考研干货：史上最全的何凯文老师阅读分析方法笔记(考研必用)

把握命题命脉，直击选项本质何凯文“考研场上我们经常会遇到这样的情况，通过回文章定位，根据对原文的理解我们能很快的排除两个选项，而剩下的两个选项会把我们折磨的死去活来。

也就正是这种选项间微小区分度构成了考研英语的特色。

每每在甄别选项的时候，我们总会觉得这两个选项都对，并且会觉得自己的答案比给出的正确答案更为合理。

而考研英语作为全国人才选拔性的考试，并且会向社会公布标准答案的考试，在答案的设置上一定是合理且正确的，并且这种答案的设置是有一定逻辑线索的。

否则，这种人才的遴选是没有意义的。

而这种线索就是我们在标题中提到的命题命脉，这种命脉就会体现在选项之上。

本文正是要带领考研战士们去探求这种命题命脉在选项上的体现。

首先来看几道例题：2009年考研阅读第四篇文章第一题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.1. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England ____.［A］Puritan tradition dominated political life.［B］intellectual interests were encouraged.［C］Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.［D］intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.根据题干中的seventeenth century 和New England 我们不难定位到文章的第一段，选项A 中的Puritan tradition（清教传统）在倒数第一句中出现，但是倒数第一句是这样说道：“大量的文章和书籍都记载道，新英格兰的领袖们确立了美国知识生活中的基本话题，其最关注的就是一直在知识生活中占据主导地位，并不断演进的清教传统。

何凯文考研英语写作基础课程知识点整理主讲：何凯文整理：心理守夜人一、作文构成：（一）应用文10分，分为书信和告示两大类，考生平均分6分，我们的目标是8分。

（二）议论文20分，分为图画作文（一般是英语1）和图表作文（一般是英语2），考生平均分8分，我们的目标是14+分。

议论文的分值包括奖励分（3分）基准分（17分）。

奖励分要求：正确、正规、可读；基准分要求：内容、形式、语言（最重要）。

二、奖励分书写要求（一）书写工整（很重要）（二）标点规范1.句号为一点2.逗号不能连接两个句子3.不能写书名号，可用the book of+书名（首字母大写）代替4.引号””5.括号( )6.破折号—7.如&等标记不建议使用（三）修改正确1.如需修改可使用/划掉错误的词，在正上方写上正确的词即可。

2.如需添加，可用两单词空格下方加”^”，并在上方加相加的词即可。

三、基准分（一）内容1.有话说：万能角度（见2017写作高分攻略P55），万能例子。

2.别跑题：内容趋同，先字后图（二）形式：分三段（三）语言1.句式：正确、复杂、多变2.用词：正确、多样3.如何做到句式正确？(1).句子主干正确(2).五大基本句型：动词的用法(3).写作时态：现在时为主，偶尔用将来时，不主张过去时。

4.如何做到句式复杂(1).加adj或adv：n+adj；v+adv(2).加同位语：n或者句子(3).加介词短语做状语：时间状语，地点状语(4).加定语从句(5).将两个句子写成一个句子Note：万能状语(1).The spirit of creation is indispensably(=very) important in the times of knowledge explosion,when the news,facts,opinions and even rumors have been bombarding us from every corner of the world.(2).The environmental preservation really matters,especially in China,a nation with the huge population undergoing the remarkable rapid economic growth.5.如何做到句式多变(1).虚拟语气=观点的表达方式而不是事实句式一：It is high time that+主语+动词过去式+其他It is high time that we took effective initiatives to put the situation on hold. 句式二：It is imperative that +主语+(should)+动词+其他.意为必须做...It is imperative that our media undertake more research before they set pen to paper.It is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations be introduced and enforced to curb and harness this urgent problem.句式三：虚拟条件句If there were no sth,sb would not do sth.If there were no reform and opening-up policy,we would not taste KFC orMcDonald’s.（如果能完整无误地拼写专有词汇比如人名、书名、商标名等，会给阅卷老师留下好印象。

何凯文阅读一、 原文（一）单词（语境）（二）句子（标准流程）（语感）30句中25句不做语法分析5句答案来源句---------线索句At the end of the day 说到底1找主干 2切分 3独立成句 4调序（三）段落句子（信息）天生就是不平等的！区分信息的重要性（四）全文结构（论点+论据）二、题干（路标） 回原文找线索句三、 选项 正确选项 错误选项 最佳选项（90%=正确选项）解题流程一、 根据题干特征（1） 带有段落号的（2） 不带段落号的（3） 主题题二、出题的顺序基本等于行文顺序 三、 确定题目所对应的段落KK 三步：定位 替换 排除1. 定位（一）细节题（60%）+总分：40 达标：32题型识别：（一）主题题题干中包含有：bestttile,main idea,topic,mainly,about summarize 等特征词可判定1.主题题2.推理题3.例证题4.词汇题5.态度题为主题题（二）推理题题干中包含有infer,imply,learn,suggest等特征的词的时候，可判定为推理题（三）例证题题干中包含有example,case,....is mantioned to....,demonstrate,show, brought up,等特征词，可判定为例证题（四）词汇题题干中包含“词，词组，句子”，means,refers to,denotes,等特征词，可判定为词汇题（五）态度题题干中包含attitude或选项是四个表态度的表达时，可判定为态度题（六）细节题其他的题目就是细节题细节题的定位：根据题干中的定位词，返回原文找到包含定位词或其同义替换的句子=线索句定位词：一切可以缩小搜索范围的词都可叫做定位词。

Note：有可能会出现多个线索句。

Special notes:几种必须关注的定位词：（1）观点词Think,thought,believe,belief,maintain,suppose,suspect,suspicion,insist,doubt,assert,a ssertion,Contend,contention,argue,argument,agree,attempt,moan,complain,say,hold,assume, claim,Declare,hyper,thesis,idea,opinion,warn,advocate问观点就只能找观点！1.观点主体的匹配2.区分观点和事实opinion/fact（1）带有观点词的句子就一定是观点（2）带有主观价值判断词的句子就一定是观点（主系表）（3）带有情态动词或虚拟语气的句子就一定是观点如何寻找作者观点：（1）I+观点词+观点（2）Few+观点词+观点（3）人名/书名/组织+观点词+观点（相同，相反，中性）（4）文中无人认领的观点=作者的观点65%P309 p41 p201如果问事实既可以找事实也可以找观点（p312）（2）因果词1）明显的词汇2）表原因：because，because of,since,for,as,due to,owing to,in that 表结果：so,so that,therefore,thus,hence,as a result,consequently,accordingly,implication,consequence,effect3）隐含的词汇第一类（导致）Cause,lead to,result in,give riseto,render,produce,make,let,ask,support,spur,spark,Stimulate,fuel,push,motivate,prompt,be responsible for,inspire第二类（源自）Derive,come,result,priginate,initiate,stem,spring,emanate from,beattributable to,be responsive to,grow out of第三类（反应，体现）Relect,present,demonstrate,show,suggest,illustrate第四类（考虑到，依靠）Given,on account of,in view of,thanks to,in light of,in terms of,relyon,depend on,resort to,count on第五类（条件词）分词短语、不定式、独立主格作状语、定语从句、介词短语表示结果或者原因P185(27)Notes:1.问原因找原因，问结果，找结果2.区分主要/次要原因（题干要求）p322(51) p309(51) p131(40)3.Which在题干中出现：只能用选项定位，通常最后解决此类题p33(50) p28(45) Notes:1.有时可按行文顺序寻找答案2.有时主题常成为正确答案P312(63) p58(35)Special note:关注题干中的限定词（adv adj）sometimes p200(21)二、替换（同义替换）[表达方式不同，意思为最接近]（一）同近义词的替换（1575）Probe=exploitation enough=adequate precision=accuracyP320 1575词汇（二）上下义词替换（种属词）Senate参议院+the house众议院=the congressThe administration=federal=obama[parliament]（三）正话反说的替换原文：忽略A会导致不好的结果选项：我们应该重视A原文：做某事的成功的可能性不大选项：人们做某事的可能性不大原文：A和B=C选项：当A减少时B会增加原文：政府不应该干涉民众的权利选项：民众有自己的自由原文：现在人们可以和明星经常近距离接触选项：从前人们和明星接触的机会不多Notes:有时答案也可以是原文重现P52（27）p69(22) p258(39)同时，线索句较长时，可以用字母代替较长的名词结构p258(39) p312(65)Special notes:关于上下义词的同义替换在出现否定或比较的时候，上义词代替下义词需要加上泛指词（a,some,certain）精确定位模糊替换p52（26）排除：错误的类型一、偷换1.主干的偷换：识别：线索句主干识别-----选项切分p312(64)Special notes:（1）主被动的偷换（2）因果的偷换p312(65d)（3）否定对象的偷换p311(61d) p52(26a)（4）比较的偷换比较三要素：对象内容结果p309(51b) p312(66ac)题目的残留信息主干：句子主干------独立成句的句子的主干二、not given1.一般性的NG P309（54D）2.可能性当作确定性p312(63c) p33(49ab)“主题为王” p33(50)背单词切句子态度题的解题方法：（态度题的本质就是细节题）一、定位：态度的主体态度的对象返回原文优先找到包含态度主体做主语的句子二、替换将四个选项分别与线索句中的表示态度的词进行比对p328(58)常见的态度词：indifferent ,detached,indignant,contempt,bias,supportive,optimistic, Pessimistic,sketptical,consent,resent,concerned,reserved,opposition,suspicion,ap proval,Subjective,objective,biased,impartial,sensitive观点因果态度泛指词p226(30) p181(25) p38(52)三、排除全文态度词：主体是作者对象全文主题支持反对中性objective amazing impartialP292(54) p296(70) p300(62) p303(54) p318(66) p322(55) p299(61a)。

考研英语-何凯文写作笔记1. Just as an old Chinese proverb says ：Aspire to inspire untilI expire! 正如中国一句古老的谚语：生命不息，奋斗不止！2. Simple as the picture is, the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean.尽管图画很简单，但寓意很深刻苦。

3. The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to tackle this problem. 问题如此严重了，是时候采取有效的措施去解决这个问题了。

4. It is imperative that laws and regulations be introduced and enforced to curb and harness this urgent problem.我们必须制定（work out）并执行一些法律法规（laws and regulations）来解决这些问题。

5. In no country other than China, it has been said, is the problem of environment more serious. 在中国环境问题是最严重的。

6. There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. 报纸上有一张图画引起了人们广泛的关注。

7. The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owning to the reform and opening-up policy being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with the following one being the foremost.在过去的十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国经济有了巨大的发展，同时也带来了很多问题，其中最重要的是…成功的品质、环保类、爱心和社会道德、文化交流、科技与传播、偶像崇拜、健康话题、学校话题作文三段要求：第一段：描述图画（describe）①万能开头句：There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. 报纸上有一张图画引起了人们广泛的关注。

A句：文中答案来源句；B句：题干+正确选项看着A句背B句；出题人的说话风格；改写习惯；尺度的把握，题感的培养；第一组：A句：The most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlargedmarkets.B句：One of the driving forces behind M&A wave is the greater customer demands Maximize the incomeA)increase the incomeB)Increase the purchasing power of the incomeMerger and AcquisitionAcquiredIntuitiveCognitiveNatureNurtureMadeBorn先天和后天的差别男人和女人的不同B句：One of the driving forces behind M&A wave is the greater customer demands第二组：A句: The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.B句：To combine and become bigger is the typical trend of businesses today.第三组：A句：It is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the ., whenthe Standard Oil Trust was broken up.竞争都是好的；垄断是不好的；It is not hard to imagine +结论B句：The Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition.第四组：A句：A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career.High profileLow profile人：高调/低调物/事情：引人瞩目与否B句：The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.第五组：A句：I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.B句：The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting helps her mold a new philosophy of lifeReshape =remold= transform= remaking=mold a new = remodel第六组：A 句：It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.B 句：Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to remodel the way of thinking.第七组：A 句：The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.B 句：In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their interest.第八组：A 句：But the skills they learn—how to think logically through a problem and organize the results—apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.B 句：Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will help students learn other computer languagesCoding language = computer languageEncode/ decode =processWasteful =unacceptable第九组：A 句：The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax=make the machine into producing what they want—the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.B 句：According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to become better prepared for the digitalized world第十组：A 句：The crash was a major reason the . Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.B 句：The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is its drastically decreased population第十一组：A 句: Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat.B 句：It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they agree to pay a sum for compensation第十二组：A 句：Overall, the idea is to let “states remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,”Ashe said.B 句：According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is the states.第十三组：A 句：“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist Jay Lininger.B 句：Jay Lininger would most likely support environmental groups第十四组：A 句: Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problemB 句：The usual time management techniques don’t work because what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed第十五组：A句：“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) asthey pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.”B句：The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to make passing time fulfilling第十六组：A句：but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time’s flow”into “soul time.”B句：Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps achieve immersive reading第十七组：A句：“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work, too—providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which youtemporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.B句：“Carry a book with you at all times” can work if reading becomes your primary business of the day第十八组：A句：Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.B句：One cross-generation mark of a successful life is having a family with children.第十九组：A句：to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having childrenB句：. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to attach importance to pre-marital finance（此题四个选项排除法）第二十组：A句：those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.B句：The priorities and expectations defined by the young will reach almost all aspects of American life第二十一组：A句：Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.B句: Both young and old agree that getting established is harder for the youngNor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”A句：Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.有准备的大脑The greatness of the health care system1.伟大的医疗系统2.医疗系统的伟大抽象名词的形容词化！B句：Inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments.the preparedness of the minds = Inquiring mindsA句：Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly=intentionally endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent onembryo research.Ember 火种extinguish the precious ember of ...B句：NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because the issue is explicitly =明确stated and settled in the lawImplicitly =暗示He has expressed his dissatisfaction, explicitly or implicitly , on the leadership of his boss.A句：NBAC members were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.B句：Some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completelySome NBAC members prefer to ban human cloning completelyHesitate to do sth= don’t want to do sth = are not willing to do sthA句：The NAS’s report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.B句：According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is inadequate treatment of pain.Udner treatment =inadequate treatmentEnough = adequateA句：Medical licensing boards must make it clear that painful deaths should result in license suspension.B句：Doctors should be punished if they prolong the needless suffering of the patients.A 句：All would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.B 句：reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate. (错）正确：reasoning has not played a decisive role in the debate.1 2If reason were...Reason: 理性reasonableCause：原因；事业Misguided cause 误导人的事业All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.A句：Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions(区别）. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.Inform：传递信息；Well-informed ; ill-informed；excessively fine = very goodIf its =广告message were confined merely（仅限于）to information -- and that in itself would be difficult （if not impossible to achieve）, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.It is difficult , if not impossibly(=very) impossible, to find the solution to this problem. We have to wait ten, if not hundred, years to see this ideal scene.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.B句：The author deems =believe that the well-known TV personality is obviously partial in his views on advertisingImpartialA句：“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.B句：Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897.A 句：Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.B句：The words of queen show the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates .[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time。

考研英语阅读何凯文考研英语阅读是众多考生在备考过程中的一大难题。

何凯文老师作为考研英语辅导领域的资深专家，他的教学方法和阅读技巧为广大考生提供了有效的指导。

何老师强调，要想在考研英语阅读中取得高分，关键在于掌握正确的阅读策略和技巧。

首先，何老师建议考生在阅读文章时，要快速浏览全文，抓住文章的主旨大意。

这一步骤对于理解文章的整体结构和把握文章的中心思想至关重要。

在快速阅读的过程中，考生应学会跳读和略读，忽略那些不影响理解文章主旨的细节信息。

其次，何老师指出，考生在阅读过程中要注重培养自己的逻辑推理能力。

考研英语阅读中的文章往往涉及复杂的逻辑关系，考生需要通过文章中的线索，推断作者的意图和文章的深层含义。

这就需要考生在平时的练习中，多做一些逻辑推理的训练，提高自己的分析和判断能力。

再者，何老师强调，词汇量的积累对于考研英语阅读同样重要。

考生在备考过程中，不仅要掌握大纲要求的词汇，还应通过阅读大量的英文材料，不断扩充自己的词汇量。

何老师建议考生可以利用词根词缀记忆法，通过理解单词的构成来加深记忆。

此外，何老师还提到，考生在练习考研英语阅读时，应该注重培养自己的时间管理能力。

在实际考试中，考生需要在有限的时间内完成多篇阅读文章，这就要求考生在平时的练习中，学会合理分配时间，提高阅读效率。

最后，何老师建议考生在备考过程中，多做一些模拟题和历年真题，通过不断的练习来提高自己的阅读水平。

同时，考生还应该学会从错误中总结经验，分析自己在阅读过程中的不足之处，并针对性地进行改进。

综上所述，考研英语阅读的提高需要考生在理解文章主旨、逻辑推理、词汇积累、时间管理等多方面下功夫。

通过何凯文老师的指导，相信考生们能够在考研英语阅读中取得更好的成绩。

何凯文考研英语阅读技巧Certainly! Here's an article on He Kaifeng's test-taking strategies for postgraduate English reading:Mastering the Art of Postgraduate English Reading with He Kaifeng's TechniquesPostgraduate English reading is a critical component of the entrance examination for prospective graduate students in China. He Kaifeng, a renowned English educator and author of the "He Kaifeng Postgraduate English Reading" series, has developed a set of strategies that have helped countless students excel in this area. Here are some of his key techniques:1. Understanding the Structure of Reading Comprehension Passages- He Kaifeng emphasizes the importance of recognizing the structure of a text, which often follows a logical order. By identifying the main idea, supporting details, and the conclusion, students can better comprehend the passage as a whole.2. Skimming and Scanning- Before diving into the details, He Kaifeng advises students to skim the passage to get a general idea of thecontent. Scanning, on the other hand, is used to locate specific information within the text quickly.3. Identifying Keywords and Phrases- Keywords are the building blocks of a passage. He Kaifeng suggests that students should be adept at identifying these, as they often signal the main points or the author's intent.4. Dealing with Vocabulary in Context- Encountering unfamiliar words is common in reading comprehension. He Kaifeng's approach is to use context clues to infer the meaning of these words, which can often be deduced from the surrounding text.5. Mastering Inference Questions- Many questions in postgraduate English reading require inference. He Kaifeng recommends students to look for clues in the text that suggest the author's opinion or the implications of the information presented.6. Practicing with真题 (Real Exam Questions)- He Kaifeng insists on the value of practicing with past exam papers, known as 真题 in Chinese. These real exam questions provide insight into the types of questions asked and the level of difficulty expected.7. Developing a Time Management Strategy- Time is a critical factor in exams. He Kaifeng advises students to allocate their time wisely, ensuring they have enough time to read through the passage and answer all questions.8. Reviewing and Learning from Mistakes- After completing practice exams, He Kaifeng encourages students to review their mistakes and understand why they were made. This self-assessment is crucial for improvement.9. Broadening Reading Materials- To enhance reading skills, He Kaifeng suggests that students read a wide range of materials, including newspapers, magazines, and academic journals, to familiarize themselves with different writing styles and subject matters.10. Maintaining a Regular Practice Schedule- Consistency is key to improvement. He Kaifeng recommends a regular study schedule that includes daily practice sessions to keep reading skills sharp.By incorporating these strategies into their study routine, students can significantly improve their performance in postgraduate English reading sections. He Kaifeng'smethods are not just about passing an exam; they are aboutdeveloping a lifelong skill for understanding and analyzing written English.。

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.（2008 text4）If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.（2007 text1）It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year – from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.（2007 text4）In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants livingAre there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.（2006 text1）Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex,But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.（2006 text4）Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.（2005 text2）Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and writtenIllustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.（2005 text4）When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, notthey do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.（2004 text3）Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education --not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized --going to school and learning to read --so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”（2004 text4）To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientistsand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way --in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.（2003 text2）1784 年，五年后他成为了美国总统乔治·华盛顿，52，是几乎没有牙齿。

2020考研英语KK 阅读三步法精华总结补充讲义（何凯文）1*建议在听何凯文老师【五夜十篇】课程之前听完翻译和这个课，能达到更好学习效果，即便之前没听过何老师阅读课的同学也能通过此课更好的跟上节奏，取得明显的提升！*最晚要在10月份搞定阅读，之后留更多时间给写作、以及其他科目！大家冲鸭！！！20考研KK 阅读三步法精华总结课补充电子讲义以下例题为“定位信息充分”时举的例子例题1—E1-2016-T4Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ________.[A]the high cost of operation[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the increasing online ad sales例题2—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should ________.[A]seek new sources of readership[B]end the print edition for good[C]aim for efficient management[D]make strategic adjustments。

考研《英语》大纲解析：阅读篇
何凯文考研英语大纲解析之阅读篇
------识别大纲隐形兵团，苦练解题必杀技
 考生期待已久的考研英语大纲终于和大家见面了，就如我和广大考生说过的一样：岁岁花相似，岁岁人不同。

通过对《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲》与《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲》的对比，发现《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲》的内容没有变化。

考生可以按照原有的思路进行更加系统、更具深度地复习。

 但是在这里我希望和各位读者重新去审视的是：我们要继续的警惕考研英语大纲背后的那个隐形军团。

也就是这个隐形杀手让很多考研学子在英语科目上铩羽而归。

 首先我们必须明白考研英语考试的性质，从英语测试的类型来看我们是可以把他们分为两类的，第一类我们称之为：对英语的测试，或者是“OF”的测试，这些考试包括，。