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CHAPTER 1INTO THE PRIMITIVEOld longings nomadic leap,Chafing at custom's chain;Again from its brumal sleepWakens the ferine strain.Buck did not read the newspapers, or he would have known that trouble was brewing, not alone for himself, but for every tidewater dog, strong of muscle and with warm, long hair, from Puget Sound to San Diego. Because men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost.Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. Judge Miller's place, it was called. It stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides. The house was approached by graveled driveways which wound about through wide-spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars. At the rear things were on even a more spacious scale than at the front. There were great stables, where a dozen grooms and boys held forth, rows of vine-clad servants' cottages, an endless and orderly array of outhouses, long grape arbors, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches. Then there was the pumping plant for the artesian well, and the big cement tank where Judge Miler's boys took their morning plunge and kept cool in the hot afternoon. And over this great demesne Buck ruled. Here he was born, and here he had lived the four years of his life. It was true, there were other dogs. There could not but be other dogs on so vast a place, but they did not count. They came and went, resided in the populous kennels, or lived obscurely in the recesses of the house after the fashion of Toots, the Japanese pug, or Ysabel, the Mexican hairless, strange creatures that rarely put nose out of doors or set foot to ground. On the other hand, there were the fox terriers, a score of them at least, who yelped fearful promises at Toots and Ysabel looking out of the windows at them and protected by a legion of housemaids armed with brooms and mops.But Buck was neither house dog nor kennel dog. The whole realm was his. He plunged into the swimming tank or went hunting with the Judge's sons; he escorted Mollie and Alice, the Judge's daughters, on long twilight or early morning rambles; on wintry nights he lay at the Judge's feet before the roaring library fire; he carried the Judge's grandsons on his back, or rolled them in the grass, and guarded their footsteps through wild adventures down to the fountain in the stable yard, and even beyond, where the paddocks were, and the berry patches. Among the terriers he stalked imperiously, and Toots and Ysabel he utterly ignored, for he was king--king over all creeping, crawling, flying things of Judge Miller's place, humans included.His father, Elmo, a huge St. Bernard, had been the Judge's inseparable companion, and Buck bid fair to follow in the way of his father. He was not so large--he weighed only one hundred and forty pounds--for his mother, She, had been a Scotch shepherd dog. Nevertheless, one hundred and forty pounds, to which was added the dignity that comes of good living and universal respect, enabled him to carry himself in right royal fashion. During the four years since his puppyhood hehad lived the life of a sated aristocrat; he had a fine pride in himself, was even a trifle egotistical, as country gentlemen sometimes become because of their insular situation. But he had saved himself by not becoming a mere pampered house dog. Hunting and kindred outdoor delights had kept down the fat and hardened his muscles; and to him, as to the cold-tubbing races, the love of water had been a tonic and a health preserver.And this was the manner of dog Buck was in the fall of 1897, when the Klondike strike dragged men from all the world into the frozen North. But Buck did not read the newspapers, and he did not know that Manuel, one of the gardener's helpers, was an undesirable acquaintance. Manuel had one besetting sin. He loved to play Chinese lottery. Also, in his gambling, he had one besetting weakness--faith in a system; and this made his damnation certain. For to play a system requires money, while the wages of a gardener's helper do not lap over the needs of a wife and numerous progeny.The Judge was at a meeting of the Raisin Growers' Association, and the boys were busy organizing an athletic club, on the memorable night of Manuel's treachery. No one saw him and Buck go off through the orchard on what Buck imagined was merely a stroll. And with the exception of a solitary man, no one saw them arrive at the little flag station known as College Park. This man talked with Manuel, and money chinked between them."You might wrap up the goods before you deliver them," the stranger said gruffly, and Manuel doubled a piece of stout rope around Buck's neck under the collar."Twist it, and you'll choke him plenty," said Manuel, and the stranger grunted a ready affirmative. Buck had accepted the rope with quiet dignity. To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. But when the ends of the rope were placed in the stranger's hands, he growled menacingly. He had merely intimated his displeasure, in his pride believing that to intimate was to command. But to his surprise the rope tightened around his neck, shutting off his breath. In a quick rage he sprang at the man, who met him halfway, grappled him close by the throat, and with a deft twist threw him over on his back. Then the rope tightened mercilessly, while Buck struggled in a fury, his tongue lolling out of his mouth and his great chest panting futilely. Never in all his life had he been so vilely treated, and never in all his life had he been so angry. But his strength ebbed, his eyes glazed, and he knew nothing when the train was flagged and the two men threw him into the baggage car.The next he knew, he was dimly aware that his tongue was hurting and that \he was being jolted along in some kind of a conveyance. The hoarse shriek of a locomotive whistling a crossing told him where he was. He had traveled too often with the Judge not to know the sensation of riding in a baggage car. He opened his eyes, and into them came the unbridled anger of a kidnaped king. The man sprang for his throat, but Buck was too quick for him. His jaws closed on the hand, nor did they relax till his senses were choked out of him once more."Yep, has fits," the man said, hiding his mangled hand from the baggage man, who had been attracted by the sounds of struggle. "I'm taking him up for the boss to 'Frisco. A crack dog doctor there thinks that he can cure him."Concerning that night's ride, the man spoke most eloquently for himself, in a little shed back of a saloon on the San Francisco water front."All I get is fifty for it," he grumbled, "and I wouldn't do it over for a thousand, cold cash."His hand was wrapped in a bloody handkerchief, and the right trouser leg was ripped from kneeto ankle."How much did the other mug get?" the saloon-keeper demanded."A hundred," was the reply. "Wouldn't take a sou less, so help me.""That makes a hundred and fifty," the saloon-keeper calculated, "and he's worth it, or I'm a squarehead."The kidnaper undid the bloody wrappings and looked at his lacerated hand. "If I don't get hydrophobia--""It'll be because you was born to hang," laughed the saloon-keeper. "Here, lend me a hand before you pull your freight," he added.Dazed, suffering intolerable pain from throat and tongue, with the life half throttled out of him, Buck attempted to face his tormentors. But he was thrown down and choked repeatedly, till they succeeded in filing the heavy brass collar from off his neck. Then the rope was removed, and he was flung into a cage-like crate.There he lay for the remainder of the weary night, nursing his wrath and wounded pride. He could not understand what it all meant. What did they want with him, these strange men? Why were they keeping him pent up in this narrow crate? He did not know why, but he felt oppressed by the vague sense of impending calamity. Several times during the night he sprang to his feet when the shed door rattled open, expecting to see the Judge, or the boys at least. But each time it was the bulging face of the saloon-keeper that peered in at him by the sickly light of a tallow candle. And each time the joyful bark that trembled in Buck's throat was twisted into a savage growl.But the saloon-keeper let him alone, and in the morning four men entered and picked up the crate. More tormentors, Buck decided, for they were evil-looking creatures, ragged and unkempt; and he stormed and raged at them through the bars. They only laughed and poked sticks at him, which he promptly assailed with his teeth till he realized that was what they wanted. Whereupon he lay down sullenly and allowed the crate to be lifted into a wagon. Then he, and the crate in which he was imprisoned, began a passage through many hands. Clerks in the express office took charge of him; he was carted about in another wagon; a truck carried him, with an assortment of boxes and parcels, upon a ferry steamer; he was trucked off the steamer into a great railway depot, and finally he was deposited in an express car.For two days and nights this express car was dragged along at the tail of shrieking locomotives; and for two days and nights Buck neither ate nor drank. In his anger he had met the first advances of the express messengers with growls, and they had retaliated by teasing him. When he flung himself against the bars, quivering and frothing, they laughed at him and taunted him. They growled and barked like detestable dogs, mewed, and flapped their arms and crowed. It was all very silly, he knew; but therefore the more outrage to his dignity, and his anger waxed and waxed. He did not mind the hunger so much, but the lack of water caused him severe suffering and fanned his wrath to fever-pitch. For that matter, high-strung and finely sensitive, the ill treatment had flung him into a fever, which was fed by the inflammation of his parched and swollen throat and tongue.He was glad for one thing: the rope was off his neck. That had given them an unfair advantage; but now that it was off, he would show them. They would never get another rope around his neck. Upon that he was resolved. For two days and nights he neither ate nor drank, and during those two days and nights of torment, he accumulated a fund of wrath that boded ill for whoeverfirst fell foul of him. His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend. So changed was he that the Judge himself would not have recognized him; and the express messengers breathed with relief when they bundled him off the train at Seattle.Four men gingerly carried the crate from the wagon into a small, high-walled back yard. A stout man, with a red sweater that sagged generously at the neck, came out and signed the book for the driver. That was the man, Buck divined, the next tormentor, and he hurled himself savagely against the bars. The man smiled grimly, and brought a hatchet and a club."You ain't going to take him out now?" the driver asked."Sure," the man replied, driving the hatchet into the crate for a pry.There was an instantaneous scattering of the four men who had carried it in, and from safe perches on top the wall they prepared to watch the performance.Buck rushed at the splintering wood, sinking his teeth into it, surging and wrestling with it. Wherever the hatchet fell on the outside, he was there on the inside, snarling and growling, as furiously anxious to get out as the man in the red sweater was calmly intent on getting him out. "Now, you red-eyed devil," he said, when he had made an opening sufficient for the passage of Buck's body. At the same time he dropped the hatchet and shifted the club to his right hand. And Buck was truly a red-eyed devil, as he drew himself together for the spring, hair bristling, mouth foaming, a mad glitter in his bloodshot eyes. Straight at the man he launched his one hundred and forty pounds of fury, surcharged with the pent passion of two days and nights. In mid-air, just as his jaws were about to close on the man, he received a shock that checked his body and brought his teeth together with an agonizing clip. He whirled over, fetching the ground on his back and side. He had never been struck by a club in his life, and did not understand. With a snarl that was part bark and more scream he was again on his feet and launched into the air. And again the shock came and he was brought crushingly to the ground. This time he was aware that it was the club, but His madness knew no caution. A dozen times he charged, and as often the club broke the charge and smashed him down.After a particularly fierce blow he crawled to his feet, too dazed to rush. He staggered limply about, the blood flowing from nose and mouth and ears, his beautiful coat sprayed and flecked with bloody slaver. Then the man advanced and deliberately dealt him a frightful blow on the nose. All the pain he had endured was nothing compared with the exquisite agony of this. With a roar that was almost lion-like in its ferocity, he again hurled himself at the man. But the man, shifting the club from right to left, cooly caught him by the under jaw, at the same time wrenching downward and backward. Buck described a complete circle in the air, and half of another, then crashed to the ground on his head and chest.For the last time he rushed. The man struck the shrewd blow he had purposely withheld for so long, and Buck crumpled up and went down, knocked utterly senseless."He's no slouch at dog-breaking, that's what I say," one of the men on the wall cried with enthusiasm."Druther break cayuses any day, and twice on Sundays," was the reply of the driver, as he climbed on the wagon and started the horses.Buck's senses came back to him, but not his strength. He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater." `Answers to the name of Buck,' " the man soliloquized, quoting from the saloon-keeper's letter which had announced the consignment of the crate and contents. "Well, Buck, my boy," he wenton in a genial voice, "we've had our little ruction, and the best thing we can do is to let it go at that. You've learned your place, and I know mine. Be a good dog and all will go well and the goose hang high. Be a bad dog, and I'll whale the stuffing outa you. Understand?"As he spoke he fearlessly patted the head he had so mercilessly pounded, and though Buck's hair involuntarily bristled at touch of the hand, he endured it without protest. When the man brought him water, he drank eagerly, and later bolted a generous meal of raw meat, chuck by chunk, from the man's hand.He was beaten (he knew that); but he was not broken. He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. He had learned the lesson, and in all his afterlife he never forgot it. That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. The facts of life took on a fiercer aspect; and while he faced that aspect uncowed, he faced it with all the latent cunning of his nature aroused. As the days went by, other dogs came, in crates and at the ends of ropes, some docilely, and some raging and roaring as he had come; and, one and all, he watched them pass under the dominion of the man in the red sweater. Again and again, as he looked at each brutal performance, the lesson was driven home to Buck: a man with a club was a lawgiver, a master to be obeyed, though not necessarily conciliated. Of this last Buck was never guilty, though he did see beaten dogs that fawned upon the man, and wagged their tails, and licked his hand. Also he saw one dog, that would neither conciliate nor obey, finally killed in the struggle for mastery.Now and again men came, strangers, who talked excitedly, wheedlingly, and in all kinds of fashions to the man in the red sweater. And at such times that money passed between them the strangers took one or more of the dogs away with them. Buck wondered where they went, for they never came back; but the fear of the future was strong upon him, and he was glad each time when he was not selected.Yet his time came, in the end, in the form of a little weazened man who spat broken English and many strange and uncouth exclamations which Buck could not understand."Sacredam!" he cried, when his eyes lit upon Buck. "Dat one dam bully dog! Eh? How much?" "Three hundred, and a present at that," was the prompt reply of the man in the red sweater. "And seeing it's government money, you ain't got no kick coming, eh, Perrault?"Perrault grinned. Considering that the price of dogs had been boomed skyward by the unwonted demand, it was not an unfair sum for so fine an animal. The Canadian Government would be no loser, nor would its dispatches travel the slower. Perrault knew dogs, when he looked at Buck he knew that he was one in a thousand--"One in ten thousand," he commented mentally.Buck saw money pass between them, and was not surprised when Curly, a good-natured Newfoundland, and he were led away by the little weazened man. That was the last he saw of the man in the red sweater, and as Curly and he looked at receding Seattle from the deck of the Narwhal, it was the last he saw of the warm Southland. Curly and he were taken below by Perrault and turned over to a black-faced giant called Francois. Perrault was a French Canadian, and swarthy; but Francois was a French Canadian half-breed, and twice as swarthy. They were a new kind of men to Buck (of which he was destined to see many more), and while he developed no affection for them, he none the less grew honestly to respect them. He speedily learned that Perrault and Francois were fair men, calm and impartial in administering justice, and too wise in the way of dogs to be fooled by dogs.In the 'tween-decks of the Narwhal, Buck and Curly joined two other dogs. One of them was a big,snow-white fellow from Spitzbergen who had been brought away by a whaling captain, and who had later accompanied a Geological Survey into the Barrens.He was friendly, in a treacherous sort of way, smiling into one's face the while he meditated some underhand trick, as, for instance, when he stole from Buck's food at the first meal. As Buck sprang to punish him, the lash of Francois's whip sang through the air, reaching the culprit first; and nothing remained to Buck but to recover the bone. That was fair of Francois, he decided, and the half-breed began his rise in Buck's estimation.The other dog made no advances, nor received any; also, he did not attempt to steal from the newcomers. He was a gloomy, morose fellow, ant he showed Curly plainly that all he desired was to be left alone, and further, that there would be trouble if he were not left alone. "Dave" he was called, and he ate and slept, or yawned between times, and took interest in nothing, not even when the Narwhal crossed Queen Charlotte Sound and rolled and pitched and bucked like a thing possessed. When Buck and Curly grew excited, half-wild with fear, he raised his head as though annoyed, favored them with an incurious glance, yawned, and went to sleep again.Day and night the ship throbbed to the tireless pulse of the propeller, and though one day was very like another, it was apparent to Buck that the weather was steadily growing colder. At last, one morning, the propeller was quiet, and the Narwhal was pervaded with an atmosphere of excitement. He felt it, as did the other dogs, and knew that a change was at hand. Francois leashed them and brought them on deck. At the first step upon the cold surface, Buck's feet sank into a white mushy something very like mud. He sprang back with a snort. More of this white stuff was falling through the air. He shook himself, but more of it fell upon him. He sniffed it curiously, then licked some up on his tongue. It bit like fire, and the next instant was gone. This puzzled him. He tried it again, with the same results. The onlookers laughed uproariously, and he felt ashamed, he knew not why, for it was his first snow.IndexNextThis Free Ebook is ProducedBy "Eshu Space".Need More Free Ebooks, Pls Go To/。
光纤系统作业参考答案第⼀章作业1、光纤通信与电通信有什么不同？在光纤通信中起主导作⽤的部件是什么？光纤通信，就是⽤光作为信息的载体、以光纤作为传输介质的⼀种通信⽅式。
起主导作⽤的是激光器和光纤。
2、常规的光纤的三个的低损耗窗⼝是在哪个波段？其损耗值各为多少？850nm 3db/km ；1310nm 0.4db/km；1550nm 0.2db/km3、光纤通信有哪些优点？（1）频带宽，通信容量⼤（2）损耗低，中继距离长（3）抗电磁⼲扰（4）⽆窜⾳⼲扰，保密性好（5）光纤线径细，重量轻，柔软（6）光纤原材料丰富，⽤光纤可节约⾦属材料（7）耐腐蚀，抗辐射，能源消耗⼩4、PDH和SDH各表⽰什么？其速率等级标准是什么？PDH表⽰准同步数字序列，即在低端基群采⽤同步，⾼次群复⽤采⽤异步，SDH表⽰同步数字序列PDH速率标准SDH速率等级标准：STM-1：155.520Mbit/s STM-4：622.080 Mbit/s STM-16：2.5 Gbit/s STM-64：10 Gbit/s5、图⽰光纤通信系统，解释系统基本结构。
输⼊输出光发送机通信信道光接收机光纤通信系统由光发送机、光纤光缆与光接收机等基本单元组成。
系统中包含⼀些互连与光信号处理部件，如光纤连接器、隔离器、调制器、滤波器、光开关及路由器等。
在长距离系统中还设置有中继器(混合或全光)。
第2章1节布置的作业1、光纤的主要材料是什么？光纤由哪⼏部分构成？各起什么作⽤？SiO2；芯区、包层、图层；芯区：提⾼折射率，光传输通道；包层：降低折射率，将光信号封闭在纤芯内，并保护纤芯；图层：提⾼机械强度和柔软性2、光纤中的纤芯折射率与包层折射率的关系？单模光纤和多模光纤中两者的纤芯直径⼀般分别为多少？纤芯折射率较⾼，包层折射率较⼩单模光纤纤芯直径：2a=8µm～12µm，包层直径：2b=125µm；多模光纤纤芯直径：2a=50µm，包层直径：2b=125µm。
第六章一阶电路第一节电路中的过渡现象一、过渡现象及产生的原因：前面讲的稳态电路。
稳态电路的最大特点是当电路中的激励为恒定或作周期性变化时，电路中的响应也为恒定或作周期性变化。
在一定的条件下,电路有一种稳定状态，但当电路结构、电路参数或电源发生变化时，电路就会从一种稳态变化到另一种稳态。
在某些电路中，电压、电流的变化不会在一瞬间完成，要有一个变化的过程，称为过渡过程。
如图6-1-1（a）中电流的变化、(b)中电容的电压的变化。
过渡过程产生的原因：是由于惯性元件L、C的存在。
而电感中磁场能量的不能跃变，导致了电感中电流的连续变化；电容中电场能量的的不能跃变，导致了电容中电压的连续变化即过渡过程的产生。
二、一阶电路：由于L、C中电压、电流的约束关系是通过导数、或积分的关系来表示的，因此描述电路性状的方程将是以电压或电流为变量的微分方程或积分方程来表示的。
如果电路中只有一个储能元件，则微分方程是一阶的，相应的电路称为一阶电路。
如果有两个储能元件，则微分方程是二阶的，相应的电路称为二阶电路。
第二节换路定律及初始条件的确定一、关于换路：为了叙述方便，把引起过渡现象的电路参数、电路结构、电源的变化统称为换路。
二、换路定律解决的问题：求解微分方程必须知道初始条件，数学中的初始条件是给定的，而在电路理论中，是待定的。
必须通过换路前的电路状态得到换路后的初始时刻的电路状态，就要建立起换路前后的瞬间有关物理量之间的关系。
为了表达方便，把换路的瞬间记为t=0，换路前的终了时刻记为t=0_，换路后的初始时刻记为t=0+，因此换路定律解决的是换路前后的瞬间有关物理量之间的关系。
三、换路定律：有两条。
（1）对于线性电容：选择电容的端电压u（电荷q）、电流i之间满足关联参考方向，则：(2)对于线性电感：选择电感的电流i 与端电压u 之间满足关联参考方向或电流与磁链之间满足右螺旋关系，用同样的方法可以证明：结论：在换路的瞬间，如果电容的电流保持为有限值，则电容的电荷、电压保持换路前终了时刻的数值而不能跃变；如果电感的电压保持为有限值，则电感的磁链、电流保持换路前终了时刻的数值而不能跃变。
2014101018课文翻译（Unit1——10）第一单元Transla tion of Text A半日1我走在父亲的一侧，牢牢地抓着他的右手。
我身上穿的，戴的全是新的：黑鞋子，绿校服，红帽子。
然儿我一点儿也高兴不起来，因为今天我将第一次被扔到学校里去。
2母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时的回头看她，希望她会救我。
我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。
3“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么了吗？”4“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。
学校是把孩子培养成才的地方。
难道你不想象你哥哥们那样，成为一个有用的人吗？”5我不相信他的话。
我才不相信把我从家里拽出来，扔进那个大大的，高墙围绕的建筑里对我有什么真正的好处呢。
6到了学校门口，我们看到了宽阔的庭院，站满了孩子。
“自己进去吧，”我父亲说，“加入他们。
笑一笑，给其他的孩子做个好榜样。
”7我紧抓着父亲的手，犹豫不决。
但是父亲却把我轻轻地推开了。
“拿出点男子气概来，”他说，“从今天起你就要真正开始自己的生活了。
放学时我会在这等你的。
”8我走了几步，便看见了一些孩子的面孔。
他们中我一个也不认识。
他们也没有一个认识我的。
我感觉自己像是一个迷了路的陌生人。
然而这时有些男孩开始好奇的打量我，其中一个走过来问到，“谁带你来的？”9“我爸爸”我小声说道。
10“我爸爸死了，”他简短地说。
11我不知道该说些什么。
这时学校的门已经关上了，有些孩子哭了起来。
接着，铃响了，一位女士走了过来，后面跟着一群男人。
那些人把我们排成几行。
使我们形成一个错综复杂的队行，站在那四周高楼耸立的院子里。
每层楼都有长长的阳台，阳台上带有木制顶棚，从阳台上可以俯视到我们。
12“这是你们的新家，”那位女士说道，“这儿有你们的父母。
启11章逐节解释
哎呀呀，11 章啊，这可真是有意思的一章呢！第一节就好像是打开了一扇神秘的大门。
你想想看啊，就好比你走进一个满是迷雾的森林，不知道里面藏着什么秘密，是不是特别让人好奇呀！
“有一根苇子赐给我，当作量度的杖”，这是什么意思呢？就好像给
了你一把神奇的尺子，让你去衡量一些东西。
比如说，衡量一下自己
的信仰是不是坚定呀！
然后到了第二节，“就吩咐我丈量神的殿和祭坛，并那些敬拜的人”。
这就像是让你去检查一个特别重要的地方，看看一切是不是都井然有序。
这不就像你去检查自己的内心，看看有没有把对神的敬畏放在最
重要的位置嘛！
再看后面，“但殿外的院子，要留下不用量”。
哎呀，这就好像有一
片区域被特意划分出来了一样。
好比你有一个秘密花园，有些地方你
就是不想让别人随便踏入。
“并且他们要践踏圣城四十二个月”，这四十二个月感觉好漫长啊！
就像你在等待一件特别重要的事情发生，那种焦急又期待的心情。
“我要使我那两个见证人，穿着毛衣，传道一千二百六十天”，这两
个见证人就好像是两颗闪耀的星星，在黑暗中给人们带来希望和指引。
他们穿着毛衣，是不是感觉特别温暖可靠呀！
“他们就是那两棵橄榄树，两个灯台，立在世界之主面前的”，橄榄树和灯台，多么形象的比喻啊！就像在你的生命中，总有那么一些东西或者人，一直坚定地站在那里，给你力量。
我觉得这一章真的是充满了神秘和启示，让我们不断去思考，去探索其中的深意。
它就像是一本永远也读不完的书，每次看都能有新的发现和感悟。
总之啊，11 章真的是太有意思啦，值得我们好好去琢磨琢磨呢！。
本章主要内容:13.2重要的水溶性聚合物重点：离子型、非离子型、两亲性水溶性聚合物 难点：无 13. 1 概述13.1概述♦概念：可溶于水的聚合物♦应用：絮凝剂、增油水分离剂、消泡剂、土壤改良剂、缓冲剂、石油钻探用剂♦聚合物具有水溶性的条件：①主链含有亲水性优良的短链醵键或仲胺键，而形成的聚合物为无定形者，如聚氧乙烯、聚乙烯胺、还有PPO、PEG②主链为c・c键，但沿c・c主链分别众多的亲水基团，如：•S03H、・COOH、-C0NH2、■OH、・0CH3、・NH2♦聚合物的分类①按聚合物来源——天然水溶性聚合物，包括来自天然物质淀粉、蛋白质、海藻等提取的水溶性聚合物；——半合成水溶性聚合物，由天然高分子经化学改性得到的水溶性聚合物，如梭甲基纤维素、甲基纤维呆等；——合成水溶性聚合物，聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇等；②按是否带离子及离子电荷种类分：——非离子型(水溶性)聚合物；——离子型(水溶性)聚合物，又称聚电解质(polyelectrolytes)离子型又分为：a. 阳离子聚合物或聚阳离子(polycation);b. 阴离子聚合物或聚阴离子(polyanion);c. 两性聚合物(amphoteric polymers)♦憎水缔合聚合物水溶性聚合物分子中如含有少量憎水长碳链（c6.8）w一般水溶性聚合物的溶液性质有所不同，可称之为憎水缔合聚合物。
♦吸水树脂交联结构的水溶性聚合物不溶于水而在水中溶胀，即可吸收适量水分，称为吸水性树脂。
水凝胶——吸水量为干树脂百分之数十份者称为水凝胶。
高吸水性树脂——吸水量达数10倍，数百倍以至3000倍者称之为高吸水性树脂。
13. 1. 1水溶性聚合物分子结构与溶液性能口分子结构一水溶性聚合物与一般聚合物相似可以是均聚物或共聚物，共聚物可为无规共聚物、交替共聚物、嵌段共聚物以及接枝共聚物，其大分子可为线型、具有长支链线型以及树枝状的多支链。
一含有可电离基团的聚合物在水溶液中能够电离生成阴离子与阳离子者统称为离子聚合物或聚电解质。
【知识要点】被开放数扩大（或缩小）n倍，算术平方根扩大（或缩小）n倍，例如.25 5, 2500 50.一、算数平方根算数平方根的定义：一般的，如果一个非负数x的平方等于a,即x2=a ，（a>0），那么这个非负数x叫做a的算术平方根。
a的算术平方根记为谄，读作“根号a”，a叫做被开方数。
求一个正数a的平方根的运算叫做开平方。
1.0的算术平方根是02. 被开方数越大，对应的算术平方根也越大（对所有正数都成立）。
3. 一个正数如果有平方根，那么必定有两个，它们互为相反数。
显然，如果我们知道了这两个平方根的一个，那么就可以及时的根据相反数的概念得到它的另一个平方根。
4. 负数在实数系内不能开平方。
二、平方根平方根的定义：如果一个数x的平方等于a ,即x2=a，那么这个数x就叫做a的平方根，求一个数a的平方根的运算，叫做开平方。
平方根的性质：一个正数有2个平方根，它们互为相反数，其中正的平方根就是这个数的算数平方根；0只有1个平方根，它是0;负数没有平方根。
开平方：求一个数a的平方根的运算，叫做开平方。
三、立方根立方根的定义：如果一个数x的立方等于a，即x3=a,那么这个数x就叫做a的立方根或三次方根，求一个数的立方根的运算叫做开立方，a的立方根记为鴛读作“三次根号a”，其中a是被开方数。
立方根的性质：每个数a都只有1个立方根。
正数的立方根是正数；0的立方根是0;负数的立方根是负数。
四、实数1. 无理数的定义：无限不循环小数叫做无理数。
2. 实数的定义：有理数和无理数统称实数。
3. 实数的分类：整数宀拓有理数八”有限小数或无限循环小数 实数 分数无理数无限不循环小数像有理数一样，无理数也有正负之分。
例如2 ,3 3 , 是正无理数， 2， 3 3， 是负无理数。
由于非0有理数和无理数都有正负之分，所以实数也可以这样分类：4. 实数与数轴上的点的对应关系：实数与数轴上的点是 -- 对应的。
5. 有关概念：在实数范围内，相反数、倒数、绝对值的意义和有理数范围内的意义相同。
