管理学原理第2章

思考题1、中国古代的顺道思想对现代企业的经营有何启示？答：【1】中国历史上的“道”有多种含义，属于主观范畴的“道”是指治国的理论；属于客观范畴的“道”指客观规律。

“顺道”是指管理要顺应客观规律。

【2】根据这种思想，管理者必须：第一，辨道，辨识客观规律；第二，顺道，根据客观规律的要求来组织管理活动。

为现代企业提供思路。

【3】中国古代的“顺道”与早期的其他管理学思想“重人”“求和”“法治”“守信”“预谋”等共同构成了中国古代的管理学思想，是重要的组成部分，不可分割。

对于现代企业有着重要的影响。

2、中国古代法治思想的基本原则有哪些？【1】明法。

法的公开性原则。

【2】一法。

统一性原则和平等性原则。

【3】常法也称固法。

即保持法的稳定性。

3、欧文在管理思想史上有什么贡献？【1】欧文在关于人的因素方面的思考和实践，被称为现代人事管理的创始人。

【2】率先指出人这个因素在工业生产中的重要作用。

【3】欧文对管理学中的贡献是，摈弃了过去那种把工人当作工具的做法，着力改善工人劳动条件，诸如提高童工参加劳动的最低年龄；缩短雇员的劳动时间；为雇员提供厂内膳食；设立按成本向雇员出售生活必需品的模式，从而改善当地整个社会状况。

4、试综合分析斯密和巴贝奇关于劳动分工的研究。

【1】斯密对管理理论发展的一个贡献是他的劳动分工观点。

他认为分工是增进劳动生产力的重要因素，原因是：(1)分工可以使劳动者专门从事一种单纯的操作，从而提高熟练程度、增进技能；(2)分工可以减少劳动者的工作转换，节约通常由一种工作转到另一种工作所损失的时间；(3)分工可以使劳动简化，使劳动者的注意力集中在一种特定的对象上，有利于发现比较方便的工作方法，促进工具的改良和机器的发明。

斯密的分工观点适应了当时社会对迅速扩大劳动分工以促进工业革命发展的要求，成为管理学的一条基本原则。

【2】巴贝奇继续了斯密关于劳动分工的研究并指出，劳动分工不仅可以提高工作效率，还可以减少工资支出。

1 管理学原理课程教案
要求学生了解西方早期管理思想的发展、我国管理思想发展的历程、
4）管理理论丛林孔茨与管理理论丛林管理理论丛林要点权变理论概要质量管理概要
第二节我国管理思想的发展由于课时有限，本节内容为自学内容。

第三节管理理论的发展趋势
1、新实际管理环境的变化
经济全球化政府职能的转变技术革命
“入世”的挑战
2、管理学发展新趋势
人本管理创新管理知识管理危机管理
（具体内容请见后面的讲稿）
重点：泰罗的科学管理理论、霍桑实验的过程及意义
难点：对泰罗科学管理理论的正确评价。

教学手段与方法：
本章内容以讲授为主，通过案例分析，加深对西方管理理论的理解。

以多媒体为辅助教学手段。

思考题、讨论题、作业：
思考：西方的管理思想如何应用于中国实践？
参考资料（含参考书、文献等）：。

Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。

第二章管理的昨天和今天管理实践总是要反映时代和社会的环境。

一、管理与其他研究领域的联系管理学具有来自人文和社会科学的丰富遗产，它们对管理理论和实践有着直接的影响。

人类学是研究社会的学科，它有助于了解人类及其活动。

人类学有助于管理者更好的理解不同国家和不同组织中人们基本的价值观、态度和行为的差异。

经济学关于资源配置的学科，提供了理解变化中的经济以及竞争和自由的全球市场环境的作用。

理解自由贸易和保护政策对于在全球市场上运作的任何管理者都是绝对必要的。

哲学考察事物的本质，特别是价值观和伦理道德。

道德直接涉及组织的存在以及什么行为对一个组织是适当的命题。

洛克的自由伦理理论认为自由、平等、正义和私有财产是法定的权利。

卡尔文的新教伦理鼓励个人努力工作获得成功，亚当斯密认为市场和竞争而不是政府才应该是经济活动的唯一调节者。

政治学研究个人或群体在政治环境中的行为，主要包括：在经济系统中权利的分配，个人如何为了自己的利益而操纵权力。

管理者受到一个国家政府的组成形式的影响，也就是这个国家是否允许公民拥有财产，是否通过公民介入和强化契约的能力来实现他们权利。

一个国家在财产契约方面立场，会决定它的组织的形式和政策。

另外，心理学和社会学和管理学也存在联系，不能忽视。

二、管理的历史背景负责计划、组织、领导和控制活动的专门人员的指挥下所做的组织性的努力，已经存在了几千年。

埃及的金字塔、中国长城、威尼斯的早期企业雏形。

组织早在几千年前就存在，管理也付诸实施。

20世纪前两件事情在促进管理研究方面扮演着重要的角色。

1）1766年亚当斯密《国富论》，主张组织和社会将从劳动分工中获得经济利益，即将工作分解为狭窄的、重复性的任务。

2）始于18世纪英国的工业革命，工业革命的主要贡献是以机械力代替了人力，从而使在工厂中生产商品比在手工作坊中生产更经济。

大型公司的发展要求建立正式的管理系统，于是，产生了正式的管理理论以指导管理者运行这类组织。

管理学原理第二章管理实训报告一、实训目的二、实训内容1.规划：根据实际情况制定目标，并制定实现目标的行动计划。

我们通过讨论并根据公司的发展战略，制定了一份详细的计划书，包括市场调研、竞争分析、销售目标等内容。

2.组织：明确每个成员的职责和任务，建立有效的沟通渠道和工作流程。

我们成立了几个小组，每个小组负责不同的任务，如市场调研小组、销售团队等。

每个小组有明确的负责人，负责协调和安排工作。

3.领导：根据组织的需要，选任合适的领导者，进行指导和激励。

我们选举了一位组长，他负责整个实训的统筹和协调，带领团队完成各项任务。

他通过激励和激励手段，调动团队成员的积极性，使团队更加团结协作。

4.控制：对实践过程进行监督和评估，及时调整和纠正。

我们设立了一套完善的考核体系，对每个小组和个人的工作进展进行评估。

根据评估结果，我们及时进行调整和改进，确保工作按计划进行。

三、实训结果通过本次实训，我对管理的各个要素有了更深入的了解，特别是对组织和领导方面有了更实践经验。

在实践过程中，我发现团队合作的重要性，只有通过团队合作，才能实现更大的成功。

在领导方面，我学会了如何激励团队成员，调动他们的积极性和创造力。

通过给予他们认可和奖励，我观察到团队成员的工作积极性得到了提升，他们主动性也更强，工作效率也有了明显的提高。

在组织方面，我掌握了如何合理安排任务和资源。

通过制定详细的工作计划和建立高效的工作流程，我发现能够更好地进行沟通和协作。

团队成员之间的信任和配合度也得到了增强，整个团队的工作效率也得到了提高。

通过实践过程，我还意识到了管理的重要性，一个好的管理者能够有效地调动团队成员的积极性和创造力，带领团队实现目标。

管理并不仅仅是控制和监督，更重要的是引导和激发。

四、心得体会通过这次实训，我深刻体会到了管理的意义和价值。

作为一个管理者，不仅要有良好的组织能力和领导能力，还需要具备良好的沟通和团队合作能力。

只有通过团队的合作，才能实现更大的成功。