【考研英语】考研英语阅读笔记

新东方考研英语复习笔记: 阅读1. 来源: 西方的报刊杂志2. 文体: 议论文, 说明文, 记叙文, 应用文3. 历年考题: 多为社会科学, 自然科学, 人文科学4. 大纲key word:三步走:1. 通读全文, 抓住中心（1）文章叙述的主要内容是什么？（2）文章中有无题到核心概念？（3）作者大致态度是什么？2. 仔细审题返回原文（1）通常是由题干出发, 使用寻找关键词定位原则。

大写字母, 地名, 时间, 数字等。

（2）自然段定位原则: 出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。

3. 重叠选项, 得出答案。

困难:1. 单词量不大, 句型结构复杂2. 作者的观点具有一点的隐蔽性3. 选项的迷惑性做题误区：1．做得太快, 做题靠印象或直觉2．先看题后读文章3．不知如何做记号标点符号：1．“。

”句号, 分隔句子。

以“。

”为单位, 把段分隔成块, 而后逐个击破。

2．“, ”逗号, 两个逗号之间是补充说明成份时, 在阅读过程中可以跳过去不读。

3．“：”冒号, 后面进一步补充说明前面的内容, 冒号的前后有一个从抽象到具体的过程。

4．“；”分号, 并列结构, 语义上的并列, 结构上的并列。

5．“——”破折号, 两个“——”之间是补充说明成份, 可以先不去读。

6．““”“引号, 引用某人的观点, 反讽, 讽刺。

7．“（）”补充说明, 解释生词。

例证题：1. 当文中出现example, case, illustration2. 返回原文, 找出该例证所在的位置, 既给该例子定位。

3. 90%向上, 10%向下搜索该例证周围区域找出该例证的论点。

注意：举例的目的是支持论点。

4. 找出该论点, 并与4个选项比较, 得出选项中与观点最一致的答案。

5. 错误题的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。

词汇题:1. 返回原文找出该词会出现的地方2. 注意结合上下文理解该单词的意思3. 如该词回为简单词汇, 则其字面意思必然不是正确答案4. 词汇题的正确答案经常隐藏在干词汇的原文出现的附近5. 注意同位语、特殊标点、定语从句以及前后缀微观阅读方法：1. 抓主干2. 看标点符号3. 被动变主动4. 消减否定法5. 重新段句6. 对照法----即抓一些重点词（1）如in other words 等词组（2）转折词（3）表结果的词（4）表递进的词起、承、转、合注意引用目的: 不论是正面还是反面引述都是为了说明文章主题或主旨, 否则就无意义, 引述也就没有必要了。

1993Passage One:such A as B 像B这样的AToday no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.分析：such severe lack as that ordered by FrederickA：severe lack B: that ordered by Frederick，其中that指代前面的lack介词as引导的介宾短语，作名词lack的后置定语，但因为lack作句子的主语，为了避免头重脚轻，名词和介宾短语被谓语动词exists分割开了。

翻译：今天，再不存在像Frederick下命令所造成的那种严重的匮乏。

What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”.与猴子的大脑相比，关于人的大脑的特殊之处，是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把，比如说，对一个玩具熊的视觉和触觉，与“toy-bear”这个单词的发音模式联系起来。

And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑有能力从他周围混杂的声音中选出语言的秩序，有能力进行分析，有能力以新的方式对词和句进行组合与重新组合。

【考研英语】唐迟阅读技巧总结笔记(一)做题步骤●1. 先看题干●（1）标出定位词大写、人名、地名、时间、数字、名词、形容词●（2）抓取关键词题干重复的词，要完整，可能不止一个●（3）串联题干间逻辑，推测文章主题●（4）判断题型（六大题型）●2. 再看段落●（1）题文同序原则：出题往往按行文顺序●（2）判断作者态度（议论文目的就是为了阐述观点）●从形容词和副词入手判断感情色彩●少数派原则：作者观点往往和大多数相反●（3）判断句子间和段落间逻辑关系●相反逻辑：yet/but/however开头●相同逻辑：在考研中更重要，没有转折词，因果、递进（表因果的短语见积累本）●（4）考场之上无跳读，即便是括号内也一定要读(二)六大题型●1.细节题●（1）标志：because；题干信息丰满的；不具备其他题型特征的●（2）方法●①问什么答什么，比如问because，就回到原文找出有because的句子，只看定位句●②选项一定要回到原文逐字对比●③干扰选项往往是围绕正确选项设置的，所以可看哪个选项跟另外三个都有关联（划关键词），往往就为正确选项●（3）常见干扰选项●正反混淆：意思相反/存在相反词的两个选项中往往必有正确答案●偷换概念●答非所问：干扰性较强，因其与原文内容一致，所以不要忘记题干问的是什么！●不同内容嫁接●非最佳答案：“最佳”的标准——与中心思想密切相关（细节服从主旨），在原文中反复被提到，最全面唐叔金句：反复强调的是重点，重点是考点●绝对化用词：only/must/exclusively/never/all/最高级往往不选，除非原文明确提到，比较级慎选●主被动互换：比如——正确的表述是他们怕被认为是不道德的，选项设置成他们认为是不道德的●2. 例证题●（1）标志：example、case、illustrate、demonstrate、imply、to show、to___●（2）方法●①例子本身不重要，重要的是例子支持的观点●②常见干扰选项：讲例子本身。

TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent ＄12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be ＄1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? ［A］ Americans are better prepared for death than other people. ［B］ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. ［C］ Americans are over confident of their medical technology. ［D］ Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . ［A］ medical resources are often wasted ［B］ doctors are helpless against fatal diseases ［C］ some treatments are too aggressive ［D］ medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . ［A］ strong disapproval ［B］ reserved consent ［C］ slight contempt ［D］ enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . ［A］ more flexibly ［B］ more extravagantly ［C］ more cautiously ［D］ more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . ［A］ medicine will further prolong people's lives ［B］ life beyond a certain limit is not worth living ［C］ death should be accepted as a fact of life ［D］ excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的，好⽃的；②⼤胆的，积极的 attitude14 n.①（to，towards）态度，看法；②姿势 author69 n.①作者；②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.［美］⼗亿，［英］万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦；②主席（职位）；vt.主持，担任 claim12 v.①要求；②声称，主张；③索赔；n.①要求；②主张，断⾔；③索赔；④权利，要求权，所有权 conclude5 v.①结束，终结；②断定，下结论；③缔结，议定 confident3 a.（of，in）确信的，⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临，使遭遇；②⾯对（危险等） consent3 v./n.（to）同意，赞成，答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑，藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐，对照；n.对⽐，对照，差异 court10 n.①法院，法庭；②宫廷，朝廷；③院⼦；④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠；②医⽣；v.伪造，篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的，精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的，热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的，过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达，表⽰；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运 failure6 n.①失败，不及格；②失败者；③故障，失灵；④未能 fatal4 a.致命的，毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败，阻挠，使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦，基⾦；v.资助，投资 governor1 n.总督，州（省）长 hip2 n.髋部；a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的，恭顺的；②低下的，卑微的；v.降低，贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的，完美的；②空想的；③理想主义的；④唯⼼的；n.理想 imply12 v.意指，含...意思，暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的，必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要，打算，企图 justice2 n.①公正，公平；②审判，司法；③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的，认为有理 measure14 v.测量；n.①尺⼨，⼤⼩；②［常pl.］措施，办法；③法案，法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的；②仅仅，只不过 obvious13 a.明显的，显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的，⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的，使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣；②凋谢；③毁灭，消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的，可能的；②势的，位的；n.潜能，潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序，⼿续，步骤 productive4 a.⽣产（性）的，能产的，多产的 prolong3 v.拉长，延长 proof2 n.①证据，证明；②校样，样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶，追求；②职业，⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤，援 reality10 n.①现实，实际；②真实 remark7 n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见；v.①（on）评论，谈论；②注意到，察觉 replace7 v.①放回，替换，取代；②归还 reserve2 n.①储备（物），储藏量，储备⾦；②缄默，谨慎；v.①保留，储备；②预定，预约 resource7 n.①［pl.］资源，财⼒；②办法，智谋；③应变能⼒；④设备 reverse1 n.①相反，反转，颠倒；②背⾯，后⾯；a.相反的，倒转的；v.颠倒，倒转，（使）倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦；②判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决 shield2 n.①防护物，护罩；②盾，盾状物；v.保护，防护 solve9 v.解决，解答 supreme2 a.①极度的，最重要的；②⾄⾼的，的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑，撑住；②维持，持续，经受，忍耐 system31 n.①系统，体系；②制度，体制 technology27 n.⼯艺，技术 therapy2 n.治疗，理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓，威胁；②有...危险，快要来临 trend12 n.倾向，趋势；v.伸向，倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的，靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的，徒然的；②⾃负的，虚荣的；n.徒劳，⽩费 worth5 n.价值；a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布；②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地，耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧，消沉；②（经济）萧条，不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.（使）分解，（使）碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待，期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地，柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能，⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的，不坚固的，柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地，有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地，相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的，⼿术上的；n.外科病房，外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇，对待，处理，治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.，想不到的，不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的，不能⽀持的　难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句主⼲结构为：... we demand everything ... ； 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句，that在从句中作主语； 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分，第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句； ［本句难点］主要是过去分词作状语，以及定语从句的⽤法； ［⽅法对策］抓住句⼦主⼲，然后再分析状语等其他成分； ［例句精译］由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付，我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段，即使它们不会有任何作⽤。

TEXT 1 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game of espionage-spying as a profession.These days the Net, which has already remade such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail.That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point and click spying.The spooks call it open source intelligence, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential.In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi.The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy services firm McDermott International.Many of its predictions are available online at. Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's st week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.As soon as that report runs, we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine, says Friedman, a former political science professor,And we'll hear back from some of them.Open source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.That's where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several of his staff members have military intelligence backgrounds.He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back and forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has . A．received support from fans like Donovan B．remolded the intelligence services C．restored many common pastimes D．revived spying as a profession 42. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to . A．introduce the topic of online spying B．show how he fought for the US C．give an episode of the information war D．honor his unique services to the CIA 43. The phrase making the biggest splash (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means . A．causing the biggest trouble B．exerting the greatest effort C．achieving the greatest success D．enjoying the widest popularity 44. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that . A． Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true B．Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information C．Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability D．Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information 45. Straitford is most proud of its . A．official status B．nonconformist image C．efficient staff D．military backgroundable11 a.有能⼒的，能⼲的，显⽰出才华的 achieve12 v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得 agency11 n.代理（处），代办处 analysis8 n.分析，分解 available18 a.①可⽤的，可得到的；②可以见到的，随时可来的 avoid9 v.避免，回避，逃避 background6 n.背景，经历 brief5 a.简短的，简洁的；v.简短介绍，简要汇报；n.①（pl.）摘要；②指令 business36 n.①商业，⽣意；②事务，业务，职责；③企业；④贸易量；⑤⾏业，业务 cause28 n.①原因，理由；②事业，事件，奋⽃⽬标；v.使产⽣，引起 characterize6 v.①表⽰...的特性；②描述...的特性 click1 v.①点击；②发出滴答声；n.滴答声 collection1 n.收藏（品），收集（物） compile1 v.编辑，汇编 contest2 n.竞争，竞赛，⽐赛；v.竞争，⽐赛，争论 corporation10 n.公司，企业，团体 crisis3 n.（［pl.］crises）危机，紧要关头 data22 n.（datum的复数）资料，数据 decade18 n.⼗年 declaration2 n.宣⾔，宣布，声明 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的，戏剧性的；②剧烈的，激进的；③显著的，引⼈注⽬的 efficient3 a.①有效的，效率⾼的；②有能⼒的，能胜任的 electronic8 a.电⼦的 episode1 n.⽚断，（连续剧的）⼀集 exert3 v.发挥，施加影响，运⽤ fascinate2 v.迷住，强烈吸引 firm14 a.①坚固的，稳固的；②坚决的，坚定的；n.公司，商号 former10 a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者 forth2 ad.向前，向外；（back and ～）来回地 guarantee5 n.保证，保证书；v.保证，担保 image1 n.①形象；②肖像，影像，印象 increasingly11 ad.不断增加地，⽇益 independent6 a.（of）独⽴的，⾃主的 influential1 a.①有影响的；②有权势的 information44 n.①通知，报告；②情报，信息 intelligence13 n.①智⼒，聪明；②理解⼒；③情报，消息，报导 lean2 v.①倾斜，屈⾝；②倚，靠，依赖；a.①瘦的，⽆脂肪的；②精⼲的，效率⾼的；③贫瘠的 margin1 n.①页边空⽩；②边缘；③余地；④幅度 military3 a.军事的，军⽤的，军队的 pastime1 n.消遣，娱乐 phrase6 n.短语，词语，习语 predict13 v.预⾔，预测，预告 private11 a.私⼈的，个⼈的，秘密的，私下的 profession5 n.职业，⾃由职业 reinforce2 v.增援，加强 reliable5 a.可靠的 rely6 v.①（on）依赖，依靠；②信赖，信任 restore3 v.①恢复，使回复；②归还，交还；③修复，重建 result37 n.结果，成果，成绩；v.①（in）导致，结果是；②（from）起因于，因...⽽造成 revive1 v.①使苏醒；②复苏，复兴 risk14 v.冒...的危险；n.风险，危险 science58 n.①科学；②学科 solution4 n.①解答，解决办法；②溶解，溶液 sound7 n.声⾳，声响；v.①发声，响；②听起来；a.①健全的，完好的；②正当的，有根据的；③彻底的，充分的 source11 n.①源，源泉；②来源，出处 splash1 v.溅，泼；n.①溅，飞溅声；②（make a ～）引起轰动 spy6 n.间谍；v.①当间谍，刺探；②察觉，发现 staff5 n.①全体职⼯，全体⼈员；②杠，棒；③参谋部；v.配备⼯作⼈员 status5 n.①地位，⾝份；②情形，状况 story11 n.①描述；②故事；③报道；④谎话；⑤楼层 topic3 n.话题，主题，题⽬ unique6 a.惟⼀的，独⼀⽆⼆的 vacuum1 n.真空，真空吸尘器；v.⽤真空吸尘器打扫 vocation1 n.职业，⾏业 web12 n.，蜘蛛 advantage13 n.优势, 有利条件 distribution6 n.分配，分发，配给物 emergence5 n.浮现，出现 espionage1 n.间谍，侦探 latest8 a.最近的 mastery1 n.掌握 mutually1 ad.互相地，互助 nonconformist1 a./n.不墨守陈规的（⼈） online8 n.联机，在线 popularity5 n.普及，流⾏ prediction6 n.预⾔，预报 remold1 vt.改造 reshape1 vt.改造，再成形 spook1 n.间谍，特务 spymaster2 n.间谍⾸脑 strategic2 a.战略的，战略上的 truthfulness1 n.真实，正当，坦率 unpredictability2 n.不可预测性 whereby2 ad.凭什么，由此难句1 The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句主⼲结构是：The American spymaster ... was fascinated with information； 2. who引导的定语从句修饰the American spymaster，who在定语从句中作主语，谓语是and连接的built和laid； ［本句难点］主要是从句关系复杂； ［⽅法对策］找出主句和从句关系，然后找出各⾃的主⼲结构，就⽐较好理解本句； ［例句精译］这位曾经在第⼆次世界⼤战时建⽴了战略服务处，后来⼜为中央情报局的成⽴打下了基础的美国间谍⼤师对情报是如此着迷。

考研英语阅读笔记6-8分钟阅读文章，四步走：一，扫描提干划出关键词：只读题干。

二，通读全文抓住中心：通读全文把握两个重点：1，文章首段；2，其余各段的首尾句。

抓住中心（留出1分钟的考虑）----1，文中叙述的主要内容；2。

文中有无提到核心概念；3，作者的大致态度三，仔细审题，返回原文定位原则：1）关键词定位原则：通常是由题干出发，寻找题干中的关键词，首选大写字母，人名，地名，时间等。

2）自然段界定原则：出题的顺序与行文的顺序大体一致。

四，重叠选项，得出答案阅读理解的单词：新大纲5500个单词难点：1，单词量不大，句型结构复杂：生词超刚率3%2，作者观点的提出具有一定的隐蔽性3，选项迷惑性比较大。

做题的误区：1，读的太快，做题靠印象和直觉2，花费大量时间阅读文章，题目匆匆错过3，不知何时做记号；做记号的题目是------1)标志性，指示性的信息：时间，地点，人名等名词；2）章显文章结构的词：如，but,futher more…..3）含有感情色彩的词---表达作者的态度阅读的复习方法：（56精度击破法）56篇历年考题，每一篇文章精度1单词2，难句分析，记住一些重点的难句-----从每篇当中抽取5—10个巨资，每句翻译复述下来4，题目进行分析，整理自己的思路涉及的每一题，每一选项，进行分析，非选项及选项的原因泛读：熟悉背景知识，了解英美国人的写作方式，尽量少查单词每周读一份英文报纸（如 21世纪）读与考研相关的和自己喜欢的东西每个月读一本英文杂志：TIME NEWSWEEK ECONOMISTS上网等复习侧重点：70%真题 20%泛读 10%练习题标点符号在阅读中的应用：1，句号：分割句子，一举好为单位，八段分割成块，然后逐个击破2，逗号：两个逗号之间是补充说明成分，可以先跳过去不读3，冒号：冒号后边是补充说明前面的内容，冒号前后有一个从具体到抽象的过程4，分号：前后并列结构1）语意上的并列，2）结构上的并列5，破折号，两个破折号之间是补充说明成分，可以不读6，引号：1）引用某人的观点2）反讽讽刺-----等看到问题时再回来读7，括号：1）补充说明，2）解释生词。

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记众所周知，考研是人生的一次重新洗牌和重大机遇，而在考研的四门课程中，英语成了许多考生前进征途上的一只凶猛拦路虎和十分困难的羁跘与障碍。

详细分析历年考研英语试卷，又可以发现主要矛盾在于阅读（占60%的分数），故可谓：得阅读者得天下。

阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C，其中Part A为四篇阅读理解，占40分，是阅读理解考试中的主战场。

那么，阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢？技巧一：看懂阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”，所以，看得懂乃是第一项技巧。

任何一篇文章，若要能看懂它，至少需要两个条件：认识单词和看明白句子。

单词就像盖房的砖瓦，考研词汇大约为5500个，这不是一个小数字，也并非三两天时间可以记住的，所以，考生必须先买一本考研英语词汇书进行系统、长期的学习和记忆。

（推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》，该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法，而是采用历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据，将所有大纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从高到低排列，而且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句，可以使学生用最少的时间获得最好的学习效率）.拿到词汇书之后，首先用大约一周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来，如rear, tedious, deteriorate, plausible, jargon, isotope, ……, （因为这些单词你可能完全不认识，看到之后两眼漆黑，所以称之为“黑”字）. “黑”字是阅读的头一个障碍，单词不认识，句子当然看不懂，所以，消灭“黑”字是当务之急。

（争取用一个月左右的时间消灭它们！)考研词汇中，除“黑”字外，还有大量意思非常明白的所谓“白”字，如：able, benefit, culture, space, topic, ……。

此类单词可一掠而过，除“黑”（完全不认识）和“白”（完全明白）字两类外，还有许多似会不会的“灰”字，如：treaty, tutor, sample, saddle, fuss, ……。

Unit1Western legal system Part1Wordsenforceable可强行实施的，可强行执行的incorporate吸收；合并；包含issue(v.)发行；发布(n.)问题；话题ruling判决boost促进；提高；增加perverse有悖常情的sardonically讽刺地；冷嘲地regressive后退的；退化的；回归的enrolment登记人数；注册人数plaintiff原告marginally轻微地，少量地quintile五位分数；五分位值empirical以观察或实验为根据的elite精英aggregate使聚集；使积聚；总计达accrue增加recipient接收者mandate命令；指令；要求；授权revelation揭发；暴露；意外的发现take issue w ith质疑；不同意on balance全面考虑之后；总的说来Part2Passage A1.court法院2.emerging markets新兴市场“金砖五国”brics——巴西，俄罗斯，印度，中国，南非large population人口众多cheap labour force廉价劳动力3.be better for4.工具：tool具体实物instrument抽象5.constitution宪法6.access to接近，有权使用，进入，通向…的路口eg:W herever w e are,everyone has access to internet resource.7.India’s cabinet印度内阁8.approve批准bill法案suppose假如parliament国会part of a trend势在必行9.promise to承诺…给某人one of many众多…之一10.非谓语动词：doing主动进行done被动；完成to do将要做11.boost education spending(cost)扩大教育开支social policy社会政策the balance of academic opinion大众观点in theory理论上；in practice实际上discriminate歧视；do w ell占优势in anyone’s favor帮助某人偏向一方as…put it(goes)正如…所说regulation法规；obligation义务；provision条款reckon回应；universal普及的12.M any countries are incorporating social and economic rights into their constitutions.很多国家将社会和经济权力纳入他们的宪法。

新东方阅读理解笔记~ReadingSteps时间安排（比）解题步骤4步走：目的：找出题干中共性出现的内容，重点关注与作者有关的题，重点关注问because的题通读全文、抓住中心⑴通读全文：通读也称略读或跳读是以抓住文章主旨和结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式原则：①首段原则，文章的第一段或前四分之一要逐字逐句读懂，如遇不懂可回头或重复。

②首末句原则，其余各段重点通过首末句把握段落主旨，在段落主旨明确的基础上例子、论据、数字、细节等信息可粗略或跳过阅读。

⑵抓住中心：要把握本文的话题是什么，各段大义，文章主旨和作者态度是什么返回原文，寻找答案三大定位原则：⑴自然段定位原则：出题顺序与原文行文顺序一致⑵信号词定位原则：利用题干中的信号词迅速将题目与原文某位置建立联系，缩小范围。

信号词首选大写字母、数字、专有名词。

（尤其适用细节题）⑶长难句定位原则：长句、难句是考研出题的重点将选项与原文核对，排除干扰项常见正确选项的设计方式：①原文同义改写；②缩小范围（主旨题除外）；③偶数否定常见错误选项的陷阱：①偷换概念；②正反混淆（较难反义词替换，奇数否定）；③时态错误；④扩大范围；⑤无中生有，无关真理，⑥答非所问（定位错误）；⑦虚拟语气二、标点的使用1、句号，用来分割句子，以句子为单位可以将段落切分为逻辑部分。

要利用句子间的逻辑变化（转折、并列）找到段落的重点2、逗号，两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后往往是补充插入成分。

包括非限定性定从、分词状语、独立主格结构，可跳过不读。

3、冒号，冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，且后面说明前面。

所以只需看懂简单的那一句。

4、分号，前后语义是并列关系，只需看懂简单一句。

5、破折号，两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后是补充解释的关系，可跳过不读。

6、引号，⑴强调；⑵引言，引叙（相当于论据）；⑶形容词加引号，则是反语7、括号，⑴补充和解释；⑵解释生词三、长难句的解析1、破解长句的目标有三：找出句子的主干结构；分清修饰关系；将抽象意思简化2、常见长难句的语法结构：⑴定语从句；⑵状语从句（有连接词）；⑶名词性从句；⑷分词和独立主格结构；⑸倒装结构；⑹省略结构；⑺形式主语或形式宾语；⑻强调句型；⑼各种插入语（介绍某人的身份、地位等）；⑽虚拟语气3、破解长难句的顺序：⑴将主句和从句切分开（利用连词）；⑵将分词，独立主格结构与主句切开。

考研英语考研英语阅读笔记————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩ英语阅读笔记一.文章的套路结构：（本笔记局限于说明文章,议论文章。

)1．结论说明型A．文章开始出现一个结论,后为对他的解释Ｂ．ＴS(topiｃal seｎｔenｃe即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。

C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要,判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题a．系表结构:be.remainb．含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词2．新老观点型A．判断标志:文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如：ｉｔwas tradｉtｉoｎally assｕmed?ｉｔwａs oｎce /uｓuallｙbeｌｉeｖeｄ？Maｎy ××beｌiｅvｅdｔhaｔ?Ｍany ××ｈavｅargued?It was fｒeｑuｅｎｔlｙａsｓuｍeｄｔhaｔ？Ｉｔｗas univｅｒsａｌｌｙaｃcｅpted thａｔ?过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点，都是老观点。

B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。

Ｃ.新观点特征:对同一focus给出不同的解释。

读到老观点的时候，应该停下来想一想，新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。

３.现象解释型A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪，下文对其做出解释。

B．可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。

Ｃ.需要注意的是:a．可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价），最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。

ｂ．可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。

4.问题解决.回答型A.判断标志：a.手段出现了设问句。

b.首段出现了以下词语：problem diffiｃulｔy task puzzle 等Ｂ.ＴS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。

５．其他类的文章前班部分是以上四种结构之一，后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。

新东方考研英语阅读与写作笔记新东方考研英语阅读与写作笔记一、阅读部分新东方考研英语阅读部分主要包括长篇阅读和短篇阅读两个部分。

长篇阅读主要考察学生对于文章主旨和细节的理解能力，短篇阅读主要考察学生对于文章逻辑结构和作者观点的理解能力。

以下是笔者总结的一些阅读技巧和备考建议。

1. 阅读技巧(1) 预览：通过阅读题目、题干和文章开头，快速了解文章的主题和结构，掌握文章的大意，有助于把握文章的重点和理顺文章的思路。

(2) 留意关键词：关键词是指在文章中出现频率较高的词语，一般与文章的主题和论点相关。

留意关键词能够帮助我们快速找到文章中的信息，提高阅读效率。

(3) 理解语篇结构：语篇结构是指文章的组织结构和段落之间的逻辑关系。

理解语篇结构有助于我们把握文章的逻辑脉络，更好地理解作者的观点和意图。

2. 备考建议(1) 提高阅读速度：考研英语阅读部分的时间是有限的，因此提高阅读速度是非常重要的。

建议多做一些速度训练，增加阅读量，提高阅读效率。

(2) 增加词汇量：词汇是阅读的基础，掌握更多的词汇可以帮助我们更好地理解文章的内容。

建议多背单词，积累词汇，特别是一些常见的高频词汇。

(3) 多做模拟题：通过做模拟题可以更好地了解考研英语阅读的题型和出题思路，提高解题能力。

建议多做一些真题和模拟题，分析解题思路和方法。

二、写作部分新东方考研英语写作部分主要包括作文和翻译两个部分。

作文一般考察学生对于一个话题的分析和论述能力，翻译一般考察学生对于中英文语言结构和表达方式的理解能力。

以下是笔者总结的一些写作技巧和备考建议。

1. 写作技巧(1) 明确论点：写作时要明确自己的论点或立场，有一个明确的中心思想，并在全文中有机地组织论据和例证来支持自己的观点。

(2) 合理组织结构：写作时应分段落进行，每个段落都要有明确的主题句，并通过合理的连接词和过渡句将各个段落组织起来，使文章结构清晰，逻辑严密。

(3) 多用复杂句：在写作中，适当使用一些复杂的句子结构能够提高文章的语言表达能力和得分效果，增加文章的亮点。

考研英语阅读笔记阅读笔记：长度不算太长，时间充分，阅读速度不用太快。

时间分配整体阅读时间：70-75分钟，每篇17-18分钟。

用7-8分钟阅读，后面10分钟解题。

四篇文章难度相当，没有特别简单的，和特别难的。

第三篇不是最难的。

解题步骤——四步走一扫描题干，划出关键词（千万不要看选项，因为大部分选项是错的）二通读全文，抓出中心通读时把握两个重点：文章的首段；其余各段的首位和转折处通读完后，用1分钟半的时间思考，1 文章叙述的主要内容2 文中有无提到核心概念3 作者的态度三仔细审题，返回原文返回原文：最重要，要从题干的关键词出发，延伸到某一点，找到原文的出处。

（即使是最简单的题，都不可能是一眼瞅出来的）每道题，都必须定位两大定位原则：关键词定位原则：由题干出发，寻找题干中关键的信息（首选大字字母、人名、地名、数字、时间等）自然段界定定位原则：出题顺序与行文的顺序大体是一致的四重叠选项，得出答案补充：遇到难的文章时，可采用看一题，读一段的方式。

错误方法：盯着一个选项，反复看。

阅读的难点：一单词量不大，句型结构复杂，每篇文章必然会有5-10个句子比较复杂二作者观点的提出，具有一定的隐蔽性三选项设置的迷惑性比较大做题误区一读的太快，做题靠印象或直觉二花费大量时间阅读文章，题目匆匆做过三不知道如何做记号（生词，不要做标记）两类建议做记号的信息1标志性、指示性信息（显示逻辑关系的词）2 具有感情色彩的词（显示作者态度的词）宏观阅读：一任何文章都只能有一个逻辑主旨二注意首先看清文章由几个自然段构成，同时注意文章的段落与段落之间是并列结构还是转折结构三灵活使用三种不同的阅读方法1 skimming 略读：认真通读文章的首段，浏览其余各段的主题句，通过对比、转折、因果、总结等提示词把握文章的脉络）可以跳读的信息：列子、引用的内容，具体的数据以及实验的具体过程；2 scanning 快速扫描定位法：一种带有具体目的的快速搜索信息的方式，常用语返回原文定位时3 close reading 细读四把握文章的固有结构1开门见山型：第一段直接亮出中心2总分总型：把握住首末段的呼应就等于确定了中心3问题答案型：问题是中心，阅读的目的是寻找答案4花开两朵型：把握两个核心概念的区别和联系5抛砖引玉型：第一段是引子，第二段亮出中心五独句段通常与中心有紧密的联系。

阅读技巧英语一主要行文思路：驳论或者问题——分析——评价（80%是坏的）英语二主要行文思路：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题1、概况先题目后文章，题目只看题干（若四个选项都含有的信息就是正确信息，通常判定为文章主旨），阅读本质是逻辑关系，区分例子与观点2、大方向技巧与思想串联题干信息，把握文章主题。

明确注意句子与句子（好与坏），段落之间的联系。

少数派——写作目的（众人皆醉我独醒）。

写过去与现在，一好一坏。

细节服从主旨。

反复强调的是重点，重点往往是考点3、例证题a标志：example，case，illustrate，demonstrate，to show，to（为了）b例子本身不重要，重要的是例子所支持的观点；观点一般在例子前，有时也在例子后，也可以在不同的段落c干扰选项：就事论事，谈论例子本身d假设定位点在第二段第二行，答案往往在定位点之前找e应试技巧：先审题再定位互为相反的选项往往有一个正确答案f文章中若出现情态动词：must，can，could，may，might，should，would，ought to 表达作者观点或者态度g例子可不懂，有可能出现本体喻体，理解两者关系。

例子是为了证明观点。

4、中心思想题（文章标题）a标志：mainly about，discuss，the best title，approprite titleb客观事实，拒绝推理，文章中可以找出来c方法：①串线（普遍适用）：将各段首末句串联成一个整体，注意转折处；将各段中心整合相加，各段重复讨论的内容即为中心②中心句（看形式）：文章开头的提问（有问号），对它的回答，是文章中心的独句段长难句；勤加联系，找熟悉感③中心词（直观）：文章中反复出现的高频词（直观，原词在文章中；同义表达）d排除方法：干扰选项范围太小——片面范围太大——重写文章5、作者态度题a一般放在最后一题：一般问作者对于某件事的态度，则这件事情是重要的，信息是否具体b标志：attitude，deem，consider，tone，Ic方法：选项词归纳①正面态度：positive，optimistic，approval，supportive②负面态度：negative（消极的），pessimistic（悲观的），disapproval，critical （重要的，批评的），doubtful(怀疑的)，suspicious，skeptical，questionable ③中立态度：neural，objective，impartial，disinterested（中立的.不同于uninteresting）d小墓碑选项（看到直接排除）：uninterested，indifferent，unconcerned 漠不关心的contemptuous，prejudice，biased 偏见的subjective，puzzled，confused 困惑的e当作者的态度没有明确提出时：①文章的框架②形容词（表示评价），副词③转折处④情态动词后6、词汇猜测题a标志：“”b逻辑关系：句子逻辑相同近义词：但是转折关系找反义词；感情色彩代表作者态度大方向c简单句子，查考熟词僻义，排除表面含义，不断提炼内涵d反复强调的是重点e标点符号：分号（；）表示前后两句话表达意思相同f干扰选项：字面理解7、推理判断题a标志：infer，learn from，imply，suggest，concludeb方法：①不要主观推测原文可以找到的内容即是正确答案②同义改写——细节、主旨、逻辑逻辑取反——多在转折处c排除绝对化，选择语气缓和的，看到infer 找你妹(may)。

考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记二TEXT 3During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner usually Mom who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto theiralready overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today's double income families are at greater financial riskin thatA. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB. their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance32. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may haveA. a higher sense of securityB. less secured paymentsC. less chance to investD. a guaranteed future33. According to the author, health savings plans willA. help reduce the cost of healthcareB. popularize among the middle classC. compensate for the reduced pensionsD. increase the families' investment risk34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB. the middle class may face greater political challengesC. financial problems may bring about political problemsD. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status35. Which of the following is the best title for this textA. The Middle Class on the Alert.B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.C. The Middle Class in Conflict.D. The Middle Class in Ruins.absolute 2 a.绝对的,完全的absorb 3 v.①吸收；②吸引,使专心account 22 n.①账目,户；②叙述,说明；③价值,地位；v.for①说明,解释；②占；③take into考虑；顾及airline 1 n.①航线；②航空公司alert 1 a.①警惕的；②机灵的assistance 2 n.帮助,援助attendant 1 n.①服务员,值班员；②护理人员author 69 n.①作者；②创始人auto 2 n.汽车being 9 n.①生物,人；②存在,生存budget 4 n.预算；v.做预算campaign 4 n.①战役；②运动；vi.从事活动challenge 10 n.①挑战书；②艰巨任务,难题；v.向...挑战cliff 1 n.悬崖,峭壁compensate 5 v.for补偿,赔偿conflict 3 n.①战斗,斗争；②抵触,冲突；v.with抵触,冲突critic 7 n.批评家,评论家debate 8 v./n.争论,辩论depend 16 v.on取决于,依靠,信赖,相信deprive 2 v.夺去,使丧失disappear 4 v.不见,消失dose 2 n.剂量,一服,一剂；v.给...服药economic 23 a.经济上的,经济学的economics 5 n.经济学；经济情况elderly 1 a.过了中年的,稍老的employee 7 n.雇工,雇员fair 9 a.①公平的,合理的；②相当的,尚好的；③晴朗的；④金发的；n.集市,交易会,博览会fashionable 2 a.流行的,时髦的fell 1 v.砍倒,砍伐financial 11 a.财政的,金融的guarantee 5 n.保证,保证书；v.保证,担保harsh 3 a.①粗糙的,刺耳的；②残酷的,严厉的implication 6 n.含意,暗示infer 21 v.推论,推断insurance 6 n.保险,保险费,保险业invest 4 v.投资investment 11 n.投资,投资额model 8 n.①样式,型；②模范,典型；③模型；④原型,模特；v.on, after模仿,构造odds 1 n.①不平等,差异；②机会opportunity 11 n.机会parachute 1 n.降落伞；v.跳伞paragraph 66 n.①段,节；②小新闻,短评partner 3 n.①合作者,合伙人；②伙伴,舞伴payment 5 n.支付,付款额pension 2 n.养老金,年金perspective 3 n.①视角；②透视法；③in~正确地physical 7 a.①物质的,有形的；②肉体的,身体的；③自然科学的,物理的primary 7 a.①最初的,初级的；②首要的,主要的,基本的rate 31 n.①比率,率；②等级；③价格,费用；v.①估价；②评级,评价reality 10 n.①现实,实际；②真实reform 8 v./n.改革,改造,改良responsibility 7 n.①责任,责任心；②职责,任务result 37 n.结果,成果,成绩；v.①in导致,结果是；②from起因于,因...而造成retire 2 v.①退休,引退；②退却,撤退；③就寝risk 14 v.冒...的危险；n.风险,危险saving 3 n.①储蓄；②pl.储蓄金,存款scholar 5 n.学者secure 4 a.from, against安全的,可靠的,放心的；v.①得到,获得；②防护,保卫security 8 n.安全sense 16 n.①感官,官能；②感觉；③判断力；④见识；⑤意义,意思；v.感觉到,意识到setback 3 n.退步,后退shift 12 v.①替换,转移；②移动；n.①转换,转变；②轮班,换班shoulder 2 n.肩,肩部；v.肩负,承担slip 3 v.①滑,滑倒；②滑落,滑掉；③溜走；n.疏忽,小错,口误,笔误social 38 a.①社会的；②社交的,交际的；n.社交活动spouse 1 n.配偶指夫或妻保证人,主办人；vt.发起,主办；v.赞助status 5 n.①地位,身份；②情形,状况stock 9 n.①备料,库存,现货；②股票,公债；③无生命之物；④群,家庭,家系；v.储存stripe 1 n.条纹tend 26 v.①趋向,往往是；②照料,看护title 6 n.①书名,标题；②头衔,称号transform 5 v.①改变,变换；②变压；③转化；④改造unemployment 4 n.失业,失业人数vulnerable 3 a.易受攻击的,易受...的攻击acceleration 2 n.加速度according 47 ad.依照,根据deductible 1 a.可扣除的demographic 1 a.人口统计学的diagnosis 1 n.诊断disability 2 n.无能力,无资格disruption 1 n.中断,分裂,瓦解,破坏eightfold 1 a.八倍的,八层的；ad.八倍地,八层地fallout 1 n.降落,滑落financially 2 ad.财政上,金融上fluctuation 1 n.波动,起伏healthcare 2 n.卫生保健indicator 4 n.指示器legislative 2 a.立法的,立法机关的；n.立法机关outlive 2 vt.比...长寿outweigh 1 v.超过overburden 1 vt.不堪重负paycheck 1 n.薪水policymaker 1 n.决策人popularize 1 v.普及solidly 1 ad.坚硬地,稳固地steelworker 1 n.钢铁工人understandably 1 ad.可理解地wholesale 1 n.批发,趸售；a.批发的,喻大规模的难句1During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.语法分析本句主干结构为：the American middle class family... has been transformed by..., family后面是一个定语从句修饰family;本句难点整句较长,主要是其中定语从句比较复杂;方法对策首先找出主句的主干,然后再分析从句结构,就可以把握本句了;例句精译在过去一代人中,美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变;过去他们曾经还能指望依靠艰苦工作和公平竞争来使自己在经济生活中获得安全保障;难句2As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner usually Mom who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.语法分析本句主干为:... they have lost the parachute...,其后是一个定语从句,破折号后面是一个同位语从句,其中又包含一个定语从句;本句难点句子结构比较复杂,需要仔细分析;方法对策首先分析出主句的主干,然后再依次分析其他从句,本句就不再难了;例句精译其结果是,他们失去一个他们过去在财政困难时可以依赖的保险伞 - 或者说是一个后备的挣钱者通常指妻子：因为她可以出来参加工作,如果主要的挣钱者下了岗或生了病;难句3Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.语法分析本句的主干结构为：Steelworks,... are joining millions of families..., families后面是一个who引导的定语从句;定语从句中,主语是who,谓语是worry about,宾语是三个并列短语,其后是that引导的定语从句修饰the harsh reality;本句难点从句中结构稍复杂;方法对策只要抓住句子主干就可以掌握大意,然后再分析其他成分即可;例句精译钢铁工人、空勤人员以及汽车工业的工作者都与数百万家庭一样,他们都在担心着银行的存款利息变化、股票市场的波动、以及他们的退休金可能不够使用这一残酷现实;难句4Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.语法分析本句是由第二个and连接的两个并列句组成,句首的both和第一个and形成的both... and...结构是第一个分句的主干；第二个and后是第二个分句,包含：spread from... to...结构,其后with引导的成分说明newly fashionable health savings plans的内容；本句难点整句比较长,且有两个and容易让考生迷惑;方法对策首先抓住第二个and这个连接词,明白这是两个并列分句,然后确定两个分句各自的主干,即可理解本句内容;例句精译医疗保健费用的绝对数目和各个家庭所分担的数目也都在上升,而一种新近流行起来的医疗费用节约计划也正在从上层立法大厅到底层沃尔玛的工人之间广泛铺开,这对千家万户未来的医疗保健意味着更大的风险;难句5From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.语法分析本句的主干结构是：... much of this looks... like... an opportunity... and... a frightening acceleration...;本句难点整句比较长,句子结构复杂;方法对策通读全句,抓住主句主干,然后再分析其他成分;例句精译从中产阶级家庭的角度出发,可以理解的是,这与其说是一个承担更多经济责任的机会,倒还不如说更像把经济危险的整个转变以惊人的速度加在他们早已不堪重负的双肩上;31.答案C解析本文提到了美国中产阶级家庭,因国家经济衰落而要面临的巨大风险;本题目问："今日这种夫妻双收入家庭会面临更大的财务风险是因为什么原因"我们从前两段中可以看出：由于经济原因现在的夫妻双方都要出去找工作;这样,原来妻子在家里操持家务,同时万一丈夫生了病或者失业了也可以出去找工作以帮助家庭渡过难关的这把保险伞就没有了;所以选C;32.答案B解析众所周知,钱存在银行比较保险可以稳定拿利息,但是把钱投入股市或者用于创业风险要大很多,但一旦获益也比存银行要强很多;在去年的大多数时间里,布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变成一种储蓄存款账户模式 - 要求退休人员将其大多数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入;对于略为年轻的家庭来说,情况也好不到哪去;医疗的绝对费用和家庭必须承担的份额都在上升;这说明,退休人员的可靠收入可能更少;因此B.为正确选项;33.答案D解析本题仍应从第三段中找,因为34题问"从末段中可以看出："因此,本题应在末段前的这一段内,本段提到了：health saving plan are... of investment risk for families' future healthcare.据此,我们判断可以选D;选项A、C原文均未提及;至于B 医疗费用节约计划将在中产阶级中间得以推广与原文不符;原文谈到：医疗费用节约计划正在从上层立法院大厅到底层沃尔玛超市的员工之间广泛的铺开;34.答案C解析本题问"从末段可以看出什么"我们仅从末段末句的总结中可看出作者想说的是：美国经济滑落已经开始了,那政治上的跌落可能不是很远了吧;35.答案B解析本题考查考生对全文内容的理解;文章第一段指出,中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新现实改变了,如今,一个家庭可能在几个月之内从稳定的中产阶层家庭降格成一个新贫困家庭,随后的段落介绍了造成这种现状的原因;这说明,本文主要是介绍中产阶层面临穷困问题的现象;因此选择B.项;在过去一代人中,美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变;过去他们曾经还能指望依靠艰苦工作和公平竞争来使自己在经济生活中获得安全保障;如今,一份解雇通知书,一个错误的判断或失去配偶都有可能在几个月之内使他们从稳固的中产阶级滑向新生的贫民阶层;就在他们这代人中,成百万的女性参加了工作,改变了基本家庭经济结构;各种各样的学者们、政客们和批评家们还在辩论这件事的社会含义;但很少有人看待它的副作用：家庭的风险也随之上升;今日的家庭已经把两份收入这种预算状况推到了极致,毫无保留余地;其结果是,他们失去一个他们过去在财政困难时所可以依赖的保险伞 - 或者说是一个后备的挣钱者通常指妻子：因为她可以出来参加工作,如果主要的挣钱者下了岗或生了病;这种"后备人员效应"可以支援"家庭安全网",再加上失业保险或残疾保险使家庭得以渡过难关;但是,今天一旦家中有了不测,再也无法从本应待在家中的那位后备者可以挣得的额外收入中得到补充;与此同时,家庭现在要承担退休收入方面的更多的风险;钢铁工人、空勤人员以及汽车工业的工作者等也加入了成百万的家庭,他们都在担心着银行的存款利息变化、股票市场的波动、以及他们的退休金可能不够使用这一残酷现实;去年,布什总统发起一场运动把人们固定的社保基金转为银行存款这种类型,由此,退休者们正在把他们有保障的收入变成取决于投资回报的钱财类型;对于年轻人组成的家庭来说,情况也好不到哪里去;医疗保健费用的绝对数目和各个家庭所分担的数目也都在上升,而一种新近流行起来的医疗费用节约计划也正在从上层立法大厅到底层沃尔玛的工人之间广泛铺开,这对千家万户未来的医疗保健意味着更大的风险;甚至人口学也正在对中产阶级家庭造成不利影响;家中有一个衰弱的老年父母,医疗看护费用在过去一代人的时间内上涨了八倍;从中产阶级家庭的角度出发,可以理解的是,这与其说是一个承担更多经济责任的机会,倒还不如说更像把经济危险的整个转变以吓人的速度加在他们早已过于不堪重负的双肩上;经济滑落己经开始了,政治上的跌落可能也不会很远了吧;31今日这种夫妻双份收入家庭会面临更大的财务风险是因为：A.他们所曾经享有的那种安全网应经不复存在了;B.他们两人下岗的机会增大了;C.他们对家庭经济转变的抵抗力变得更加脆弱了;D.他们被剥夺了失业保险或残疾保险;32作为布什总统改革的结果,退休人员可能有A.更高的安全感;B.更没有保障的收入;C.更少的投资机会;D.一个更加得到保障的未来;33按照作者看法,医疗费用节约计划将A.有助于减少医疗开支的费用;B.在中产阶级中间得以推广;C.对减少的退休金是一个补偿;D.增加了家庭的投资风险;34从末段中可推论出：A.财经风险可能超过政治风险;B.中产阶级可能面临更大的政治挑战;C.财经问题可能带来政治问题;D.财经责任是一个人的政治地位标志;35下列哪个是本文最佳的标题：A.警觉的中产阶级B.处于悬崖的中产阶级C.冲突中的中产阶级D.毁掉了的中产阶级TEXT 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in business of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data thisyear-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and eventhe University of California, Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities."Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,"says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school."The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders". Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP, perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School."Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one," he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty in America, but not Europe for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, Americanfirms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D. C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17 th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission FTC. that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement: "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduceA. the fierce business competitionB. the feeble boss board relationsC. the threat from news reportsD. the severity of data leakage37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check theirsystems to find outA. whether there is any weak pointB. what sort of data has been stolenC. who is responsible for the leakageD. how the potential spies can be located38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthatA. shareholders' interest should be properly attended toB. information protection should be given due attentionC. businesses should enhance their level of accounting securityD. the market value of customer data should be emphasized39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that somebosses fail toA. see the link between trust and data protectionB. perceive the sensitivity of personal dataC. realize the high cost of data restorationD. appreciate the economic value of trust40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 thatA. data leakage is more severe in EuropeB. FTC's decision is essential to data security.C. California takes the lead in security legislation.D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage ability 15 n.①能力,智能；②才能,才干account 22 n.①账目,户；②叙述,说明；③价值,地位；v.for①说明,解释；②占；③take into考虑；顾及act 11 v.①行动,做事；②on起作用；③表演；④for代表,代替；n.①行为,动作；②一幕；③法令,条例adequate 3 a.足够的,充分的,恰当的affair 2 n.事,事情,事件agenda 2 n.议事日程application 4 n.①请求,申请书,表；②应用,运用；③施用,敷用appreciate 3 v.①感谢,感激；②正确评价,欣赏,赏识asset 2 n.资产,有用的东西attend 5 v.①出席,参加；②to照顾,护理；③关注,注意attention 14 n.①注意力,留心；②立正author 69 n.①作者；②创始人behalf 5 n.利益,支持,好处board 5 n.①板,纸板；②全体委员,委员会,部门；③伙食；船舷；v.上船车,飞机business 36 n.①商业,生意；②事务,业务,职责；③企业；④贸易量；⑤行业,业务commission 4 n.①委员会；②委任,委托书,代办；③佣金,手续费competition 16 n.①比赛；②竞争concept 15 n.概念,观念,思想concern 20 v.①涉及,关系到；②常与with, about, in连用关心,挂念；③担心,担忧；n.①利害关系；②关心,挂念；③担心,担忧corporation 10 n.公司,企业,团体current 7 n.①电流,水流,气流；②潮流,趋势；a.①当前的,现在的；②通用的,流行的,最近的data 22 n.datum的复数资料,数据dim 1 a.暗淡的,模糊的disclose 2 v.揭示,泄露diverse 3 a.多种多样的,from不同的economic 23 a.经济上的,经济学的emphasize 6 v.强调employee 7 n.雇工,雇员encourage 13 v.鼓励,怂恿enhance 7 v.提高,增强essential 11 a.①to必要的,必不可少的；②本质的,基本的；n.①本质,要点；②必需品executive 6 n.总经理,董事,行政负责人；a.执行的,实施的federal 14 a.联邦的feeble 1 a.虚弱的,无力的fierce 3 a.①凶猛的,残忍的；②激烈的,强烈的firm 14 a.①坚固的,稳固的；②坚决的,坚定的；n.公司,商号gasp 1 n.喘息,气喘；v.①喘息；②气吁吁地说headline 3 n.大字标题infer 21 v.推论,推断information 44 n.①通知,报告；②情报,信息intricate 1 a.错综复杂的,复杂精细的investment 11 n.投资,投资额issue 18 v.①流出,放出；②发行,发表,颁布；n.①发行物,报刊期号；②问题,争论点,争端justify 8 v.证明...是正当的,为...辩护lead 21 v.①领导,引导；②领先,占首位；③to通向,导致,引起；④经验,过生活；n.带领,引导；n.铅legal 11 a.①法律的,法定的；②合法的,正当的legislation 4 n.①立法；②法规link 9 v.连接,联系；n.环节,链环locate 3 v.①查找；②使...坐落于,位于major 11 a.较大的,较重要的；n.①专业,主修科目；②专业学生；③少校；v.in主修,专攻management 11 n.①经营,管理；②管理部门massive 3 a.①巨大的；大规模的；②严重的mystery 2 n.①神秘,神秘的事物；②神秘小说,侦探小说nasty 2 a.①肮脏的,卑劣的,下流的；②令人厌恶的obvious 13 a.明显的,显而易见的odd 5 a.①奇数的,单的；②奇怪的,古怪的；③单只的,不成对的；④临时的,不固定的；⑤带零头的,余的organization 6 n.①组织体制；②团体,机构paragraph 66 n.①段,节；②小新闻,短评peer 2 n.同等的人,贵族；vi.凝视,窥视；vt.与...同等,封为贵族penalty 2 n.处罚,惩罚perceive 5 v.①察觉,感知；②理解,领悟potential 13 a.①潜在的,可能的；②势的,位的；n.潜能,潜力principle 7 n.①原理,原则；②主义,信念；③行动的规则,准则process 34 n.①过程,进程；②工序,制作法；③工艺；v.加工,处理propose 4 v.①提议,建议；②提名,推荐；③求婚puzzle 4 n.难题,谜,迷惑；v.使迷惑,使为难recovery 4 n.①痊愈,复元；②经济复苏responsible 11 a.①for, to应负责的,有责任的；②可靠的,可信赖的；③责任重大的,重要的restore 3 v.①恢复,使回复；②归还,交还；③修复,重建school 44 n.①学校；②大学里的学院,系；③学派,流派science 58 n.①科学；②学科security 8 n.安全sensitive 7 a.①to敏感的,易受伤害的；②灵敏的setting 6 n.①安置,安装；②落山；③固定东西的柜架底座；④环境,背景severe 3 a.①严厉的,严格的；②剧烈的,严重的,严峻的,艰难的solution 4 n.①解答,解决办法；②溶解,溶液spy 6 n.间谍；v.①当间谍,刺探；②察觉,发现staff 5 n.①全体职工,全体人员；②杠,棒；③参谋部；v.配备工作人员statement 7 n.声明,陈述suite 1 n.一批随员,一套家具,套房system 31 n.①系统,体系；②制度,体制theft 1 n.偷窃,失窃threat 9 n.①恐吓,威胁；②坏兆头,危险迹象threaten 8 v.①恐吓,威胁；②有...危险,快要来临victim 3 n.牺牲品,受害者according 47 ad.依照,根据astray 1 ad.迷途地,入歧途地compliance 1 n.依从,顺从contractor 1 n.订约人,承包人corporate 4 a.①公司的；②法人的；③共同的,全体的given 22 a.特定的,假设的governance 1 n.统治,管理hugely 2 ad.巨大地,非常地hurriedly 1 ad.仓促地,慌忙地inevitably 3 ad.不可避免insecurity 3 n.不安全,不安全感leakage 2 n.漏,泄漏,渗漏overshadow 1 v.遮蔽,使黯然失色redundancy 2 n.冗余,过剩regulator 1 n.管理者restoration 1 n.恢复,复职,赔偿sensitivity 2 n.敏感,灵敏度,灵敏性severity 1 n.严肃,严重shareholder 6 n.股东telecom 3 n.=telecommunication电信vulnerability 1 n.弱点,攻击难句1Left, until now, to odd, low level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in business of every variety.语法分析本句的主干结构是: information protection is on... agenda,主干结构前是一个left to引导的不定式作information protection的定语;本句难点主句前面的修饰成分比较长,影响考生的理解;方法对策分清主次,抓住主句,分析结构,这个难点就可以迎刃而解了;例句精译到目前为止,还仅仅是留给少数IT业低层人士去处理并仅受到信息资料比较丰富的诸如银行、通讯、航空等行业重视的信息保护工作;现在正在变成各个行业老板们议事日程中非常重要的内容;难句2Several massive leakages of customer and employee data thisyear-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the Americandefense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.语法分析本句的主干结构是: Several massive leakages... have left managers...,两个破折号之间的成分是地点状语,补充说明的作用;分词结构peering into...对宾语managers进一步说明;本句难点整句比较长,句子结构稍复杂,且有长插入语;方法对策首先略去插入语不看,然后找出句子的主干结构,再分析其他修饰成分,本句就简单了;例句精译今年内有关客户和雇员的资料的好几次重大泄漏已经迫使经理们不得不匆匆忙忙地检查他们复杂的IT系统和业务往来情况以期从中找出可能的漏洞并加以改进;这些泄漏发生在多个不同的组织身上;从时代的"华纳公司"、"美国国防承包公司"、"国际科技应用"、甚至到还有"加州大学伯克利分校"等等不一一列举;难句3Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17 th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission FTC. that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.语法分析本句的主干结构是:... the theft... overshadowed... a decision...; theft后面的of information... in America和分词短语disclosed on June 17 th修饰主语the theft,FTC.后面的that引导定语从句补充说明decision,其后还包含一个if引导的从句;本句难点句子比较长,且机构比较复杂,考生不容易读懂;方法对策首先抓主句主干,然后再分析其他修饰和补充成分,本句就简单了;例句精译与此同时,6月17日美国提出的一桩大约4000万信用卡价值的信息失窃案让美国联邦贸易委员会将通过的决定黯然失色：如果公司无法保护资料安全,那么立法者们将会采取行动;36.答案D解析众所周知,现代社会的网络已经把人们紧密的联系在了一起;有银联网、移动通信网、也有人们互相做生意的电子商务网,等等;本文提到了一个公司面临的新型严重问题,那就是：信息资料的泄密问题;36题问"It never rains but it pours"可译为"真是祸不单行"或译为"屋漏又逢连阴雨,船迟偏遇顶头风"这句话是要引出一个如下的话题：A激烈的商业竞争; B脆弱的老板与董事会关系；C来自新闻报道的威胁；D资料泄密这一问题的严重性;显然应该选D 为了迷惑考生,出题人把文章首段中的data insecurity换成了问题里的data leakage;37.答案A解析"依据第二段,有些公司检查他们的系统是要找出"文章第二段说有些经理们"hurriedly peering into their IT system... in search ofpotential vulnerabilities"匆匆忙忙地检查他们复杂的IT系统,和业务往来情况以期从中找出可能的漏洞和弱点这正是选项A,只不过将文章里的vulnerabilities换成了问题里的同义词weak point;38.答案B解析本题目问：作者提出GASP概念是想说......;从第三段中我们可知,GASP是指Generally Accepted Security Practices 人们普遍认可的安全法则 ;所以,应该选B,作者是想强调信息安全保护工作应予以重视;39.答案A解析问题是：依据第四段,使作者感到困惑不解的是,有些老板们竟然不能选A.：看到公众对公司信任和资料保护之间的关系;根据是原文第四段的首句："令人费解的是这竟然会让有些老板感到吃惊;"而其中代词"这"是指上文提到的为信息资料的安全备份等工作;而整个第四段也都在谈顾客对公司信任的重要性以及顾客们资料泄漏的后果;40.答案D解析这是一道推理题;根据末段,我们自然可以推出D为选项;应为末段原文首句即暗示了这种含义：由于缺少法律惩罚,这种苗头还正在得到助长;"屋漏又逢连阴雨"正当老板们和董事会成员们刚刚清理完他们糟糕的财会账目以及相关的规章制度问题并刚刚改进了他们对公司的虚弱管理之际,一个新的难题又出现了,这正在给他们带来新的威胁尤其是美国 - 信息资料的泄密问题;这种威胁正是他们变成报纸上糟糕的头条新闻并可能在高层方面引起人员的波动;到目前为止,还仅仅是留给少数IT业低层人。

Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 59. What is the passage mainly about ［A］ Needs of the readers all over the world. ［B］ Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. ［C］ Origins of the declining newspaper industry. ［D］ Aims of a journalism credibility project. 60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be . ［A］ quite trustworthy ［B］ somewhat contradictory ［C］ very illuminating ［D］ rather superficial 61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their . ［A］ working attitude ［B］ conventional lifestyle ［C］ world outlook ［D］ educational background 62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its . ［A］ failure to realize its real problem ［B］ tendency to hire annoying reporters ［C］ likeliness to do inaccurate reporting ［D］ prejudice in matters of race and gender alien1n.①外侨；②外星⼈；a.①外国的；②（from）相异的；③（to）不相容的 analysis8n.分析，分解 annoy3v.使恼怒，使⽣⽓，打搅 astonish1v.使惊讶，使吃惊 attitude14n.①（to，towards）态度，看法；②姿势 background6n.背景，经历 bias7n./v.（使有）偏见，偏⼼，偏袒 business36n.①商业，⽣意；②事务，业务，职责；③企业；④贸易量；⑤⾏业，业务 cause28n.①原因，理由；②事业，事件，奋⽃⽬标；v.使产⽣，引起 clash1v.碰撞；n.碰撞声 combine5v.①（with）（使）结合，联合；②（使）化合 community17n.①同⼀地区的全体居民，社会，社区；②共同体，团体 complain3v.①（about，of）抱怨；②申诉 confuse9v.使混乱，混淆 conventional4a.惯例的，常规的 culture21n.①修养，教养；②⽂化，⽂明 decline14v./n.①下倾，下降，下垂，衰落；②斜⾯，倾斜；v.拒绝，谢绝 dedicate5v.奉献，把...⽤在 define7v.①给...下定义；②限定，规定；③解释，阐述 despite5prep.不管，不顾 differ3v.①（from）与...不同；②（with）与...意见不同 editor2n.编辑，编者 elite4n.①［总称］上层⼈⼠，掌权⼈物，实⼒集团；②出类拔萃的⼈（集团），精英 employee7n.雇⼯，雇员 error5n.错误，过失 explosive1a.爆炸（性）的，爆发（性）的；n.爆炸物，炸药 failure6n.①失败，不及格；②失败者；③故障，失灵；④未能 finding6n.①发现，发现物；②［常pl.］调查（研究）结果 flee1v.①逃⾛；②逃避 focus12n.焦点，（活动，兴趣等的）中⼼；v.（on/upon）使聚集，集中 former10a.①前任的；②以前的，在前的；pron.前者 gender1n.性，性别 grammar1n.语法，语法书 illuminate1v.①照亮，照明；②启发，阐释 journalist12n.记者，新闻⼯作者 maid1n.少⼥，处⼥，⼥仆 metropolitan1a.⾸都的，主要都市的，⼤城市的 narrative1a.叙述性的；n.叙述 neighborhood2n.①邻居；②地区 organization6n.①组织体制；②团体，机构 origin5n.①起源，由来；②出⾝，来历 outlook3n.①景⾊，风光；②观点，见解；③展望，前景 owing2a.①⽋的，未付的；②（to）由于，因为 painful5a.疼痛的，使痛苦的 pattern11n.①模式，式样；②图案，图样；v.仿制，模仿 phone3n.电话，电话机；v.（给...）打电话 plug1n.塞⼦，插头；v.堵，塞 plus1prep.加上；a.正的，加的；n.加号，正号 prejudice4n.①偏见，成见；②损害，侵害；v.抱有（存有）偏见 project8n.⽅案，计划，项⽬；v.①投射，放映；②（使）凸出，（使）伸出；③设计规划 questionnaire1n.调查表，问卷 random3a.随机的，随意的；n.随机，随意 reflect8v.①反映，表现；②反省，考虑；③反射 reporter5n.①报告⼈，通讯员；②记者，报导者 resident4n.居民，常住者；a.居住的 result37n.结果，成果，成绩；v.①（in）导致，结果是；②（from）起因于，因...⽽造成 scratch1v.抓，搔，扒；n.①抓，搔，抓痕；②起跑线 social38a.①社会的；②社交的，交际的；n.社交活动 somewhat5ad.稍微，有点 source11n.①源，源泉；②来源，出处 spelling1n.拼法，拼写 sponsor2n.发起⼈，主⼒者，保证⼈；v.发起，主办 stock9n.①备料，库存，现货；②股票，公债；③⽆⽣命之物；④群，家庭，家系；v.储存 story11n.①描述；②故事；③报道；④谎话；⑤楼层 structure13n.①结构，构造；②建筑物；v.构造，建造 superficial2a.①表⾯的；②肤浅的，浅薄的 survey5v./n.①俯瞰，眺望；②全⾯审视，调查；③测量图，勘定 symposium1n.①讨论会，专题报告会；②专题论⽂集 tend26v.①趋向，往往是；②照料，看护 tendency1n.趋向，趋势，倾向 view28n.①景象，风景；②观点，见解；③观察，观看；④眼界；v.看待，观察，考虑 volunteer1n.①⾃愿（者，兵）；②⾃愿（提供）；a.志愿的，义务的 word36n.①词，单词；②［常pl.］话；③消息，传说；④诺⾔，保证；v.⽤⾔语表达 writer10n.作者，作家 backbone1n.脊椎，⾻⼲，毅⼒，决⼼ contradictory2a.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.⽭盾因素，对⽴物 credibility2n.可信性 cultural11a.⽂化的 disappointment2n.失望 diversity4n.差异，多样性 factual3a.事实的，实际的 inaccuracy1n.错误 inaccurate2a.错误的，不准确的 journalism3n.新闻业，报章杂志 lifestyle3n.⽣活⽅式 likeliness1n.可能性 media9n.媒体 narrowly2ad.勉强地，精细地 newsroom2n.编辑部，阅览室 puzzlement1n.迷惑 reportorial1a.记者的 template2n.模板 trustworthy2a.可信赖的 upscale1a.⾼消费的 难句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. ［结构分析］ 1. 本句主⼲结构是：... this project has turned out to be ... findings ... ； 2. findings前⾯的mostly low level是findings的修饰成分，后⾯的about ... 介词结构是宾语findings的宾语补⾜语； 3. 逗号后⾯的过去分词结构combined是状语成分，表⽰⼀种伴随的动作； ［本句难点］从句关系⽐较复杂，其中两个about短语结构都是相应宾语的补充说明成分； ［⽅法对策］找出主句，然后再分析其修饰成分；head scratching：令⼈困惑的 ［例句精译］遗憾的是，这次调查的结果只获得了⼀些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误、拼写或语法错误，以及特别令⼈费解的困惑：读者到底想读些什么。