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英汉语言对比英汉语言对比一、关于比较和对比一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。
——吕叔湘我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。
——吕叔湘You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.——Engels语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。
*比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。
*对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。
二、中西方思维模式的差异对语言形式的影响1.主体性思维& 客体性思维中国传统思维把主体自身作为宇宙的中心，认为认识了自身，也就认识了自然界和宇宙的基本规律，主张“天人合一”，做事往往从主体自身出发。
这种自我体验反思，以情为主导，主观情感使传统思维带有浓厚的主体意识；西方英语民族由于受形式逻辑和理性主义的影响，把主体作为旁观者，对客体尤其是本质世界进行探究，认为只有认识自然，才能把我自然，只有探索自然才能征服自然，因而强调主体与客体的绝对分开。
因此，西方注重科学的思维模式，明确区分主体和客体，强调客观性。
思维的差异必然导致语言文化的差异，这一思维差异使得汉英具有不同的句子结构：汉语倾向于从自我出发叙述客观事物，具有主观性；而英语的句子则常以物体、抽象概念、抽象名词做主语，具有客观性。
汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词(animate)做主语，强调主题，而英语则常用非生物名词(inanimate)做主语，强调主语，即汉语重人称，英语重物称。
例如“Misfortune accompanied me.”，汉语则表达为“我经历了重重不幸”。
汉语常常认为人和自然是一个有机的整体，主张主客一体，因此常以有生命的名词充当主语，句子的语态不是很明显，被动语态使用就不是很多。
[1] 一见这幅画，我就想起了我故乡的童年时代。
The painting immediately reminds me of the childhood in my home-town.无灵主语，静态特征[2] 你有笔吗？Have you got a pen?Have you got pens?Have you got any pens?Have you got some pens?Have you got the pen?Have you got the pens?一句中文，翻译成英文，就有细微差别了。
杯子：cup(茶杯)，glass(玻璃杯)，mug(口杯，有柄的大杯，脸，傻瓜，笨蛋)汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan family）英语属于印欧语系（Indo-European family）汉语是分析性语言（analytical type）语言，其典型特征就是没有屈折变化（inflection），即汉语的名词不会改变自身的形式（form）变为复数，动词也不会改变自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时；汉语的词没有阳性和阴性的变化，也没有表示阳性和阴性的词缀。
汉语词语组合成句依靠词序（word order）和虚词（empty word）。
英语保留了屈折型的某些特点，且正由综合型向分析型过渡。
英汉语言思维差异：首先，在词汇层面，总的来说，英语呈静态特征，汉语呈现动态特征。
英语的静态特征表现在名词、介词、形容词使用的频率较高；汉语的动态特征表现在汉语动词使用的频率较高。
其次，在句子层面，(1)英语是形合的语言，汉语是意合的语言；(2)英语句子的结构重心在前，汉语句子的结构重心在后；(3)英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语中被动语态的使用频率；(4)英语和汉语在表达语气的手段上存在差异：英语多通过动词的变化形式来表达，汉语动词没有相应的变化，通过如副词、语气助词等手段来表达；(5)在英语和汉语的分句之内，作为修饰语的状语和定语的位置不同：汉语的定于常放在名词之前，英语可以放在名词之前也可以放在名词之后，英语中状语的位置要比汉语状语位置灵活；(6)英语主语具有物称倾向，无灵主语使用频率高，汉语注重人称，有灵主语使用频率高；(7)英汉语的否定视角和手段也有不同：汉语否定手段比较单一，一般是在要否定的词语前面加“词否定”，英语的否定形式和否定结构要更加丰富。
对比分析在外语教学中可以用于什么方面？摹声格与On omato poeia的差异（汉语的摹声格与Onomatopoeia的区别）1.以语音的形式对自然界发出的声音进行直接的摹拟就是汉语的摹声格与英语的On omato poeia。
2.汉语的摹声格使用迭音词或迭音结构，大多表达为四种模式：AA,ABB,AABB,ABAB.英语的Onomatop oeia没有这种叠音形式，英语的拟声词绝大部分是单音节词，这与汉语正好相反。
3.差异：1、不同语言的民族各自固有的语音系统影响或限制。
2、在摹拟相同的自然声响时，摹拟的角度不同。
3、“摹拟”过程中，加上自己民族的主观色彩或凭借自己的想象力去自由发挥，极力拓展，以便使各自的语言更为形象，生动，逼真的结果。
双声，叠韵与All itera t ion, Assonance的辨别汉英隐喻的共性、个性分析-来源（汉英隐喻共性和个性产生的原则）1.汉英隐喻的共性来源于人类隐喻思维的共性。
人类在认识和了解世界的过程中，总是不断地以已知经验去认知未知的自然现象。
对未知事物的理解也总是建立在已知事物的基础上。
“未知事物”究竟是什么，只有在同已知事物的对比中找出相似点，才能弄清。
这便是隐喻思维逐渐形成的过程，它实际上包含了一个类比、推理的思维过程。
这一过程逐渐模式化，最后形成了隐喻这一人类的思维方式。
2.地域民族不同，社会文化，政治宗教，风土人情的差异以及时代进程的快慢会使人类获取的直接经验有所不同，因而人们对一事物与它事物间的联想就不同。
汉英隐喻个性产生。
隐喻：当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要术语，概念和理论。
汉英隐喻都是一种比喻方式，是根据联想，抓住不同事物的相似性，用它事物来阐明所要描绘的事物。
汉语和英语的不同形式心理距离差异研究IntroductionPsychological distance can be defined as the perceived distance between a person and an object, event, or other individuals in the environment. These perceptions of psychological distance can be influenced by various factors, including language differences. Studies have shown that language differences can have a significant impact on psychological distance perception, particularly between Mandarin Chinese and English speakers. This paper explores the differences in psychological distance perception between these two language groups and provides examples to illustrate the differences.Example 1: Conceptual DistanceOne primary difference between the two languages is the way they express the concept of psychological distance. In English, people often use the word "distance" to describe psychological states such as love, anger, or happiness. However, in Mandarin Chinese, the concept of "距离"（jùlí）or distance is not frequently used for emotional experiences. Chinese people tend to use metaphors to describe emotional experiences, such as "心情（xīnqíng）" or "情绪（qíngxù）," which loosely translate to "mood" or "emotions." This difference in language use can lead to different perceptions of psychological distance between the two language groups.Example 2: Time PerceptionAnother difference is in the perception of time. English is a tense-based language, which means that the verb tense used in a sentence can indicate whether the event is happening now or in the past or the future. However, in Mandarin Chinese, the tense of the verb does not change regardless of the time. This means that Mandarin Chinese speakers have a different perception of time than English speakers. For example, when describing an event that happened in the past, Chinese speakers may not differentiate between the past and the present, which may lead to closer psychological distances to events that occurred in the past.Example 3: EgocentrismEgocentrism refers to the tendency for individuals to view the world from their own perspective. Psychologically speaking, egocentrism can be seen as a form of psychological distance, and the way language expresses this concept can affect how individuals perceive others' perspectives. Studies have shown that Mandarin Chinese speakers tend to be less egocentric than English speakers. This is because Mandarin Chinese has a more elaborate system of pronouns that indicates the level of formality, respect, or distance of the person being referred to.Example 4: Metaphor UseMetaphors are a crucial part of language, and they can express psychological distance in different ways. English speakers tend to use space metaphors to describe psychological distance, such as "far" or "close," while Mandarin Chinese speakers often use conceptual metaphors, such as "heavy" and "light" or "thick" and"thin," to describe psychological distance. For example, when expressing distance between two objects, English speakers may say, "The book is far away from me," while Mandarin Chinese speakers may say, "This book is heavy to me."Example 5: Pronoun UsePronoun use can indicate psychological distance, particularly in how one refers to oneself or others. In English, the use of the first-person singular pronoun "I" is considered an essential way to express one's individuality and separateness from others. However, in Mandarin Chinese, the use of first-person pronouns is less common, and instead, Chinese speakers may use third-person pronouns, like "他" (tā), which refer to distant others. Additionally, Mandarin Chinese has a more elaborate system of pronouns that indicates the level of formality, respect, or distance of the person being referred to. This difference in pronoun use can lead to different perceptions of psychological distance between the two language groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, this paper has explored the differences in psychological distance perception between Mandarin Chinese and English speakers. From conceptual differences to pronoun use, the two languages express psychological distance in various ways, which can lead to different perceptions of the world. Therefore, when communicating across different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, it is essential to consider these differences in psychological distance perception, which can lead to bettercommunication and understanding between people of different cultures.。
