2013年北航921真题(清晰扫描版)

[考研类试卷]2013年北京航空航天大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、选词填空0 Building trust among key stakeholders is a strategic concern for any corporation. Today,【C1】______companies seek to improve their reputations, they can't ignore the environment. These issues are not only top of mind among consumers but also【C2】______by almost half of the survey respondents as an area in which corporations have a negative impact on society【C3】______they pollute and otherwise damage【C4】______ecosystems.Each company must analyze what role environmental issues and climate change can and should【C5】______in its strategies. For some, building trust among【C6】______and seizing an important business opportunity can【C7】______hand in hand. A packaged-goods company that introduces smaller containers【C8】______of recycled pulp products, for example, not only stands to benefit from lower materials and transportation【C9】______but also visibly contributes to the reduction of【C10】______gas emissions.But many corporations would be wrong to focus almost all of their societal efforts【C11】______environmental issues and to forget about【C12】______that are important in their industries. In retailing, for example, our consumer research suggests that【C13】______such as reducing energy consumption and【C14】______environment-friendly products are important for winning credibility as a socially responsible【C15】______The most burning issue for this industry,【C16】______, is the way global retailers treat their employees, so companies should address that one as 【C17】______Indeed, when asked which specific area would be most effective if large corporations wanted to raise their overall【C18】______, 19 percent of consumers said that companies should improve the benefits and conditions of【C19】______employees, 17 percent that they ought to become more environmentally【C20】______.1 【C1】2 【C2】3 【C3】4 【C4】5 【C5】6 【C6】7 【C7】8 【C8】9 【C9】10 【C10】11 【C11】12 【C12】13 【C13】14 【C14】15 【C15】16 【C16】17 【C17】18 【C18】19 【C19】20 【C20】二、选择题21 She had to exercise all her______to prevent clashes between the two opinionated guests.（A）tacks（B）tactics（C）tarts（D）thinks22 His______behavior shows that he's honest, but he seems rude to some people.（A）forehead（B）degenerate（C）forthright（D）forming23 The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of______.（A）simulation（B）solitude（C）seclusion（D）servitude24 Doubt and mistrust could creep into our lives, ______personal and professional relationships.（A）converting（B）corresponding（C）consoling（D）corroding25 Dramatic literature often______the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture.（A）confounds（B）repudiates（C）recapitulates（D）anticipates26 Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity, science often operates through error, happy accidents, ______and persistence in spite of mistakes.（A）fact（B）controls（C）hunches（D）deductions27 Compared with their parties, politicians are ______: they are considerably less enduring than the organizations in which they function.（A）ubiquitous（B）autonomous（C）transitory（D）fickle28 Researchers______that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.（A）evaluate（B）estimate（C）speculate（D）anticipate29 The writer has gained such popularity with his readers that even his inanities are now considered（A）trenchant（B）vacuous（C）speculative（D）allusive30 The idealized paintings of nature produced in the eighteenth century are evidence that the medieval______ natural settings had been ______ and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.（A）fear of...exorcised（B）concerns about...regained（C）affection for... surmounted（D）disinterest in... alleviated31 The river was______with industrial waste from the nearby factory.（A）irradiated（B）corrupted（C）contaminated（D）fragmented32 Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that a community that has constantly refused to______its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be______.（A）acknowledge...ignored（B）decrease...verified（C）tolerate...accepted（D）address...eliminated33 In order to be successful in life, one needs to______ in spite of life's challenges.（A）perpetuate（B）persevere（C）preserve（D）pretend34 Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factors contributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is______: the causes it suggests are more orthodox than______.（A）unique... innovative（B）commonplace... imitative（C）controversial...radical（D）familiar...revisionist35 The belief that science destroys the arts appears to be supported by historical evidence that the arts have______only when the sciences have been______.（A）declined...attacked（B）flourished...neglected（C）matured... unconcerned（D）succeeded... developed36 ______. Scholars hold differing opinions. Some trace the roots of Chicanos in the United States all the way back to the earliest migrations across the Bering Strait. Others start with Aztec society to demonstrate the historical continuities between contemporary Chicanos and their Aztec ancestors. A third group identifies the "Spanish Borderlands" period(1540 - 1820)as the earliest phase of Chicano history.（A）When does Chicano history begin?（B）There is continuing interest in Chicano history.（C）Chicano history has fascinated scholars for many years.（D）Few are concerned about setting a precise date for the origin of Chicano history.37 Many Easterners think that all California college students surf every day, wear sunglasses indoors as well as outdoors(even on rainy days), and mingle with the superstars daily. ______. A recent survey of students on a large, urban CSU campus revealed that only 2 percent had surfed, and although 40 percent did wear sunglasses, 15 percent of those were doing so on their doctors' recommendations. As for the superstars, barely 10 percent had met a Hollywood actor.（A）The possibilities of such stereotypes are endless.（B）Stereotypes, however, are often misleading.（C）Probably both Easterners and Californians would like to fit all of those stereotypes. （D）Most California students do live up to those enviable stereotypes.38 Accompanying the article on humor were pictures of a leering Groucho Marx and a grinning Sigmund Freud, one a brilliant humorist and the other a brilliant analyst whose own study of humor has been largely ignored. The unlikely pair attracted readers to the article, whose author made two major points. Serious studies of humor are rarely undertaken. ______.（A）Comics would urge us to laugh, not soberly to study laughter.（B）What a joke a Freudian analysis of the Marx Brothers would have been.（C）The studies that are made are rarely taken seriously.（D）Freud was interested in all aspects of the human mind.39 Another area that technology is changing our way of life is entertainment. ______. People listened to music in concert halls or at small social gatherings. For many people now however, music is a solitary experience.（A）Entertainment was once an activity enjoyed by a group of people.（B）The changes in entertainment is only one casein point.（C）Music was once favored by many people, old and young.（D）Music, for instance, was once a group experience.40 As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging. ______. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.（A）And scientists found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age.（B）But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health.（C）What's more, animals eating low-calorie diet survived longer than those eating normally, which means that the maximum life span increased.（D）In addition, studies with monkeys demonstrated that calorie-restricted monkeys have lower blood pressure and a decreased likelihood of heart disease.41 A<u>So</u> on that perfect October morning, I stopped Carlos and said, B<u>point-blank</u>, "It doesn't seem to C<u>bother</u> you—D<u>to be short</u>, I mean. " 42 A<u>What</u> is limiting the realization of the opportunity B<u>are</u> the absence of relevant ideals C<u>in the minds</u> of the people D<u>who</u> are using and developing and innovating these technologies. "43 Bernstein and his colleagues A<u>assembled</u> a group of B<u>liberally-minded citizens</u> from Boulder and a separate group of C<u>conservatives</u> from Colorado Springs D<u>to discuss</u> climate change, same-sex civil unions, and affirmative action.44 A garden is A<u>an extension of oneself</u>—or selves—and so it B<u>has tobe</u> an arena C<u>where</u> striving does not cease, but continues D<u>in other means</u>.45 Only the gardener A<u>is capable of</u> endlessly reviving B<u>so much hope</u> that this year, C<u>regardless of</u> drought, flood, typhoon, or his own stupidity, this year D<u>is going to</u> do it right!46 A<u>Unless</u> a journalist for a major paper or TV network is found B<u>to have run</u> a false story—perhaps because it was "C<u>too good to check</u>"—then his or her career D<u>is generally over</u>.47 A<u>As it is</u>, though, I cannot deny that when April comes I find myselfB<u>go out to</u> lean on the fence and look at that miserable plot of land,C<u>resolving</u> with all my rational powers D<u>not to plant it</u> again.48 There was the A<u>highly regarded</u> foreign correspondent who won a prize for articles B<u>which</u> included an interview with a top Taleban official C<u>who</u> turned out D<u>not exist</u> at all.49 But then, A<u>both through</u> some mistakes or lack of care, the plant beganB<u>to wither and decline</u>, and C<u>nothing I did</u> D<u>would bring</u> it back to health.50 This most important measurement A<u>has omitted</u> in the studies of the quality of education in this country, the only one, I think, B<u>that</u> extends C<u>even to children</u> the license to freely speak, write and D<u>be creative</u>.51 The No Child Left Behind law, which A<u>marks</u> its sixth anniversary next month, is the first federal effort B<u>to hold</u> all public K-12 schools accountableC<u>to</u> the performance of D<u>their students</u>.52 If that kind of thing A<u>had happened</u> when I B<u>had been young</u>, the whole village would have condemned C<u>such an ungrateful son</u>, and his fatherD<u>would surely have given</u> him a good beating.53 He A<u>sat in front of</u> the young people, his dusty face B<u>masking hisage</u>, C<u>dressed in</u> a plain brown suit that did not D<u>fit for him</u>.54 A<u>By studying</u> geometry, students B<u>can</u> learn C<u>what to</u> develop logical arguments D<u>through</u> deductive reasoning.55 So he could not resist the temptation to A<u>play a little joke on</u> the education system, which B<u>had been thrown</u> into C<u>such a panic</u> by theD<u>successfully launching</u> of the Russian Sputnik.56 Schools must A<u>meet their annual goals</u> for all students and those same goals for specified student subgroups, B<u>includes</u> members of racial and ethnic minorities, C<u>economically disadvantaged students</u>, English-language learners, and children with D<u>disabilities</u>.57 Although Interact A<u>has the capacity</u> to bring people together, B<u>too often</u> the associations formed online C<u>comprising</u> self-selecting groups with little diversity of opinion, D<u>explains</u> the Frankfurter professor of law.58 If more students A<u>are thriving</u> in higher education, high schools mustB<u>not only</u> help them earn good grades in demanding courses, but also C<u>step up their work</u> to guide them through the difficult process of D<u>choosing and applying to</u> colleges.59 Evolution A<u>is always about</u> competition, but for humans, B<u>with Darwin speculated</u>, competition among groups C<u>has turned us into</u> pretty cooperative, empathetic and altruistic creatures—D<u>at least</u> within our families, groups and sometimes nations.60 The new approach A<u>challenges</u> the new atheists, who B<u>see themselves involve</u> in a war of C<u>reason against faith</u> and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason and D<u>in the purity</u> of their own reasoning.61 ______is the hometown of Shakespeare?（A）Stratford（B）London（C）Liverpool（D）Edinburgh62 ______is a Democratic president of the U. S.（A）Theodore Roosevelt（B）George W. Bush（C）Bill Clinton（D）Abraham Lincoln63 The 9/11 Attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in the New York City and the Washington D.C.areas in September of______. （A）2000（B）2001（C）1999（D）199864 Wimbledon tennis tournament is held in______each summer.（A）the U.K.（B）the U.S.（C）Canada（D）Australia65 The highest office in the judiciary in the U. K. is______.（A）the Lord Chancellor（B）the Prime minister（C）the Secretary of State（D）the Queen66 The ______ grew up within the relative economic prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s, who created the counterculture of the 1960s.（A）Generation Xers（B）Generation Yers（C）Baby Boomers（D）Generation Zers67 Queen Victoria was the Monarch of the U. K. during the period from______.（A）1066 tol089（B）1837 to 1901（C）1558 to 1603（D）1981 to 198968 In the American welfare reform of 1996, AFDC was changed from an open-ended entitlement program to a block grant program called______.（A）TANF（B）Medicaid（C）Medicare（D）SSI69 Historians refer to the years between the Civil War and the start of the 20th century in the U. S. history as the______, an era of industrial giants.（A）Golden Age（B）Permissive Age（C）Gilded Age（D）Jazz Age70 The faith of "Devine Rights of the King" was held by James I of the House of______. （A）Plantagenet（B）Tudor（C）Windsor（D）Stuart71 The 16th century English Renaissance boomed under the reign of______.（A）Mary Tudor（B）Elizabeth I（C）Henry II（D）Henry VIII72 The following were the welfare benefits granted in cash in the U. S. except______. （A）SSI（B）TANF（C）Medicaid（D）Unemployment Compensations73 After______, England entered the age of Feudalism.（A）the Roman invasion（B）the arrival and settlement of Celts（C）the Norman Conquest（D）the Viking and Danish invasion74 In the U. S. ______ is the language secondary only to English in terms of the number of speakers.（A）French（B）Dutch（C）Spanish（D）Chinese75 ______has/have consistently been regarded with pride by the majority of British people.（A）Public housing（B）The Department of Social Security（C）Trade unions（D）The National Health Service76 In 1944 Congress passed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, popularly called the______ which granted financial aid to the veterans to go to college.（A）Miranda Warnings（B）Bill of Rights（C）G. I. Bill of Rights（D）Equal Rights Amendment77 ______abolished slavery in the U. S.（A）The Civil Rights Act of 1964（B）The Voting Rights Act of 1965（C）The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863（D）The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of 186578 ______was practiced on the Island of Great Britain before Christianity was brought there.（A）Islam（B）Judaism（C）Druidism（D）Presbyterianism79 The main criticisms of the post-war practice of universal state welfare provision were advocated by ______in the U. K.（A）John Major（B）Tony Blair（C）George Brown（D）Margret Thatcher80 In the House of Commons in the U. K. , there are______MPS.（A）659（B）439（C）695（D）539三、名词解释81 Explain the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.(2. 5 points for each)"common-law" family82 Salad bowl83 GCE-A-Level84 Medicare四、写作85 You will read a table showing desertification in a region. Write a composition of no less than 120 words to describe the trend of the changes, the possible causes and effects, and some effective solutions for these changes on the AnswerSheet.86 Life expectancy has soared in China, while fertility has plummeted due to strict birth control policies. In 2009 there were 167 million over-60s, about an eighth of the population. By 2050 there will be 480 million, while the number of young people will have fallen. Taking care of the old will not only be a big challenge for individual families, but also for the government.Write an essay with the title " How Should the Chinese Society Face the Aging Era" in no less than 200 words on the Answer Sheet.87 Discuss on the following topic with persuasive arguments. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.There has been a soaring statistics of gun-related crimes, but lobbies for citizen's right to arms remain strong in the United States. How do you interpret this phenomenon?。

2013年''数据结构与C程序设计〃（代码991）试题一、单项选择题（本题共20分，每小题各2分）1.对于长度为n的线性表，建立其对应的収链表的时间复朵度为（）。

A.0（1）： B・ O（log2n）：・ O（n）： D・ O（n2）n2.一般情况下，在一个双向链表中插入一个新的链结点，（）。

A.需耍修改4个抬针域内的指针：B・需要修改3个指针域内的抬针：C.需要修改2个抬针域内的抬针：D.只需要修改1个指针域内的抬针。

3.假设用单个字母表示中缀表达式中的一个运算数（或称运算对彖）.并利用堆栈产生中缀表达式对应的后缀表达式。

对于中缀表达式A+B^C/D-E）,十从左至右扫描到运算数E时，堆栈中的运算符依次是（）。

（注：不包含表达式的分界符）A.+*/-：B. +*（/-： C・ +*-：・ +*（-o4.若某二叉排序树的前序遍历序列为50,20,40,30,80,60,70,则后序遍历序列为（）。

A. 30,40,20,50,70,60,80：B. 30,40,20,70,60,80,50：C. 70,60,80,50,30,40,20：D. 70,60,80,30,40,20,50.5.分别以6, 3, 8, 12, 5, 7对应叶结点的权值构造的哈夫曼（Huffman）树的深度为（）。

A. 6： B・ 5： C・ 4： D・ 3。

&下列关于图的叙述中，错误的是（）0A.根据图的定义，图中至少有一个顶点：B.根据图的定义.图中至少有一个顶点和一条边（弧）：C.具有n个顶点的无向图最多有n&#61620;（n-l）/2条边:D.具有n个顶点的有向图最多有n&#61620;（n-l）条边（弧）。

7.若在有向图G的拓扑序列中.顶点W在顶点vj之前，则下列4种情形中不可能岀现的是（）。

A.G 中有弧vvi,vj＞：B.G 中没有3ft＜vi r vj＞；c. G中有一条从顶点W到顶点vj的路径：D・G中有一条从顶点vj到顶点vi的路径。

2013年北航2系921经验分享我是今年北航2系即电子信息工程学院的考研学生，且已经顺利被录取，考试总分为371分，专业课130分。

以过来人的身份来说一下具体细节。

近些年由于国家政策的变化，专硕的比例越来越高，北航也不例外，且每年报送90人，其中大部分报送为学硕，最后导致了学硕的竞争逐年提高，就拿今年来举例，通信学硕照62人，实际上已经报送了36人，最后通过统招录取仅26人。

我报的是学硕，名次在11名，最后通过复试后第九，所以说如果说实力不是很高而又很想上北航的后来者们，可以考虑直接报专硕，而且直接专硕录取的话还有奖学金可拿，只是影响直博而已，其他没有特别大的影响，电科那边的学硕录取情况还好，并不是很激烈，而交通类招的人少且外校考生一般非名校不是特别适合读这个方向。

我还是多说一些北航2系招生的现状，去年招210来人吧，但最后可能招到将近220多，报送90，实际招生不会超过230人，而通信学硕最为竞争激烈，光电子基本上没有人报，毕竟属于冷门。

我现在可以预测，明年的专硕报考人数会增多，甚至最后导致学硕很难有人调剂专硕，这个应该是北航2系以后的趋势。

北航每年录取的人数中应该有百分之三十的人数是本校生，所以还有三分之二可以去争取。

以上就是北航2系的报录现状，接着说下北航921的难易程度，921共有三门，大家应该有略有了解，它的难度并不是科目多，而是这三科没有太大的联系，可以这么说，北理考两科，但是信号和数字信号，还是有一些相似，北邮三科，除了以上两科加通原。

但可以这么说通原的基础课就是信号与系统。

但北航呢，模电，信号，电磁场。

没有直接关系，所以复习的时候会是三个不同的方向，其中电磁场应该最为简单，但是需要不断的做题，我大概数了下，书上加习题集上共有80多道题，想最后考高分至少做到四遍。

另外的简答题就需要除了记忆还有一定的理解，第二难应该是模电，其实模电不是很难，关键在于你对模电的掌握程度，比如说在大二时你认真学习了它，只需后期再复习一些北航特有的知识点，比如波特图，模电的出题大概第一题是简答或者选择或者判断，特别基础，需要你对知识点特别透彻，第二题一般是差分放大或者是共射共源放大，知识点考的特别细，单说13年这道题共20分出了15问。

北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2013年(总分80, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage 1Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawedparallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith"s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure-being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Massproduction of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the passage mainly discuss?A The origins of textile decorationB The characteristics of good-quality printsC Two types\of printmakingD Types of paper used in printmaking该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为主旨题。

考试之前iHome公布的题型和重点：2013年军理课考试题型题型：填空题每题2分，共15题，共30分。

选择题：每题3分，共10题，共30分。

简答题：每题7分，共4题，共28分。

论述题：12分。

2013年军理课考试重点中国国防国防法规毛泽东军事思想国际战略环境我国周边安全环境新军事变革军兵种知识高技术战争信息站空天战航天技术精确制导武器核、化、生武器人民防空军队指挥自动化2013年10月军理考试题手打版一、填空2*15=30分1.精确制导武器包括（导弹）和精确制导弹药。

2.马岛战争的性质为（）。

3.航天作战空间又分为近地空间、远地空间和（）。

4.党的十八大提出要高度关注（海洋）、太空、网络空间安全。

5.现代国防既是一种国家行为，又是一种（国际行为）。

6.国际战略环境是国际政治、经济和（军事形势）的综合体现。

7.中国制造的三代战斗机，如轻型的（歼-10）和重型的歼-11装备于中国空军。

8.国际战略格局是正确认识和判断（国际战略环境）的一个关键因素。

9.我国的进出口贸易主要依靠（海洋）运输。

10.激光、粒子束、动能武器属于（新概念武器）武器。

11.信息化战争是（信息）时代战争的基本形式。

12.毛泽东将（战略战术）比作战争大海中的游泳术。

13.信息化战争的作战空间具有（多维性）的特征。

14.轰炸航空兵是以轰炸机为基本装备，主要遂行轰炸（地面、水面）目标任务的航空兵。

15.马岛战争中英国的最高决策者是（撒切尔夫人）。

二、选择3*10少选、多选、错选不得分，每题至少存在一个正确选项。

1.利用微波束能量直接杀伤破坏目标或使目标丧失作战效能的武器通常称为（A）A.微波武器B.粒子束武器C.激光武器D.动能武器2.马岛战争中英军陆上作战主要使用了（）A.海军陆战队B.特种兵C.地空导弹兵D.装甲步兵3.专属经济区是指领海以外邻接领海，自领海基线量起不超过（B）海里的区域。

100 200 30 1504.（A）矛盾的实质，是美国霸权主义和世界各国人民反对霸权主义的斗争。

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试北京航空航天大学2013年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A ______ examination is one which is in preparation for something.（分数：1.00）A.predominantB.prematureC.preferableD.preliminary2.Nazism and Fascism were ______ to be thrown into the dump of history.（分数：1.00）A.depositedB.doomedC.damnedD.deserved3.Every month ￥ 3 is ______ from our salary for house repairing payment.（分数：1.00）A.excludedB.expelledpelledD.docked4.The mayor was asked to ______ his speech in order to allow his audience to raise questions.（分数：1.00）A.constrainB.conductC.condenseD.converge5.Although most dreams apparently happen ______, dream activity may be provoked by external influences.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.homogeneouslyD.instantaneously6.Your story about the frog turning into a prince is ______ nonsense.（分数：1.00）A.shearB.sheerC.shieldD.sheet7.It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial ______ will be conducted by computer.（分数：1.00）A.transmissionsB.transitionsC.transactionsD.transformations8.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.expeditionC.demonstrationD.manifestation9.All visitors are requested to ______ with the regulations.（分数：1.00）plyB.agreeC.assistD.consent10.The captain ______ the horizon for approaching ships.（分数：1.00）A.scannedB.scrutinizedC.exploredD.swept11.The vast majority of people in any given culture will ______ to the established standards of that culture.（分数：1.00）A.confineB.conformC.confrontD.confirm12.If you want this pain-killer, you"ll have to ask the doctor for a ______.（分数：1.00）A.receiptB.recipeC.subscriptionD.prescription13.His body temperature has been ______ for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.（分数：1.00）A.uncommonB.disorderedC.abnormalD.extraordinary14.Movie directors use music to ______ the action on the screen.（分数：1.00）A.contaminateplimentC.contemplateplement15.Some children display an ______ curiosity about every new thing they encounter.（分数：1.00）A.incredibleB.infectiousC.incompatibleD.inaccessible16.If you ______ the bottle and cigarettes, you"ll be much healthier.（分数：1.00）A.take offB.keep offC.get offD.set off17.Sometimes patients suffering from severe pain can be helped by "drugs" that aren"t really drugs at all ______ sugar pills that contain no active chemical elements.（分数：1.00）A.or ratherB.rather thanC.but ratherD.other than18.David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming.（分数：1.00）A.go back onB.go in forC.go through withD.go along with19.Jack was about to announce our plan but I ______.（分数：1.00）A.cut him shortB.turned him outC.gave him upD.put him through20.Fewer and fewer of today"s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ______ the same company.（分数：1.00）A.all elseB.much worseC.let aloneD.less likely21.A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should ______ new operating procedures.（分数：1.00）A.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with22.Many of the scientists and engineers are judged ______ how great their achievements are.（分数：1.00）A.in spite ofB.in ways ofC.in favor ofD.in terms of23.It is only when you nearly lose someone ______ fully conscious of how much you value him.（分数：1.00）A.do you becomeB.then you becomeC.that you becomeD.have you become24.It"s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towards others" matters.（分数：1.00）A.to turn toB.turning toC.turn toD.turned to25.______ for a long time, the fields are all dried up.（分数：1.00）A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain26.Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but ______ if you had spent less time in playing football?（分数：1.00）A.wouldn"t they have been betterB.wouldn"t they be betterC.won"t they have been betterD.won"t they be better27.Why was the suggestion that she ______ to our party rejected the day before yesterday?（分数：1.00）A.be invitedB.to be invitedC.being invitedD.has been invited28.______ the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.（分数：1.00）A.He had no sooner openedB.Hardly had he openedC.Scarcely did he openedD.No sooner did he open29.______ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.（分数：1.00）A.If walkingB.WalkingC.While walkingD.When one is walking30.We will visit Huangshan next year ______ we have enough money.（分数：1.00）A.lestB.untilC.unlessD.provided二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：3，分数：30.00)At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being "of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory," while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator"s own emotional tone to be reliable.Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?（分数：2.00）A.A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herselfB.A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock"s valueC.A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliarD.A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert(2).According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because ______.（分数：2.00）A.life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academies who are not members of that cultureB.life stores can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretationsC.ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to chooseD.the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator(3).Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theoryB.Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informantC.Translating the informant"s words into the researcher"s languageD.Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator"s personal opinion about its intrinsic value(4).The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.question an explanationB.correct a misconceptionC.critique a methodologyD.clarify an ambiguity(5).The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists" transcriptions of life stories?（分数：2.00）A.The informants" social standing within the cultureB.The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the researchC.The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under studyD.The number of life stories collected by the researchersRadiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American.The largest single source of man-made radiation is medical X rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout, since strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial. The last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation, beginning with the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which reported in 1958 that "even the smallest amounts of radiation are likely to cause deleterious genetic and perhaps also somatic effects."A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given prenatal pelvic X rays. These studies have pointed to the need to reexamine the assumption that exposureto low-linear energy transfer presents only a minor risk.Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant that produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow, and lymphatic system than would have been expected in a normal population. While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes this difference to chemical or other environmental causes rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of 1 percent in the number of serious genetic defects at birth, a possible increase of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, inconsistent, and characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. One federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated federal program has resigned.（分数：10.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.explain the difference between natural and man-made radiationB.arouse concern about the risks connected with exposure to radiationC.publicize the results of British medical surveyD.advocate limiting the use of atomic weapons testing, since the fallout is extremely hazardous(2).Which of the following, according to the passage, is a list of three natural sources of radiation?（分数：2.00）A.Radioactive potassium in bone, strontium 90, uranium oreB.Carbon 14 in tissues, cosmic rays, X raysC.Cosmic rays, radioactive potassium in bones, radioactive carbon in tissuesD.X rays, carbon 14, plutonium(3).Which of the following does the author cite in support of the quotation from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation?I. Strontium 90 and carbon 14 become incorporated into the body and deliver radiation for an entire lifetime.II. An abnormally high percentage of patients with arthritis of the spine who were treated with X rays subsequently contracted cancer.III. A high incidence of cancer appeared among children of mothers who had been given prenatal pelvic X rays.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.I, II, and IIIC.I and II onlyD.II and III only(4).According to the passage, some scientists believe that a dose of one rem of radiation continued over a period of generations would ______.（分数：2.00）A.raise the strontium 90 levels in the body but otherwise have little effectB.relieve the acute suffering of those afflicted with arthritis of the spine without side effectsC.have the effect of increasing by 1 percent the cases of serious genetic defectsD.cause an additional 1,000 per million cases of cancer of the bone marrow or lymphatic system(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage that the chairperson who resigned from the panel to develop a coordinated federal program for radiation regulation most likely did so because（分数：2.00）A.he or she disagreed with the findings of the Senate committeeB.regulatory efforts have been balked by disputes, confusion, and bureaucratic delaysC.he or she supported the position of the National Academy of Sciences committee and opposed regulation of radiation exposureD.he or she was disorganized and inconsistent in chairing the panelThe age at which young children begin to make moral discriminations about harmful actions committed against themselves or others has been the focus of recent research into the moral development of children. Until recently, child psychologists supported pioneer developmentalist Jean Piaget in his hypothesis that because of their immaturity, children under age seven do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm, but rather simply assign punishment for transgressions on the basis of the magnitude of the negative consequences caused. According to Piaget, children under age seven occupy the first stage of moral development, which is characterized by moral absolutism (rules made by authorities must be obeyed) and imminent justice (if rules are broken, punishment will be meted out). Until young children mature, their moral judgments are based entirely on the effect rather than the cause of a transgression. However, in recent research, Keasey found that six-year-old children not only distinguish between accidental and intentional harm, but also judge intentional harm as naughtier, regardless of the amount of damage produced. Both of these findings seem to indicate that children, at an earlier age than Piaget claimed, advance into the second stage of moral development, moral autonomy , in which they accept social rules but view them as more arbitrary than do children in the first stage.Keasey"s research raises two key questions for developmental psychologists about children under age seven: do they recognize justifications for harmful actions, and do they make distinctions between harmful acts that are preventable and those acts that have unforeseen harmful consequences? Studies indicate that justifications excusing harmful actions might include public duty,self-defense, and provocation. For example, Nesdale and Rule concluded that children were capable of considering whether or not an aggressor"s action was justified by public duty: five year olds reacted very differently to "Bonnie wrecks Ann"s pretend house" depending on whether Bonnie did it "so somebody won"t fall over it" or because Bonnie wanted "to make Ann feel bad." Thus, a child of five begins to understand that certain harmful actions, though intentional, can be justified; the constraints of moral absolutism no longer solely guide their judgments.Psychologists have determined that during kindergarten children learn to make subtle distinctions involving harm. Darley observed that among acts involving unintentional harm, six-year-old children just entering kindergarten could not differentiate between foreseeable, and thus preventable, harm and unforeseeable harm for which the perpetrator cannot be blamed. Seven months later, however, Darley found that these same children could make both distinctions, thus demonstrating that they had become morally autonomous.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?（分数：2.00）A.An outline for future researchB.An expanded definition of commonly misunderstood termsC.A confirmation of an established authority"s theoryD.A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry(2).According to the passage, Piaget and Keasey would not have agreed on which of the following points?（分数：2.00）A.The kinds of excuses children give for harmful acts they commitB.The age at which children begin to discriminate between intentional and unintentional harmC.The intentions children have in perpetrating harmD.The circumstances under which children punish harmful acts(3).It can be inferred that the underlined term "public duty" in the context of the passage means which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.The necessity to apprehend perpetratorsB.A justification for punishing transgressionsC.An obligation to prevent harm to anotherD.The assignment of punishment for harmful action(4).According to the passage, Keasey"s findings support which of the following conclusions about six-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.They have the ability to make autonomous moral judgmentsB.They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomyC.They do not understand the concept of public dutyD.They make arbitrary moral judgments(5).According to the passage, the research of Nesdale and Rule suggests which of the following about five-year-old children?（分数：2.00）A.Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the punishments they assignB.They, as perpetrators of harmful acts, disregard the feelings of the children they harmC.They take into account the motivations of actions when judging the behavior of other childrenD.They justify any action that protects them from harm四、Section B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)rDNA TechnologyAfter thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell"s genetic code. The technology has created excitement and controversy because it involves altering DNA—which contains the building blocks of the genetic code.Using rDNA technology, scientists can transfer a portion of the DNA from one organism to a single living cell of another. The scientist chemically "snips" the DNA chain of the host cell at a predetermined point and attaches another piece of DNA from a donor cell at that place, creating a completely new organism.Proponents of rDNA research and development claim that it will allow scientists to find cures for disease and to better understand how genetic information controls an organism"s development. They also see many other potentially practical benefits, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Some corporations employing the new technology even claim that by the end of the century all major diseases will be treated with drugs derived from microorganisms created through rDNA technology. Pharmaceutical products already developed, but not yet marketed, indicate that these predictions may be realized.Proponents also cite nonmedical applications for this technology. Energy production and waste disposal may benefit: genetically altered organisms could convert sewage and other organic material into methane fuel. Agriculture might also take advantage of rDNA technology to produce new varieties of crops that resist foul weather, pests, and the effects of poor soil.A major concern of the critics of rDNA research is that genetically altered microorganisms might escape from the laboratory. Because these microorganisms are laboratory creations that, in all probability, do not occur in nature, their interaction with the natural world cannot be predicted with certainty. It is possible that they could cause previously unknown, perhaps incurable diseases. The effect of genetically altered microorganisms on the world"s microbiological predator-prey relationships is another potentially serious problem pointed out by the opponents of rDNA research. Introducing a new species may disrupt or even destroy the existing ecosystem. The collapse of interdependent relationships among species, extrapolated to its extreme, could eventually result in the destruction of humanity.Opponents of rDNA technology also cite ethical problems with it. For example, it gives scientiststhe power to instantly cross evolutionary and species boundaries that nature took millennia to establish. The implications of such power would become particularly profound if genetic engineers were to tinker with human genes, a practice that would bring US one step closer to Aldous Huxley"s grim vision in Brave New World of a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles．Questions：（分数：10.00）(1).What is the author primarily concerned with doing in the passage?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).According to the passage, what are the potential benefits of rDNA technology? Please sum up briefly.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).What are the major arguments of opponents of rDNA research and development? Please make a brief summary.（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).In the last sentence of the passage. the author makes reference to "a totalitarian society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles". What is his purpose by doing that?（分数：2.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅲ Writing(总题数：1，分数：30.00)31.Directions:Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topicWhat Qualifies a Good Translator?（分数：30.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。