2013云南省弥勒县庆来中学高一英语教案Unit1《GreatscientistsPeriod》4(人教版必修五)

英语：Unit 1《Great Scientists》教案（2）（新人教版必修5）全模块Teaching aimsTo help students learn to describe peopleTo help students learn to read a narration about John SnowTo help students better understand “Great scientists”To help students learn to use some important words and expressionsTo help students identify examples of “The Past Participle (1) as the Predicative & the attribute”Period 1 Warming up and readingTeaching ProceduresI. Warming upStep I Lead inTalk about scientist.T: Hi, morning, class. Nice to see you on this special day, the day when you become a senior two grader. I am happy to be with you helping you with your English. Today we are to read about a certain scientist. But first let’s define the word “scientist”. What is a scientist?A scientist is a person who works in science, trying to understand how the universe or other things work.Scientists can work in different areas of science. Here are some examples: Those that study physics are physicists. Those that study chemistry are chemists. Those that study biology are biologists. Step IIAsk the students to try the quiz and find out who knows the most.T: There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Can you name some of them? What kind of role do they play in the field of science? Do these achievements have anything in common? Match the inventions with their inventors below before you answer all these questions.1. Archimedes, Ancient Greek (287-212 BC), a mathematician.2. Charles Darwin, Britain (1808-1882). The name of the book is Origin of Species.3. Thomas Newcomen, British (1663-1729), an inventor of steam engine.4. Gregor Mendel, Czech, a botanist and geneticist.5. Marie Curie, Polish and French, a chemist and physicist.6. Thomas Edison, American, an inventor.7. Leonardo da Vinci, Italian, an artist.8. Sir Humphry Davy, British, an inventor and chemist.9. Zhang Heng, ancient China, an inventor.10. Stepper Hawking, British, a physicist.II. Pre-readingStep IGet the students to discuss the questions on page 1 with their partners. Then ask the students to report their work. Encourage the students to express their different opinions.What do you know about infectious diseases?Infectious diseases can be spread to other people. They have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them. People may be exposed to infectious disease, so may animals, such as bird flu，AIDS, SARS are infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.What do you know about cholera?Cholera is the i llness caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. It infects people’s intestines(肠), causing diarrhea and leg cramps (抽筋).The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated(污染) with the bacteria.Cholera can be mild(不严重的) or even without immediate symptoms(症状), but a severe case can lead to death without immediately treatment.3. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research?Anybody might come out with a new idea. But how do we prove it in scientific research? There are seven stages in examining a new idea in scientific research. And they can be put in the following order. What order would you put the seven in? Just guess.Find a problem→ Make up a question→ Think of a method→ Collect results→Analyse the results→ Draw a conclusion→ Repeat if necessaryIII. ReadingStep I Pre-readingDo you know John Snow?John Snow is a well-known doctor in the 19th century in London and he defeated “King Cholera”.Do you know what kind of disease is cholera?It is a kind of terrible disease caused by drinking dirty water and it caused a lot of deaths in the old times and it was very difficult to defeat.Let’s get to know how Dr. John Snow defeated “King Cholera” in 1854 in London in this reading passage:Step II SkimmingRead the passage and answer the questions.Who defeats “King Cholera“? (John Snow)What happened in 1854? (Cholera outbreak hit London.)How many people died in 10 days? (500)Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street? (These families had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.)(Optional)Skim the passage and find the information to complete the form below.Step III ScanningRead the passage and number these events in the order that they happened.2 John Snow began to test two theories.1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map.7 He announced that the water carried the disease.3 John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe.8 King Cholera was defeated.5 He found that most of the deaths were near a water pump.6 He had the handle removed from the water pump.Step IV Main idea and correct stageRead the passage and put the correct stages into the reading about research into a disease. John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”Step V Group discussionAnswer the questions (Finish exercise 2 on Page 3)1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?(John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.)2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?(No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those householdsthat had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.)3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? (Two diseases, which are similar today, are SARS and AIDS because they are both serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.Step VI Using the stages for scientific research and write a summary.。

Period 3 Listening and Speaking The General Idea of This Period This is the third period of this unit. At the beginning of this period, the teacher should (can) design some exercises to review what the students learned in the last period, that is to say, go over what the students learned about that John Snow defeats“King Cholera”. The teacher can begin with asking some questions or having a competition to make some sentences with“John Snow”according to the passage.During this period, listening and speaking will be mainly dealt with. At the beginning, teachers focus on training the Ss’ listening. This listening content is about the importance of Qian Xuesen for space travel in China, the contributions made by a botanist named Carl Linnaeus and the research into the life and work of a mathematician called Leonhard Euler.When training the Ss’ listening ability, teachers should start with pre-listening, that is, lead-in. If it is necessary, teachers had better introduce some background knowledge about the listening material. Later, let the Ss listen to it. At the same time, teachers should design some simple questions. After that, the Ss have known about the listening material, and then teachers can ask them to listen to it again to be ready for more difficult questions. If necessary, the Ss can be given another time to listen. While practicing, teachers had better offer students some advice on how to do it well. Especially, train the students to predict what to be talked about according to the hints and limited information and let them form the good listening habit of listening with the purpose of finding useful information and to summarize. Certainly, suppose there are many new words and expressions, teachers should help them to deal with them at the first place. All the listening practice should focus on developing the students’ listening skill.After practicing listening, the Ss are expected to learn some expressions about talking about scientific job as well as scientists’ achievements and recount stories. Besides those, the students are expected to learn the skill of describing a person.During the course, teachers should rank class activities from the easy to the difficult. First,ask them to learn the expressions. Then, ask them to imitate it to have a dialogue. Finally, the students are expected to create a dialogue or discuss the given topic. In order to draw students’ attention, the teacher had better prepare for some interesting situations.This period centers on emphasis on speaking and listening. The teacher should try his or her best to encourage the students to say something. Don’t always correct the mistakes that the students would make while speaking. Otherwise, the students would feel reluctant to speak out their opinions.Teaching Important PointsTrain the students’ speaking ability by describing, talking and discussing.Help the students improve their listening ability.Teaching DifficultiesTrain the students’ listening ability. Especially listen and understand what the speakers mean beyond words.Teaching Aidsa tape recorder, a projector and the blackboardThree Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge aims:Let the Ss know about some scientists and their life and contributions.Get the Ss to learn how to talk about scientific work and how to describe a person.Ability Aims:Train the students’ speaking ability by describing, talking and discussing.Train the students’ listening ability.Emotional Aims:Train the students’ability to cooperate with others.Encourage the students to learn from scientists to show interest in scientific exploration and research.Teaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingT: Hello, boys and girls.Ss: Hello, Miss Wang.Step 2 RevisionT: Today we will begin our lesson with a competition between groups. In the last period, we learnt about John Snow who defeats“King Cholera”. Now, please say something that you know about it. If you offer a complete sentence, you will be given ten marks. Your group will be given twenty marks when your expression is especially beautiful.S: John Snow was a well-known doctor in London, who attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.S: He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera, which was the deadly disease of his day.S: John Snow got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.S: He believed in the second theory that is people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead.Ss: . . .(The teacher should encourage more students to join in the competition. At the end of the competition, the teacher should announce the result of this competition. Praise the winner and encourage the losers. )T: What can we learn from John Show?S: We should base our theories on practice.S: We are inspired to have a spirit of scientific exploration.S: We do some research with the purpose of serving the people and society.Ss: . . .T: Yes, we can learn a lot from the scientist. In fact, there are a great number of people working on science worthy of being learned both at home and abroad. Can you name somescientists and introduce their main contributions?S: Archimedes, who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float.S: Darwin wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed.S: Madam Curie discovered radium.S: Stephen Hawking put forward a theory about black holes.S: Zhang heng invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened.Ss: . . .T: You did a good job and listed many scientists as well as their contributions. Today, we are going to learn about more scientists.Step 3 Listening (on Pages 5-6)Task 1 Pre-listeningT: First let’s enjoy the picture. What can you see?S: President Jiang Zemin and an old man.T: President Jiang Zemin visited Qian Xuesen.T: What have you already known about Qian Xuesen?S: He is a Chinese scientist, whose research mainly centers on Physics.S: He is honored as“Chinese Rocket Father”.S: He has made great contributions to space travel in China.T: Good. You seem to have a good knowledge of him. Qian Xuesen is a famous scientist who has co ntributed much to the country’s cause of science and technology.Task 2 First ListeningT: We are to listen to the material, which is about Qian Xuesen. Yu Ping is telling her friend Steve Smith about Qian Xuesen’s life. If you were Yu Ping, what topic s would you like to cover when introducing him?S: The date when he was born and he died;the place where he was born, lived, studied anddied;his family;his experience;his achievements;his contributionsT: Excellent. When we talk about and introduce a scientist, we usually describe these aspects. Now, listen carefully and tick out which topics are mentioned in the tape.(After listening, let them check the answers. )Task 3 Second ListeningT: This time. You’ll write down the answers to the five questi ons. Boys and girls, how can we write the answers fast and correctly?S: We should go through the questions first and keep them in mind. When we are listening, we just need to pay much attention to the sentences related to the answers.S: We needn’t wri te down each word of the answers. We just write down some key words. Later we can write down the complete answers with the help of these key words.T: You are clever. Now please get ready. First, look through the introduction to the listening material. Then, scan the questions.(Two minutes later, the teacher plays the tape. Then give Ss time to organize their sentences. )T: Let’s check the answers one by one.(If the students make some common mistakes or they seem to have difficulty in finding out answers, teachers can give them some hints and let them listen to it again. After that, check the answers. If the students feel it difficult to make sense about the key words and understand the speakers’ intention and attitude, the teacher should give them some help. )Task 4 Post-listeningT: After listening, would you please answer some questions?1 What did you hear on the tape?2 What can you learn from Qian Xuesen?(At this part the teacher may have the students present what they have heard on the tape and show their own opinion about what they have learned from him. If possible, the teacher may have some of the students do the presentation work in class. By doing this, the students can getfull understanding of what the tape is talking about. )Step 4 Listening (Page 41)Task 1 Pre-listeningT: Just now we learned about a Chinese scientist, Qian Xuesen, who has made great contributions on space travel in China. We will get to know another scientist, whose contribution is on botany. Can you guess who he is?S: Carl Linnaeus, maybe Darwin.T: You are right. Both scientists did study botany and devoted their time to the research. As we know, Carl Linnaeus developed his system about how to classify species. While Darwin wrote a book on the Original of Species, in which he explained how animals and plants developed as the environment changed. The following is about Carl Linnaeus.T: Now, read the instructions about the listening and choose which of the following statements mist closely describes what this listening passage is about. Explain why the others are wrong.S: I think the third one is right. This is about a man who finds a flower and wants to know if it is a new species of flower. Because he is interested in biology and especially in the study of plants. What he wants to do is to study whether it is a new species. The other two statements can not convey the study.Task 2 ListeningT: What you said is reasonable. Let’s listen together to find whether your answer is right.(After listening, let them check the answers. )T: Listen to the tape again and try to complete the following passage.To find the name of an unknown flower, first you have to go to see a flower __________he/she will look in a special__________written by Carl Linnaeus. He lived in__________ from__________ to __________. He was very important because he solved a serious problem for __________. He saw all plants and animals produce __________. Some animals produce __________but others lay__________while plants__________. He used thesedifferent ways of producing young to put plants and animals into__________. For example, the group called birds lay__________to produce young and they all have __________. Linnaeus put the plants and animals into smaller groups or species. He gave each one two names. One is for the large group, for example__________and one is for the species, for example __________. So a parrot would be __________. He was the first person to successfully classify all plants and animals.Task 3 Post-listeningLet the students fill in the blankets and then check. If the students feel it difficult to do it, let them listen it a third time. After checking the answers, ask the students to read it together.Step 5 Listening (Page 44)T: Look at the screen and let’s read the following new words firstly.(These words are presented on the screen: analyse, pure, foundation, symbol, sin, cosin, geometry, calculus, mechanics, practical, topology)T: Can you guess which field the next scientist is in according to the new words?S: The next must be a mathematician.T: Right. This mathematician is Leonhard Euler. John Smith is discussing with Zhao Yang his research into the life and work of a mathematician called Leonhard Euler. Listen to the tape and fill in the chart on the importance of Euler’s work.Euler’s achievements ExamplesNew symbols and termsOld areas of mathematicsNew area of mathematicsImportance(After listening, ask some students to fill in it. If many students feel it difficult, let them listen to it again. While doing it, the teacher can also ask two students to come to write the answers on the blackboard. The teacher had better give them praise if they do it well. )Step 6 SpeakingTask 1 Lead-inT: Boys and girls, from the listening material, we know about some scientists. Do you have a dream to be a scientist in the future?Ss: Yes. /No.T: Suppose you would like to work as a scientist, and you are discussing with your partner about your future job. What questions would you like to concern?S1: What job do you want to do?S2: How will you get the job?S3: What preparations will you make for the future job?T: Right. Apart from those, we can also talk about the following questions:1 What education will you need?2 What personality will be needed?3 What work experience would be useful?4 How long will the training take?5 How will you prepare for this career?T: These expressions may help you:I always wanted to. . . because. . . The experience I will need is. . .I might find it difficult to. . . I need to practise. . .My greatest problem will be to. . .I will need to be/become. . .patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave, positive, pleasant, polite, determined, energetic, strict with. . .Task 2 Dialogue (pair work)T: Now it is time to discuss what scientific job each of you would like to choose in the future with the help of the mentioned questions and expressions in pairs. I will give you five minutes to prepare for it. After that I will let some of pairs to come to act it out.Sample:A: What job do you want to do in the future?B: I always want to be a botanist.A: If you want to be a scientist, what education will you need?B: I will try my best to go to a key university to learn and study botany.A: What work experience would be useful?B: The experience I will need is to study wild plants in the wild when I am at school. Now, I join the social natural club organized by our school. Every time I make every effort to overcome difficulty to study plants in the wild.A: Do you know what personality will be needed if you want to be a scientist in the future?B: I will need to be patient, creative, hard-working, brave, energetic and co-operative.A: Yes, I agree with you. Besides those personalities, we also should be determined, confident and positive.B: I will make efforts to own such good quality.A: How will you prepare for this career?B: I intend to go to college next year and then I will have a chance to be a scientist. But my greatest problem will be whether I will be able to go to university in the future.A: Don’t worry about it and just get down to preparing for it. Good chances always belongto the persons who have already prepared for them. I am sure you will succeed if you keep working hard. I am waiting for your good news.B: Thank you for your encouragement. I will make full use of time to struggle for success.Task 3 Free-talkT: Let us talk freely. You are allowed to move about to find a st udent you’d like to talk with. Imagine you are going to meet a specialist about a newly-found flower. Your partner will be the assistant for the flower specialist. You both need a description of the other so you can recognize each other when you meet. Now ring the assistant to sort out the necessary information.(Of course, following the above, the students may gather around or move around to find their own favorite partners to talk with. This is a half-controlled activity. Teachers let them express whatever they want to on condition that there are some expressions on the theme. Givethem about five minutes to prepare for it. Later, ask some pairs to act it out. As usual, the teacher won’t forget to give comments on what the students do, including the teacher’s words praising what they are doing in the first few stages. Only in this way are the students encouraged to talk freely about what they want to say and why they think so. )Step 7 Summary and HomeworkT: In this period, we mainly focus on the speaking and listening abilities. If you feel listening or speaking poor, you had better practice more after class. Practice makes perfect. Today’s homework is to describe a scientist to your partner and let your partner guess who she/he is. Then exchange.The Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 1Great scientistsPeriod 3Listening and SpeakingThe questions may be useful to discuss the scientificjob, The expressions may help you to discuss your futurescientific job.What job do you want to do?What education will you need?What personality will be needed? What work experience would be useful?How long will the training take? How will you prepare for this career?I always wanted to...because...The experience I will need is...I might find it difficult to...I need to practise...My greatest problem will be to...I will need to be/become patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave...Research and ActivitiesAfter class, use the library or the Internet to find out facts about important women scientists in medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy or mathematics.There are very useful websites (including the“Biographies of women mathematicians website”).Prepare a talk on your chosen scientists.Remember to include some information about their life, their achievements and why they are considered important in science history.Then give your talk to the class.Research for TeachingEuler, Leonhard(born April 15, 1707, Basel, Switz.died Sept.18, 1783, St.Petersburg, Russia)Swiss mathematician and physicist, one of the founders of pure mathematics.He not only made decisive and formative contributions to the subjects of geometry, calculus, mechanics, and number theory but also developed methods for solving problems in observational astronomy and demonstrated useful applications of mathematics in technology and public affairs.Euler’s mathematical ability earned him the esteem of Johann Bernoulli, one of the first mathematicians in Europe at that time, and of his sons Daniel and Nicolas.In 1727 he moved to St.Petersburg, where he became an associate of the St.Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in 1733 succeeded Daniel Bernoulli to the chair of mathematics.Euler devoted considerable attention to developing a more perfect theory of lunar motion, which was particularly troublesome, since it involved the so-called three-body problem—the interactions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth.(The problem is still unsolved.) His partial solution, published in 1753, assisted the British Admiralty in calculating lunar tables, of importance then in attempting to determine longitude at sea.One of the feats of his blind years was to perform all the elaborate calculations in his head for his second theory of lunar motion in 1772.Throughout his life Euler was much absorbed by problems dealing with the theory of numbers, which treats of the properties and relationships of integers, or whole numbers (0, ±1, ±2, etc.); in this, his greatest discovery, in 1783, was the law of quadratic reciprocity, which has become an essential part of modern number theory.In his effort to replace synthetic methods by analytic ones, Euler was succeeded by grange.But, where Euler had delighted in special concrete cases, Lagrange sought for abstract generality; and, while Euler incautiously manipulated divergent series, Lagrange attempted to establish infinite processes upon a sound basis.Thus it is that Euler and Lagrange together are regarded as the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century; but Euler has never been excelled either in productivity or in the skillful and imaginative use of algorithmic devices (i.e., computational procedures) for solving problems.Carl Linnaeus(born May 23, 1707, R.a shult, Sm^a land, Swed. died Jan.10, 1778, Uppsala )Carl Linnaeus is a Swedish botanist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them.Linnaeus was the son of a curate.His love of flowers developed at an early age; when only eight years old he was nicknamed“the little botanist.”He studied at the universities of Lund and Uppsala and received his degree in medicine from the latter.The Systema Naturae, which Linnaeus had shown to the botanist Jan Fredrik Gronovius in manuscript, so impressed Gronovius that he published it at his own expense.Linnaeus’ system was based mainly on flower parts, which tend to remain unchanged during the course of evolution. Although artificial, as Linnaeus himself recognized, such a system had the supreme merit of enabling students rapidly to place a plant in a named category.It came into use at a period when the richness of the world’s vegetation was being discovered at a rate that outstripped more leisurely methods of investigation.So successful was his method in practice that its very ease of application proved to be the greatest obstacle to its replacement by the more natural systems that superseded it.His later years were taken up by teaching and the preparation of other works: Flora Suecica (1745) and Fauna Suecica (1746); two volumes of observations made during the journeys inweden, V ..a stg..o ta resa (1747) and Sk.a nska resa (1751); Hortus Upsaliensis (1748); hisPhilosophia Botanica (1751); and the important Species Plantarum (1753), in which the specific names are fully set forth.In 1755 he declined an invitation from the King of Spain to settle in that country with a liberal salary and full liberty of conscience.In 1761 he was granted a Swedish patent of nobility, antedated to 1757, from which time he was styled Carl von Linné.An apoplectic attack in 1774 left him greatly weakened, and he died four years later.The Linnaean manuscripts, and his herbarium and collections of insects and shells, purchased by Sir J.E.Smith in 1783, are carefully preserved by the Linnean Society at Burlington House, London.Marie Curie(born Nov.7, 1867, Warsaw, Pol., Russian Empire.died July 4, 1934, near Sallanches, France ) Maria Sklodowska Polish—born French physicist famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize.With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics.She was then the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.From childhood she was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 she won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education at the Russian lycée.Because her father, a teacher of mathematics and physics, lost his savings through bad investment, she had to take work as a teacher and, at the same time, took part clandestinely in the nationalist“free university, ”reading in Polish to women workers.At the age of 18 she took a post as governess, where she suffered an unhappy love affair.From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would in turn later help her to get an education.She came first in the licence of physical sci ences in 1893.She began to work in Lippmann’s research laboratory and in 1894 was placed second in the licence of mathematical sciences. It was in the spring of this year that she met Pierre Curie.Their marriage (July 25, 1895) marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance, in particular the discovery of polonium (so called by Marie in honour of her native land) in the summer of 1898, and that of radium a few months later.Following Henri Becquerel’s discovery (1896) of a new phenomenon (which she later called“radioactivity”), Marie Curie, looking for a subject for a thesis, decided to find out if the property discovered in uranium was to be found in other matter.She discovered that this was true for thorium at the same time as G.C.Schmidt did.In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.The sudden death of Pierre Curie (April 19, 1906) was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but it was also a decisive turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy tocompleting alone the scientific work that they had undertaken.On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband’s death; she was the first woman to teach in the Sorbonne.In 1908 she became titular professor, and in 1910 her fundamental treatise on radioactivity was published.In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, for the isolation of pure radium.In 1914 she saw the completion of the building of the laboratories of the Radium Institute (Institut du Radium) at the University of Paris.One of Marie Curie’s outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only for the treatment of illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research in nuclear physics; the resultant stockpile was an unrivaled instrument until the appearance after 1930 of particle accelerators.The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium in which, over a period of several years, radium D and polonium had accumulated, made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930 and in particular of those performed by Irène Curie in conjunction with Frédéric Joliot, whom she had married in 1926 (see Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène).This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and above all the discovery in 1934 by Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity.A few months after this discovery Marie Curie died as a result of leukemia caused by the action of radiation.Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by the award to her of two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.In 1995 Marie Curie’s ashes were enshrined in the Panth on in Paris; she was the first woman to receive this honour for her own achievements.。

Unit 1 Great Scientists（第三课时）教案This is the fifth period, which will center on the grammar: using the past participle as the attribute and the predicative.To learn about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative.To know the differences between the past participle and the present participle.Knowledge AimTo learn about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative.Ability AimTo use the past participle used as the attribute and the predictive freely and properly in speaking and writing.Emotional AimsEncourage the students learn more about the grammar.Help the students to form the good habit in learning.Encourage the students to do more exercises to consolidate their knowledge.At the beginning of this period, the teacher should give the students some time to go over what they learned in the last period.Later the teacher had better present some sentences containing the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative on purpose by asking the students to do some exercises.After finding them, the teacher can ask the students to analyze them and understand the function of the past participle in those sentences.After that the teacher should give the students clear explanations about the usage of the grammar.After mastering the rules of the past participle, the students should be given more exercises to consolidate what they learn.Besides that, the teacher should help the students to review the other usages of the past participle.In the end, let them write a passage using the past participle properly.Apart from the usage of the past participle, the teacher had better make the students understand the differences between the past participle and the present participle.Past Participle as the Attribute Past Participle as the Predicative1.terrified people2.reserved seats3.polluted water4.a crowded room5.a pleased winner6.7.8.9.10. 1.2.3.4.5.6.children who look astonished7.a vase that is broken8.a door that is closed9.the audience who feel tired10.an animal that is trapped2、Now look at the screen.Finish the exercises quickly.1.He got__________ about losing the money.2.Why do you always look so __________?Do you sleep well these days?3.I was__________ with the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.4.Everybody was__________ to hear the death of the famous film star.5.The children are really__________ about going to the zoo.6.His wound became__________ with a new virus.3、Further PractisingT: Now let’s do some exercises.1.The Olympic Games, __________(play) in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.2.Cleaning women in big cities get __________ (pay) by the hour.。

【教学设计】根据课文内容的特点，根据高中英语课程标准的要求，为实现该课的教学目标，以提高学生阅读理解能力为重点，加强学生听说读写综合能力，我设计以下教学步骤：Learning Aims教师用课件展示教学目标，教师解读目标，从而使学生明确本节课的三维目标。

设计意图：使学生了解本节课的三维目标，为随后的阅读做好铺垫，让学生的学习具有目的性。

Step1. Lead in通过图片形式，让学生猜测熟悉的科学家名字及他们的贡献。

设计意图：通过这个活动，激发学生学习动机，调动其主观能动性，完成此任务将使学生学到知识、尝到乐趣、受到鼓舞。

Step 2.Fast reading打乱John Snow 做科学调查的步骤，让学生快速浏览课文，还原正确的步骤。

设计意图：学生快速阅读，把握每段的大致意思和主旨大意，目的是使学生掌握快速阅读的技巧。

Step 3.Careful Reading1.学生分段阅读课文，找出一些详细信息，更深入地理解课文，回答针对每个段落所提出的问题，为之后的归纳总结与复述打下基础。

2.让学生针对本环节的任务（在学案上）逐一阅读段落，搜寻答案。

3.对John Snow 分析的地图详细理解，并在课件中呈现地图图片，并让学生了解并解释当时的霍乱分布情况及产生的原因。

设计意图：通过再次阅读，充分理解课文，并把握文中的细节，能够有效地培养学生自主学习的能力，并进一步加深对科学研究的步骤和措施。

Step 4. Presentation通过课本中提供的地图，让学生在理解课文后自己组织语言，描述通过地图John Snow 是如何研究霍乱，以及是如何得出结论的。

设计意图：通过学生上台阐述地图的内容等，让学生真正理解并完成课文中实验步骤的梳理，同时提高学生口语表达能力。

Step 5 .Group work and Discussion“W h y d i d t h e a u th o r u se‘d e f ea t’i n th e t i tl e,a n d w h at sh ou l d you do when you meet with difficulties?”小组合作，讨论交流，并由组长调动组内成员积极发言，并汇集整理观点。

Period 4 Reading and Writing The General Idea of This PeriodIn this period the teaching and learning will center on reading and writing.As usual, the teacher can begin the teaching with reviewing the former knowledge.The following part is the lead-in—talking about some scientists, because this unit talks about great scientists and this passage is about Nicolaus Copernicus and his theory.As to reading training, the teacher should still develop the students’ ability of scanning and skimming.So at the beginning, get the students to prepare some knowledge for reading. For that purpose, the teacher will firstly ask for information about Copernicus according to what the students already know.Then the teacher can have the students listen to the tape and find out whether the statements are true or false.It is designed to train the students’ listening and to check whether the students have previewed the passage ter, the teacher will ask the students to skim it and find out the main idea for each part.The purpose of doing these is to help the students to form the good habit of reading with some strategy.When reading a passage, we had better first read it as a whole, that is, understand the structure of the passage and catch the main idea with the help of the structure and title.The following step is to read the passage for the details.The teacher can design some teaching activities to help the students to know about more and more information by taking part in the reading activities.As a result, the teacher should be careful, cautious and creative when designing the reading activities.The reading activities had better be various, which can catch more students’ attention.At the end of reading, some activities should be designed to check the students’ understanding by saying something about Copernicus and making up a dialogue between Copernicus and his friend.The practicing helps the students improve their speaking and arouse their creativity.The competition is held to make the students take part in the class activities actively.At the same time, let the students consider the writing purpose.Besides reading, the students are also expected to learn and practise their writing skill.By studying the passage, the students should learn to do persuasive writing to c hange someone else’s decision.The teacher should give the students some advice on how to plan the writing and develop the writing—beginning, body and conclusion.Teaching Important PointsHelp the students know about Copernicus and his theory.Develop the students’ reading ability.Improve the students’ writing ability.Teaching DifficultyDevelop the students’ reading ability.Teaching AidsMulti-media classroom and other normal teaching tools.Three Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge AimsGet the students to know about Copernicus and his theory.Learn about persuasive writing.Ability AimsMaster the skill of gist reading.Develop the students’ reading ability, such as skimming and scanning.Improve the students’ writing ability.Emotional AimsArouse the students’ interest in science and devotion to science.Teaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingT: Hello, everyone.Ss: Hello, Miss Wang.Step 2 ReviewingT: Last class we talked about Qian Xuesen and Carl Linnaeus.Can you say something about them?S: Qian Xuesen is a famous Chinese physicist.S: Qian Xuesen once studied in the USA and then returned to China.S: Qian Xuesen made great contributions to space research.S: Carl Linnaeus developed a system to classify plant species according to the male and female organs in the followers.S: Carl Linnaeus earned the title“Father of classification”.Ss: ...Step 3 Pre-readingT: You have done a good job.So we have learned about a lot about great scientists, such as John Snow and Qian Xuesen.Who else would you like to learn about?Why?S1: I’d like to know something about Madame Curie, because she was one of the great women scientists.S2: I’d like to know about Albert Einstein, because he plays an important part in the development of Physics.S3: Stephen Hawking because he has made great achievements although he is disabled.Ss: ...T: I find you are interested in science and scientists.But today we are going to read about Copernicus.Do you know something about him?S1: He was born in Poland.S2: He believed the earth moves around the sun.S3: It was said that he was burned to death because of his theory.Ss: ...T: Do you want to know more about him?Ss: Of course.T: So let’s come to the passage Copernicus’ revolutionary theory.Step 4 ListeningT: First I’d like you to listen to the tape and find out whether the statementsare T or F.(Give the students one minute to read the statements and then play the tape.)( ) 1.When Copernicus found that the earth was not the center of the solar system, he was very excited.( ) 2.Some astronomers found it strange that some planets appeared brighter at sometimes.() 3.Copernicus worked out the theory by observation and calculation.( ) 4.Copernicus didn’t publish his ideas un til he died in 1543.( ) 5.According to the Christian idea of gravity, things fell to the ground because the earth is the center of the universe.(A few minutes later.)T: Are you ready?Who’d like to have a try.If the sentence is true, please read it.If it is false, correct it.S1: The first sentence is false.When Copernicus found that the earth was not the center of the solar system, he was frightened.S2: The second statement is true.S3: The third statement is also true.S4: The fourth stateme nt is false.Copernicus didn’t publish his ideas until he lay dying in 1543.S5: The fifth statement is true.Suggested answers:1.F;2.T;3.T;4.F;5.TStep 5 Gist ReadingT: You have done a good job.In think you previewed the passage well.To understand the passage better, I divide the passage into four parts.Read the passage quickly and find out the main idea of each part.(After three minutes.)T: Have you got it?Generally speaking, if we want to introduce something, first, we usually give a brief introduction.What about the main ideas of other parts?(Ask the students to give their opinions and in the end the teacher gives them the answer.)Suggested answers:Para 1 Brief introductionPara 2 The cause of Copernicus’ theoryParas 3-4 The process of Copernicus’ theoryPara 5 The significance of Copernicus’ theoryStep 6 Detailed readingT: This passage mainly talks about Copernicus’ theory.So let’s compare his theory and the theory before him.Work in pairs.Read the passage again and fill inBefore Copernicus’ theory Copernicus’ theory1.God made the earth.2.The earth was the center of the solar system. 1.The sun is the center of the solar system and the planets go around it except the moon.2.The earth is spinning as it goes roundthe sun.(Two minutes later.)T: Have you found out the different theories?Who’d like to have a try?S: Before Copernicus’ theory, they believed God had made the earth, so it was the center of the solar system.T: Very good.What about Copernicus’ theory?S: Copernicus found that the sun is the center of the solar system and the planets go round it except the moon.T: That’s right!Anything else?S: He also found the earth is spinning as it goes round the sun.T: Great!(Show the complete form to the students and let them read it.) Just now, we knew Copernicus didn’t publish his theory immediately he found it.Can you tell me why?S: Because he didn’t want to be attacked by the Christian Church.He published it many years later.T: Yes.At that time, anyone who wanted to challenge the theory of the Christian Church would be punished, even sometimes be sentenced to death.If you were Copernicus, would you have hidden your theory so for many years?Please give a reason.(Two minutes later.)T: I’d like to know about your ideas.Are you ready?Any volunteers?S: If I were Copernicus, I would have done the same, because at that time, people didn’t enjoy the freedom of speech.Whoever challenged the Christian Church would be punished.While there is life, there is hope.There would be more chance for me to make my theory known to the public.T: It sounds reasonable.Thank you.Anyone else?S: If I were Copernicus, I would have published my ideas as soon as I found them.Since I found my ideas were right, I would make them known to more people, regardless of danger. As a scientist, I should be brave to challenge and devote myself to science.Ss: ...T: You have done a very good job.I appreciate your good ideas and opinions.Step 7 PractisingT: Since we have le arned the whole passage, I’d like you to do some practice.(Show the following on the screen.)1.Say something about Copernicus.Copernicus____________________.2.Make up a dialogue between Copernicus and one of his friends.Copernicus showed his ideas privately to his friend and his friend encouraged him to publish his ideas.T: First please say something about Copernicus.Give as much information as possible about him by making sentences beginning with Copernicus.S1: Copernicus is a Poland astronomer.S2: Copernicus found the earth is not the center of the solar system.S3: Copernicus didn’t publish his theory until 1543.S4: Copernicus made a great contribution to astronomy.Ss: ...T: I’m deeply impressed by your sentences.You are excellent.Fr om the passage we know Copernicus showed his theory to his friends and his friends encouraged him to publish his theory.Please make up a dialogue in pairs based on this situation.We will hold a competition to see which group acts the best.(After a few minutes, the teacher gets several pairs to act it out and decides which group is the best one.)Step 8 WritingT: Just now we learned that Copernicus didn’t publish his ideas as soon as he found his theory.We also talked about what you would have done if you were Copernicus.Now write a short letter asking Copernicus to publish his ideas so everyone can read them.First you need to collect your ideas.There are some suggested information on Page 7.Then you need to arrange these ideas.There is a plan for it.Beginning: Tell Copernicus who you are and why you want him to publish his ideas.Paragraph 2: Reason 1 and evidence.Paragraph 3: Reason 2 and evidence.Summing up: Ask him to think again about publishing his ideas.(Give Ss some time to do it.Ask them to draw an outline first, and it will help them to develop their writing skill.The passage will be clear.If they have finished writing, get them to exchange with their desk mates.Finally ask some to read their writings to the whole class.While doing this, the teacher can design a competition to arouse their excitement.)Step 9 HomeworkT: You did very well in class.There’s the homework for you.1.Preview the reading passage and underline the phrases you think important and useful.2.Finish the writing if you haven’t finished and improve it if you have.The Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 1 Great scientistsPeriod 4 Reading and WritingCopernicus’ revolutionary workMain idea of each part:Para 1 Brief introductionPara 2 The cause ofCope rnicus’ theoryParas 3-4 The process ofCopernicus’theoryPara 5 The significance ofCopernicus’ theoryBefore Copernicus’ theory Copernicus’ theory1.God made the earth.2.The earth was the center of the solarsystem.1.The sun is the center of the solarsystem and the planets go around it exceptthe moon.2.The earth is spinning as it goes roundthe sun.Research and ActivitiesThe theme of the activity is“a great scientist in our eyes”.Get the students to work in groups and introduce a great scientist in their minds.First, they need to decide which scientist they think is the greatest.Then, collect as much information as possible about the scientist, such as his/her life, achievements, and so on.In the end, each group presents it to the whole class.The activity is designed to arouse the students’ interest in science, cultivate their team spirit and learn something from these great scientists.It also helps them learn to search for information and organize it well.Reference for TeachingNicolaus CopernicusBorn on Feb.19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication of his heliocentric theory 70 years later, one of the seminal figures in the history of scientific thought.The son of a prosperous merchant, he was raised after his father’s death by a maternal uncle, who enabled him to enter the University of Krakow, then famous for its mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy curriculum.This experience stimulated the young Copernicus to study further liberal arts at Bologna (1496-1501), medicine at Padua, and law at the University of Ferrara, from which he emerged in 1503 with the doctorate in canon law.Shortly afterward he returned to Poland and eventually settled permanently at the cathedral in Frauenberg (Frombork), less than 100 miles from his birthplace.Through his uncle’s influence he had been elected a canon of the church even before his journey to Italy.Copernicus not only faithfully performed his ecclesiastical duties, but also practiced medicine, wrote a treatise on monetary reform, and turned his attention to a subject in which he had long been interested-astronomy.By May 1514 Copernicus had written De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543).This classic work challenged the geocentric cosmology that had been accepted since the time of Aristotle.Copernicus proposed that the earth goes round the sun with the other planets.The new theory that Copernicus espoused in De revolutionibus exhibits a peculiarmixture of both radical and conservative elements.In the midst of his radical reordering of the structure of the universe, Copernicus still adhered to the ancient Aristotelian doctrines of solid celestial spheres and perfect circular motion of heavenly bodies, and he held essentially intact the entire Aristotelian physics of motion.Moreover, with significant innovations, he clung to the Ptolemaic representation of planetary motion by means of complicated combinations of circles called epicycles.Although Copernicus realized that his theory implied an enormous increase in the size of the universe, he declined to pronounce it infinite.These aspects of the Copernican treatise do not mitigate the novelty or the impact of the final theory, or the author’s firm conviction that his system was an accurate representation of physical reality.Rather, they indicate the scope of the work that lay ahead and that was effectively addressed in the next century when Kepler determined the ellipticity of planetary orbits, Galileo formulated his new concept of motion, and Newton espoused his theory of universal gravitation.The enunciation of the heliocentric theory by Copernicus marked the beginning of the scientific revolution, and of a new view of a greatly enlarged universe.It was a shift away from the comfortable anthropocentrism of the ancient and medieval world.A scientific theory that reflected so profoundly on humanity was not welcomed by the church, and it was only after the publication (1540) of Narratio prima (A First Account), by an enthusiastic supporter named Rheticus, that the aged Copernicus agreed to commit to print the theory already outlined in 1514.An undocumented, but often repeated, story holds that Copernicus received a printed copy of his treatise on his deathbed.He died on May 24, 1543.Shenzhou Ⅵ touches downBEIJING, Oct.17 (Xinhua/)—The return module of China’s second manned spacecraft Shenzhou Ⅵ has returned to the Earth, and the astronauts are safe.The module and astronauts touched down in the main landing field in Central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 4: 33 A.M.Monday after a five-day flight.Fei Junlong got out of the return module by himself first, followed by Nie Haisheng.The two said they were in good condition when answering questions from journalists.The two People’s Liberation Army colonels received a hero’s welcome.Jubilant residents in Nie’s home town in central Hubei province set off firecrackers and performed traditional lion dances.Fei’s mother wept on learning of his safe return, and his father declared, “The motherland is so great!”State television showed the astronauts emerging from Shenzhou Ⅵ unaided, pausing atop the charred reentry craft to wave to the recovery team.Chen Bingde, chief of China’s manned space project, declares the mission a complete success.The return moduel landed one kilometer away from the target, and six kilometers from the Shenzhou V’s landing site.The two men are expected to be taken by a helicopter to a local airport to board a flight to Beijing.Both will be in isolation for observation for 14 days after the mission, but family members will be allowed to visit, the Beijing Youth Daily newspaper said Sunday.Fei and Nie blasted off Wednesday on China’s second manned spa ce mission.It came almost exactly two years after China’s first manned space flight.China is only the third country to send humans into orbit on its own, after Russia and the United States.State television showed scores of technicians monitoring the landing at computer screens at a Beijing control center.They showed no reaction when an announcer said the capsule had landed but broke into cheers after word came that the astronauts were safe, the Associated Press reported.Chinese leaders including the top legislator Wu Bangguo were shown on television watching the landing from the control center.The mission had“accomplished the planned experiments and accumulated valuable technical data, ”Xinhua said Sunday.“We feel good, our work is going smoothly and our life is happy, ”Fei was quoted as saying Sunday evening before the craft began its re-entry maneuvers.“We will do our utmost to fulfill the mission.”“We’re grateful for the deep love and concern by all Chinese people, the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwa n compatriots, ”Nie said.Shenzhou 6 orbited the Earth 76 times and traveled more than 1.9 million miles.The mission was substantially longer and more complex than the 2003 flight, when astronaut Yang Liwei orbited for 21 1/2 hours before his capsule landed by parachute.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

Period 2ReadingThe General Idea of This PeriodThis is the second period of this unit.This period focuses on the reading passage, which is about John Snow and King Cholera.At the beginning of the period, the teacher can design some activities to draw the students’ attention to read.In order to attract the students’ attention, the teacher had better offer the students the opportunities to have a competition about some information about some scientists mentioned in the Warming up.Then the teacher can make full use of the questions in the Pre-reading.This step is designed to make for preparing for understanding the passage.Reading skills are very important for senior students.For the first reading, we intend to cultivate Ss’ skimming ability and scanning ab ility.First ask the students to scan it and tick out what...are mentioned in the passage.Then let the students read fast to find out the main idea of each paragraph.In order to stimulate Ss to take part in the class activity more actively, the teacher can organize a group competition to see which group can finish the task fastest and best.For the second reading, the students are expected to know some details about the ter on, the teacher will present some questions for the students to answer and at the same time they are asked to finish filling in the chart.The third time is to read for further information.This part is designed to get Ss into the habit of reading a passage as a whole, that is, to get the general idea.Another purpose of this part is to ask Ss to pay attention to the details.To develop Ss’ further understanding ability, the teacher can design some questions, whose answers are beyond lines.So the teacher will help them to read between the lines, thus Ss can gradually get the ability to understand the implied meanings.In this step, the teacher asks Ss to read it again in order to make them think about the organization of the whole passage, and this method can help them not only in their understanding this passage but also in writing a short passage.To consolidate the content of the passage, Ss are required to retell it according to the main idea.In order to arouse the Ss’ interest; the teacher can hold a competition between groups.After the students understand the whole passage, they are asked to have a topic discussion.Teaching Important PointsHave a good understanding of the text by doing the exercises.Get the students to learn different reading skills, especially gist reading and comprehending beyond lines.Teaching DifficultiesKnow the meanings between lines and beyond lines.Learn different reading skills for different reading purposes.Teaching AidsMulti-media classroom and other normal teaching tools.Three Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge AimHave a good understanding of the text through the exercises.Ability AimsGrasp some reading skills.Develop the ability to describe some famous scientists.Emotional AimsEncourage the students to work hard at their lessons in order to devote themselves to science.Teaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingT: Hello, my friends.Ss: Hello, Miss Yang.Step 2 RevisionT: Yesterday we talked a lot about great scientists.Now I’d like you to answer some questions to see how much you remember about them.Let’s come to a group competition. If you know the answer, you can just stand up.If you get your answer right, I’ll give you ten marks.Are you ready?Listen carefully.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?Any volunteer?S: Archimedes.T: Right.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?S: Charles Darwin.T: Yes.Do you still remember the title of the book?S: On the Origin of Species.T: Very good.Who invented the first steam engine?S: James Watt.T: You’ve done a good job.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?S: Gregor Mendel.T: Can you say something about him?S: OK.His research gave birth to the science of genetics.T: Well done.Who discovered radium?S: Madame Curie.T: Yes, we know she is a great woman scientist.We should remember what she said.Life is not easy for any of us.We must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves.We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well, and that, when we discover what this something is, we must work hard at it until we succeed.T: Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?S: Faraday.T: You are right.Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?S: Leonardo da Vinci.T: Yes.Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?S: Humphrey Davy.T: Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?S: Zhang Heng.T: Do you know what he invented?S: He invented seismograph.T: Who put forward a theory about black holes?S: Stephen Hawking.T: He wrote a famous book.What’s the title of it?S: A Brief History of Time.T: All of you did a good job.For the time being, the first/second...group won the competition. But there are a lot of chances for you to catch.We will continue our competition later.Step 3 New WordsT: Today we are going to read a new passage about another scientist named John Snow.First let’s come to new words first.Here are some definitions of some of the words from this text.Please work in pairs and match the words with their definitions.A.attendB.controlC.handleD.blameE.absorbF.announceG .immediatelyH.be linked toI.in additionJ.expose1.have control, authority, power over2.part of a tool, bucket, drawer, etc.by which it may be held in the hand3.take or suck in4.at once or without delay5.uncover, leave uncovered or unprotected6.as well, besides7.be joined with, be connected with8.wait on, serve, look after9.fix on sb.the responsibility for sth.done or not done10.make knownSuggested answers:B—1C—2E—3G—4J—5I—6H—7A—8D—9F—10Step 4 Pre-readingT: There are so many scientists that we can’t count t hem.But all the scientists must have their scientific attitude and scientific way to do scientific research.Now open your books on Page 1.Look at the questions in Pre-reading quickly and discuss them with your partner in two minutes.(Teacher gives the students two minutes to discuss.After that, the teacher asks them to answer the three questions.)T: First, let’s talk about infectious diseases.Can you name some?Let’s come to a group competition again.If you get your answer right, I’ll give you ten marks.Ss: Bird flu, SARS, cholera...T: What do you know about cholera?S: Cholera was a 19th century disease.S: Cholera was spread by germs.S: It was the most deadly disease of its day.S: People who are infected with it will be easy to die.S: ...T: Excellent.Now, let’s come to Question 2.How can we prove a new idea in scientific research?What order would you put them in?Ss: find a problem—make up a question—think of a method—collect results—analyse the results—repeat if necessary—draw a conclusion.Step 5 ReadingFirst reading: ScanningT: Here is another great scientist.Maybe you are not familiar with him.Look at his picture on Page 2.John Snow was the great scientist who defeated King Cholera.Scan the passage and tick out what are mentioned in the passage?I will give you two minutes.(1) John Snow’s wish(2) John Snow’s attending Queen Victoria(3) two theories explaining the cause of Cholera(4) John Snow’s examination of the source of the water(5) evidence for the cause of Cholera (6) the source of all water supplies(7) the spread of Cholera by germs in polluted waterSuggested answers: (1) (3) (4) (5) (7) are mentioned in the passage. Second reading: Skimming to find out the main idea for each paragraphT: Skim each paragraph and find out the main idea for each one.When you want to find the main idea of each paragraph, you especially pay attention to the first sentence and the last one, which may help you find the main idea quickly.I will give you three minutes to do it.(The teacher offers three minutes for the students to do ter asks some students to answer.)Suggested answers:⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧-.Conclusion 6 Para theories.testing of method The 53 Para cholera. of cause the explaining theories Two 2 Para cholers. and Snow John on to introducti Brief 1 Para Third reading: Detailed-reading to answer questionsT: Now, let’s read the passage carefully to learn about more details.L ater I will let you answer some questions and fill in the chart.Let’s come to a group competition again.If you get your Scientific Report by John Snow The problem The causeIdea 1 Idea 2 The methodThe resultsIdea 1 or 2?Why?The conclusion1.What problem existed in London at his time?2.How did cholera kill people?3.How did he prove the second theory was correct?4.What was the result after he looked into the cause of cholera?5.Which idea was right?Why?6.What conclusion did he draw? Scientific Report by John Snow The problemThousands of people died of cholera every time there was an outbreak.Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. The causeIdea 1 Cholera multiplied in the air without reason. Idea 2 People absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. The method He began to gather the information.He marked on a map where all the dead people hadlived and the map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.He looked into thesource of the water.The results Polluted water carried the disease.People who drank the polluted water died of Cholera.Idea 1 or 2?Why? Idea 2 is correct.He found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked tothe polluted water.With this extra evidence, he was able to announce that polluted watercarried the disease.The conclusion“King Cholera” was defeated.Fourth Reading: Further understandingT: From the passage, we know that John Snow believed that Idea 2 was right.How did he finally prove it?If you get your answer right, I’ll give you thirty marks.Ss: John Snow believed in the second theory but needed to prove he was correct.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854 and it spread quickly through the poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather the information.He determined to find out why.He marked on a map where all the dead people had lived and the map gave a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.He looked into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In addition, he found two other deaths in another part of London that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.They died of cholera after drinking the polluted water.With extra evidence, he was able to announce that polluted water carried the disease.Finally King Cholera was defeated.T: You really did a good job.Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?Why?If you get yo ur answer right, I’ll give you thirty marks.S: I think he would have solved the problem.But he would spend more time in testing the two theories and it would be more difficult for him to look into the cause of cholera.(The teacher should give them about two minutes to discuss, and join in the discussion at the same time.After that, the students will be asked to show their opinions to the whole class.) Step 6 ConsolidationT: In this period, we have learned a lot about John Snow and King Cholera.What have you learned from it?I will give you one minute to prepare for it.If your sentence is quite good, I’ll give you thirty marks.(After one minute.)S1: John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.S2: He attended Queen Victoria to ease the birth of her babies.S3: He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.S4: John Snow had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.S5: John Snow announced that polluted water carried the disease.S6: ...T: Your sentences are so wonderful and amazing.I admire them very much.Who would like to retell the whole passage to us?If you can, I’ll give you fifty marks.Ss: ...Step 7 Topic discussionT: Now let’s come to our topic.We know cholera was a 19th century disease.Wh at disease do you think is similar to cholera today?Why?If you show quite a good opinion, I’ll give you thirty marks.But first I will give you two minutes to discuss it with your partner.(The teacher should give them about two minutes to discuss, and join in the discussion at the same time.After that, the students will be asked to show their opinions to the whole class.) S: Since a lot of people die of bird flu, I think bird flu today is similar to cholera.Now the cause of bird flu is not quite clear, but scientists devote their lives to finding out the cause and the cure.S: In my opinion, SARS is quite similar to cholera.SARS is spread by germs in the air while cholera is spread by germs in the polluted water.A lot of people have been dying of SARS.Ss: ...T: This time, the first/second group won the competition.Congratulations! T: I’d like you to write a short passage about John Snow according to the passage.The Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 1 Great scientistPeriod 2 ReadingMain idea of each part ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧.Conclusion 6 Para theories. testing of method The 5-3Paras cholera. of cause the explaining theories Two 2 Para cholera. and Snow John on to introducti Brief 1 Para Scientific Report by John SnowThe problemThe causeIdea 1 Idea 2 The methodThe resultsIdea 1 or 2?Why?The conclusionResearch and ActivitiesUse your imagination to write a short passage about what may happen in the future. Imagine if you were to find out the causes of SARS, how would you do and what methods would you use to test your theory?You can imitate the structure of the reading passage, but you must make full use of your imagination to write what is different from the cause of cholera.Reference for TeachingWHO: Cholera in Chad Could Spread to Sudan’s DarfurThe government of Chad is calling for international assistance to fight a cholera outbreak in the country. The World Health Organization says it is concerned that the disease could spread to the Darfur region of western Sudan, which is already struggling with his own humanitarian crisis due to violence.The government of Chad says more than 2000 cases of cholera have been reported in the country, and it expects that number to more than double by the end of the rainy season in September.Although, the majority of cases in Chad are being reported in the region surrounding the capital in the west. But the WHO says it is deeply worried that it could spread to neighboring Sudan and the refugee camps sprawled across its troubled western region of Darfur.An expert with the WHO, Claire-lise Chaignat, says the disease is endemic to mainly poorer areas that do not have access to safe water su pplies. “Another factor is also the refugees living in refugee camps where they are living in close communities with not enough water and no proper sanitation, ”she said. “So, that is also a high risk for the community. So, for example, we are very much scared that, now, in the crisis in Darfur, or in the eastern Chad, there might be a cholera outbreak. In case the germ occurs because the water and sanitation situation is so bad that it’s really, a real risk that we might have a cholera outbreak there. ”Chad has been battling a potential locust scourge in the west, and has received an influx of refugees in the east from the fighting taking place in the Darfur region. The government is asking for nearly $200 000 in aid to try to curb the spread of cholera.Cholera outbreaks are being reported throughout much of central and western Africa this year,including Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Democratic Republic of Congo.The disease spreads quickly in areas where water supplies are contaminated and causes dehydration within days. It can lead to death if victims are untreated within a week.Carrie Giardino, VOA News, Abidjan.The strains of cholera bacteria prevalent in China make change and experts warn for possible outbreak.In China’s databa se of epidemic status, a painting depicted with the three epidemic waves documented in figures the status of cholera epidemic in the past 40 years throughout the country. Each time of fluctuations in the epidemic graph was related to the changes of cholera bacterial typing. The latest data of monitoring showed that the dominating bacterial type of cholera epidemics had another change emerging with a unique epidemic bacterial type. Specialists of the Chinese Center for Disease Control (CDC) warned that the possible aftermath of epidemic situation resulted from the changes of bacterial type of cholera must be dealt with intensive precaution.Academician Gao Shouyi of Chinese CDC pointed out that the Inaba 1d strain emerged predominantly since last year, had the character of wide distribution of the same strain, and its 16S ribosomal gene probe hybridization belonged to the same strain seen in the majority of the provinces. In a certain location of the Southern provinces, the eltor strain, in addition to the occurrence of Inaba 1d strain, also partially emerged with the 1c, 1b, 1f strains;however, its ribosomal typing was identical with the predominant epidemic Inaba 1d strain, all came from the same clone line. In certain places of the southern west area the Ogawa type that mutated into Inaba type emerged;and the Inaba strain occurred in 2001 was not the continuation of the Inaba strain of 2000;additionally in another location of the south western area an Ogawa 6b unique epidemic strain occurred.From 18-19 April, a working conference of national prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infectious diseases was held in Beijing jointly sponsored by the Chinese CDC and the consultative committee of diarrhea specialists of Ministry of Health. The related specialists and the leading members of the CDC were organized to carry out an outspread discussion upon the subject of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, headed by cholera. On April 17th, the CDC issued notification to the CDC system throughout the country to carry out the weekly report of cholera epidemics and the acts of reports of the scattered cases;measures for augmentation of monitoring and retrieve of epidemic sources were also arranged.。

Unit 1Great scientistsBrief Statements Based on This UnitThis unit centers on Great scientists, including some scientists both at home and abroad like John Snow and Copernicus.The students should be encouraged to practise talking about these scientists.The whole unit can be divided into seven parts: warming up, reading, listening and speaking,In warming up, there is a quiz for the students to do, which will arouse the students’ interest in knowing about the famous scientists and help the students to know science is very important in our daily life.Group discussion and brainstorming will be used in this period to help the students to communicate with each other using their previous knowledge.In the reading passage, the students will learn about John Snow, who defeats“King Cholera”, and get a general idea about how to examine a new scientific idea.This will help the students to form their own attitude towards science.In learning about language, the students are encouraged to learn the following words and expressions: engine, characteristic, radium, theory, scientific, examine, conclude, analyze repeat, defeat, attend, expose, cure, control, absorb, severe, valuable, blame, immediately, handle, announce, instruct, virus, construction, contribute, positive, movement, backward, complete, enthusiastic, spin, reject, view, steam engine, put forward, draw a conclusion, in addition, link...to..., be strict with, lead to, make sense, point of view.While practising using the language, the students will learn about Copernicus’ RevolutionaryIn listening and speaking, more chances will be given to the students to learn about other scientists and their spirit.The students are encouraged to make up their mind to make contributions to science.The students will be asked to write a letter to Copernicus on the basis of the understanding of the text.The letters are sure to be full ofAssessment will help the students to look back what they have learned and focus on the difficult and important points.Period 1Period 2ReadPeriod 3Period 4Period 6Period 7Knowledge aims:Key words in this unit: engine, characteristic, radium, theory, scientific, examine, conclude, analyze, repeat, defeat, attend, expose, cure, control, absorb, severe, valuable, blame, immediately, handle, announce, instruct, virus, construction, contribute, positive, movement, backward,Key phrases in this unit: put forward, know about, look into, in addition, prevent sth.fromdoing, lead to, make sense, punish sb.for, suggest doing sth.steam engine, draw a conclusion, link...to..., be strict with, lead to, point of view.Key sentence patterns:1 But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.3 Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.Grammar in this unit:Ability aims:4.To learn to uEmotion aims:and how science helps to improve our society and change our life.Meanwhile, inspire the students to learn from the scientists and form their positive attitude towards science.Period 1Welcome to the UnitThe General Idea of This PeriodThe unit centers on“great scientists”.This is the first period of this unit.During this period, the students should be encouraged to give their previous knowledge of some of the famous scientists, participate in the activities in class and try to get more information from the discussion.They will take part in different forms of activities, including pair work, group work, competition, andWords and expressions in this unit will help the students to talk about the topic“great scientists”.So at the beginning of this period, the teacher should spend some time training the students to read them and help the students pronounce them correctly.The students are encouraged to learn the new words in groups by themselves, using dictionaries and other reference books.Then more time should be given to the students to get familiar with the words and stly, several sentences will be given to the students to help them to know how to use some of the phrases.This unit is about“great scientists”, so from the very beginning, the teacher cans talk about their dreams in the future.Then the teacher can let the students brainstorm something about great scientists.The students are free to say anything that they know.The students will be quite interested in this topic.This activity gives the students a chance to express their feelings about their favorite scientist.At the same time, this activity can stir the students’ enthusiasm in science.Then the teacher can have the students match the famous scientists with their discoveries, inventions or theories, making sure that they have some common sense about some world-famous scientists.and let other students guess who he or she is talking about.In this way, the students should learn toAfter that, the students will feel comfortable to do the quiz in the text.The students should beMe anwhile, the students’ interest in scientists and science should be cultivated.So two topicThe post-class activities are designed to arouse the students’ interest in science and encour age them to“DIY—do it yourself” in their daily life if they have some doubt in some areas.Teaching Important PointsHave the students discuss great scientists.Understand and learn the following words and expressions: engine, characteristic, radium, theory, scientific, examine, conclude, analyse, repeat, defeat, attend, expose, cure, control, absorb, severe, valuable, blame, immediately, handle, announce, instruct, virus, construction, contribute, positive, movement, backward, complete, enthusiastic, spin, reject, view, steam engine, put forward, draw a conclusion, in addition, link...to..., be strict with, lead to, make sense, point ofTeaching DifficultiesWhat can we learn fromTeaching AidsCAI equipment with a Multi-Three Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge AimsLearn something aKnow about the outstanding discoveries, inventions and theories from some well-known scientists.Ability AimsDevelop the students’ ability of speaEmotional AimsHelp the students to form the good habit in learning and encourage the students to take part inHelp the students to realize that it is scientific spirit that makes those scientists successful.Teaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingTeacher: Hello, everyStep 2 Lead inT: I’m very glad to see you all here.After a long holiday, all of you look energetic and happy.I hope that we will work hard together happily all through the year.I do believe that a bright future is waitin g for you.We are sure to realize our dreams in the near future.By the way, I’d like to know what you would like to be in the future.Let me share your dreams.Anyone who gives your idea will get a star for your group.Ready?Go!S: I admire Yang Liwei very muc h, who is a great honour to our motherland.I’d like to be an astronaut like him.T: Yeah, the spacecraft, Shenzhou V, orbited the earth 14 times in 21 hours, making China the third country to have successfully sent an astronaut into space.I hope you will realize your dream.S: I want to be a doctor.I hope I’ll be an outstanding one and be expert in finding cures forT: That’s a good idea.There are so many patients with cancers in the world, who are sufferingS: I want to be an English teacher like you.For one thing, I like English very much; for another, you are not only strict with us but also patient with us.You are just our friends and maybeT: I’m really glad to hear that.It’s my great honor to be your friends and I like my job very much.S: I’d like to be an expert in environment.You see, with the development of industry, our globe is seriously polluted.Dirty water, polluted air, and loud noise make our living conditions worT: Yes, someone predicted that the last drop of water in the world would be the tear of human being’s.I think all of us should pay attention to our environment, and make our contribution s toS: I’m so interested in physics.And I have read Stephen Hawking’s A Brief History ofwill go hand in hand with the development of science.T: Yeah, I can’t agree with you more.Science plays an important part in the development of our society.There are so many examples in the history of human beings.Ss: ...T: I’m so glad to share your dreams.Your ambition and careful thoughts r eally leave a good and amazing impression on me.I like them.In this unit, you will learn something about“Great scientists”.Maybe you will know what you need in your efforts to realize your dreams after we talk about some world-famous scientists.Before we c ome to“Warming up”, I’d like you to come toStep 3 Word puzzles(Let the students read the words and expressions together.Help them pronounce the new words and expressions ter give them some time to practise reading and rememberT: Here are some definitions of some of the words from this unit.Please work in pairs andWords Definitions or explanationsA.examineB.repeatC.theory 3.aD.immediatelypleteF.valuableG.announceH.control e or bring to an endI.positiveJ.conclude 10.quite certain or sureT: Now, let’s check the answers.A—4, B—2, C—1, D—3, E—6, F—5, G—7, H—9, I—10, J—8. You have done a good job.I will give you some more minutes to go over all the words and expre1.“All roads lead to2.This sentence doesn’t make any sense3.Our English teacher is not only strict with4.He is good-looking, apart from5.It is announced that the spacecraft, Shenzhou Ⅵ6.It is not Tom but you who are to blame7.In 1995, the Chinese government put forward a pl an for“rejuvenating the nation by relying8.Have you drawn any conclusion after you read this passage?T: Well done.So much for the learning of the new words and expressionsStep 4 BrainstormingT: Now let’s come to the title of this unit Great scientists.When we talk about greatS1: Madame Curie, who got two Nobel Prizes, one for physics and the other for chemistry, isS2sayings“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”S3: Yes, we lead a better life now with the help of science.Without Edison, maybe now we areS4: I also think of one of the quotes from Albert Einstein, “Imagination is more im portant than knowledge.”S5: All the scientists are devoted to the career that they choose, and they set good examples toS6: Take all the scientists for example, if we want to be successful in the future, we should not only learn something from our textbooks, but also take part in social practice and get close toS7: I like plants very much.I just think of the two key scientists in the field of botany, Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks.The former one laid the foundation for the classification of plants, while the latter one also made great contributions to the development and direction of botany.Ss: ...T: I’m glad to see that you have a great deal of previous knowledge of famous scientists in the world.Step 5 Previous knowledgeT: Now let’s match some of the great scientists with their famous discoveries, inventions orFamous scientists Discoveries/Inventions/TA.Isaac Newton 1.Evolution (进化论B.Charles Darwin 2.Discovery of Radium（镭）C.Madame CurieD.Albert EinsteinE.Thomas Alva EdisonF.Nicolaus CopernicusG.Stephen HawkingH.Zhang Heng(Check the answers with all the students: A—3, B—1, C—2, D—5, E—4, F—8, G—7, H—6.)T: Since you have a better understanding of some of the great scientists, let’s play a game. Please work in groups and describe one of the great scientists, and then let other students guessGroup 1: In the eighteenth century, there lived a great scientist who conducted a number of experiments in which he showed what electricity is.Once he did a famous kite experiment on aS: Benjamin Franklin.Group 2: It is said that this English gentleman was sitting in his garden one day when suddenly he was hit by a falling apple.The story is probably not true, but this man did mention that he got one of his best-known ideas while watching apples fall from a tree.His name makes youorce of gravity, and he drew up a system of how objects move.His laws for motion are still used in physics today, at leastGroup 3:Food is what sets this great mind on fire.Rice, to be exact.This great mind has spent most of his life looking for ways to help farmers grow more rice so that all of us will have enough food to eat.He is known as the father of modern rice, but because of his long friendship with all the farmers in China, he would rather be knoGroup 4: He was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford, England.He has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe.He showed that Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes.He has three popular books published: his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby UniversesSs: ...T:Step 6 QuizT: You have already known some information about some of the great scientists.Now let’s doQuiz Questions1.Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?2.Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?4.Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their9.Who invented1.Archimedes2.Charles Darwin3.James Watt7.Leonardo davinciHawkingT: Please work in groups and have a discussion to find as much information as possible about(The teacher had better join in the discussion and give them some guidance whenever necessary.After the discussion, ask some students to give a short report about what the group haveStep 7 PracticeT: Today we have learned a lot about great scientists in the world.We can learn from them to live our dreams.And we teachers are too willing to help you.In your opinion, what should ourS: Our school should give the students more chances to take part in social practiceS: Our teachers should help the students use their imaginationsS: We students should solve the problems on our own.(Ask more students to give their opinions.The teacher should encourage them, join them, praise tStep 8 Discussion (Group Competition)T: Your ideas are so wonderful and amazing.I admire them very much.Now let’s come to our topic.Topic 2: What qualities shoul(Give the students several minutes to have a discussion.Then let them have a group competition.)Step 9 Summing upT: In this period, we have talked a lot about great scientists.You have a lot of previous knowledge and you are full of imagination and creativity.Those scientists set good examples to us.And I think all of us are happy about learning more of them.After class, it’s better to read some books about them and you can surf the Internet to get more information.And I’d like you to makeThe Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 1Great scientistsPeriod 1Welcome to the UnitBrainstormingResearch and ActivitiesDIY1.Cover a glass of water with a piece of thick paper.Put one hand on the paper and turn the2.Fill one glass with fresh water and another glass with salt water. Put an ice cube in each glass.What happens?Why?3.Find out as many famous sayings from those scientists as possible.Reference for Teaching1.Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury(shropshire) to a moderately wealthy family with a strong intellectual heritage.His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a physician, poet and biologist who l aid some of the groundwork for the grandson’s revolutionary ideas.Charles attended Christ’s College at Cambridge with initial thoughts of entering the clergy, but soon took up studies in biology, zoology and geology.From 1831 to 1836, he served as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle on its scientific mission to South America and the Pacific.Back in England, he published a series of scientific treatises which established his reputation as one of the prominent thinkers of his day.From 1842 onwards, he lived on a country estate in Kent and pursued his studies among itsBy 1844, he had written the initial draft of his groundbreaking treatise on evolution and natural selection.However, he left this work unpublished for several years, preferring to refine and elaborate its core ideas.In 1858, he read a forthcoming paper by a fellow scientist Alfred Russell Wallace whose thesis closely paralleled Darwin’s own unpublished ideas, an event which pushed Darwin to go public with his own research.Bo th Wallace’s and Darwin’s papers were presented to the Linnean Society in a famous July, 1858 meeting. Darwin published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859, sparking decades of contentious debate which ultimately led to the universa l scientific recognition of Darwin’s thesis.In later years, he developed his ideas further in monographs on different types of plant and animal life.Notes:Shrewsbury: 什鲁斯伯里[英国英格兰西部城市physician: 内科医生(注意区分physicist, 物理学家revolutionary: 创新的HMS: （英国）皇家海军舰船treatises: 论文2.Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England.His parents’ house was in north London, but during the Second World WarOxford was considered a safer place to have babies.When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London.At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father’s old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathema tics, although his father would have preferred medicine.Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead.After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time.His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University.It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe.With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes.These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century.One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear.Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time.This would imply that the way the universe began was completelyHis many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel.Stephen Hawking has two popular books published: his best seller A Brief History of Time, and hisProfessor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989.He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of ThStephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.3.Humphry Davy, a woodcarver’s son, was born in Penzance in 1778. After being educated in Truro, Davy was apprenticed to a Penzance surgeon.In 1797 he took up chemistry and was taken on by Thomas Beddoes, as an assistant at his Medical Pneumatic Institution in Bristol.Here he experimented with various new gases and discovered the anesthetic effect of laughing gas (nitrous oxide).Davy published details of his research in his book Researches, Chemical and Philosophical (1799).This led to Davy being appointed as a lecturer at the Royal Institution.He was a talentedIn 1806 Davy published On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity. The following year he discovered that the alkalis and alkaline earths are compound substances formed by oxygen unitedwith metallic bases.He also used electrolysis to discover new metals such as potassium, sodium,Davy was now considered to be Britain’s leading scientist and in 1812 was knighted by George Ⅲ.With his assistant, Michael Faraday, Davy travelled abroad investigating his theory ofIn 1815 Humphry Davy invented a safety lamp for use in gassy coalmines, allowing deep coal seams to be mined despite the presence of firedamp (methane).This led to some controversy as George Stephenson, working in a colliery near Newcastle, also produced a safety lamp thatOne of Davy’s most impor tant contributions to history was that he encourage manufacturers to take a scientific approach to production.His discoveries in chemistry helped to improve several industries including agriculture, mining and tanning.Sir Humphry Davy died in 1829.4.Leonardo da Vinci(b.1452, Vinci, Republic of Florence [now in Italy]—d.May 2, 1519, Cloux, Fr.), Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.His Last Suppe (1495-1497) and Mona Lisa (1503-1506) are among the most widely popular and influential paintings of the Renaissance.His notebooks reveal a spirit of scientific inquiry and a mechanical5.Madam Curie is a French professor of physics.She was born in Poland in 1867.In 1891 she went to study in Paris University because at that time women were not admitted to universities in Poland.When she was studying in Paris, she lived a poor life, but she worked very hard.In 1895 she married Pierre Curie, and then they worked together on the research into radioactive matter.They discovered two kinds of radioactive matter—polonium and radium.In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for physics.In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on working.She received a second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911.So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.6.James Watt: British engineer and inventor who made fundamental improvements in the steam engine, resulting in the modern, high-7.Gregor Mendel was an Austrian botanist and founder of the science of genetics.Through years of experiments with plants, chiefly garden peas, he discovered the principle of the8.Archimedes: Greek mathematician, engineer, and physicist.Among the most important intellectual figures of antiquity, he discovered formulas for the area and volume of various geometric figures, applied geometry to hydrostatics and mechanics, devised numerous ingenious mechanisms, such as the Archimedean screw, and discovered the principle of buoyancy.9.Michael Faraday (September 22, 1791—August 25, 1867) was a British scientist(a physicist and chemist) who contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He also invented the earliest form of the device that was to become the Bunsen burner, which is used almost universally in sciencMichael Faraday was one of the great scientists in history.Some historians of science refer to him as the greatest experimentalist in the history of science.It was largely due to his efforts that electricity became a viable technology.The SI unit of capacitance, the farad(symbol F) is named after him.。

Period 7AssessmentSelf-A.slightly confidentC.quite confident2.In this unit I have learned thverbs: _____________________________________________________________________nouns: _____________________________________________________________________ adjectives: _________________________________________________________________adverbs: ___________________________________________________________________expressions: ________________________________________________________________patterns: ___________________________________________________________________3.I can make sentences with some of the words and expressions and patterns that I like very much. ______________________________________________________________________ A一、单词拼写3.The schoolboys are more c__________ not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before.4.They were __________（输了）5.The chemist a__________ the new tonic (滋补品6.Before we see the fact, we can’t draw a __________(结论7.The __________ （严格的）8.One t__________ about the moon is that it is9.We __________(没有采纳）his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.答案：1.contributes 2.positive 3.cautious 4.defeated 5.analysed 6.conclusionory9.rejected10.linked二、单项选择A.result fromB.expose toC.lead toA.ExposedB.BeingC.Having exposedA.Absorbed inC.Having absorbed byA.is blamedB.should bC.is to be blamedA.immediatelyC.the moment whenA.was the war over; he returnedC.the war was over; did he return17.His empty bag suggested that his wallet __________ and he was suggested that __________ to theA.be stolen; he should goC.was stolen; he wentA.surprising; hadn’t knownC.surprising; didn’t knowD.surpA.the; anB./; theC.the; theA.concernedC.being concernedA.aB.theC./22.It is reported __________ a strong earthquake __________ Pakistan in Oct.2005A.why; strokeC.whether; stroke23.——A.able; joinB.unable; attendC.able; come to24.I asked my pen pal if he __________ to my party when he __________ time next Sunday.es; will comees; hasC.will come; will comeA.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.when答案：11～15 C B A D A16～20 C D D C B21～三、完形填空When you arrive in the UK at one of the major international airports (eg.Heathrow or Gatwick) or one of the big regional airports (eg.Manchester or Glasgow), you need to follow 26to find your wayFirst of all, you will have to show your 27to an immigration officer and you will be asked 28you are coming to the UK, and whether you have enough money to 29the cost of your stay.Sometimes, you have to 30it with a bank 31or sponsor’s letter.Y ou should be 32to answer questions about 33and your intentions during your stay in the 34When the immigration officer has 35your documents and is certain that you are a 36student, you will get a 37in your passport 38how long you can stay.After 39 immigration control you will be able to 40your baggage on one of the conveyer-传送带) in the baggage collect 41.When you have found all your baggage you must pass through the 42 control.If you have 43to declare, you can get out from the 44Channel.If you do have something to declare, join the 45for the Red Channel.26.A.words B.orders C.ways27.A.card B.ID C.letter28.A.how B.why C.when29.A.cover B.pay C.spend D30.A.say B.explain C.prove31.A.statement B.note C.account32.A.honored B.pleased C.required33.A.your family B.your possessionsC.yourself34.A.school B.country C.county D35.A.checked B.found C.signed36.A.new B.true C.real37.A.piece B.stamp(图章) C.tick38.A.showing B.saying C.dealing39.A.go through B.look through ing through D.passing through40.A.deliver B.collect C.send41.A.ones B.help C.area42.A.first B.officer’s C.airport’s43.A.nothing B.anything C.something44.A.Red B.Green C.Yellow45.A.mass B.passengers C.line答案：26～30 D D B A C31～35 A D C B A36～40 C B A D B41～45 C D A B C四、阅读理解ALaptop (便携式)computers are popular all over the world.People use them on trains and airplanes in airports and hotels.These laptops connect people to their workplace.In the United States today, laptops alsoWestlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do schoolwork anywhere they want.Within five years, each of the 1 500 students at the college will receive a laptop.The laptops are part of a $10 million computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college.The-mailto“speak”with their teac hers, their classmates, and their families.However, the most important part of the laptop program is that students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs.They can work with it at home, in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees—anywBecause of the many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as collegescomputers.In addition, the portable computers can connect students to not only the Internet, but also libraries and other resources.State higher-At Westlake College, more than 60 percent of the staff use computers.The laptops will allow all teachers to use computers in their lessons.As one Westlake teacher said, “Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we’re giving students a window on the world.They can see for their schoolworkC.work at home47.Why is the word“speak”in the seconB.B.travel around the worl50.What can we infer (推断A.The program is successful.C.The program is too expensive.答案：46～BAs the proverb says, “No one knows the value of health until he loses it.”In other words, nothing isIt is clear that health is the foundation(基础) of one’s future success.If you become sick, it is scarcely possible to pursue(从事) your career effectively, much less make your dreams come true.On the other hand, if you are strong, you can go all out to overcome the obstacles(障碍Health is the resource of our energy.What should we do to maintain(保持) our health?First we should exercise every day to strengthen our muscles.Second, we might as well keep good hours.If we get up early, we can breathe fresh air and see the sunrise.This habit can do wonders for our outlook on life.Third, there is a proverb that says, “Prevention is better than cure.”If you pay close attention to your health, you can avoidIn conclusion, health is more important than wealth.Those who are rich but poor in health are no more fortunate than those who are poor, and healthy in body.If you want your wish to come true, health is the most important component(组成部分A.till he losesB.befC.after he loses itA.go yourself outside toC.go with your friends to53.In the third paragraph, the topic54.“Those who are rich but poor in health are no more fortunate tha n those who are poor, and healthyA.Those who are rich but poor in health are less fortunate than those who are poor, and healthy inB.Those who are rich but poor in health are as fortunate as thosC.Those who are rich but poor in health are not more fortunate than those who are poor, and healthy inD.Those who are rich but poor in health are as unfortunate as those who are poor, and healthy in答案：51～54 C B A DCIn the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful (有压力的) events.They found out that any major change could be stressful.Negative events like“serious illness of a family member”were high on t he list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage.When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not show how you deal with stress-it only shows how much you have to deal with.And we now know that the way you dealBy the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe.And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports.Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message.Women’s magazines ran headlines like“Stress causes illness!”If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow.Even if stressful events are dangerous, many-like the death of a loved one is impossible to avoid.Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription(处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble.Since any change can be stressful, aThe idea that all stress makes you sick also takes no notice of what we know about people.It is supposed that we’re all weak and passive in the fa ce of difficulty.But many come through periods of stress55.The studies on stress in56.According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become57.What’s the pu答案：55～57 A C DDI’m Gwen Outen with the VOA Special EngliA few years ago, researchers discovered a simple answer to a big problem.They found that the bacteria that causes cholera can be removed from drinking water with simple cloth filters.Pouring water from rivers or lakes through severaA three-year study took place in Bangladesh.American and Bangladeshi scientists went to 65 small villages in a country where cholera is a major health problem.They tested the use of saris as cloth filters.APeople in one group of villages used cloth from old saris, folded eight times, as a filter for their drinking water.People in another group of villages used modern nylon filters for their water.People in the other villages continued to gather water in traditional ways, without using filters.About 44 000 people wereRita Colwell from the University of Maryland at College Park helped lead the study.She said the people in the villages using filters from old saris had the lowest number of cases of cholera.The researchers also found that almost 99 percent of cholera bacteria could be filtered out with the sari cloth.Rita Colwell said cloth from old saris worked best because it has been washed repeatedly.She said the space between theCholera is an intestinal(肠道, 肠内物, 侵袭肠的) infection that can develop in the body in less than five days.It can quickly lead to severe loss of fluids through diarrhea（腹泻）and vomiting（呕吐）.CholeraPeople get the disease by drinking water or eating food that contains the bacteria.The disease is mostThe most recent yearly report on cholera on the Web site of the World Health Ortwo thousand two.That year, 52 countries reported a total of 142 000 cases.These infections resulted in58.This passage is a __A.a letterB.a news reportC.a statementA.a kind of clothB.a hatC.SARSA.American and some African scientists went to 65 small villages to test the use of saris.D.The disease is most often found in areas where there is dirty water and poor systems for treating答案：58～60 B D DEDuring your stay outside Hong Kong you may have been exposed(面临传染) diseasesIn case you develop any symptom(症状) such as fever, chills, skin rash(皮疹腹泻) or vomiting(呕吐) within 14 days of your arrival in Hong Kong, you should consult a doctor or attend an accident & emergency department/general outpatient clinic.Please bring along this card.—Tel—D.all people traveling in the worA.when arriving in Hong Kong63.If you find any symptom, which of the following places is not the place where you should go.B.At the Custom (海关C.On 18/F, Wu Chung House, 21B.There are two Departments of Health, one in Hong Kong Island and the other in Kowloon.D.It is very possible that you get some infectious disease but you don’t know it.答案：61～65 C D D B B五、短文改错It was three o’clock in the morning while suddenly66.__________the phone rang.Mr.Mike climbed out off bed andanswered.“Listen, I’m your next door neighbor,and your dog is barking such loud that I can’t sleep.If you don’t do something about it, I’m going to killthat dog!”The second morning at three o’clock,Mr.Mike went to a telephone and phoned his neighbor.His neighbor forced him to move to the phone and sleepilyanswered it“ Listen, you, ”shouted Mr.Mike, “I don’tstill even have a dog!”The neighbor was surprised to答案：66.while→when67.off→of68.answer后加it69.such→so70.something→ anything 71.second→next72.a→the73.him→himself74.√75.去掉stillAnswers to the Workbook ExercisesP4Suggested answers: examined, put forward, exposed, cured, immediately, look into, announced,imake a telephone, make a plan, make a speech, make a change, make a decision, make a contribution, make a noise, make a description1.Suggested answers: exposed...to; link...to; connect...to; blame; severe; examine; test; rejected;2.Translation（在做翻译题时, 首先要分析句子的主干, 确定应该用什么句型, 然后抓住时态和重点短语, 切记避免中文式英语。

Period 3Listening and SpeakingThe General Idea of This PeriodThis is the third period of this unit. At the beginning of this period, the teacher should (can) design some exercises to review what the students learned in the last period, that is to say, go over what the students learned about that John Snow defeats“King Cholera”. The teacher can begin with asking some questions or having a competition to make some sentences with“John Snow”according to the passage.During this period, listening and speaking will be mainly dealt with. At the beginning, teachers focus on training the Ss’ listening. This listening content is about the importance of Qian Xuesen for space travel in China, the contributions made by a botanist named Carl Linnaeus and the researchWhen training the Ss’ listening ability, teachers should start with pre-listening, that is, lead-in. If it is necessary, teachers had better introduce some background knowledge about the listening material. Later, let the Ss listen to it. At the same time, teachers should design some simple questions. After that, the Ss have known about the listening material, and then teachers can ask them to listen to it again to be ready for more difficult questions. If necessary, the Ss can be given another time to listen. While practicing, teachers had better offer students some advice on how to do it well. Especially, train the students to predict what to be talked about according to the hints and limited information and let them form the good listening habit of listening with the purpose of finding useful information and to summarize. Certainly, suppose there are many new words and expressions, teachers should help them to deal with them at the first place. All the listening practice should focus on developing the students’ listening skill.After practicing listening, the Ss are expected to learn some expressions about talking about scientific job as well as scientists’ achievements and recount stories. Besides those, the students are expected to learn the skill of describing a person.During the course, teachers should rank class activities from the easy to the difficult. First, ask them to learn the expressions. Then, ask them to imitate it to have a dialogue. Finally, the students are expected to create a dialogue or discuss the given topic. In order to draw students’ attention, the teacher had better prepare for some interesting situations.This period centers on emphasis on speaking and listening. The teacher should try his or her best to encourage the students to say something. Don’t always correct the mistakes that the students would make while speaking. Otherwise, the students would feel reluctant to speak out their opinions.Teaching Important PointsTrain the students’ speaking ability by describing, talking and discussing.Teaching DifficultiesThree Dimensional Teaching AimsKnowledge aims:Train the students’ speaking abiliEncourage the students to learn from scientists to show interest in scientific exploration and resTeaching ProcedureStep 1 GreetingT: Today we will begin our lesson with a competition between groups. In the last period, we learnt about John Snow who defeats“King Cholera”. N ow, please say something that you know about it. If you offer a complete sentence, you will be given ten marks. Your group will be givenS: John Snow was a well-known doctor in London, who attended Queen Victoria to ease theS: He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera,S: John Snow got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killeS: He believed in the second theory that is people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the affected person was dead.(The teacher should encourage more students to join in the competition. At the end of the competition, the teacher should announce the result of this competition. Praise the winner andS: We should base our theories on prSs: . . .T: Yes, we can learn a lot from the scientist. In fact, there are a great number of people working on science worthy of being learned both at home and abroad. Can you name someS: Archimedes, who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float.S: Darwin wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environmentS: Zhang heng invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened.Ss: . . .T: You did a good job and listed many scientists as well as their contributions. Today, we areStep 3 Listening (on Pages 5-6)Task 1 Pre-T: First let’s enjoy the picture. What can yS: He is honored as“Chinese RoTask 2 FirstT: We are to listen to the material, which is about Qian Xuesen. Yu Ping is telling her friend Steve Smith about Qian Xuesen’s life. If you were Yu Ping, what topics would you like to coverS: The date when he was born and he died;the place where he was born, lived, studied andT: Excellent. When we talk about and introduce a scientist, we usually describe these aspects. Now, listen carefully and tick out whTask 3 Second ListeningT: This time. You’ll write down the answers to the five questions. Boys and girls, how can weS: We should go through the questions first and keep them in mind. When we are listening,S: We needn’t write down each word of the answers. We just write down some key words. Later we canT: You are clever. Now please get ready. First, look through the introduction to the(Two minutes later, the teacher plays the tape. Then give Ss time to organize their sentences. )(If the students make some common mistakes or they seem to have difficulty in finding out answers, teachers can give them some hints and let them listen to it again. After that, check theanswers. If the students feel it difficult to make sense about the key words and understand theTask 4 Post-T: After listening, would you please answer(At this part the teacher may have the students present what they have heard on the tape and show their own opinion about what they have learned from him. If possible, the teacher may have some of the students do the presentation work in class. By doing this, the students can get fullTask 1 Pre-T: Just now we learned about a Chinese scientist, Qian Xuesen, who has made great contributions on space travel in China. We will get to know another scientist, whose contributionT: You are right. Both scientists did study botany and devoted their time to the research. As we know, Carl Linnaeus developed his system about how to classify species. While Darwin wrote a book on the Original of Species, in which he explained how animals and plants developed as the environment changed. The following is about Carl Linnaeus.T: Now, read the instructions about the listening and choose which of the following statements mist closely describes what this listening passage is about. Explain why the others are wrong.S: I think the third one is right. This is about a man who finds a flower and wants to know if it is a new species of flower. Because he is interested in biology and especially in the study of plants. What he wants to do is to study whether it is a new species. The other two statements can not convey the study.T: Listen to the tape again and tryTo find the name of an unknown flower, first you have to go to see a flower __________he/she will look in a special__________written by Carl Linnaeus. He lived in__________ from__________ to __________. He was very important because he solved a serious problem for __________. He saw all plants and animals produce __________. Some animals produce __________but others lay__________while plants__________. He used these different ways of producing young to put plants and animals into__________. For example, the group called birds lay__________to produce young and they all have __________. Linnaeus put the plants and animals into smaller groups or species. He gave each one two names. One is for the large group, for example__________and one is for the species, for example __________. So a parrot would be __________. He was the first person to successfully classify all plants and animals.Task 3 Post-Let the students fill in the blankets and then check. If the students feel it difficult to do it, letStep 5 Listening (Page 44)T: Look at the screen and let’s read the following new words firstly.(These words are presented on the screen: analyse, pure, foundation, symbol, sin, cosin,T: Right. This mathematician is Leonhard Euler. John Smith is discussing with Zhao Yang his research into the life and work of a mathematician called Leonhard Euler. Listen to the tape andEuler’s achievements ExamplesNew symbols and termsOld areas of mathematicsNew area of mathematicsImportance(After listening, ask some students to fill in it. If many students feel it difficult, let them listen to it again. While doing it, the teacher can also ask two students to come to write the answers on the blackboard. The teacher had better give them praise if they do it well. )Step 6 SpeakingTask 1 Lead-inT: Boys and girls, from the listening material, we know about some scientists. Do you have aT: Suppose you would like to work as a scientist, and you are discussing with your partnerS1S2S3T: Right. Apart from those, we can also talk about tI always wanted to. . . because. . .I might find it difficult to. . .patient, creative, hard-working, co-operative, confident, brave, positive, pleasant, polite, determined, energetic, strict with. . .Task 2 Dialogue (pair work)T: Now it is time to discuss what scientific job each of you would like to choose in the future with the help of the mentioned questions and expressions in pairs. I will give you five minutes toprepare for it. After that I will let some of pairs to come to act it out.Sample:A: What work experieB: The experience I will need is to study wild plants in the wild when I am at school. Now, Ijoin the social natural club organized by our school. Every time I make every effort to overcomeA: Do you know what personality will be needed if you want to be a scientist in the future? B: I will need to be patient, creative, hard-working, brave, energetic and co- A: Yes, I agree with you. Besides those personalities, we also should bedetermined,B: I intend to go to college next year and then I will have a chance to be a scientist. But mygreatest problem will be whethto the persons who have already prepared for them. I am sure you will succeed if you keep working hard. I am wB: Thank you for your encouragement. I will make full use of time to struggle for success. Task 3 Free-T: Let us talk freely. You are allowed to move about to find a student you’d like to talk with. Imagine you are going to meet a specialist about a newly-found flower. Your partner will be the assistant for the flower specialist. You both need a description of the other so you can recognizeeach other when you meet. Now ring the assistant to sort out the necessary informa(Of course, following the above, the students may gather around or move around to find their own favorite partners to talk with. This is a half-controlled activity. Teachers let them express whatever they want to on condition that there are some expressions on the theme. Give them about five minutes to prepare for it. Later, ask some pairs to act it out. As usual, the teacher won’t forget to give comments on what the students do, including the teacher’s words praising what they are doing in the first few stages. Only in this way are the students encouraged to talk freelyaboutT: In this period, we mainly focus on the speaking and listening abilities. If you feelor speaking poor, you had better practice more after class. Practice makes perfect. Today’s homework is to describe a scientist to your partner and let your partner guess who she/he is. Then exchange.The Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 1 Great scientistsWhat personality willMy greateResearch and ActivitiesAfter class, use the library or the Internet to find out facts about important women scientists in medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy or mathematics.There are very useful websites (including the“Biographies of women mathematicians website”).Prepare a talk on your chosen scientists.Remember to include some information about their life, their achievements and why they are considered important in science history.Then give your talk to the class.Research for TeachingEuler, LeonhardSwiss mathematician and physicist, one of the founders of pure mathematics.He not only made decisive and formative contributions to the subjects of geometry, calculus, mechanics, and number theory but also developed methods for solving problems in observational astronomy and demonstrated useful applications of mathematics in technology and public affairs.Euler’s mathematical ability earned him the esteem of Johann Bernoulli, one of the first mathematicians in Europe at that time, and of his sons Daniel and Nicolas.In 1727 he moved to St.Petersburg, where he became an associate of the St.Petersburg Academy of Sciences and inEuler devoted considerable attention to developing a more perfect theory of lunar motion, which was particularly troublesome, since it involved the so-called three-body problem —the interactions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth.(The problemis still unsolved.) His partial solution, published in 1753, assisted the British Admiralty in calculating lunar tables, of importance then in attempting to determine longitude at sea.One of the feats of his blind years was to perform all the elaborate calculations in his head for his second theory of lunar motion in 1772.Throughout his life Euler was much absorbed by problems dealing with the theory of numbers, which treats of the properties and relationships of integers, or whole numbers (0, ±1, ±2, etc.); in this, his greatest discovery, in 1783, was the law of quadratic reciprocity, which has become an essential part of modern number theory.In his effort to replace synthetic methods by analytic ones, Euler was succeeded by J.-abstract generality; and, while Euler incautiously manipulated divergent series, Lagrange attempted to establish infinite processes upon a sound basis.Thus it is that Euler and Lagrange together are regarded as the greatest mathematicians of the 18th century; but Euler has never been excelled either in productivity or in the skillful and imaginative use of algorithmic devices (i.e., computational procedures) for solving problems.Carl Linnaeus(born May 23, 1707, R .a shult, Sm ^a land, Swed. died Jan.10, 1778, Uppsala )Carl Linnaeus is a Swedish botanist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for defining genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them.Linnaeus was the son of a curate.His love of flowers developed at an early age; when only eight yea rs old he was nicknamed“the little botanist.”He studied at the universities of Lund and Uppsala and received his degree in medicine from the latter.The Systema Naturae, which Linnaeus had shown to the botanist Jan Fredrik Gronovius in manuscript, so imp ressed Gronovius that he published it at his own expense.Linnaeus’ system was based mainly on flower parts, which tend to remain unchanged during the course of evolution. Although artificial, as Linnaeus himself recognized, such a system had the supreme merit of enabling students rapidly to place a plant in a named category.It came into use at a period when the richness of the world’s vegetation was being discovered at a rate that outstripped more leisurely methods of investigation.So successful was his method in practice that its very ease of application proved to be the greatest obstacle to its replacement by the more natural systems that superseded it.His later years were taken up by teaching and the preparation of other works: Flora Suecica (1745) and Fauna Suecica (1746); two volumes of observations made during the journeys inweden, V ..a stg..o ta resa (1747) and Sk.a nska resa (1751); Hortus Upsaliensis (1748); hisPhilosophia Botanica (1751); and the important Species Plantarum (1753), in which the specific names are fully set forth.In 1755 he declined an invitation from the King of Spain to settle in that country with a liberal salary and full liberty of conscience.In 1761 he was granted a Swedish patent of nobility, antedated to 1757, from which time he was styled Carl von Linné.An apoplecticThe Linnaean manuscripts, and his herbarium and collections of insects and shells, purchased by Sir J.E.Smith in 1783, are carefully preserved by the Linnean Society at Burlington House, London.Marie Curie(born Nov.7, 1867, Warsaw, Pol., Russian Empire.died July 4, 1934, near Sallanches, France )Maria Sklodowska Polish—born French physicist famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize.With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics.She was then the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.From childhood she was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 she won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education at the Russian lycée.Because her father, a teacher of mathematics and physics, lost his savings through bad investment, she had to take work as a teacher and, at the same time, took part clandestinely in the nationalist“free university, ”reading in Polish to women workers.At the age of 18 she took a post as governess, where she suffered an unhappy love affair.From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia’s medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would in turn later help her to get an education.She came first in the licence of physical sciences in 1893.She began to work in Lippmann’s research laboratory and in 1894 was placed second in the licence of mathematical sciences. It wasTheir marriage (July 25, 1895) marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance, in particular the discovery of polonium (so called by Marie in honour of her native land) in the summer of 1898, and that of radium a few months later.Following Henri Becquerel’s discovery (1896) of a new phenomenon (which she later ca lled“radioactivity”), Marie Curie, looking for a subject for a thesis, decided to find out if the property discovered in uranium was to be found in other matter.She discovered that this was trueIn December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.The sudden death of Pierre Curie (April 19, 1906) was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but it was also a decisive turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken.On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband’s death; she was the first woman to teach in the Sorbonne.In 1908 she became titular professor, and in 1910 her fundamental treatise on radioactivity was published.In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, for the isolation of pure radium.In 1914 she saw the completion of the building of the laboratories of the Radium Institute (Institut du Radium) at the University of Paris.One of Marie Curie’s outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only for the treatment of illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research in nuclear physics; the resultant stockpile was an unrivaled instrument until the appearance after 1930 of particle accelerators.The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium in which, over a period of several years, radium D and polonium had accumulated, made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930 and in particular of those performed by Irène Curie in conjunction with Frédéric Joliot, whom she had married in 1926 (see Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène).This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and above all the discovery in 1934 by Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity.A few months after this discovery Marie Curie died as a result of leukemia caused by the action of radiation.Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by the award to her of two Nobel Prizes, but because of herIn 1995 Marie Curie’s ashes were enshrined in the Panth on in Paris; she was the first woman。