericanC. A Burnt Out-CaseD.The Human Factor15.One of the great names in English poetry in the first four decades of the 20 th century is___C___, an Irishman whose Sailing to Byzantium is considered one of his masterpiece. A.Thomas Hardy B.Robert BrowningC.William Butler YeatsD.Alfred Tennyson16. ______ __D was the greatest English playwright after Shakespeare whose works like Pygmalion, Mrs Warren's Profession, Heartbreak House and Widower 's Houses won hi everlasting reputation.A.Somerset MaughamB.Richard Sheridan。

thedevelopmentofenglishliteratureA Survey of the Development of English LiteratureEnglish literature has a long history by the 5th century to the present, which can be mainly divided into seven periods.It begins with the literature of old and middle English periods including two parts. The first part called Anglo-Saxon Period extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman-French conquest of England. The earliest written works in Old English were probably composed orally at first, and may have been passed on from speaker to speaker before being written. During this period the main expressions were in poetry and prose. The main literary contribution of this periods the Epic, and its masterpiece was the national epic ,The Song of Beowulf, in which pagan heroism and fatalism were mingled with Christian qualities. It is the oldest poem in the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature, expressing a hope that evil should be punished and the righteous will be rewarded. Then, the Norman Conquest markets the beginning of Anglo-Norman Literature. The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman Conquest, and the main expressions are in the varied forms of poetry, prose, and drama. The most prevailing form of literature in this period is Romance and the most famous Romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. About the poet, Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury’s Tales is the greatest work, which is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is considered the father of the modern English poetry because he opened a brilliant page in English literature and has a profound influent on many important English poets.The second is the Renaissance period(14th to 17th century) full of great events and regarded as English Golden Age in literature. It reached the peak during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, involving a rebirth of letters and arts, and it also unleashed new ideas and new social, political,and economic forces. The essence of Renaissance was humanism. During this period, a number of outstanding poets appeared with great work. The poet’s poet, Spencer gained still greater renowned with his epic poem The Faerie Queene. The greatest Elizabethan dramatist, Shakespeare created altogether 39plays such as King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, many of his plays enjoy international popularity. And his sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Elizabethan poetry.The 17th Century is the Period of Revolution and Restoration .The literature of17th century was greatly concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of this period. A major literary form of this period was poetry. The greatest representatives of this period are the “Three Johns”: John Milton, a great poet with his epic Paradise lost which sits safely in English literature along with Beowulf and Fairie Queene, John Donne, the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan, a great prose writer.The period between 1688 and 1798 is called the Age of Enlightenment, which was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The 18th century literature can be roughly divided into followership stages: (1)The first stage witnessed the Neo-Classical which Flourished from late the late17th century to 1730s. Pope, Addison, and Steele were the representative of this school. (2)The second stage lasted from1740s to 1750s, which saw the rise of modern English novel.(3)The third stage was from 1750s to 1798, with the appearance of Sentimentalism. Most of the Sentimentalism writers were in the field of poetry, such as Thomas Gary who was regarded as the dominant poetic figure in his day.In the late of 18th century, a new literary movement called Romanticism came to European mainland and then to England. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. The Romantic period is an age of poetry from the late18th to the mid-19th century. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major poets. Wordsworth was regarded as a “worshipper of nature ”, and his work Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.When Water Scott died in 1832, the Victorian literature began until 1900. During this period, writers were all concerned about the fate of common people. By the time,Romanticism gave way to Realism. Jane Eyre created by Charlotte Bronte was seen wicked and received controversial criticism from public because the affection of girl for a married man was against the Victorian moral standard. And Charlotte’s sister, Emily wrote the her only novel, Wuthering Heights, telling the story of passionate love which was thwarted between Catherine and Heath cliff. In many writers, such as Dickens and Thackeray ,we find loud denunciations to the social evils of oppression, poverty, snobbishness, hypocrisy and mannerisms.The last period is the Literature of the20th century (1902-2000), which witnessed the blooming of Modernism and Post-Modernism. During this time, the realistic tradition was graduallyovertaken by other literary trends such as symbolism, the stream of consciousness and naturalism. And moral and ethical degradation of upper classes first and of the most part of society a bit later was the main theme of the contemporary art of late period. Virginia Woolf, considered a significant force in the 20th-century fiction, criticizes the reserved world of Englishmen in the 1920’s, mentioning the importance of seeking unity and harmony with each other. T o the lighthouse was often considered her best novel with the Consciousness techniques.。