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美国文学文学名词解释1 Modernism(现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century、2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case、3> the term pertains to all the creative arts、Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture、现代主义就是全面但运动模糊的术语,在19世纪末期开始,在国际上有广泛影响的在20世纪的大部分时间。
2 >现代主义以非理性哲学与精神分析理论为其理论的情况。
3 >这个词属于所有的创造性艺术。
特别就是诗歌、小说、戏剧、绘画、音乐与建筑。
2 Transcendentalism(超验主义)Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860、it is the summit of American Romanticism、it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world、Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Coleridge and Wordsworth、Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings、Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents、The beliefs that God is immanent in each person andin nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority、The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden、超验主义就是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动。
垮掉的一代(the B eat G enera tion)第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派。
有人根据英文“Beats”和“Be atnik s”(“垮掉青年”的俗称)译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。
“垮掉青年”对战后美国社会现实不满，又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压，便以“脱俗”方式来表示抗议。
他们奇装异服，蔑视传统观念，厌弃学业和工作，长期浪迹于底层社会，形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学。
50年代初，他们的反叛情绪表现为一股“地下文学”潮流，向保守文化的统治发动冲击。
多数垮掉派文人来自东部。
著名的有杰克·凯鲁亚克、艾伦·金斯堡、威廉·巴罗斯、格雷戈里。
柯尔索、约翰·克莱伦·霍尔姆斯、塞缪尔·克雷姆和加里·斯奈德等。
1950年，凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成，却各自完成了一部垮掉派小说《小镇与城市》(1951)和《吸毒者》(1953)。
霍尔姆斯从中受到启发，在小说《走吧》(1952)中更明确地反映纽约“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在《纽约时报》上鼓吹垮掉派文学，但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑，他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地。
当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯·李普顿为首的垮掉派组织，他于1955年发表小说《神圣的野蛮人》。
在旧金山，以劳伦斯·弗林盖梯的“城市之光”书店为中心，聚合了一群立志从事“文艺复兴”的反学院派诗人，他们的首领即是后来成为“垮掉的一代”理论家的肯尼斯·雷克思罗斯。
1955年夏天，“垮掉文人”和反学院派诗人(包括旧金山诗人和黑山派诗人)在旧金山联合举办诗歌朗诵会，自此之后垮掉派文学作品开始流行。
一、由来垮掉的一代/或称疲惫的一代（BeatGeneration）是第二次世界大战之后出现于美国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。
这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。
在英语中，形容词“beat”一词有“疲惫”或“潦倒”之意，而克鲁亚克赋予其新的含义“欢腾”或“幸福”，和音乐中“节拍”的概念联结在一起。
此后，“垮掉的一代”的称谓才借助各种媒体流传开去。
“垮掉的一代”实际上是“迷惘的一代”的对照。
海明威在小说《太阳依旧升起》中塑造了“迷惘的一代”（Lost Generation），这个称谓来自美国著名作家斯泰因为《太阳依旧升起》题的一句辞——“你们是迷惘的一代”。
“迷惘的一代”指的是第一次世界大战后成长起来的年轻人（包括海明威在内），他们之所以对生活失去信念是由于战争的创伤，但他们并未因此而失去对人性的渴望。
“垮掉的一代”则不同，他们中的许多人已经丧失了对人性的最基本的理解，用“垮掉的一代”作为称谓也表达了公众对他们的失望和不满。
之所以将这样一小群潦倒的作家、学生、骗徒以及吸毒者当作“一代”，是因为这个人群对二战之后美国后现代主义文化的形成具有举足轻重的作用。
在西方文学领域，“垮掉的一代”被视为后现代主义文学的一个重要分支，也是美国文学历史上的重要流派之一。
“垮掉的一代”的成员们大多是玩世不恭的浪荡公子，他们笃信自由主义理念。
他们的文学创作理念往往是自发的，有时甚至非常混乱。
“垮掉的一代”的作家们创作的作品通常广受争议，原因是这些作品通常不遵守传统创作的常规，结构和形式上也往往杂乱无章，语言粗糙甚至粗鄙。
“垮掉的一代”对后世的西方文化产生了深远的影响，被文化研究学者们看作是第一支真正意义上的后现代“亚文化”。
“垮掉的一代”的重要文学作品包括杰克·克鲁亚克（1922年－1969年）的《在路上》、艾伦·金斯堡（1926年－1997年）的《嚎叫》和威廉·博罗斯（1914年－1997年）的《裸体午餐》等。
1 垮掉的一代垮掉的一代/或称疲惫的一代（Beat Generation）是第二次世界大战之后出现于英国的一群松散结合在一起的年轻诗人和作家的集合体。
这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。
该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装异服，厌弃工作和学业，拒绝承担任何社会义务，以浪迹天涯为乐，蔑视社会的法纪秩序，反对一切世俗陈规和垄断资本统治，抵制对外侵略和种族隔离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求绝对自由，纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。
代表作家作品有金斯堡的作品《嚎叫》，威廉博罗斯的《裸体午餐》。
2 迷惘的一代迷惘的一代（The Lost Generation）第一次世界大战后美国的一个文学流派。
20年代初，侨居巴黎的美国女作家格·斯泰因对海明威说：“你们都是迷惘的一代。
”海明威把这句话作为他第一部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》(the sun also rises)的题词，“迷惘的一代”从此成为这批虽无纲领和组织但有相同的创作倾向的作家的称谓。
所谓“迷惘”，是指他们共有的彷徨和失望情绪。
“迷惘的一代”尽管是一个短暂的潮流，但它在美国文学史上的地位是确定了的。
代表作家有海明威，杰菲茨拉德，肯明斯等。
4 离岸业务(offshore business)银行吸收非居民的资金，用于服务非居民的金融活动。
5 门罗主义门罗主义(Monroe Doctrine)发表于1823年，表明美利坚合众国当时的观点，即欧洲列强不应再殖民美洲，或涉足美国与墨西哥等美洲国家之主权相关事务。
而对于欧洲各国之间的争端，或各国与其美洲殖民地之间的战事，美国保持中立。
相关战事若发生于美洲，美国将视为具敌意之行为。
6 国学国学，一国所固有之学术也。
一般来说，国学一般是指一个国家的传统历史文化与学术，因此也可以称为是国家的文学或学术。
American Literature---Beat GenerationThe Beat Generation and Allen GinsbergThe Beat GenerationRepresentative Person: Allen Ginsberg（1926 - 1997）艾伦·金斯伯格The father of the Beat GenerationAmerican poetvigorously opposed militarism,materialisPracticing buddhist我看见我这一代精英被疯狂摧残殆尽，饿着肚子歇斯底里赤裸着身体，黎明中踉跄地走过黑人街,四下寻觅想给自己狠狠地打上一针海洛因。
From Howl 《嚎叫》Irwin Allen Ginsberg was born June 3, 1926, in Newark, NJ, and grew up in nearby PatersonHis father Louis was a published poet, a teacher, and politically a socialisthis mother Naomi was a Communist radical, but unfortunately her bouts with mental illness (mostly severe paranoia) consumed much of Ginsberg's childhood1937,11, He began writing in a journal Walt Whitman1943,17, He enrolled at Columbia University Jack Kerouac Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs.1945,19, Ginsberg began writing seriously, and around the same time he began to experiment with drugs, and had some of his first homosexual experiences.In Columbia University Columbia's mental hospital卡尔.所罗门1948,22 He graduated from ColumbiaHe attempted to renounce homosexuality and took a job as a market researcher upon his release, but hearing the poet William Carlos Williams at a reading drew him back into literature, and he gave up trying to fit into mainstream society.1955, when Ginsberg read parts of his new epic poem "Howl" at the Six Gallery. a Beat manifesto it was an immediate sensation.1956,30, released Ginsberg's first book, the seminal Howl and Other Poems1957,31, City Lights owner was arrested on obscenity charges for selling copies of the book; authorities objected mostly to its homosexual content. A judge ruled that the book was not obscene, and the attendant publicity helped make Ginsberg a household name.HowlOpening :Empty Mirror(1952) 《空镜》Howl (1955)Kaddish(1960) 《卡迪什》追忆自己的童年Reality Sandwiches(1963) 《现实三明治》The Change(1963)Planet News(1969)The Fall of America(1973) 《美国的衰弱》Collected Poems 1947-1980(1984)《诗集：1947–1980》White Shroud (1986)《白色的尸衣》自传性诗集,被公认是《卡迪什》的续篇Mind Breaths: Poems 1972-1977(1978) 《精神气息：诗集1972–1977》Excerpts From The Fall of America“Bea rded robots drink from Uranium coffee cups on Saturn's ring. May 1990”—American“When can I go into the supermarket and buy what I need with my good looks?”—AmericaHowl (嚎叫)The Background of Howl (嚎叫)Factors to create it in 1955 :Rexroth encouraged him to free his voice and write from heart.Sympathy for Carl Solomon所罗门, whom he met in a mental institution.Wally Hedrick asked him to organize a poetry reading at the Six Gallery 旧金山六画廊Ginsberg completed Part II after Ferlinghetti had promised to publish it.Ferlinghetti thought the first two parts of "Howl" was too short to make an entire book, so the final collection was written at that time.Writing StyleI an experiment with the “long line“(长句)E.g Part I is structured as a single run-on sentence with a repetitive refrain(叠句) dividing it up into breaths.固定开端为“who”II Most lines in this section contain the fixed base “Moloch”. 固定开端为“莫洛克”，以此形成气节The frequently quoted (and often parodied) opening lines set the theme and rhythm for the poemOverview and structure of "Howl"The poem revealed the pathological phenomena(病态现象)of the American urban society ,and reflected the youth’s discontent to the status quo and their a stream of anarchism（无政府主义）thought.The poem consists of three parts, with an additional footnote.I a lament for the Lamb in America with instances of remarkable lamb-like youths对美国羔羊的哀悼II names the monster of mental consciousness that preys on the Lamb 哺育羔羊的精神怪物III a litany of affirmation of the Lamb in its glory 肯定了羔羊的光辉Overview and structure of "Howl"Part I：Characters were drawn from his personal experience and from the community of poets, politicalradicals, drug addicts, and psychiatric patients whom he encountered.To show the spirit of the Beaten Generation who abandoned themselves to despair 自暴自弃Part II:A rant about the state of industrial civilization, characterized in the poem as “Moloch”.(莫洛克神，毁灭之神，战争之神)Militarism，commercialism and spiritual deathOverview and structure of "Howl"Part III:It is directly addressed to Carl Solomon.To show the revival of love, the unity of oneself and the balance between creation and dissolution.To imply the reborn of Americans.Footnote :characterized by its repetitive "Holy!" mantra, an ecstatic assertion that everything is holy. ExtractsI saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix;…… ……who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tenement roofs illuminated.”InfluenceStart the trend in which the rhetoric gives place to parables修辞让位于寓言.以预言诗人的身份揭示真理After he read this poem, the birth of beaten generation is declared.A recording sales of contemporary poetryThe bible of youth’s movement.CommentsSomeone consider it as the accumulation of obscene words.Someone consider it as the most predominant poem of the youth after WWII.It revealed the downside of the modern life, such as the revelry of Jazz, drug addicts, and homosexuals.The National Book AwardThis book blends:Poetrytravel writingpersonal experienceradio news broadcastspopular songsnewspaper headlinesjournalistic observationsMany of the poems were initially composed on an Uher Tape recorderSubject“the fall of America” is not Ginsberg's real subjectTwo subjects:the state of Americathe state of his life (the roadblock of middle age, a geographer)Style of this bookmore overtly politicalcondemnation of America's actions in Vietnamthe despair of a "return to nature" combines with a horror of "civilization"Short poems --- a long "poem of these states"The physical and spirirual map of AmericaThe physical map: its natural rivers, mountains and coastlines, its man-made cities, superhighways The spiritual map:the whole of our common life:media,social life, political activity (especially its isolationism, suspicion, and hatred of foreigners), its religion (a poisonous fundamentalism), its violence, its secret policeCertain prophetic attitudes (irony) :Oh awful man! What have we made the world! Oh man capitalist exploiter of Mother Planet! "Lightning's blue glare fills Oklahoma plains, the train rolls east casting yellow shadow on grass Twenty years ago approaching Texas, I saw sheet lightning cover Heaven's corners...An old man catching fireflies on the porch at night watched the Herd Boy cross the Milky Way to meet the Weaving Girl...How can we war against that?"Comments from AMAZONA deep emotional book testifiyng a falling empire through the mind of a literary genius.As whitman's poems defined the civil war era, Ginsbergs poems in this volume define the vietnam era.Thank you!。
TheBeatgeneration垮掉的一代
汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!
The Beat generation
(垮掉的一代) The beats. They were a generation of writers, poets, and artists in the 1950s who challenged authority, rejected mainstream middle class American values, and advocated a life of spontaneity. They thrived on creativity and they thrived on life. For the beats, it was about jazz, free love, drinking, radical politics, and words, poetry and prose. They lived life to its fullest, in constant pursuit of the next crazy, eye opening, worldly experience. 垮掉的一代。
在1950年代有r期作家、人和g家挑嗤，拒^中aA美主流r值，K提倡自l性人生。
他更P心造力及人生。
垮掉的一代碚f，@P乎爵士贰⒆
汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!
由情感、酒、激M的政治、文字、作和散文。
他M所有可能充生活，不嘧非笙乱狂、_眼界、世g的。
Their soundtrack was jazz, which they used as a backdrop for readings of their work and an inspiration for their style of poetry. And their spokesman was Jack Kerouac, the novelist, writer, poet, and artist who is famous for his novel On the Road. Jack Kerouac called his style 'spontaneous prose'. The goal was to express thoughts without holding back, without stopping to consider how
something might be said better, but just letting the words come out. This is often called stream of consciousness, when the writer abandons control of his words, and instead expresses his innermost thoughts in an uninterrupted flow of words, as they come to him. 他的音肥蔷羰罚@是他x和提供`感的背景贰他的l言人是芸P克，他是位小f家、作家、人和g 家，最有
汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!
名的是小f《在路上》。
芸P克Q他的L格樽园l性散文。
目的是不抑制的表_想法，不停下砣ニ伎荚觞Nf一件事比^好，只是渭文字ガF。
@一般被Q橐庾R流，作家ξ淖值恼瓶兀而文字到他的X海r，不受打_的文字流出肀磉_他最深拥乃枷搿
Words represent fragmentary thought, and the rhythm takes on a musical or poetic quality. Kerouac's writing resembled jazz in that it was improvisational. Sentences flowed together without stops, and the words could take on a certain rhythm. He used dashes or commas to signify a rhetorical breath, similar to a jazz musician taking a breath in between musical phrases. Kerouac was so committed to this style of writing, that he wrote his novel On the Road in just three weeks, typing one hundred words a minute in marathon sessions.
汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!
文字代表著片段的思想，而奏t音沸院驮意的品|。
P克的作品和爵士废嗨浦在於烧叨际羌磁d的。
句子流又g]有停歇，而文字能有一定的
律在。
他用破折和逗肀硎拘揶o的瞬息，就像爵士肥衷谝氛鹿g吸庖印P克@N作方式相Q，他在三Y拜染屯瓿尚≌f《在路上》，像在R拉松一右环昼可以打一百字。
