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翻译理论与实践（笔译）课程理论辅导（第二章）1．翻译的定义：所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又自最然的对等语再现原语信息。
2．如何看待译语语言各有所长首先，译者必须认识到，每一种语言各有所长。
例如，每种语言都有独特的词法、语序、遣词造句方法、话语标记以及各种特殊的语言形式，如谚语和诗歌。
每种语言都有丰富的词汇以表达所属民族和文化的特征。
例如，苏丹以产牛著称，语言中就不乏“牛”的词汇；秘鲁的渔业很发达，语言中就有不少捕鱼词汇；西方各国科学技术发达，语言中就有丰富的科技词汇。
翻译必须尊重各自语言的特征应尊重语言的特征，尽可能地挖掘它的表达潜力。
例如，某种拉丁美语言没有动词被动式，有人便坚持要给该语言强加一个被动式。
当然，这种尝试是不会成功的。
有许多语言就没有被动式，在任何情况下都使用动词的主动式，并且照样能表达思想。
我们必须承认这个事实。
各种语言具有同等表达力有些翻译者不理解：人们如果没有见过雪，怎么能够理解诸如“白如雪”之类的语言表达法。
要回答这个问题，我们必须从多方面来看。
首先，许多人虽然没有亲眼见过雪，但他们却听说过下雪这种自然现象，因此语言中有“雪”这个词。
第二，有的地方的人虽然不知道什么是雪，但却有“霜”这个词，并用它来指霜和雪。
第三，许多语言具有与“白如雪”同义的比喻表达法，如“白如白鹭毛”、“白如蘑菇”。
第四，如果没有类似的表达法，人们则可以采用非比喻形式来表示“白如雪”的概念，比如可以说“白极了”。
要说明的问题是，在“白如雪”这个表达法中，雪作为一种物体对传达这个信息并不是关键所在。
必须指出，当某一信息的表达形式是该信息所含意思的实质性成分时，要把这种意思从一种语言译成另一种语言就很困难。
保存原作内容，必须改变形式语言之所以互不相同，主要是因为他们具有互不相同的形式，因此翻译中如果保存原作的内容，就必须改变表现形式。
为了保存内容而改变形式，其变动程度的大小，必须视不同语言之间在语言和文化上的距离大小而定。
Lecture 3 Dictionetter late than the late.(原文为美国高速公路上矗立的安全警示牌)Tension is building up.(I This war is becoming the most important story of this generatio n.(2 It is quite another story now.(3 Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4 He ' II be very happy if that story holds up.(5 The Rita Haywoth ' s story is one of the saddest.(6 A young man came to Scotti ' s office with a story.(7 Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.(8 The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.3.1 Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word3.1.1 Judging from the Word Formationpneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconio sis 3.1.2Judging from the Part of SpeechRight, open your mouth, let me have a look.He hoped to be absolutely right about thisissue.I must answer that phone, but I ' ll be back right awa y.The ship righted itself after the big wave had passedIn England , we drive on the left side of the road, not the right side.He exercised his legal right as Preside nt to haltthe investigation .3.1.3 Judging from the References1. I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.3.1.4 Judging from the Context andCollocation1. Symptoms of SARS developed .2. We had hopes of developing light industry on quite a large scale.3. Land animals are thought to have developed from sea an imals.4. The local government is planning to develop the wester n areas5. The photographer develops all his films .6. I ' d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point .7. Scientists have succeeded in developing many new pla nts.Ano ther example “ as luck would have it1. As luck would have it , no one was in the hotel when the explosion took place .2. As luck would have it , there was rain on the day of the camp.Try to tran slate the followi ng senten ces1. observe the behavior of birds.2. Do they observe Christmas Day in that coun try?3. He observed that we should probably have rai n.4. The law obliges pare nts to send their childre n to school.5. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.6. I ' m much obliged to you.如:please 〜me by closing the door.Oblig ing n eighbor delicate skindelicate porcela indelicate upbri ngingdelicate liv ingdelicate healthdelicate stomachdelicate vasedelicate diplomatic questi ondelicate differe needelicate surgical operati ondelicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate foodraise fearsraise vegetablesraise a familyraise the deadraise a fleetraise a monumentraise an embargo3.1.5 Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties1. The lathe should be set on a firm base.2. As we all know , a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.3. A tran sistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.4. Line AB is the base of the trian gle ABC.5. He is on the sec ond base.hacker黑客3・2.3 Extensionbottleneckbrain trustbrain drainIt is more than transient everydayness.3.2.4 Substitutionto kill sb. as an examplePlease withhold the handout.He was indeed a good riddance.The same is not true with a mortal illness.3・2・5 Explanation mindlessness togethernessswan song a throwaway society3.2.6 Combinationso subtle and careful an observerhis mendacity and dishonestya grim and tragic Christmasthe body and mind cramped by noxious work身心困顿3・2・7 Pictographic TranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel 槽钢V-belt三角带X-brace交叉支撑Y-curve叉形曲线3.3 Extension of Word Meaning3.3.1 Conversion of Meaning1. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.2. Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to sta y. We are not going to reverse the trend.3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.3.3.2 Abstract Extension of Meaning1. Everybody has his smiles and tears.2. The technological process was then a newcomer in the U.S., so application was not numerous.3. He was a man to let his heart rule his head.4. The matter was finally settled under the table.5. He Hamleted at a chance and regretted forit.6. The canoe Titanicked on the rock in the river.3.3.2 Concrete Extension of Meaning1. The interest rates have see-sawed between10 and 15 percent.2. Brain drain has been Kangding ' s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.4. He was a tough propositio n.3.3.3 Extension According to Idiomatic Way in Chinese1. So the swallow flew round and round her, touching the water with his wings, and making silver ripples.亚伯拉罕林肯亚伯拉罕林肯是美国第16任总统，1809年出生于肯塔基州，1865年遭一名南方邦联拥护者枪击，第二天逝世于华盛顿。
Lecture 3 DictionBetter late than the late. (原文为美国高速公路上矗立的安全警示牌）Tension is building up.(l) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) He’ll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth’s story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story.(7) Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.3.1 Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word3.1.1 Judging from the Word Formation pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis3.1.2Judging from the Part of SpeechRight，open your mouth，let me have a look．He hoped to be absolutely right about this issue．I must answer that phone，but I’ll be back right away．The ship righted itself after the big wave had passed．In England，we drive on the left side of the road，not the right side．He exercised his legal right as President to halt the investigation．3.1.3 Judging from the References1. I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.3.1.4 Judging from the Context and Collocation1．Symptoms of SARS developed．2．We had hopes of developing light industry on quite a large scale．3．Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals．4．The local government is planning to develop the western areas．5．The photographer develops all his films．6．I’d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point．7．Scientists have succeeded in developing many new plants．Another example “as luck would have it”.1．As luck would have it，no one was in the hotel when the explosion took place．2．As luck would have it，there was rain on the day of the camp．Try to translate the following sentences1. observe the behavior of birds.2. Do they observe Christmas Day in that country?3. He observed that we should probably have rain.4. The law obliges parents to send their children to school.5. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.6. I’m much obliged to you.如：please ~ me by closing the door.Obliging neighbordelicate skindelicate porcelaindelicate upbringingdelicate livingdelicate healthdelicate stomachdelicate vasedelicate diplomatic questiondelicate differencedelicate surgical operationdelicate ear for musicdelicate sense of smelldelicate touchdelicate foodraise fearsraise vegetablesraise a familyraise the deadraise a fleetraise a monumentraise an embargo3.1.5 Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties1. The lathe should be set on a firm base.2. As we all know，a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.3. A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.4. Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.5. He is on the second base.3.2 Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word3.2.1 DeductionStopoutcommunitychallenge3.2.2 Transplant·Microwave ·Supermarket ·Splashdo wn ·dataphone3.2.8 Transliteration·Wall Street·The Times·Pentium 奔腾·Citroen 雪铁龙·clone·Internet·hacker 黑客3.2.3 Extension·bottleneck·brain trust·brain drain·It is more than transient everydayness. 3.2.4 Substitution·to kill sb. as an example·Please withhold the handout.·He was indeed a good riddance.·The same is not true with a mortal illness.3.2.5 Explanation·mindlessness·togetherness·swan song·a throwaway society3.2.6 Combination·so subtle and careful an observer·his mendacity and dishonesty·a grim and tragic Christmas·the body and mind cramped by noxious work 身心困顿3.2.7 Pictographic Translation·H-beam 工字梁·O-ring 环形圈·U-steel 槽钢·V-belt 三角带·X-brace 交叉支撑·Y-curve 叉形曲线3.3 Extension of Word Meaning3.3.1 Conversion of Meaning1. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.2. Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’ service.3.3.2 Abstract Extension of Meaning1. Everybody has his smiles and tears.2. The technological process was then a newcomer in the U.S., so application was not numerous.3. He was a man to let his heart rule his head.4. The matter was finally settled under the table.5. He Hamleted at a chance and regretted for it.6. The canoe Titanicked on the rock in the river. 3.3.2 Concrete Extension of Meaning1. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.2. Brain drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.4. He was a tough proposition.3.3.3 Extension According to Idiomatic Way in Chinese1. So the swallow flew round and round her，touching the water with his wings，and making silver ripples．亚伯拉罕·林肯亚伯拉罕·林肯是美国第16任总统，1809年出生于肯塔基州，1865年遭一名南方邦联拥护者枪击，第二天逝世于华盛顿。
