2016年南昌大学博士入学考试公共英语 单选

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Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, Cand D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a resul t of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: C阅读理解答案如下：Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is _____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63. When there exists a “marker” in thechild, according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. A higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title for thepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technology, Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport would saythat __________.B. there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a change in____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing写作英语作文：With the development of medical career, people increasingly high demand for community services, at present Chinese medicine in development stage, general practitioners training become a kind of trend, general practitioners in the community as a medical, health care, prevention, health management, training and education level, problems still exist and need to be improved.随着医学事业的发展,人们越来越高的对社区服务的需求,目前中医在发展阶段,全科医生培训成为一种趋势,在社区全科医生作为医疗、保健、预防、健康管理,培训和教育水平,问题仍然存在,需要改善。

江西省2016年⾼等职业院校招⽣考试英语试题（附答案）江西省2016年⾼等职业院校招⽣考试英语试题第Ⅰ卷（选择题共105分）Ⅰ．单项选择题（共25⼩题；每⼩题1分，满分25分）从A、B、C、D中，选出可以填⼊空⽩处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂⿊。

1、Tom has_____piano and he can play_____piano very well.A、a;aB、the;theC、the;aD、a;the2、For this job you will need a good knowledge of ______Chinese and English.A、eitherB、neitherC、bothD、all3、The apples taste____and sell_____.A、eitherB、neitherC、bothD、all4、—Is____there?—No,Jack is absent.A、anybodyB、everybodyC、nobodyD、all5、—____is it from here to the school?—About thirty minutes’ walk.A、How muchB、How longC、How soonD、How farB、otherC、the otherD、the others7、What____to him yesterday?A、happensB、had happenedC、has happenedD、happened8、We often_____half an hour doing our lessons in the evening.A、payB、takeC、costD、spend9、The doctor advised that my father should_____smoking.A、give upB、give inC、give offD、give out10、—! What is he doing?—I can’t clearly.A、See；lookB、Look；seeC、Look；lookD、See；see11、Shopping at a supermarket is than going to the local shops.A、cheaperB、cheapC、the cheaperD、the cheapest12、The accident happened a cold night December,2015A、in；onB、at；inC、in；atA、has foundB、was foundedC、foundD、finds14、—How about a dinner and a film tonight?—_________.A、Sounds greatB、That’s all rightC、You’re welcomeD、Never mind15、Put on more clothes_______you will catch a cold.A、andB、orC、butD、so16、Didn’t he______you that I wanted to see you?A、sayB、tellC、speakD、talk17、There are_______of workers and two_______workshops in the factory.A、thousand；hundredB、hundred；thousandC、thousands；hundredD、thousand；hundreds18、—What’s he like?—____________.A、He is GeorgeB、He is a cookC、He is honestD、He is twenty19、—Do we have finish the work today?—Yes，you______.C、mayD、need20、My grandmother used to sit on the sofa，______newspapers.A、to readB、readingC、readD、was reading21、It’s necessary for us________a foreign language.A、learnB、learningC、to learnD、learned22、Although everyone played well，_______we lost the game.A、andB、butC、howeverD、/23、Do you know_________?A、how long he has been hereB、how long has he been hereC、how long he has come here B、how long has he come here24、—Are you a teacher？—I wish I________.A、amB、wereC、have beenD、will be25、If you go to the party，_______shall I.A、norB、neitherC、soD、either26、_______interesting story it is!C、What anD、How an27、The music is too noisy,Would you please____it____?A、turn;anB、turn;downC、put;offD、take;off28、This is Mr Black,_____teaches us English.A、whoB、whichC、whomD、that29、If you_____careful enough,you will pass the exam next time.A、beB、will beC、areD、were30、—Would you mind if I take this seat?—______________.A、Yes,not at allB、No,of course notC、Yes,go aheadD、No,please don’tⅡ．完形填空（共20⼩题；每⼩题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下⾯短⽂，从短⽂后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填⼊空⽩处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂⿊。

南昌大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice on the answer sheet.(20points)1.A variety of small clubs can provide_____opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful group dynamics.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple2.By turning this knob to the right you can_____the sound from this radio.[A]amplify[B]enlarge[C]magnify[D]reinforce3.Under the_____confronting them it was impossible to continue the strike any longer.[A]surroundings[B]settings[C]circumstances[D]environments4.We have the system of exploitation of man by man.[A]cancelled[B]abolished[C]refused[D]rejected5.We shall probably never be able to_____the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.[A]assert[B]impart[C]ascertain[D]notify6.This diploma_____that you have completed high school.[A]proves[B]certifies[C]secures[D]approves7.Up until that time,his interest had focused almost_____on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.[A]restrictively[B]radically[C]inclusively[D]exclusively8.That sound doesn’t_____in his language so it’s difficult for him to pronounce.[A]happen[B]take place[C]occur[D]run9.The security guard_____two men who were yelling in the courtroom.[A]expelled[B]propelled[C]repelled[D]dispelled10.In most cases politicians are_____as they seldom tell the truth.[A]credible[B]credulous[C]incredulous[D]incredible11.He soon received promotion,for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable_____.[A]future[B]possibility[C]ability[D]opportunity12.Britain has the highest_____of road traffic in the world—over60cars for every mile of road.[A]density[B]intensity[C]popularity[D]prosperityTV programs are_____by satellite to the remotest areas in the country.[A]transferred[B]transported[C]transformed[D]transmitted14.An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution,limit oil imports and cut the budget_____.[A]disposition[B]deficit[C]defect[D]discrepancy15.The government will_____a reform in the educational system.[A]initiate[B]initial[C]initiative[D]intimate16.Estimates_____anywhere from600000to3million.Althoughthe figure may vary,analysts do agree on another mater:that the number of the homeless is increasing.One of the federal government’s studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19million by the end of this decade.[A]cover[B]change[C]differ[D]range17.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal”too,as well as institutional,with display becoming sharper and storage_____increasing.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty18.It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic_____is the function of the particular space.For example,a theater with poor sight lines,poor sound-shaping qualities,and too few entries and exits will not work for its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be decorated.[A]care[B]concern[C]attention[D]intention19.The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more mysterious.The new experiments,such as those_____for the first time at a recent meeting or the society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded20.Changes in the social structure may indirectly_____juvenile crime rates.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]check[D]reflectSection II Use of EnglishRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Health implies more than physical fitness.It also implies mental and emotional well-being.An angry,frustrated,emotionally21person in good physical condition is not22healthy.Mental health,therefore, has much to do23how a person copes with the world as s/he exists.Many of the factors that24physical health also affect mental and emotional well-being.Having a good self-image means that people have positive25 pictures and good,positive feelings about themselves,about what they are capable26,and about the roles they play.People with good self-images like themselves,and they are27like others.Having a good self-image is based28a realistic,as well as positive,or optimistic29of one’s own worth and value and capabilities.Stress is an unavoidable,necessary,and potentially healthful 30of our society.People of all ages31stress.Children begin to 32stress during prenatal development and during childbirth.Examples of stress-inducing33in the life of a young person are death of a pet,pressure to34academically,the divorce of parents,or joining a new youth group.The different ways in which individuals35to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results.One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well36another may be unable to function at all.If stressful situations are continually encountered,the individual’s physical,social,and mental health are eventually affected.Satisfying social relations are vital to37mental and emotional health.It is believed that in order to38,develop,and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must39the ability to know and trust each other,understand each other,influence, and help each other.They must also be capable of40conflicts in aconstructive way.21.[A]unstable[B]unsure[C]imprecise[D]impractical22.[A]normally[B]generally[C]virtually[D]necessarily23.[A]on[B]at[C]to[D]with24.[A]signify[B]influence[C]predict[D]mark25.[A]intellectual[B]sensual[C]spiritual[D]mental26.[A]to be doing[B]with doing[C]to do[D]of doing27.[A]able better to[B]able to better[C]better to able[D] better able to28.[A]on[B]from[C]at[D]about29.[A]assessment[B]decision[C]determination[D]assistance30.[A]ideality[B]realization[C]realism[D]reality31.[A]occur[B]engage[C]confront[D]encounter32.[A]tolerate[B]sustain[C]experience[D]undertake33.[A]evidence[B]accidents[C]adventures[D]events34.[A]acquire[B]achieve[C]obtain[D]fulfill35.[A]respond[B]return[C]retort[D]reply36.[A]why[B]when[C]while[D]where37.[A]sound[B]all-round[C]entire[D]whole38.[A]illuminate[B]enunciate[C]enumerate[D]initiate39.[A]access[B]assess[C]process[D]possess40.[A]resolving[B]saluting[C]dissolving[D]solvingSection III Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts.Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (40points)Text1The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life.Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example,grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on thesocio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles,right,privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane, theater and movie tickets.Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights.At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices.He now can obtain a driver’s license;he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights;the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office.No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.41.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrialsocieties because________.[A]the definition of maturity has changed[B]the industrialized society is more developed[C]more education is provided and laws against child labor are made(C)[D]ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance42.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A]graduations from schools and colleges[B]social recognition[C]socio-economic status(A)[D]certain behavioral changes43.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is________.[A]eleven years old[B]sixteen years old[C]twenty-one years old(C)[D]between twelve and twenty-one years old44.Starting from22,________.[A]one will obtain more basic rights[B]the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have[C]one won’t get more basic rights than when he is21(C)[D]one will enjoy more rights granted by society45.According to the passage,it is true that________.[A]in the late19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B]no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C]one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license(A)[D]one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armText2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporate revival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-1987 average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague,Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort ofambulance cashing.”46.According to the author,the American economic situation is ________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems(A)[D]near to complete recovery47.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people(B)[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy48.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading(B)[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses49.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.(A)[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.50.According to the passage,the author’s attitude towards the productivity revolution in the U.S.A is____.[A]biased[B]optimistic[C]ambiguous[D]negativeText3Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television license would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern theterms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A]he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B]everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C]advertising costs money like everything else[D]it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A]Securing greater fame.[C]Enhancing living standards.[B]Providing more jobs.[D]Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is________.[A]very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B]interested in nothing but the buyers’attention[C]correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D]obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author’s opinion,________.[A]advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B]advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C]there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D]the buyer is not interested in getting information from anadvertisement55.The best title for the passage would probably be_____.[A]Positive and Negative Aspects of Advertising[B]Benefits Brought by Advertising and Its Persuasive Function[C]Advertising The Best Persuasive and Information Medium[D]Advertising the Most Effective Way to Promote Products Text4It was3:45in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of15to 10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group’s on-line service,Death NET.Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia.It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.InAustralia—where an aging population,life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada,where the right to die movement is gathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a“cooling off”period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request.After48hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a54year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering:a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I’d go,because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says.56.From the second paragraph we learn that________.[A]the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B]physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C]changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law(D)[D]it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage57.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means________.[A]observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B]similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countries[C]observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes(B)[D]the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop58.The word“euthanasia”in the second paragraph most probably means________.[A]doctors’sympathy to dying patients[B]doctors’aggressive medical measures to dying patients[C]doctors’mercy killing to reduce sufferings of dying patients[D]doctors’well-meaning treatment to save dying patients59.When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will________.[A]face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B]experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C]have an intense fear of terrible suffering(A)[D]undergo a cooling off period of seven days60.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval(C)[D]indifferenceSection IV TranslationRead the following sentences,translate English into Chinese, and translate Chinese into English.(20points)61.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.62.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.63.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.64.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.65.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.66.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited fromambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.67.This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.68.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.69.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.70.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.Section I Structure and Vocabulary答案及部分解析：1-5DACBC6-10BDCAD11-15CADBA16-20DCBBA16.[D]本句意思为“估计数字的范围大约从60万到300万之间”，而range from…to…这一句型正是表示“在……范围之内变化”的意思，故本题选[D]。

一、V ocabulary and Structure1. The new designs of the Christmas stamps are always waited for with keen ( ).A. IrritationB. predictionC. receptionD. anticipation2. I have devoted five weekends continuously to writing the graduation thesis and now I feel I ( ) a good rest.A. DeserveB. preserveC. conceiveD. receive3. I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ( ).A. Had toB. would toC. should haveD. might have to4. V ostok is close to the coldest spot in the word, where an ( ) minus 128.6 F was recorded in 1983.A. UnreliableB. extraC. impossibleD. incredible5. Our service operates 36 libraries throughout the country while six ( ) libraries specially serve the countries.A. ShiftingB. driftingC. rotatingD. mobile6. After that shock, his friends and family often advise him not to drink more wine ( ) is good for his health.A. ThatB. thanC. asD. but7. While in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ( ) the nurse Florence Nightingale.A. In favor ofB. in honor ofC. in line withD. in place of8. The new tourist hotel is said to have ( ) for over one thousand guests.A. ConvenienceB. capacities (of)C. accommodationsD. capability9. Geoffrey had been completely exhausted but felt considerably ( ) after a meal and a good rest.A. RefreshedB. renewedC. regainedD. reshaped10. Humidity is so intense in some parts of the tropics that Europeans find that they are unable to ( ) it.A. MaintainB. persistC. endureD. sustain11. When Mr. Simpson went to apply for a ( ) in the office of a local newspaper, he was told to see the manager.A. CareerB. positionC. professionD. location12. These days, Jenny has consumed a lot and has a whole ( ) of bills waiting to be paid.A. StackB. pileC. numberD. sequence13. Some people complain doctors for ( ) too many medicines for minor illnesses.A. AdvisingB. deliveringC. orderingD. prescribing14. Although the two players are ( ) in the tennis court, they are really good friends in daily life.A. PartnersB. enemiesC. rivalsD. opponents15. That young woman there was ( ) a shop assistant; she is now a manager in our supermarket.A. BeforeB. preliminarilyC. formallyD. formerly16. Iceland lies far north in the Atlantic, with its northern most tip actually ( ) theArctic Circle.A. TouchedB. touchingC. being touchedD. touches17. Colin married my sister and I married his brother, ( ) makes Colin and me double in-laws.A. ThatB. whatC. whichD. it18. You need to rewrite this sentence because it is ( ); the readers will have difficulty in understanding it.A. ComprehensiveB. alternativeC. confusedD. ambiguous19. ( ) I admit that there are problems, I don’t think that they cannot be solved.A. WhileB. UnlessC. AsD. Since20. Another important issue ( ) the new republic is the problem of the education of its citizens.A. EncountingB. confrontingC. facingD. conforming21. This is an ideal site for a university ( ) it is far from the downtown area.A. Provided thatB. now thatC. in that (因为)D. so that22. The most ( ) technological success in the twentieth century is probably the computer revolution.A. ProminentB. prosperousC. productD. prevalent23. There are nowadays not many teachers who are strong ( ) of traditional methods in classroom teaching.A. SponsorsB. contributorsC. advocatesD. performers24. Competition, many people believe, ( ) the national character rather than corrupt it.A. EnforcesB. confirmsC. intensifiesD. strengthens25. According to doctors, if one can ( ) the bottle and cigarettes, one can usually be much healthier.A. Take offB. keep offC. get offD. leave off26. Being somewhat short-sighted, Sally has developed the habit of ( ) at people.A. PeeringB. gazingC. glancingD. scanningPeer指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。

旭晨教育-2018年全国医学博士考博英语一本通含2016历年真题答案听力上册目录目录《考博英语一本通》系列丛书序言3考博英语一本通使用说明5第一部分考试指南7一、博士研究生考试指南7二、考博前期准备8三、导师联系和公关13四、专业和院校选择19五、专业课复习策略20六、资料和真题收集方法22七、面试技巧23第二部分医学考博英语复习指导25一、全国医学博士外语统一考试简介25二、全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲26三、全国医学博士英语统一考试试题分析27四、医学考博英语复习策略32第三部分考博英语专项突破35第一章词汇突破——大规模记忆词汇的方法35医学考博英语词汇题型概述及考情分析35第一节、概述35第二节、大规模记忆词汇的基本方法37第三节、词缀39第四节、词汇解题思路43第五节、考博词汇综合练习（Exercise One- Exercise Twelve）53第二章阅读理解84医学考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析84第一节、核心理论－化繁为简去伪存真86第二节、解题技巧1－框架结构阅读模版90第三节、解题技巧2－问题类型解题要点102第四节、精准定位－原文命题高发考点118第五节、精准理解－高频词汇长难词句124第六节、阅读理解实战讲解133第七节、阅读理解综合练习137第三章完形填空153医学考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析153第一节概述:考试目的和内容156第二节解题方法：一个中心157第三节解题方法：两个结构之层层递进158第四节解题方法：两个结构之对立观点160第五节解题方法：三个层次之篇章161第六节解题方法：三个层次之语法164第七节解题方法：三个层次之词汇165第八节完形填空综合练习(Exercise One-Ten) 167第四章英语写作179医学考博英语写作题型概述及考情分析179第一节、摘要写作概述179第二节、英文摘要写作180第三节、英文短文写作技巧185第五章语法197医学考博英语语法概述及考情分析197第一节语法概述197第二节动词的时态和语态198第三节非谓语动词203第四节虚拟语气210第五节从句213第六节强调与倒装218第四部分医学考博英语历年真题2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析235 2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2522015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2562015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析271 2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2832014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2882014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析303 2014年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文319下册目录第四部分医学考博英语历年真题（续）32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析17 2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文242012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题292012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析41 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文472011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷512011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析622011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文682010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题712010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析84 2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文892009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题922009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析103 2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文109 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1132008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析123 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文129 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1322007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析143 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文148 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1522006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析163 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文168 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1722005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析183 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文188 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1912004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析203 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文209 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2122003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析224 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文231 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2362002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析249 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文255 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2602001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析274 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文281第五部分参考资料284参考资料1:全国博士英语统一考试高频词组284参考资料2:考博英语形近易混淆词总结284参考资料3:考博英语完形填空常考词组及固定搭配汇总284参考资料4:考博英语万能写作模板284参考资料5:医学考博英语写作必记分类词汇284参考资料6:全国博士英语统一考试词汇大纲(医学）284。

装备学院2016年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题(注意：答案必须定在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分)PART I VOCABULARY (10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest inmeaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.1. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them lookyounger.A. revealB. underlineC. improveD. integrate2. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of the referees in agame.A. justiceB. biasC. participationD. regionalism3. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A. consideredB. stipulatedC. raisedD. stimulated4. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A. set foot onB. lose their heart toC. set their mind onD. get hold of5. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A. approximatelyB. exactlyC. less thanD. more than6. These old shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residentialbuildings.A. pulled outB. pulled inC. pulled downD. pulled up7. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. memorizeC. commentD. request8. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and thehuman brain.A. likenessB. relationC. contradictionD. difference9. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked insome aspects.A. practicallyB. wonderfullyC. beneficiallyD. seemingly10. The alleged all-powerful master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A. so-calledB. well-knowsC. esteemedD. undoubted Section BDirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases markedA, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your Answer Sheet.11. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig‟sgenetic _______.A. reservoirB. warehouseC. poolD. storehouse12. The chairman said that he was prepared to ________ the younger people in thedecision making.A. put up withB. make way forC. shed light onD. take charge of13. Tom is angry at Linda because she _____ him _______ all the time.A. sets…upB. puts…downC. runs…outD. drops…in14. The ability to focus attention on important things is a ________ characteristic ofintelligence.A. definingB. decliningC. defeatingD. deceiving15. Our picnic having been _____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilionuntil it cleared up.A. destroyedB. underminedC. spoiltD. contaminated16. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A. despisedB. resentedC. worshipedD. ridiculed17. One of the main purpose of using slang is to consolidate one‟s ____ with a group.A. specificationB. unificationC. notificationD. identification18. The _____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to thesoaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A. brain damageB. brain trustC. brain feverD. brain drain19. This matter settled, we decided to _______ to the next item on the agenda.A. succeedB. exceedC. proceedD. precede20. Listening is as important as taking. If you are a good listener, people often _____you for being a good conversationalist.A. complementB. complimentC. compelD. complainPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, orD for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the wordor phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life‟s happiness and much of its 21 come from the same source—one‟s marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 22 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 23 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 24 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”25 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 26 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said: “My wife has told me that she doesn‟t love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 27 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 28 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 29 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 30 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 31 state. “Unlikely to divorce, legally,” she says, “these spouses choose to 32 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 33 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 34 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved—not only from the 35 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.21. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth22. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny23. A. late B. later C. latter D. last24. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended25. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided26. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational27. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided28. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated29. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray30. A. in the end B. out of the count C. in the way D. out of the question31. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless32. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with33. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return34. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route35. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolition Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and other trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,”says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it‟s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‟re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‟s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims no t only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful” Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent game still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, more computer and online games _______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. What does the underlined word “dismember” in paragraph 4 mean?A. To kick somebody out.B. To cut somebody into pieces.C. To dismiss somebody.D. To stab a knife into somebody.39. Many studies have suggested that _________.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB. violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence40. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that _______.A. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth‟s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field‟s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‟s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‟s largest effort at tracking the field‟s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.41. According to the passage, the Earth‟s magnetic field has __________.A. begun to change in the opposite directionB. been weakening in strength for a long timeC. caused the changes on the polaritiesD. misguided many a man and animal42. During the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field ____________.A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused as to directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger43. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‟s magnetic field would ______.A. destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB. cause some species extinctions on the EarthC. not be as disastrous as the previous oneD. cause no big trouble for man and animals44. According to the passage, ___________.A. we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic fieldB. the Earth‟s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 yearsC. the Earth‟s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidlyD. the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science45. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because _________.A. the transition is still thousands of years awayB. the new transition will come 780,000 years from nowC. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsD. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder hat in today‟s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it‟s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‟t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn‟t what do, but it‟s how it‟s covered that determines the effect.”For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one ofthe most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the US hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‟s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‟s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don‟t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‟s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the US Army reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‟s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don‟t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‟t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven‟t really harmed the enemy every much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‟ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”46. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare? ___________.A. Terrorist attacksB. The increase of military conflictsC. Advances in nuclear weaponsD. Prosperity of the media47. The goal of psychological warfare is to ____________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage48. According to Richard Bulliet, publicized an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat49. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that __________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective50. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________.A. scare the publicB. demonstrate their crueltyC. manipulate the government concernedD. show their group powerPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‟s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillaed won‟t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‟s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted student s will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400 compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‟s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‟s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from …august to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricaneseason,”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-one-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted student and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, …I want to be a part of the action,‟” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‟s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.51. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to _____________.A. a hurricaneB. an admission officialC. a universityD. a student52. It can be learned from the passage that ____________.A. most colleges requires students to apply and commit to their institutionsB. more students are applying to multiple institutionsC. all students are required to make their institution choices by May 1D. university trustees make decisions on enrollment53. The following statements are all true EXCEPT ____________.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University fell behind its recruitment scheduleC. applicants to Xavier University fell by about half of last year‟s recordD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions54. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both _.A. freezing tuitionsB. extending application deadlinesC. hosting meetingsD. increasing scholarships55. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ____________.A. new enrollment policiesB. aggressive recruitment scheduleC. academic positionD. financial situationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions orcomplete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long, and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behavior; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedly inferior to comparable work organized by business. If society‟s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.(注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答)56. What is the passage mainly about?57. The function of the government is to ________________________________?58. What is the starting point of a more realistic approach?59. Business can and does generate its own order, but ________________.60. Government depend less on business because ___________________________.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved youshould proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Writedown your correction on the Answer Sheet.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correctone in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ”sign and write the word you believe to be missingin the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word Cross the unnecessary with a slash “/” and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example:When Λ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (1) an(2) never(3) exhibitAs one of the many outgrowths of the sweeping federal health carelaw, health insurances and employers must now pay the cost of screening 61.____ children for obesity and providing them with appropriate counseling.With about one in three children in America obese and overweight, 62.____ the need for such programs is clear. But experts say, creating them willbe challenging. More than intensive hospital-based programs, few proven 63.____ models exist for helping children and adolescents achieve and maintain ahealthier weight, and researchers do not even fully understand the factorsthat contributed the rapid rise in childhood obesity in recent years. 64.____ While there are many community efforts aimed at getting every childto eat better and exercise more, including Michelle Obama‟s “Let‟s Move”initiative, there is also growing demand for programs help children who 65.____ are already seriously overweight. WellPoint and the UnitedHealth Group,another large insurer, are experimenting with the new approaches, and 66.____ even Weight Watchers says it is working to develop a program for childrenand teenagers. Drug companies and medical device makers are also testingsome products for children. 67.____ Adults have a difficult enough time lose weight, and the issues are 68.____ even more complicated with children and teenagers, experts say. Childrenare still growing, and the goal of any program maybe to help them grow 69.____ into a healthier weight rather than to actually gain pounds. Experts also 70.____ say that to be successful, programs need to focus on the family as a whole,changing what everybody eats and how much time they are all active, notsitting in front of a computer screen or television.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet..。

2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations.23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incompletestatements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car —not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everbelieved that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parentalprivilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod”(in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant”novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.”When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,”says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.”Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.”People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action”in which the individual is aware of his actions but notaware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?”or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow”refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed”(in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing”in reading?A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow”is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, andof these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But thecancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack againstthe invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broadumbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targetedtreatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence theeight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in thelabB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue ofthe New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe theauthor's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among thecity's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's excitingabout the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact onhealth according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that。

注意：本答案非华慧考博官网出，完整参考答案请及时关注《华慧医学考博英语一本通》2016医博英语考试听力部分答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.2016医学考博英语Vocabulary参考答案Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all the legal hustle and bus tle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ asa result of bed shortages.”A. facilitated B. forfeited C. fulfilled D. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: C2016医学考博英语阅读参考答案Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefitsfromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing全国医学考博英语作文讲的是全科医生的缺乏和对策首先讲医疗发展了，人们对医疗的需求加大，但是全科医生缺乏。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Graduate Entrance Exam English Test Questions and Detailed ExplanationsIntroduction:The doctoral entrance exam is an important step for students who want to pursue their higher education in a field of study. The English test is a crucial component of this exam as it assesses the candidate's language proficiency. In this article, we will discuss some sample questions for the English test and provide detailed explanations for each question.Sample Questions:1. Sentence Completion:Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Example: Despite his ______________ efforts, he was unable to meet the deadline.A. diligentB. lazinessC. energeticD. fatigueExplanation: The correct answer is A. "diligent" is the opposite of "laziness" and fits the context of someone making efforts to meet a deadline.2. Reading Comprehension:Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires urgent action. Rising global temperatures have led to more frequent natural disasters and threaten the existence of many species.Question: What is the main concern of the passage?A. The impact of climate change on natural disasters.B. The extinction of species due to climate change.C. The urgency of taking action on climate change.D. The causes of rising global temperatures.Explanation: The correct answer is C. The passage emphasizes the urgency of taking action on climate change, making it the main concern.3. Error Identification:Identify the error in the sentence.Example: The students is going to the library to study for their exams.A. studentsB. is goingC. to studyD. their examsExplanation: The correct answer is A. "students" should be plural, so it should be "The students are going to the library..." to match the plural verb "are going."4. Vocabulary:Choose the synonym for the word in bold.Example: He is known for his **meticulous** attention to detail.A. carelessB. sloppyC. thoroughD. messyExplanation: The correct answer is C. "meticulous" means careful and thorough, which is synonymous with "thorough."5. Essay Writing:Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of online education.Explanation: In this essay question, candidates are expected to provide arguments for both the advantages and disadvantages of online education. Points to consider for the advantages could include flexibility, accessibility, andcost-effectiveness. For disadvantages, candidates could discuss issues such as lack of face-to-face interaction, technical difficulties, and potential isolation.Conclusion:The English test for the doctoral entrance exam is a crucial assessment of a candidate's language skills. By practicing sample questions and understanding the detailed explanations, candidates can improve their performance on the test and increase their chances of success in the entrance exam. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students!。