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一、蒸馏基本原理 １、蒸馏概述 ２、拉乌尔定律 二、精馏 １、精馏概述 ２、精馏原理 ３、精馏过程 ４、物料衡算 ５、板式塔 １、蒸馏概述 、 （１） 蒸馏的原理 利用混合物在一定压力下各组分相对挥发度 （沸点 沸点）的不同进行分离的一种单元操作。
沸点 易挥发组分——低沸点组分 难挥发组分——高沸点组分 （２）蒸馏及精馏的分离依据 ） 液体均具有挥发成蒸汽的能力，但各种液体的挥发性各不相同。
习 惯上，将液体混合物中的易挥发组分Ａ称为轻组分，难挥发组分Ｂ则称为 重组分。
将液体混合物加热至泡点以上沸腾使之部分汽化必有ｙＡ＞ｘＡ； 反之将混合蒸汽冷却到露点以下使之部分冷凝必有ｘＢ＞ｙＢ。
上述两种情 况所得到的气液组成均满足： ｙＡ ｘＡ ＞ ｙ Ｂ ｘＢ 部分汽化及部分冷凝均可使混合物得到一定程度的分离，它们均是 籍混合物中各组分挥发性的差异而达到分离的目的，这就是蒸馏及精馏 分离的依据。
蒸馏及精馏的分离依据 原料液 加 热 器 减 压 阀 塔顶产品 ｙＡ Ｑ ｘＡ 闪 蒸 罐 ｙ Ａ ＞ ｘＡ 或 ｙＡ ｘＡ ＞ ｙ Ｂ ｘＢ 塔底产品 （３）蒸馏的分类 ） 简单蒸馏 平衡蒸馏 （闪蒸） 按蒸馏方式 较易分离的物系或对 分离要求不高的物系 难分离的物系 恒沸蒸馏 特殊精馏 萃取蒸馏 水蒸汽蒸馏 很 难 分离 的 物系 或 用 普 通方 法 难以 分 离的物系 精馏 常压 按操作压强 加压 一般情况下多用常压 常压下不能分离或达不到分离要求 减压 双组分 混合物中组分 多组分 间歇 按操作方式 连续 ２、两组分理想物系的汽液平衡－拉乌尔定 、两组分理想物系的汽液平衡 拉乌尔定 律 １、汽液相平衡关系式拉乌尔定律 、汽液相平衡关系式 拉乌尔定律 ｐＡ ＝ ｏ ｐＡｘＡ ＝ ０ ｐＡｘ ｏ ０ ｐＢ ＝ ｐＢ ｘＢ ＝ ｐＢ （１？ ｘ） ｏ ｏ ｐＡ ， ｐＢ 手册中查 平衡温度下纯组分的饱和蒸汽压力 Ｘ溶液中组分的摩尔分数 当溶液沸腾时，溶液上方的总压等于各组分的蒸气压之和 ｏ Ｐ ＝ ｐＡ ＋ ｐＢ ＝ ｐｏ ｘ ＋ ｐＢ （１？ ｘ） Ａ ｏ Ｐ？ Ｐ Ｂ Ｐｏ ？ Ｐｏ Ａ Ｂ ∴ｘ ＝ ｐＡ ｐｏ ——由拉乌尔定律表示的气液平衡关系 Ａ 由拉乌尔定律表示的气液平衡关系 ｙ＝ ＝ ｘ Ｐ Ｐ 二、精馏 １、精馏概述 、 平衡蒸馏以及简单蒸馏只能使混合液得到部分分离。
AutoPIPE 理论基础一. 坐标系定义规则由于 AutoPIPE 在定义支撑间隙以及土力学参数时与管道的局部坐标有关, 在结果查看上与全局坐标有关,因此有必要介绍一下坐标定义及间隙定义规则。
1. 全局坐标系定义在定义全局坐标时, AutoPIPE 会在建模的开始提示用户输入竖向坐标轴的方向,软件默认为 Y 轴为重力方向,这样 X 与 Z 轴处于水平面内。
全局坐标如下图:这里我们还要注意弯矩正方向的定义,是以右手螺旋规则定义的。
2. 管道段的方向在管道局部坐标的定义中, 需要首先确定出管道段的方向, 局部坐标中的 X 轴方向和管道段的方向一致。
下图中的箭头方向就是这个管道系统的段方向:3. 局部坐标定义(1 竖直方向直管的局部坐标定义管道段的方向为 local x方向,并且 local x与 Y 轴平行, x 是 Y 的前一个坐标次序, 因此 local Y应和 X 平行, local Z应和 X 平行,再有右手坐标系规则可以定出局部坐标正方向。
(2 非竖直方向直管的局部坐标定义同样管道段的方向确定 local x方向,另外 local Z始终处于水平面内, local Y的朝向是向上的,再有右手坐标系规则可以定出局部坐标正方向。
(3 弯管的局部坐标定义对于弯管,管道段的方向确定 local x方向, local y方向指向弯管的中心, local z 方向为弯管平面的法线方向,再有右手坐标系规则可以定出局部坐标正方向。
4. 间隙的定义在定义间隙时, 需要输入上下左右间隙的大小, 因此必须首先明白这些间隙方向的定义。
local y的正方向的间隙是上间隙, 负方向处的间隙是下间隙; local z的正方向的间隙是右间隙,负方向处的间隙是左间隙。
二. 土力学参数定义在土力学参数定义中, 需要定义出 Trans Horizontal, Longitudinal , Vertical Up和 Vertical Down四个方向的力-位移骨架曲线,因此用户应该首先明白这四个方向的定义。
6-1 阐述分离序列综合基本概念：简单塔、顺序表、分离子群、分离子问题等。
简单塔：①指一个进料分成两个产品；②每一个组分只出现在一个产品中，即锐分离；③塔顶设全凝器以及塔底设再沸器。
顺序表：将分离所涉及的各组分按关键物性数据大小排列形成的表。
分离子群：分离过程中产生的流股。
分离子问题：所有分离序列中不重样的分离问题。
6-2 分离序列综合有序直观推断规则有哪些？说明其含义？规则(1)在所有其分离方法中，优先采用能量分离剂分离方法（例如精馏）, 避免用质量分离剂分离方法（例如萃取）。
当关键组分间的相对挥发度小于1.05-1.10时，应该采用质量分离剂分离方法（例如萃取），此时质量分离剂应在下步立即分离。
规则(2)精馏分离过程尽量避免真空和制冷操作。
如需采用真空操作，则可考虑用萃取方案代替；如需采用制冷操作，则可考虑采用吸收方案代替。
由于真空和制冷操作能耗较大，有时即使在较高温度和压力下操作也会有利。
规则(3)当产品集中包括多个多元产品时，倾向于选择得到最少产品种类的分离序列。
相同的产品不要在几处分出。
因为产品集合越小，相应分离序列中的分离单元就越少，所以费用可能较低。
规则(4)首先安排除去腐蚀性组分和有毒有害组分，从而避免对后继设备苛刻要求，提高安全操作保证，减少环境污染。
规则(5)最后处理难分离或分离要求高的组分，特别是当关键组分间的相对挥发度接近1时，应当在没有非关键组分存在的情况下进行分离，这时分离净功耗可以保持较低水平。
规则(6)进料中含量最多的组分应该首先分离出去，这样可以避免含量最多的组分在后续塔中多次气化与冷凝，降低了后续塔的负荷。
规则(7)如果组分间的性质差异以及组分的组成变化范围不大，则倾向于塔顶和塔底产品量等摩尔分离。
精馏塔冷凝器负荷与再沸器负荷不能独立调节，塔顶和塔底产品量等摩尔分离时，精馏段回流比与提馏段蒸发比可以得到较好的平衡。
6-3 采用渐进调优进行分离序列综合时，调优规则与策略有哪些？其作用是什么？调优法则就是指产生与当前分离序列相容结构的变化机制① 相邻层次切分点序列位置变换可行分离序列就是历经各个切分点的某种切分顺序。
Gas Processing开始模拟1．单击File=>New Case菜单或New Case按钮，开始一个新的模拟案例。
Simulation Basis Manager如下图所示：2．在构造实例前需要设置Session Preferences。
打开Tools=>Preferences菜单，显示Session Preferences视图。
3．在Simulation标签Options页面上点击复选框使Use Modal Property Views选项失效。
创建新单位集构造实例的第一步是选择一个单位集。
在HYSYS中你不能更改列表中的3套默认的单位集。
但通过复制已存在的单位集你可以创建新的单位集。
步骤如下：1．点击Session Preferences视图上Variables标签，选择Units页面。
2．在Available Unit Sets中，选择Field选项。
3．单击Clone按钮，一个名为NewUser的单位集将会出现并自动处于高亮状态。
4．在Display Units中，注意Flow的默认单位是lbmole/hr。
对该例子更适合的单位是MMSCFD。
在Session Preferences视图的顶部有一个备选单位的下拉列表，点击下拉箭头或按下F2键及↓键。
5．在列表中选择MMSCFD。
新的单位集定义完毕。
关闭Session Preferences视图。
创建流体计算包下一步将创建流体计算包。
一个流体计算包最少包括组成和物性方法（例如状态方程）用于在流程中进行计算。
某些特殊流程的流体计算包可能会包含其他信息，例如反应和交互参数。
1．在Simulation Basis Manager视图中点击Add按钮，打开Fluid Package视图。
2．在Prop Pkg标签页上选择物性包。
按下述方法之一进行操作：·用键盘输入Peng Robinson，HYSYS将自动进行匹配。
Seoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation Process Modeling Using Aspen Plus (User Interface & Basic Inputs)TA : Ikhyun Kim Instructor : En Sup Y oon Spring Semester, 2012•What is flowsheet simulation?–Use of a computer program to quantitatively model thecharacteristic equations of a chemical process•Uses underlying physical relationships–Mass and energy balance–Equilibrium relationships–Rate correlations (reaction and mass/heat transfer)•Predicts–Stream flowrates, compositions, and properties–Operating conditionsFlowsheet SimulationSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (3/39)•Build large flowsheets a few blocks at a time –This facilitates troubleshooting if error occur•Not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between pieces of equipment in the plant and Aspen plus blocks •Ensure flowsheet inputs are reasonable•Check that result are consistent and realistic Good Flowsheeting Practice•Rigorous electrolyte simulation•Solid handing•Petroleum handling•Data regression•Data fit•Optimization•User routinesSome Important Features of Aspen+Seoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (5/39)The User Interface (Flowsheet)Next button Detherminternet NIST/TDE Pure propertyProcessFlowDiagramSelectModeButton Model Library Tabs ModelLibraryStatusAreaThe User Interface (Data browser)DatabrowserSpecification& Resultdata menu treeSub-specificationtab StatusAreaDescriptionSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation (7/39)The User Interface (Run control panel)RunControlPanel Summaryof errorsCalculationSequenceDescription ofsequential calculationStatusAreaGraphic Flowsheet Operations -Blocks•To place a block on the flowsheet:1.Click a model category tab in the Model Library2.Select a unit operation model; click the drop-down arrow toselect an icon for the model3.Click the model and then click the flowsheet to place the block;you can also click the model icon and drag it onto the flowsheet4.Click the right mouse button to stop placing blocksSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (9/39)Graphic Flowsheet Operations -Streams •To place a stream on the flowsheet:1.Click the STREAMS icon in the Model Library2.If you want to select a different stream type (Material, Heat or Work), click the down arrow next to the icon and choose a different type3.Click a highlighted port to make the connection4.Repeat step 3 to connect the other end of the stream5.To place one end of the stream as either a process flowsheet feed or product, click a blank part of the Process Flowsheet6.Click the right mouse button to stop creating streamsAutomatic Naming of Streams and Blocks •Stream and block names can be assignedautomatically by Aspen Plus or entered by the user when the object is created•To modify the naming options:1.Select Options from the Tools menu2.Click the Flowsheet tab3.Check or uncheck the naming options desired •Stream and block names can be displayed or hidden1.Select object, right-click, and choose Hide from the menuSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (11/39)Modifying Blocks and Streams •To display Input and Results forms in the Data Browser:1.Double-click the object of interest, orSelect the block or stream, right-click, and select Input… from the menu•To change the appearance of a block or stream:1.Select object by clicking it with the left mouse button2.Click the right mouse button while the pointer is over the selected object icon to bring up the menu for that object3.Choose appropriate menu itemBreaking and Splicing Streams •To break a stream on the Process Flowsheet:1.Select the stream on the flowsheet and right mouse click2.Select “Break Stream” for the stream menu3.If results exist, you will be asked if you want to reconcile the stream4.Enter the name of the new product stream created•To splice two streams:1.Select the two streams to be spliced (using the Shift or Ctrl key)2.Right mouse click on one of the streams, select “Splice Streams”bined stream will have the name of the former feed streamSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (13/39)Inserting Blocks•To insert a block on the Process Flowsheet:1.Select the stream where you want to insert the block2.Right-click and select “Insert Block”3.If results exist, you will be asked if you want to reconcile the stream4.Select the new block ID and type5.The old stream is connected to the first inlet and outlet port for the new block6.Additional streams may need to be added to complete flowsheet connectivity depending on the modelUsing the Mouse Buttons•Left-click❝Selects a block, stream, object ID, or annotation •Right-click ❝Brings up menu for the selected stream, block, or flowsheet❝Cancels placement of streams or blocks on the flowsheet•Double-left-click ❝Opens the Data Browser to the stream or block Input form, or Results form for intermediate streams❝Edits textSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (15/39)Saving an Aspen Plus Simulation •To save a file:1.Select Save As from the File menu2.Choose a File name3.Choose an appropriate Save As TypeFile TypeExtension Format Description Document*.apw Binary File containing simulation input, results and intermediate convergence information Backup*.bkp ASCII Archive file containing simulation input and results Compound *.apwz Binary Compressed file which contains the model (theBKP or APW file) and external files referenced bythe model. You can add additional files such assupporting documentation to the APWZ file.See Maintaining Aspen Plus Simulations section for information on other file formats Functionality of Forms•When you click the left mouse button to select a field on a form, the Description area gives you information about that field. Use this content to help with data entry •Click the drop-down arrow in a field to bring up a list of possible input values for that field–Typing a letter will bring up the next selection on the list that begins with that letter•The Tab key will take you to the next field on a form •In tables, Aspen Plus always adds a single row below the last entrySeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (17/39)Help•Help Topics–Select Help Topics from the Help menu to launch online help:•Contents : Browse through the documentation, including User Guides and Reference Manuals•Index : Search for help on a specific topic using the index entries •Search : Search for a help on a topic that includes any word or words•“What’s This?” Help–Click the “What’s This?” toolbar button and then click any area to get help for that item•F1 Help–With the cursor in the desired field, press the <F1> function key to bring up help for field and/or sheet•The minimum required inputs to run a simulation are:–Setup –Components –Properties –Streams –Blocks•Enter data on the input forms in the above order by clicking the Next Button•Or, these input folders can be located quickly using the Data menu or the Data Browser toolbar buttons Basic InputSeoul National University Chemical Process Modeling & Simulation (19/39)•Colors and shapes are used to describe the current status of input and results:Status IndicatorsSymbol StatusInput for the form is incompleteInput for the form is completeNo input for the form has been entered. It is optional .Results for the form existResults for the form exist, but there were calculation errors.Results for the form exist, but there were calculation warnings .Results for the form exist, but input has changed since theresults were generated.Cumene Flowsheet DefinitionRStoicModel Heater Model REACTORFEED RECYCLEREAC-OUT COOLCOOL-OUT Flash2ModelSEP PRODUCT •Which Aspen Plus block would you use for each unit?Seoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(21/39)•Most of the commonly used Setup information is entered on the Setup Specifications Global sheet–Flowsheet title to be used on reports –Run type–Input and output units–Valid phases (i.e., vapor-liquid or vapor-liquid-liquid)–Ambient pressure•Stream report options are located on the Setup Report Options Stream sheetSetupSetup Specification FormSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(23/39)Flowsheet Standard Aspen Plus flowsheet run . Flowsheet runs can contain property estimation, assay data analysis, and/or property analysis calculationsAssay Data Analysis A standalone Assay Data Analysis and pseudocomponent generation run . Use Assay Data Analysis to analyze assay data when you do not want to perform a flowsheet simulation in the same runDataRegressionA standalone Data Regression run . Use Data Regression to fit physical propertymodel parameters required by Aspen Plus to measure pure component, VLE, LLE, and other mixture data. Data Regression can contain property estimation and property analysis calculations. Aspen Plus cannot perform data regression in a flowsheet run Properties PlusProperties Plus setup run . Use Properties Plus to prepare a property package for use with Aspen Custom Modeler or Aspen Pinch, with third-party commercial engineering programs, or with your company's in-house programs. You must be licensed to use Properties PlusProperty Analysis A standalone Property Analysis run . Use Property Analysis to generate property tables, PT-envelopes, residue curve maps, and other property reports when you do not want to perform a flowsheet simulation in the same run. Property Analysis can contain property estimation and assay data analysis calculat ionsProperty EstimationStandalone Property Constant Estimation run . Use Property Estimation to estimate property parameters when you do not want to perform a flowsheet simulation in the same runSetup Run T ype•Units in Aspen Plus can be defined at three different levels:–Global Level (“Input Data” and “Output Results” fields on the Setup Specifications Global sheet)–Object level (“Units” field in the tip of any input form of an object such as a block or stream)–Field level•Users can create their own units sets using the Setup Units-Sets Object Manager . Units can be copied from an existing set and then modified.Setup UnitsSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(25/39)•Use the Components Specifications form to specify all the components required for the simulation•If available, physical property parameters for each component are retrieved from databanks•Pure component databanks contain parameters such as molecular weight, critical properties, etc. The databank search order is specified on the Databanks sheet•The Find button can be used to search for components •The Electrolyte Wizard can be used to set up an electrolyte simulationComponentsComponentsSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(27/39)•Use the Properties Specifications form to specify the physical property methods to be used in the simulation•Property methods are a collection of models and methods used to describe pure component and mixture behavior•Choosing the correct physical properties is critical for obtaining reliable simulation results•Selecting a Process Type will narrow the number of methods availablePropertiesLiquid Mole Fraction METHANOLV a p o r M o l e F r a c t i o n M E T H A N O LLiquid Mole Fraction METHANOLV a p o r M o l e F r a c t i o n M E T H A N O LLiquid Mole Fraction METHANOLV a p o r M o l e F r a c t i o n M E T H A N O LRaoult’s LawRK-SoaveNRTLPropertiesSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(29/39)•Use Stream Input forms to specify feed stream conditions, including two of the following:–Temperature –Pressure–Vapor Fraction•Plus, for stream composition either:–Total stream flow and component fractions –Individual component flows•Specifications for streams that are not feeds to the flowsheet are used as estimatesStreamsStreams Input FormSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(31/39)•Each Block Input or Block Setup form specifies operating conditions and equipment specifications for the unit operation model •Some unit operation models require additional specification forms•All unit operation models have optional information forms (e.g., Block Options form)BlocksBlocks FormSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(33/39)•Select Control Panel from the View menu or press the Next button to be prompted–Execute the simulation when all required forms are complete. If you are unsure, use the Next button to take you to any incomplete formsStarting the Run•The Control Panel consists of a:–Message window showing the progress of the simulation by displaying the most recent messages from the calculations–Status area showing the hierarchy and order of simulation blocks and convergence loops executed–Toolbar that you can use to control the simulationControl PanelRun Start or continue calculationsStep Step through the flowsheet one block at a time Stop Pause simulation calculations Reinitialize Purge simulation results ResultsCheck simulation resultsSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(35/39)•History file or Control Panel Messages–Contains any generated errors or warnings (Select History or Control Panel on the View menu to display the History file or the Control Panel)•Stream Results–Contains stream conditions and compositions (For all streams, click Results Summary/Streams; for individual streams, click the stream name in the Streams folder, then select the Results form)•Block Results–Contains calculated block operating conditions (In the Blocks folder, click the block, then select the Result form)Reviewing ResultsCumene Production ConditionsSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(37/39)•Objective : Add the process and feed stream conditions to a flowsheetExercise) Benzene Workshop•Results–What is the heat duty of the COOLER block? ___________–What is the temperature in the FL2 block? ___________Exercise) Benzene WorkshopSeoul National UniversityChemical Process Modeling & Simulation(39/39)(Exercise) Benzene Workshop ResultsFEED COOL VAP1LIQ1VAP2LIQ2Temperature, F 100020010010099.899.8Pressure, psi 55055050050014.714.7Vapor Frac10.8691010Mole Flow, lbmol/hr 600600501.72498.276 2.76295.514Mass Flow, lb/hr 10221.9910221.992628.6687593.32471.7867521.538Volume Flow, cuft/hr 17271.526905.6336098.248143.3541123.627140.415Enthalpy, MMBtu/hr 7.3610.17-2.776 2.015-0.0232.037Mole Flow, lbmol/hr HYDROGEN 405405404.2390.7610.7540.007METHANE 959593.477 1.523 1.3980.125BENZENE 9595 3.93591.0650.690.464TOLUENE550.0734.9270.014.917COOL heat duty-7.19 MMBtu/hrFL2 outlet temperature 99.83ºF。
June2008化肥设计Chem ical Fertilizer Design 第46卷 第3期2008年6月设计技术基于A spen Pl us的粉煤气化模拟张宗飞,汤连英,吕庆元,章卫星,何正兆,毕东煌(中国五环化学工程公司,湖北武汉 430223)摘 要:以A s pen Plus为模拟工具,选择反应平衡模型,并应用Gibbs自由能最小化方法建立了Shell粉煤气化模型;通过对神华、沾化和天碱煤种的气化模拟,对建立的模型进行了检验,结果表明:用N2输送粉煤的气化过程能够很好地模拟,而用CO2输送粉煤的气化过程模拟偏差较大。
以沾化煤种为例,检验了气化炉散热损失取煤总热值约2%的合理性;研究了不同操作条件下的气化性能,结果表明:提高温度和压力可使气化过程得到强化。
关键词:A s pen Plus软件;粉煤气化;模拟中图分类号:T Q422.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-8901(2008)03-0014-06Pulver i zed Coa l Ga si f i ca ti on S im ul a ti on Ba sed on A spen Plus SoftwareZHANG ZongΟfei,T ANG L ianΟying,LU Q ingΟyuan,Zhang W eiΟxing,HE ZhengΟzhao,B IDongΟhuang(China W uhuan Che m ical Engineering Corporation,W uhai Hubei 430223 China)Abstract:Taking the A s pen Plus s oft w are as the si m ulati on t ool,by selecting the reacti on balance model and using the m ini m izing method of the Gibbs free energy the Shell pulverized coal gasificati on model was established;thr ough the si m ulati on f or the coal kinds used in the Shen Hua Coal Gasifi2 cati on Plant,Zhangyi Chem ical Fertilizer Plant and Tianjing alkali p lants the established model has been ins pected,the result indicates that the gasifica2 ti on p r ocess for using the nitr ogen gas t o trans port the pulverized coal can be s moothly si m ulated,but for using the CO2gas t o trans port the pulverized coal the si m ulati on deviati on f or gasificati on p r ocess is relatively bigger.Taking the coal kind used in Zhangyi Che m ical Fertilizer p lant as the exa mp le,the reas onableness,taking about2%of the t otal heat value of coal as the heat dis persal l oss,was ins pected;the gasificati on p r operty under different operating conditi ons was studied,the result indicates that increasing the te mperature and the p ressure can make the gasificati on p r ocess t o be strengthened.Key words:A s pen Plus s oft w are;pulverized coal gasificati on;si m ulati on 煤气化技术是实现煤清洁利用的最有效途径,同传统的直接燃烧相比,它提高了煤的利用率,降低了污染物的排放。
马后炮化工论坛-第五章5-1换热网络综合问题的定义的定义及目标是什么？换热器网络综合问题就是确定具有最小设备投资，最小操作费用，能达到过程要求的换热器网络结构。
并能满足每一个过程物流的工艺要求（从初始温度达到目标温度），具有较好的柔性、可控性和可操作性。
5-2成套网络的设计工作通常包含哪些步骤？换热器网络设计步骤：（1）挑选工艺流股和公用工程流股;（2）确定经济合理的夹点温差和公用工程用量;（3）综合出来初步的备选成套网络；（4）将候选网络优化成最好的换热网络;（5）对换热器展开详细设计;（6）模拟计算，进行技术经济评价和系统操作性分析，若对结果不满意，返回第（2）步，直至满意。
相同的综合方法，彰显在（2）、（3）步。
5-3换热网络综合的方法各有什么特点？（1）启发式经验规则法：无法确保一次获得最优求解，可以以此为基础，逐步调优。
（2）夹点技术法：以热力学原理和分析方法为基础，以最轻能耗为主要目标。
对于给定的网络回收温差，为满足最小能耗目标，不允许能量跨越夹点，因而初始网络可能具有较多的单元；为得到最少投资费用的网络，需减少单元数，又造成能量跨越夹（3）数学规划法：创建成套网络综合的最佳化数学模型，排序量小，适宜于在计算机上求解。
（4）人工智能算法（遗传算法）：排序直观，对问题性质并无太多管制，适用性广等优点。
适用于不可微，不连续，非线性，非凸，多峰等复杂优化问题。
5-4根据t-h图综合成套网络就是以什么为目标的？其综合步骤如何？以最小传热面积为目标。
①收集物流数据,流量、温度、比热容、汽化热等；②结构热、热物流的组合曲线；③调整冷热物流的组合曲线，使得最小传热温差不小于指定值；④分割温度间隔区间，展开物流相匹配。
具体作法说明：（1）结构组合曲线（2）划分温度间隔，进行物流匹配（3）对应的成套网络热容流率301520初始温度443423293目标温度333303408热负荷330018002300c2403534132400冷，热组合曲线：最轻热传导温差为20℃时的总组合曲线：(最轻热传导温差的最优值：16.5℃)pinchtemperatures:hot:100℃clod:80℃5-6夹点设计法的三条基本原则和可行性规则如何理解？夹点设计法的基本原则：(1)必须防止存有热流量通过夹点；（夹点处热通量为0.）(2)夹点上方避免引入公用工程冷却物流；（夹点上方为热阱，需要加入热公用工程，若引入公用工程冷却物流，会使得热公用工程用量增大。
马后炮科技化工技术交流论坛ASPEN学习经验概述入门是初学aspen plus软件最重要也是最难的一关。
读过手册的人都明白，Aspen plus的手册和资料有专门多，初学者面对如此之多的资料可能不知如何开始，我认为其中比较重要而且必读的是《用户指南》（《user guide》）、《单元操作模型》（《Unit Operation Models》）、《物性方法和模型》（《Physical Property Methods and Models》）、《物性数据》等，假如有一定的英文基础，最好是读英文的，这些在关心文件中都有。
事实上一旦入了门，流程模拟软件学习起来就专门简单了，专门多功能触类旁通专门容易就明白了，比如说，假如明白了sensitivity, 那么optimizaiton、desian spec就专门容易了。
大体来说，初学aspen plus 需要把握如下三个方面：1）aspen plus能做什么？2）Aspen plus需要什么？3）aspen plus的界面及功能。
2. aspen plus的界面及功能和学习所有软件一样，第一需要了解软件的环境，也确实是界面。
我个人认为界面差不多上能够分为两种：一是流程图窗口(process flowsheet window),另外是数据扫瞄窗口（data browser window)。
实际上还应该再加一个操纵面板（control panel)窗口，那个窗口也专门重要，但那个窗口只是在流程调试使用，同时涉及的内容初级入门者也不必花太多时刻去看，先忽略。
流程图窗口专门简单，只要你在工厂干过，看过PFD流程图同时是windows 的用户，就没有什么难得地点，读一下《user guide》明白各菜单及快捷键的功能，专门快就能搞定。
数据扫瞄窗口是aspen plus最重要的部分。
这也是aspen plus区别于画图软件的地点。
你需要在那个窗口中输入所有的已知条件，同时运行后观看运行结果。
