高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结

高级英语1------常考修辞手法总结1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比，这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。

标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。

例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。

高英第一册的修辞手法解析Figures of speechSimile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代) Personification（拟人）Euphemism（委婉）Hyperbole（夸张）Contrast（对照）Antithesis（平行对照）Parallelism（平行）Repetition（反复）Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）Irony（反语）Climax（层递）Anticlimax（突降）Onomatopoeia（拟声）Alliteration（头韵）pun（双关）transferred epithet(移就) 一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicatorof resemblance）。

Rhetorical Devicessimile 明喻metaphor 暗喻hyperbole 夸张metonymy 转喻synecdoche 借喻euphemism 委婉语repetition 反复rhetorical question 反问句personification 拟人antithesis 对仗parallelism 排比transferred epithet 转移修饰alliteration 押头韵anti-climax 反高潮1. We can batten down and ride it out. （metaphor）2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. （metaphor）3. The group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated.（simile）4. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. （simile）5. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. （simile）6. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 312miles away.（personification）7. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. （simile）8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist. （simile）9. With two walls in their bedroom sanctuary beginning to disintegrated, John ordered... （metaphor）10. Blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads. （simile）11. Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi. （metaphor）12. testing and treating （alliteration）13. A town known throughout the world for its—oysters.（anti-climax）14. eternal boyhood and endless summer of freedom and adventure （hyperbole）15. …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. （metaphor）16.The geographic core，in Twain's early years，was the great valley of the Mississippi River，main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart.（metaphor）17. cast of characters （alliteration）18. He soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic.（simile）19. …what people claim to be and what they really are.（antithesis）20. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada's Washoe region.（metaphor）21. He flirted with the colossal wealth. （metaphor）22. Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. （metaphor）23. His pen would prove mightier than his pickax. （metonymy）24. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles.（metaphor）25. …for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.（alliteration）26.dash and daring （alliteration）27. …the grave world smiles as usual, and says …Well，that is California all over.‟（personification）28. American laughed with him.（personification）29. ... if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf occasionally and renew our edges.（metaphor）30. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.（personification）31. the bowl of a volcanic crater (metaphor)32. He commented with a crushing sense of despair on men's final release from earthly struggles. (euphemism)33. They vanished from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they left no sign that they had existed-a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.（parallelism and antithesis）34. She will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burnscars down her arms and legs.（fore shadowing 埋伏笔）35. …my skin like an uncooked barely pancake (simile)36. She washed us in a river of make-believe，burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need to know.(mixed metaphor 混合暗喻：一个本体，多个喻体)37. She used to read to us without pity, forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. （metaphor）38. …his chin like a kinky mule tail (simile)39. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish. (simile)40. Maggie's brain is like an elephant's. （simile）41. “Mama,” Wangero said, sweet as a bird. （simile）42. She gasped like a bee had stung her. （simile）43. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land. （metaphor）44. I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers.（onomatopoeia 拟声）45. the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery （alliteration）46. …the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts （simile）47. Can you doubt what our policy will be? （rhetorical question）48. We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. （repetition）49.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fighthim in the air.（parallelism）50. We have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（metaphor）（alliteration，metonymy）52. Everybody off! （elliptical sentence 省略句）53. Was I not at the scene of the crime? （rhetorical question）54. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.（transferred epithet）。

Personification:1.The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you...2.dancing flashes3.the beam groan ... and protesting4.where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay,5.life dealt him profound personal tragedies...6.the river had acquainted him with ...7....to literature's enduring gratitude...8....an entry that will determine his course forever...9.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.10.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.HyperboleHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects1)... takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years2)innumerable lamps3)with the dust of centuries4)I see the ten thousand villages …5)...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...6)America laughed with him.7). The trial that rocked the world8)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.9)Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Onomatopoeia:1)creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing2). its cl anking, heel cl icking3)appreciative chuckle4)clucked his tongueMetaphor　1)I had a lump in my throat2)At last this intermezzo came to an end...3) I was again crushed by the thought..4)hen the meaning ... sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie5)little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimonoand the miniskirtlittle old Japan---- traditional floating houses6)I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact\Hiroshima----people of Hiroshima, especially those who suffered from the A-bomb (keep her thoughts under control) E.g. 1) Whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was riot bowing down in the House of Rimmon2) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.3) The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racialdomination.4) Still smarting from many a British whipping5) rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yokea. his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.(give sb. an angry and quick glare)b. The words spat forth with sudden savagery.( the detective said the words suddenly and savagely.)c. Her tone ...withered...(become shorter from her frightening voice)d. ...self-assurance...flickered...( hesitate; move with a quick wavering light emotion)e. The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.1) f. Her voice was a whiplash.i.(a heavy blow)2)g. eyes bored into himi.(look at him pointedly or sharply)3)h. I’ll spell it out.a)(explain or speak out frankly and in detail)4) 1. Mark Twain --- Mirror of America5) 2. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruisethrough eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.6) 3. The geographic core, in Twain's early years was the great valley of the MississippiRiver , main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart .7) 4. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied — acosmos.8)Cast of characters: people of various sorts; cosmos: a place where one can find all sortsof characters9) 5. Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, butits flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as will.10)current: stream, here not a good choice for the verb teem.11) 6. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver feverin Nevada 's Washoe region.12)Succumbed…to: gave way to (yielded to, submitted to ) the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.13)7. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed .Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossalwealth…failed14)8. From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his wayto regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver feverin Nevada 's Washoe region.15)Succumbed…to: gave way to (yielded to, submitted to ) the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.16)7. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed .Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…failed17)Digging …fame: working hard to gain regional fame18) Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles .Honed: sharpened/exercised. It is not suitable to say "sharpen one's muscles".19)saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...20) the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States21) All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...( submarine comes back to thesurface, here reappear)22) When railroads began drying up the demand...23)...took unholy verbal shots...24)my case would snowball into...25)our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.26) The street ...sprouted with ...27)He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.28)… had not scorched the infidels...29)…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…30) The case had erupted on my head.31) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a …32) But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan.33)Then the court broke into a storm of applause that …34) He accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death …Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of themeaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm.1)H iroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan2)marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryAnti-climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serioussignificant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.1) a town known throughout the world for its---oystersParallelismthe repetition of sounds, meanings and structures serve to order, emphasize, and point out relations(1) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...(2) the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector(3) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.(4) where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where thereare still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.(5) Let us... Let us...(6) He hopes ... He hopes(7) Behind all this glare, behind all this stormLitotes (double negative) (语轻意重法,间接肯定法)a) A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the oppositedirection.b)I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay.Sarcasm1)ah, yes, for there are times when all pray2)There is some doubt about that.3)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout theworld.Alliteration（头韵）repetition of vowel sound1) E.g. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses2)its cl anking, heel cl icking3)fighting for his hearth and home4)let us learn the lessonsRhetorical question1) E.g. … but can you doubt what our policy will be?AssonanceI see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like aswarm of crawling locusts.e.g. when bigots lighted faggots to burn...RepetitionE.g. From this nothing will turn us – nothing.1That is our policy and that is our declaration.2 the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.3 We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.4 We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.Antithesis(两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句)1)E.g. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man orstate who marches with Hitler is our foe.(E.g. The coward does it with a kiss, the brave man a sword.)2)From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of thedifference between what people claim to be and what they really are.3)...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...4)...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverSimilea)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery ploddingon like a swarm of crawling locusts.b)...a memory that seemed phonographicc)...swept the arena like a prairie fired)...a palm fan like a sword...e)The oratorical storm … blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a freshwind …Periodic sentence (圆周句)Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense. The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初的几个词后就知道这句话的意思。

Lesson 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia:is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)2) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. (Para. 5)3) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1)…in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)2) It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, …(Para. 5)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g. … and so thick with the dust of centuries that …(Para. 8)a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)5．Contrast:e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leatherbellows…(Para. 5)2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. 1) … where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, … (Para. 7)2) It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)Lesson 2V: Figures of speechMetaphor: 暗喻1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say. (Para.2) At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Para. 5)Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part(as the law for police officer), the specific for the general(as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)little old Japan: traditional Japanese housesMetonymy: 换喻A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington”for “the United States government”or of “the sword”for “military power”.换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture Irony：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。

一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. ⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " （9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate g uerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that adoor is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。

U n i t1M i d d l e E a s t e r n B a z a a r 1. Onomatopoeia拟声法: is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1 Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells threadtheir way among the throngs of people Para. 12 the squeaking and rumbling Para. 92. Metaphor隐喻: is the use of a word or phrase which describes onee.g. 1 the heat and glare of a big open square Para. 12…until you rounded a corner and see a fairlyland of dancing flashes….3…in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar Para. 73. alliteration头韵: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1 …thread their way among the throngs of people Para. 1 2…the sellers; on the other hand; make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole夸张: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big; small; loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger; smaller; louder; etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and…Para. 7quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil Para. 95．Antithesis对偶: is the setting; often in parallel structure; of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1 …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a hugeleather bellows…Para. 52 …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camelsand their stone wheels. Para. 96. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objectsare endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …Para.57. Assonance尾韵e.g. 1… the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels….Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another; thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞;通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物;从而暗示二者之间的相似之处..1. And secondly; because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sadthoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.2. …I was again crushed by the thought…Page 13; Para. 4; Line 13. …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…Page 13; Para. 4; Line 14. ...when the meaning of these last words sank in;jolting me (15)P. 7; Lines 1~32. alliteration头韵: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1the fast train in the world slipped to a stop….2I feel sick;; and ever since then they have been testing and treating me….3. rhetorical question 反诘句e.g. 1 Was I not at the scene of the crime4. Synecdoche: 提喻A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole a hand for sailor ; the whole for a part as the law for police officer ; the specific for the general as cutthroat for assassin ; the general for the specific as thief for pickpocket ; or the material for the thing from which it is made as steel for sword .举隅法;提喻法：一种修辞方法;以局部代表整体如用手代表水手 ;以整体代表局部如用法律代表警官 ;以特殊代表一般如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者 ;以一般代表特殊如用贼代表扒手 ;或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西如用钢代表剑e.g.1 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. Para. 7l ittle old Japan: traditional Japanese houses2 There were fresh bows; and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .synecdoche5. Metonymy: 换喻A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of“the sword” for “military power”.换喻;转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法;如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. Para. 7the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture6. Irony：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效果..e.g. 1This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me. P. 177. Sarcasm讽刺Sarcasm is an expression or cutting remark clearly meaning the opposite to what is felt.e.g. 1Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan2If you want to write this city; do not forget to say that this city is the gayest city in Japan; even if…8. Euphemism 委婉语Speak with good words 把话说得好听些;婉转些;使听者感到愉快..e.g. 1Each day that I escape death; each day of suffering that helpsto free me from earthly cares….指尘世的生活现在的痛苦9. Climax: 层进法/渐升A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法e.g. 1No one talks about it any more; and no one wants to; especially the people who were born here or who lived through it. page 15~16;Para. 12; Lines 1~3从没人提它了;到不想提它了;再进为更不想提它了10. Anti-climax: 渐降Anti-climax; as used in the text; states one’s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity from strong to weak; from weighty to light. It has achieved a humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his city to the visitors; who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the atom bomb; but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列;语势由强而弱;语气由重到轻;有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果..e.g. 1 seldom has a city gained such world renown提到广岛的名气;首先想到的是原子弹and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima; a town known throughout the world forits—oysters.”p.1511. Simile 明喻is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two things using the words as or likee.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them…Unit 3 Ships in the Desert1．Personification拟人e.g. 1 Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship; there was nothing but hot dry sand. Para. 12 With the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky. 2．Hyperbolee.g. the population explosion Para. 53．Metaphor1)another ghostly image Para. 62)What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky Para. 83)A sudden and starting surge in human population.4．Metonymy转喻1)the relationship between the two superpowers Para. 232)…in a small tent pitched on a 12-foot slab厚板 of ice floatingin the frigid Arctic Ocean….5. Analogy 类比1…witness humankind’s assault on the earth…2 The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization ….Para26Unit 5 Speech on Hitler’1. Rhetorical question interrogationInterrogation asks a question not in order to obtain an answer; butfor the purpose of making an assertion in a striking and lively way.E.g. …but can you doubt what our policy will be3. parallel structure1)We will never parleyWe will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangp.802)we shall fight him by landwe shall fight him by seawe shall fight him in the air. p.803)behind all this glarebehind all this storm I see…p.804)I see the Russian soldiers standing…I see them guarding…I see the ten thousand villages…I see advancing upon…p.795 The past; with its crimes; its follies; and its tragedies; flashes away.6 Pray…for the safety of their loved ones; the return of the bread-winner; of their champion; of their protector.4. InversionA change in normal word order; such as the placement of a verb before its subjecta From this nothing will turn us—nothing P. 805. RepetitionThe repeated use of the same synonymous words; to add force; clearness or balance to a sentenceWe have but one aim and one single; irrevocable purpose. p.78He has so long thrived and prospered. p.81We will never parley; we will never negotiate…p.806. simileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared; often in a phrase introduced by like or as; as in “How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” Shakespeare.明喻：一种修辞手法;把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较;通常在由like 或 as 引导的短1 the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawlinglocusts.p79-802 The Russian danger is therefore our danger; and the danger ofthe USA;just as the cause of any Russian fighting for…..7. metaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another; thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞;通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物;从而暗示二者之间的相似之处..a I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…threshold refers to the threshold of their nation. p.79b Behind all this glare; behind all this storm; I see that small group of … p.80Glare: a fierce or angry stare; Here it refers to war fire. Storm: strong wind and rain; Here it refers to war or Hitler’s assault on the other countries.c …delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a saferprey the Russian soldiers. p.80d I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. Page 77; Para. 1;the last sentencee We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Naziregime. Page80; Para. 3; Lines 6~8f we have rid the earth of his shadow influence and liberated itspeoples from his yokecontrol. p.808. alliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables; as in 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复..如：1 Hearth and home p.822 I also see the dull; drilled; docil e; brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.p.793Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. p.829. PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human formI see the German bombers and fighters in the sky; still smarting from many a British whipping; delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. p.79-8010. hyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effec t; as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法：一种比喻;使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果;比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重中1 If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. Hitler is much eviler than the devil. p.7811. Onomatopoeia拟声1…with its clanking; heel clicking; dandified….12. Antithesis 对偶1Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.13. Collusion典故1 I asked whether for him; the arch anti—communist; this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon14.Syllogism三段论推理Unit 9 Mark Twain—Mirror of America1. Simile: Please refer to Lesson2.e.g. 1 Indeed; this nation’s best-loved author was every bit asadventurous; patriotic; romantic; and humorous as anyonehas ever imagined. Para. 12 Tom’s mischievous daring; ingenuity; and the sweetinnocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almostas sure to be studied in American schools today as is theDeclaration of Independence. Para. 153Most American remember M. T. as the father of.... 4 ..a memory that seemed phonographic2. Metaphore.g. 1 …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. Para. 12 …main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart.Para. 3.the epidemic of gold and silver fever...4. Mark Twain --- Mirror of AmericaTwain began digging his way to regional fame...Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscle s...3. Sarcasm: it is a figure of speech which attacks in a tauntingand bitter manner; and its aim is to disparage; ridiculeand wound the feelings of the subject attacked. It is mostoften restricted to the making of brief; unpleasant remarksthat are motivated by hostility and contempt.e.g. 1…I knew more about retreating than the man that inventedretreating. Para. 62 …one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler manin a night. Para. 134. Alliteration头韵.e.g. It was a splendid population –for all the slow; sleepy;sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.It was that population…and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost orconsequences”5. Antithesis对偶e.g. 1…of the difference between what people claim to be and whatthey really are. Para. 52…a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.3 It was a splengded population—for all the slow; sleepy;sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home…...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...6. euphemisme.g. 1 He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band ofConfiderate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact withthe enemy.2 he commented with a crushing sense of despair on man’s finalrelease from earthly struggles3 they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence..7. metonymy转喻e.g. …but for making money; his pen would prove mightier than hispickax.8.personification.The grave world smiles as usually and says….9.Transferred epithet 转移修饰语e.g. He had to leave the city for a while because of some scathingcolumns he wrote.10. Hyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of free dom...Parallelism:Most Americans remember ... the father of Huck Finn's idyllic c ruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer o f freedom and adventure.SynecdocheKeelboats;...carried the first major commerceUnit 10 The Trial that Rocked the World1. Metaphor:No one;... that may case would snowball into...The oratorical storm that…....our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street ...sprouted with ...He thundered in his sonorous organ tones....champion had not scorched the infidels...…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…2. Simile:...swept the arena like a prairie fire...a palm fan like a sword...3. Metonymy...tomorrow the magazines; the books; the newspapers...The Christian believes that man came from above. ...below. 4. Hyperbole:The trial that rocked the worldHis reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.overstatement5. Ridicule丑化Bryan; ageing and paunchy; was assisted ...….and it is a mighty strong combinationBryan mopped his bald dome in silence.Resolutely he strode to the stand; carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.6. Sarcasm讽刺:There is some doubt about that.And it is a mighty strong combination.In one hand he brandished a biology text text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.7. Transferred epithetDarrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court.8. AntithesisThe Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.9. Assonance:when bigots lighted faggots to burn...10. Repetition:The truth always wins...the truth...the truth...11. synecdoche提喻1 the case had erupted round my head12. oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a ; “victorious defeat”p of a rope; the hiss of sudden spray.13 .Irony：反语The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效果..e.g. Until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16thcentury.14. Pun 双关Darwin Is Right—inside15.synaesthesia 通感“Mama”Wangero said sweet as a bird…..。

1.明喻simileSimilereferstoadirectcomparisonbetweentwoormorethings,normallyintroducedbylikeoras. Hehasbeenasdrunkasafiddler ’sbitch.他醉得像小提琴手的母狗。

他曾喝得酊名大醉/烂醉如泥。

IfWehaven ’tgotanymoney,wecan’tbuyItatelevision’asplain.asthenoseonyourface.1.如果我们没有钱，就不能买电视机。

这就像脸上的鼻子一样清楚明了。

没有钱我们就不能买电视机。

这就像秃子头上的虱子——明摆着的事。

Mr.Smithmayserveasagoodsecretary,forheisascloseasanoyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他嘴巴紧得像牦蛎.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。

Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcraw linglocusts.2.隐喻metaphorMetaphorisanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoormorethingsachievedbyidentifyingonewiththeother.Thatladytriestomakesheep’seyesathernewboss.那位女士想向新老板投去绵羊之眼。

那位女士想向新老板献媚。

Littledonkeyswithharmoniouslytinklingbellsthreadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeopleenteringandleavingthebazaar.Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers.Thedye-market,thepottery-market,’marketlieelsewhereinthemazeofandthecarpentersvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar.Itisavast,sombercavernofaroom,somethirtyfeethighandsixtyfeetsquare,andsothickwiththedu stofcenturiesthatthemudbrickroofareonlydimlyvisible.Churchill,herevertedtothistheme,andIaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti-communist,thiswasnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon.IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland,guardin gthefieldswhichtheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,streetsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhippingButallthisfadesawaybeforethespectaclewhichisnowunfolding.tofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.3.借代metonymyThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.法国人的性格中混合有老虎和猿的成分。

高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结（推荐文档）Personification:1.The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you...2.dancing flashes3.the beam groan ... and protesting4.where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay,5.life dealt him profound personal tragedies...6.the river had acquainted him with ...7....to literature's enduring gratitude...8....an entry that will determine his course forever...9.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.10.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.HyperboleHyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects1)... takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years2)innumerable lamps3)with the dust of centuries4)I see the ten thousand villages …5)...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...6)America laughed with him.7). The trial that rocked the world8)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.9)Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Onomatopoeia:1)creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing2). its cl anking, heel cl icking3)appreciative chuckle4)clucked his tongueMetaphor1)I had a lump in my throat2)At last this intermezzo came to an end...3) I was again crushed by the thought..4)hen the meaning ... sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie5)little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimonoand the miniskirtlittle old Japan---- traditional floating houses6)I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact\Hiroshima----people of Hiroshima, especially those who suffered from the A-bomb (keep her thoughts under control) E.g.1) Whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was riot bowing down in the House of Rimmon2) I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.3) The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racialdomination.4) Still smarting from many a British whipping5) rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yokea. his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.(give sb. an angry and quick glare)b. The words spat forth with sudden savagery.( the detective said the words suddenly and savagely.)c. Her tone ...withered...(become shorter from her frightening voice)d. ...self-assurance...flickered...( hesitate; move with a quick wavering light emotion)e. The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.1) f. Her voice was a whiplash.i.(a heavy blow)2)g. eyes bored into himi.(look at him pointedly or sharply)3)h. I’ll spell it out.a)(explain or speak out frankly and in detail)4) 1. Mark Twain --- Mirror of America5) 2. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruisethrough eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.6) 3. The geographic core, in Twain's early years was the great valley of the MississippiRiver , main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart .7) 4. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied — acosmos.8)Cast of characters: people of various sorts; cosmos: a place where one can find all sortsof characters9) 5. Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, butits flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as will.10)current: stream, here not a good choice for the verb teem.11) 6. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver feverin Nevada 's Washoe region.12)Succumbed…to: gave way to (yielded to, submitted to ) the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.13)7. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed .Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossalwealth…failed14)8. From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his wayto regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6. He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver feverin Nevada 's Washoe region.15)Succumbed…to: gave way to (yielded to, submitted to ) the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.16)7. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed .Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…failed17)Digging …fame: working hard to gain regional fame18) Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles .Honed: sharpened/exercised. It is not suitable to say "sharpen one's muscles".19)saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...20) the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States21) All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...( submarine comes back to thesurface, here reappear)22) When railroads began drying up the demand...23)...took unholy verbal shots...24)my case would snowball into...25)our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere.26) The street ...sprouted with ...27)He thundered in his sonorous organ tones.28)… had not scorched the infidels...29)…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…30) The case had erupted on my head.31) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan asa …32) But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan.33)Then the court broke into a storm of applause that …34) He accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death …Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of themeaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm.1)H iroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan2)marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryAnti-climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serioussignificant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.1) a town known throughout the world for its---oystersParallelismthe repetition of sounds, meanings and structures serve to order, emphasize, and point out relations(1) The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...(2) the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector(3) We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.(4) where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where thereare still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.(5) Let us... Let us...(6) He hopes ... He hopes(7) Behind all this glare, behind all this stormLitotes (double negative) (语轻意重法,间接肯定法)a) A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the oppositedirection.b)I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay.Sarcasm1)ah, yes, for there are times when all pray2)There is some doubt about that.3)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognizedthroughout theworld.Alliteration（头韵）repetition of vowel sound1) E.g. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses2)its cl anking, heel cl icking3)fighting for his hearth and home4)let us learn the lessonsRhetorical question1) E.g. … but can you doubt what our policy will be?AssonanceI see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like aswarm of crawling locusts.e.g. when bigots lighted faggots to burn...RepetitionE.g. From this nothing will turn us – nothing.1That is our policy and that is our declaration.2 the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.3 We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.4 We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.Antithesis(两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句)1)E.g. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man orstate who marches with Hitler is our foe.(E.g. The coward does it with a kiss, the brave man a sword.)2)From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of thedifference between what people claim to be and what theyreally are.3)...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...4)...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverSimilea)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery ploddingon like a swarm of crawling locusts.b)...a memory that seemed phonographicc)...swept the arena like a prairie fired)...a palm fan like a sword...e)The oratorical storm … blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a freshwind …Periodic sentence (圆周句)Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense. The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初的几个词后就知道这句话的意思。

高级英语第一册修辞Mixed metaphor Metaphors(隐喻) Alliteration(首韵) Simile(明喻）Transferred epithet(移就）Synecdoche(题喻) Antithesis(对照）Parallelism(排比）Repetition(重复）Metonymy(借代）Personification(拟人）Euphemism（夸张）Lesson71. who ever know a Johnson with a quick tongue? （metaphor）2. She was determined to .....any disaster in her effort. (Personification)3. She put on some sunglasses.....of her nose and her chin.(Hyperbole夸张）4. ....perhaps a dog run over by ......enough to be kind of him.（Analogy类比）5. ....chin on chest,eyes on ground, feet in shuttle.(Hyperbole夸张）1. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (exaggeration)2. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out .(exaggeration)3.“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”.Wangero said ,laughing .(ironic)4.You did not even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up anddown to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood .(metaphor)5.“Mama,”Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”(simile)Lesson141.It excel all forms of human wickedness...ferocious aggression (Hyperbole, paradox)2.But can you dout what our policy will be ? （rhetorical question）3.We have rid the earth of his shadow....from his yoke.(metaphor)4.Any man or states who fight on against ....will have our aid.(Antithesis)5.It is not for me to ...,but this i will say ...(inversion)6.With its clanking (onomatopoeia) , hell-clicking （assonance）7.Churchill ,he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the archanti-communist ,this was not bowing down in the House of common.(metaphor)8.If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil inthe House of Commons.(exaggeration)9.I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guardingthe fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.(Metaphor)10.I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many aBritish whipping to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.(assonance,periodic)11.We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. Weshall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.(Parallelism)12. But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.(metaphor)13. After I tripped over it two or three times he told me to just call himHakim-a-barber .(metaphor)第二册Rhetorical：Lesson11 The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.—metaphor,pun2 They are like the musketeers of Dumas who,although they lived side by side with each other,did not delve into,each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feeli ngs.—simile3 The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.—simile4 Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliteration5 When E.M.Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,”we sit up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.—metaphor6. … and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just gl ows. ---mixed-metaphor or metaphor7. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. ----metaphor8. I have an unending love affairs with dictionaries -----metaphor9. The conversation was on wings. ----metaphor10. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation. -----sarcasm反讽11. perhaps it is my upbring in english.....has a charm of its own-metaphor, exaggeration12. Is the phrase in Shakespeare? ----metonymy13. … that suddenl y the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. ----metaphorLesson21 . Are they really the same flesh as you self ? (synecdoche, rhetorical question)2 A carpenter sitscross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.—Hyperbol3 Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.—synecdoche4 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column,a mile or two miles of armed men,flowing peacefully up the road,while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction,glittering like scraps of paper.—simile5.Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews, many of them oldgrandfathers with flowing grey beards, all clamoring for a cigarette. -----transferred epithet6.If he calls himself a socialist thinks ahen he sees a black army marching past.(irony)1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. -----simile2. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back intothe nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. -----alliteration3. ..and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. ----simile4. As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,and then more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.—onomatopoetic words symbolism5 Not hostile,not contemptuous,not sullen,not even inquisitive.—elliptical sentence6. This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged from the forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis in garrison towns, actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. —-synecdoche提喻Lesson31 But this peaceful revolution of hope can’t became the prey of hostile power- metaphor2 Let every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay any price,bear anyburden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the successof liberty.—parataxis consonance3 United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided,there is little wecan do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.—antithesis4 Let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.—antithesis,5 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—historical allusion,climax6 And so,my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.—antithesis7 If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. -----antithesis8 And if a beachhead of co-operation m ay push back the jungle of suspicion…-----metaphor9 And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. -----metaphor10 The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. -----extended metaphor1…in the past,those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.—metaphor2 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. ----parallelism3 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. -----antithesisWith a good cons cience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds… -----parallelism。

一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird .―can I have these old quilts?‖③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. ⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " （9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate g uerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the ―liveliest‖ city in Japan②―Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s‖. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that adoor is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: ―If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.‖ (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。

Figures of speech修辞Simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.A word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary)A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition.In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes, to more general forms like sarcasm and slang. (https:///figures-of-speech/)语音修辞格1.Alliteration头韵Slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station 2But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .(alliteration) 2...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 6...with a dash and daring (6)And a recklessness of cost or consequences (6)Bleached and barren 13On a less practical plane 13Clear of cloud 13I would never have believed in the simple bliss of being 13The hiss of sudden spray 132.Onomatopoeia拟声Onomatopoeia is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing.It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. (https:///onomatopoeia/)Functions:1、It gives rhythm to the text.2、It appeals to the reader' senses.Examples: smash, slashing rain, crack, snap (to break suddenly with a sharp sound) The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. 3词语修辞格1. Simile明喻From the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”);The comparison indicated by a simile will typically contain the words as or like Explicit comparison with “like”, “as”, “as if (though)”,“seem” “resemble”, etc. My love is like a red, red rose.I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on likea swarm of crawling locusts. (Simile)A memory that seemed phonographic 6Most American remembers M. T. as the father of (6)It is as in a moving picture 13Dismissive as Pharisee 13As sentimental and sensitive as any old maid 13Like delicate flowers 13Gives a cry like a sea-bird 13As pleased as children 13Silent as a cat passing 13The faint creaking as of the saddle-leather to a horseman riding across turf 13Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.She gasped like a bee had stung her.2. Metaphor暗喻1.定义From the Greek word metapherein (“to transfer”)A metaphor is used in place of something：My love is a red rose.2.书上例子As Camille lashed northwestward 1We can batten down and get it out. 1Wind and rain now whipped the house. 1Now Darrow sprang his trump card 4Mark Twain --- Mirror of America 6马克·吐温是美国的一面镜子。

高级英语第三版（1-6课除去5）修辞汇总Metaphor （暗喻）1.We can battle down and ride it out.2.Wind and rain now whipped the house.3.Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi.4.As a result the nerves of both duke and duchess were excessively frayed when themuted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded.5.His wife shot him a swift, warning glance.6.…anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials inU.S. history.7.By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on acircus atmosphere.8.The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with ricketystands selling hot…9.After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his openingstatement.10.The crowed seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels withthe hot breath of his oratory as he should have.11.…who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.12.The geographic core, in Twain’s early years, was the great valley of theMississippi River, main in artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. 13.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silverfever in Nevada's Washoe region.14.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed.15.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging hisway to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.16.He boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopefulyoung writers.17.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had…Simile(明喻)1.and the group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated.Water rose above their ankles.2.The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.3.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.4.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown-down power linescoiled like black spaghetti over the roads.5.Telephone poles and 2O-inoh-thiok pines cracked like suns as the winds snapped.6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.Personification(拟人)1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off thehouse and skimmed it 40feet through the air.2.America laughed with him.3.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laughTransferred Epithet(移就)1.Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from theirspectacular vantage point。

高级英语1修辞手法汇总修辞手法是英语写作中常用的一种技巧，通过运用修辞手法可以使文章更加生动、富有表现力，增强读者的阅读体验。

在高级英语写作中，修辞手法的运用尤为重要，它可以为文章赋予深度和风格，并提升文章的艺术性和说服力。

下面将介绍几种常见的修辞手法。

一、比喻（Metaphor）比喻是一种通过将一个事物与另一个事物相比较，以便更好地说明或形容某个概念或主题的修辞手法。

它常常用于描述抽象的概念，使之变得更加具体和形象。

例句：1. He is a lion in the battlefield.2. Her smile was a ray of sunshine on a cloudy day.二、拟人（Personification）拟人是一种将非人类的事物或抽象的概念赋予人类的特征和行为的修辞手法。

通过将这些非人类的事物拟人化，可以使文章更生动有趣，增强读者对其中事物的感知和理解。

例句：1. The wind whispered through the trees.2. The flowers danced in the breeze.三、夸张（Hyperbole）夸张是一种通过夸大事物的特征或情况来强调其重要性或影响力的修辞手法。

它常用于诗歌、演讲或幽默作品中，以引起读者的兴趣和共鸣。

例句：1. I've told you a million times not to do that!2. The line for the new iPhone was a mile long.四、反问（Rhetorical question）反问是一种不需要回答的问题，用于引起读者的思考或表达某种意义的修辞手法。

通过将一个问题直接提出，可以引起读者的兴趣和注意，并激发其对文章主题的思考。

例句：1. Do you really think I would believe such a ridiculous story?2. Can you imagine a world without music?五、排比（Parallelism）排比是一种通过重复并列的结构或类似的语法结构来增加修辞效果的修辞手法。

高级英语第一册修辞汇总1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.2. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it3.5 miles away. It tore three large cargo ships from their moorings and beached them.3. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.4. Camille, meanwhile, … dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.5. Before dawn, the Mississippi National Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless by truck and bus to refugee centers.6. Hiroshima --- the “liveliest” city in Japan7. Was I not at the scene of the crime?8. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.9. I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, wherethousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.10. “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town kownthroughout the world for its --- oysters.”11. “You listen to me, your high-an’-mightiness.”12. The Trial That Rocked the World13. Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.14. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science teacher and football coach at the secondary school. 15. When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.16. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.17. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …18. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …19. …until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of thesixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …20. … until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …21. “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.”22. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena …23. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan hadswept the political arena like a prairie fire.24. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.25. One shop announced: DAWWIN IS RIGHT --- INSIDE.26. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat”.27. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept … bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.28. I found another Twain as well --- one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly …29. …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.30. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the humanrace, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.31. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.32. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.33. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, …34. “It was a splendid population --- for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home …”35. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasuers, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.36. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men’s final release from earthly struggles. 37. …where they have left no sign that they had existed --- a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.38. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake.39. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue?40. …I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.41. It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its crueltyand ferocious aggression.42. I see the Russian soldiers …I see them …I see the ten thousand villages of Russia … I see … I see also …43. … for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.44. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …45. with its clanking, heel-clicki ng, …46. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …47. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery …48. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.49. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.50. I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be?51. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until …答案：1. Personification 2. Personification 3. Simile 4. Parallelism 5. Parallelism 6. Irony7. Rhetorical question 8. Metonymy 9. Repetition 10. Anti-climax 11. Parody 12. Hyperbole 13. Transferred epithet 14. Synecdoche15. Metaphor 16. Metaphor 17. Oxymoron 18. Irony 19. Assonace 20. Consonance 21. Antithesis 22. Alliteration 23. Silime 24. Metaphor 25. Pun 26. Oxymoron 27. Metaphor 28. Parallelism 29. Metaphor 30. Antithesis 31. Euphemism 32. Metonymy 33. Metaphor 34. Alliteration 35. Antithesis 36. Euphemism 37. Antithesis 38. Simile 39. Rhetorical question 40. Allusion 41. Irony 42. Parallelism 43. Parallelism 44. Alliteration 45. Assonance 46. Consonance 47. Alliteration 48. Assonance 49. Simile 50. Rhetorical question 51. Parallelism（备注：有些不是特别明显或重要的课文中的修辞格，恕不一一列出）。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)…make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leatherbellows…(Para. 5)2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)Unit 2V: Figures of speechMetaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1.Onomatopoeia （声法） : is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among thethrongs of people (Para. 1)2)the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2.Metaphor （） : is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using“as”or “like ”.e.g. 1) theheat andglare of a big open square (Para. 1)2)⋯ until you rounded a corner and seea fairlyland of dancing flashes⋯ .3)⋯ in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3.alliteration （韵） : is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) ⋯ thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)⋯ the sellers, on the other hand, make pointa of protesting4.Hyperbole( 夸 ): is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and⋯ (Para. 7)quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis( 偶 ): is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) ⋯ a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows⋯(Para. 5)2) ⋯which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 9)6.Personification : a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. ⋯as the burnished coppercatches the light of ⋯ (Para.5)7.Assonance(尾韵 )e.g. 1)⋯ the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels⋯.Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thingis used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗是一种修辞，往常用指某物的或来指代他物，进而示意两者之的相像之。

、、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻① ...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑪...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑪Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑪Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑪The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑪Her voice was a whiplash.⑪and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑪But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑪I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting frommany a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑪I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's （5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love theselong purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. "（9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③ a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。

1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.2. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it3.5 miles away. It tore three large cargo ships from their moorings and beached them.3. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.4. Camille, meanwhile, … dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.5. Before dawn, the Mississippi National Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless by truck and bus to refugee centers.6. Hiroshima --- the “liveliest” city in Japan7. Was I not at the scene of the crime?8. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.9. I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, wherethousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.10. “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town kown throughout the world for its --- oysters.”11. “You listen to me, your high-an’-mightiness.”12. The Trial That Rocked the World13. Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.14. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science teacher and football coach at the secondary school. 15. When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.16. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.17. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …18. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …19. …until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of thesixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …20. … until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …21. “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.”22. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena …23. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.24. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.25. One shop announced: DAWWIN IS RIGHT --- INSIDE.26. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat”.27. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept … bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.28. I found another Twain as well --- one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly …29. …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.30. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the humanrace, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.31. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.32. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.33. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, …34. “It was a splendid population --- for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home …”35. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasuers, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.36. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men’s final release from earthly struggles. 37. …where they have left no sign that they had existed --- a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.38. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake.39. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue?40. …I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.41. It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its crueltyand ferocious aggression.42. I see the Russian soldiers …I see them …I see the ten thousand villages of Russia … I see … I see also …43. … for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.44. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …45. with its clanking, heel-clicki ng, …46. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …47. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery …48. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.49. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.50. I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be?51. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until …答案：1. Personification 2. Personification 3. Simile 4. Parallelism 5. Parallelism 6. Irony7. Rhetorical question 8. Metonymy 9. Repetition 10. Anti-climax 11. Parody 12. Hyperbole 13. Transferred epithet 14. Synecdoche15. Metaphor 16. Metaphor 17. Oxymoron 18. Irony 19. Assonace 20. Consonance 21. Antithesis 22. Alliteration 23. Silime 24. Metaphor 25. Pun 26. Oxymoron 27. Metaphor 28. Parallelism 29. Metaphor 30. Antithesis 31. Euphemism 32. Metonymy 33. Metaphor 34. Alliteration 35. Antithesis 36. Euphemism 37. Antithesis 38. Simile 39. Rhetorical question 40. Allusion 41. Irony 42. Parallelism 43. Parallelism 44. Alliteration 45. Assonance 46. Consonance 47. Alliteration 48. Assonance 49. Simile 50. Rhetorical question 51. Parallelism（备注：有些不是特别明显或重要的课文中的修辞格，恕不一一列出）。