2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研外销员考试外贸英语试题,考研参考书,考研真题

2007年外销员统考外贸英语试题与答案TRANSALATE THE FOLLWING TERMS:(10%)1.FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE:(5%)1.PNTR永久性正常贸易关系2.IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT不可撤销信用证3.BLANK ENDORSEMENT空白背书4.GENERAL AVERAGE共同海损5.FAQ良好平均品质/大路货6.DES目的地船上交货7.FRANCHISE免赔额/特许经营权8.FPA平安险9.BILL OF EXCHANGE汇票10.AUTION拍卖2.FORM CHINESE INTO ENGLISH:(5%)1.世界银行WORLD BAND2.电子商务E-EOMMERCE/E-BUSINESS3.托运人SHIPPER/CONSIGNOR4.进口许可证IMPORT LICENSE5.国际商会INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE(ICC)2.CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER FOR EACH OF THE FOLLWING QUESTIONS:(25%) \1.CONTRACTS MUST RENEWED ONE WEEK___D__THEIR EXPIRATION.A.ONB.AGAINSTC.THE MONMENT OFD.BEFORE2.THE COMMODITIES YOU OFFERED ARE__B__LINE WITH THE BUSINESS SCOPE OF OUR CLIENTS. A.OUTSIDE B.OUT OF C.OUT D.WITHOUT3.WE ARE ARRANGING FOR AN INSPECTION TOUR OF__C___THE MATERIAL WAS PROCESSED.A.PLACEB.THE PLACEC.WHERED.THERE4.WE ARE RECONSIDERING THOSE TRADE TERMS_B____MIGHT BE ADVERSE TO THE INTEREST OF OUR PRINCIPALS.A.WHATB.THATC.WHEND.WHERERMATION INDICATES THAT SOME SIMILAR GOODS OF INDIAN ORIGIN HAVE BEEN SOLD HERE___B__ABOUT30%LOWER THAN YOURS.A.WITH A LEVELB.AT SOMETHINGC.AT QUOTATIOND.WITH A FIGURE6.AS WE ARE__B___OF THERE GOODS,PLEASE EXPEDITE SHIPMENT AFTER RECEIVING OUR L/C.A.IN BADLYB.BADLY IN NEEDC.URGENT IN NEEDD.IN URGENTLY NEED7.WE GIVE YOU ON THE ATTACHED SHEET FULL DETAILS REGARDING PACKING AND MARKING,WHICH MUST BE STRICTLY__A___.A.OBSERVEDB.ABIDE BYC.SUBMITTEDD.SEEN8.WE_C___TO ALLOW YOU A SPECIAL DISCOUNT IF YOU INCREASE YOURORDER TO5000PAINS.A.HAVE PREPAREDB.ARE PREPAREC.ARE PREPAREDD.WERE PREPARED9.THE IMPORTANCE OF DELIVERY ON TIME_C______OVERSTRESSED,BECAUSE FAILURE TO RECRIVE GOODS OR SERVICES WILL CAUSE SERIOUS INCONVENIENCE TO THE END-USERS.A.CANB.BEC.CANNOT BED.COULD BE10.___C_____WE WOULD LIKE TO CLOSE THE BUSINESS WITH YOU,WE FIND YOUR BID UNACCEPTABLE.A.MUCHB.HOWEVER MUCHC.MUCH ASD.DESPITE11.WE WISH TO STRESS THAT SHIPMENT MUST BE MADE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME LIMIT,AS A FURTHER_C___WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED BY OUR END-USERS.A.PROLONGB.PROTRACTC.EXTENSIOND.EXPANSION12.WITH COMPUTER USERS LINKED TO THE INTERNET GROWING_D____EVERY YEAR,BUSINESS IS TRYING TO CASH IN ON THEWORLDWIDE NETWORK.A.AT MILLIONB.WITH A MILLIONC.WITH ONE MILLIOND.BY MILLIONS13.WE REGRET HAVING TO REMIND YOU THAT30%OF THE FREIGHT ISSTILL_C___.A.OWENDB.OWNINGC.OUTSTANDINGD.UNDERSTANDING14.___A_____YOU FULFILL THE TERMS OF THE L/C,WE WILL ACCEPT THEDRAFTS DRAWN UNDER THIS CREDIT.A.PROVIDEDB.TO PROVIDEC.IN THE CASED.ONLY IF15.KINDLY ADVISE US OF THE STEAMERS THAT CALL__A_____YOUR PORT EVERY MONTH.A.ATB.ONC.IND.FOR16.IT SHOULD BE__C___IF YOU COULD IMMEDIALY________WHAT QUANTITY YOU CAN SUPPLY US AT PRESENT.A.THANKFUL,ADVISEB.APPRECIATE,ADVISEC.APPRECIATED,ADVISED.APPRECIATING,INFORM17.WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR E-MAIL OF NOVEMBER25__B____YOUR PURCHASE OF 10M/T WILD RICE.A.CONFIRMB.CONFIRMINGC.TO CONFIRMD.CONFIRMED18.SUBJECT TO SATISFACTORY ARRANGEMENTS__D____TERMS AND CONDITIONS,WE SHOULD BE PLEASED TO ACT AS YOUR SOLE AGENT.A.ASB.AS PERC.AS IFD.AS TO19.OUR USUAL TERMS OF PAYMENT ARE___B____L/C AND WE HOPE THEY WILL BE SATISFACTORY______YOU.A.BY,FORB.BY,TOC.FOR,TOD.FOR,WITH20.THAT HELPS TO EXPLAIN__C____BUSINESSES ARE SETTING UP NET SITES EVEN THOUGH PROFITS AREN`T YET VERY BIG.A.THATB.THE REASON FORC.WHYD.WHY THAT21.WE FIND THAT THERE IS NO STIPULATION OF TRANSSHIPMENT_D____IN THE RELATIVE L/C.A.ALLOWINGB.WHICH ALLOWSC.WHICH ALLOWEDD.BEING ALLOWED22.AFTER UNPACKING THE CASE FOUND THAT THE GOODS DID NOT__C____WITH THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE.A.MATCHE UPC.AGREED.MEASURE23.IF THE FIRST SHIPMENT__B____,WE GUARANTEE THAT WE WILL SEND YOU MANY REPEAT ORDERS.A.MATCHE UPC.AGREED.MEASURE24.IT IS NECESSARY THAT AN ARBITATION CLAUSE___C_____IN THECONTRACT.A.WILL BE INCLUDEDB.MUST BEINCLUDED C.BE INCLUDED D.HAS BEEN INCIUDED25.PLEASE SEE THAT YOUR WRITTEN CONFIRMATION__A______BY THE END OF THIS MONTH,OTHERWISE WE WILL BE FREE FORM THE OBLIGATION FOR THIS OFFER.A.REACHS USB.WILL REACH USC.REACH USD.REACHED US2015年8月资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

1999年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案CIPIMFCustoms InvoiceCounter SampleVoyage CharterGross for NetRepayment GuaranteeOptional portFutures Trading1、银行汇票2、互购3、外汇储备4、知识产权5、备用信用证1.We should be pleased to send you a sample____our own expense.A.atB.inC.againstD.of2.Good harvest____this year has made it possible for us to supply walnuts last year’s prices.A.atB.inC.againstD.on3.Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines,and the cost of this would be prohibitive____you could place an order for more than5,000.A.untilB.withC.unlessD.when4.After studying our prices and our liberal terms,you will understand why we are working____capacity to meet the demandA.onB.toC.forD.of5.Thank you for your remittance of US$2,150.00____the70%freight due under Invoice No.22B/96.A.of payingB.pay forC.for payment forD.in payment of6.It will be appreciated____you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer____you receive our L/C.A.when,whenB.if,as soon asC.when,whichD.will,soon7."Virtual shops"may lack see-and-feel sampling,the phenomenal growth of catalogue shopping,TV-and-phone marketing and phone-banking in recent years is proof that see-and-feel is not the only way to sell.A.WhileB.If thatC.WhenD.Which8.The goods were examined by a public surveyor upon arrival at your port,____we cannot but accept your claims as tendered.A.IfB.DespiteC.ThoughD.Since9.The discount of5%agreed on was granted only____no balance was outstandingfrom previous account.A.on conditionB.on condition thatC.thatD.depends on10.We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets,____we have had some experience.A.whichB.thatC.of whichD.of that11.In connection with your invitation____for Bid No.0082/95CH dated May30,1996,the____would like to participate in the bid for the supply of Equipment Item No.0302and the Qualifications Documents as required.A.undersign,submitB.undersigning,submittingC.undersingned,submitD.undersigned,submitted12.We are confident that the package of our products will____the roughest handlingin transit.A.stand upB.stand toC.suffer fromD.stand13.We regret having received your offer too late,because we____our needs elsewhere.A.already coverB.already coveredC.have already coverD.had already covered14.In mass media,big advertising dollar rules.But by doing business on the Net,a small firm might____just as effectively through search engines.A.get itself knowB.get himself knowC.get itself knownD.get known himself15.Please check the enclosed fax opening the credit to ensure that it____your instructions.A.agreesB.agrees toC.agrees withD.agrees upon16.Your L/C calls for an insurance amount for130%of the invoice value.____We would request you to amend the insurance clause.A.The Case Being itB.The case is like thisC.Such being the caseD.Such is the case17.We are not in a position to offer firm,as the goods are____.A.out of stockB.outside in stockC.without stockD.no stock18.We are of course___the period for completion of your project has already been exceeded.A.know itB.aware thatC.to know ofD.be sure that19.We confirm____accepted your counter proposal yesterday.A.haveB.havingC.to haveD.has been20.Since the premium varies with the extent of insurance,extra premium is for buyer’s account,additional risks____be covereD.A.ifB.asC.mustD.should21.This agreement may be____six months before its expiry.A.expandedB.renewedC.postponedD.prolonged22.The bank on the buyer’s side in collection arrangement is the____.A.remitting bankB.collecting bankC.opening bankD.notifying bank23.Which of the four choices is NOT an appropriate response to the following sentence:"Do you mind opening the windows?"____.A.Surely notB.Not at allC.That’s all rightD.No,of course not24.The purpose of a promotion letter is to____the prospective buyer’s interest.A.attractB.arouseC.attendD.alter25.When you___an agent,the appointment is usually____in writing.A.need,metB.want,takeC.appoint,made.D.require,makeTranslate the following letter into English in a proper form:纽约ABC贸易有限公司敬启者：你方3月21日来函收到，从中我们遗憾地得悉你方认为我124号货定价偏高。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

外销员考试常考术语和缩写一、国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例INCOTERMS2002，International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》URC522，Uniform Rules for Collection《托收统一规则522》UCP500，Uniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits500《跟单信用证统一惯例》Warsaw-Oxford Rules1932《1932年华沙一牛津规则》Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions1941《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》二、价格术语EXW(ex works)工厂交货FCA(free carrier)货交承运人FAS(free alongside ship)装运港船边交货FOB(free on board)装运港船上交货CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费CIF(cost，insurance and freight)成本加保险费、运费CPT(carriage paid to)运费付至CIP(carriage and insurance to)运费、保险费付至DAF(delivered at frontier)边境交货DES(delivered ex ship)目的港船上交货DEQ(delivered ex quay)目的港码头交货DDU(delivered duty unpaid)未完税交货DDP(delivered duty paid)完税后交货FOB liner terms FOB班轮条件FOB under tackle FOB吊钩下交货FOB stowed FOB理舱费在内FOB trimmed FOB平舱费在内FOBST(FOB stowed and trimmed)FOB包括理舱费和平舱费在内的各项装船费用CFR liner terms CFR班轮条件CFR landed CFR卸至码头CFR ex tackle CFR吊钩下交货CFR ex ship's hold CFR舱底交货CIF liner terms CIF班轮条件CIF landed CIF卸至码头CIF ex tackle CIF吊钩下交货CIF ex ship's hold CIF舱底交货the seller's obligations卖方义务三、货物的品名、质量、数量与包装name of commodity品名quality0f goods品质condition合同要件actual quality实际品质sample样品sale by sample凭样品买卖quality as per seller's sample品质以卖方样品为准buyer's sample买方样品counter sample对等样品confirming sample确认样品for reference only仅供参考colour sample色样pattern sample款式样quality shall be about equal to the sample品质与样品大致相同quality shall be nearly same as the sample品质与样品近似specification of goods商品规格sale by specification凭规格买卖FAQ，fair average quality良好平均品质sale by descriptions and illustrations凭说明书和图样买卖trade mark商标sophisticated market精致市场name of origin产地名称quality tolerance品质公差weigh重量metric ton公吨long ton长吨short ton短吨kilogram公斤gram克ounce盎司number数量piece件pair双set套dozen打roll卷ream令gross罗bag袋bale包length长度meter米foot英尺yard码area面积square foot平方英尺volume体积cubic yard立方码capacity容积bushel蒲式耳litre升gallon加仑the metric system公制the british system英制the U.S.system美制SI，the international system of units国际单位制gross weight毛重net weight净重gross for net以毛作净actual tare实际皮重real tare实际皮重average tare平均皮重customary tare习惯皮重computed tare约定皮重conditioned weight公量theoretical weight理论重量legal weight法定重量net net weight实物净重about大约circa近似approximate左右nude pack裸装in bulk散装full packed全部包装part packed局部包装shipping mark运输标志，唛头indicative mark指示性标志warning mark警告性标志UCC，Universal Code Council统一编码委员会UPC，Universal Product Code统一产品编码European Article Number Association欧洲物品编码协会EAN，European Article Number欧洲物品编码neutral pacing中性包装seaworthy packing海运包装inquiry询盘offer发盘counter offer还盘acceptance接受IGO inter-government organization政府间国际组织NGO non-government organization非政府间国际组织ICS international chamber shipping国际航运公会BIMCO Baltic and international maritime council波罗的海国际海事协会CMI committee maritime international国际海事委员会IMO international maritime organization国际海事组织LNG liquified natural gas液化天然气LPG liquified petroleum gas液化石油气SF stowage factor货物积载因数IMDG Code international maritime dangerous goods code国际海运危险货物规则ISO international standard organization国际标准化组织SOC shipper's own container货主箱COC carrier's own container船公司箱TEU twenty-foot equivalent units计算单位,也称20英尺换算单位FCL full container load整箱货LCL less container load拼箱货CY container yard集装箱堆场CFS container freight station集装箱货运站DOOR货主工厂或仓库DPP damage protection plan损害修理条款SC service contract服务合同B/N booking note托运单S/O shipping order装货单，也称下货纸、关单M/R mate's receipt收货单，也称大副收据M/F manifest载货清单，也称舱单S/P stowage plan货物积载图，也称船图、舱图D/O delivery order提货单，也称小提单MSDS maritime shipping document of safety危险货物安全资料卡D/R dock's receipt场站收据EIR(E/R)equipment interchange receipt设备交接单CLP container load plan集装箱装箱单SOF statement of facts装卸事实记录B/L bill of lading提单HB/L house bill of lading代理行提单，或称子提单、分提单、货代提单、无船承运人提单、仓至仓提单等Sea B/L(Master B/L,Ocean B/L,Memo B/L)海运提单，或称母提单、主提单、船公司提单、备忘提单等On board B/L,Shipped B/L已装船提单Received for Shipment B/L收货待运提单Straight B/L记名提单Open B/L(Blank B/L,Bearer B/L)不记名提单Order B/L指示提单Clean B/L清洁提单Foul B/L(Unclean B/L)不清洁提单Direct B/L直达提单Transshipment B/L转船提单Through B/L联运提单Combined Transport B/L(Intermodal Transport B/L,Multimodal Transport B/L)多式联运提单Minimum B/L最低运费提单，也称起码提单Advanced B/L预借提单Anti-dated B/L倒签提单Stale B/L过期提单On Deck B/L甲板货提单过期Switch B/L转换提单NVOCC non-vessel operations common carrier无船公共承运人或无船承运人《Hague Rules》《海牙规则》，正式名称为《统一关于提单若干法律规定的国际公约》《Visby Rules》《维斯比规则》，正式名称为《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约》《Hamburg Rules》《汉堡规则》，正式名称为《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》SDR special drawing rights特别提款权LOI letter of indemnity保函，也称损害赔偿保证书SLAC shipper's load and count货主装载、计数SLACS shipper's load,count and seal货主装载、计数和加封STC said to contain内容据称SWB seaway bill海运单V/C voyage charter航次租船，简称程租T/C time charter定期租船，简称期租TCT time charter on trip basis航次期租COA contract of affreightment包运租船，简称包船C/P charter party租船合同F/N fixture note确认备忘录，也称订租确认书GENCON"金康"合同，全称为BIMCO统一杂货租船合同NYPE Form"土产格式"，全称美国纽约土产品交易定期租船合同BALTIME"波尔的姆格式"，全称为BIMCO标准定期租船合同BARECON'A'标准光船租船合同A格式SINO TIME中租期租合同DWT dead weight tonnage载重吨GRT gross registered tonnage总登记吨，简称总吨NRT net registered tonnage净登记吨，简称净吨LOA length over all船舶总长度BM beam船宽MT metric tons公吨（1000千克）LAYCAN layday/canceling date受载期与解约日LINER TERMS班轮条款，即船方负担装卸费BERTH TERMS泊位条款，即船方负担装卸费GROSS TERMS总承兑条款，即船方负担装卸费FAS free alongside ship船边交接货条款，即船方负担装卸费FI free in船方不负担装货费FO free out船方不负担卸货费FILO free in,liner out船方不负担装货费但负担卸货费LIFO liner in,free out船方不负担卸货费但负担装货费FIO free in and out船方不负担装卸费FIOST free in and out,stowed and trimmed船方不负担装卸费、平舱费和堆舱费2015年8月资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

1993年外销员考试外贸英语试题Ⅰ、Translate the following：（10%）1.From English to Chinese：（5%）1）Sales by trade mark or brand____________2）Conditioned weight____________3）Neutral packing____________4）Foul B/L____________5）Weight memo____________6）Particular average____________7）D/D（Demand Draft）____________8）Arbitral award____________9）Sole agency____________10）Commodity Exchange____________2.From Chinese to English：（5%）1）货交承运人（……指定地点）____________2）港口附加费____________3）免赔额（率）____________4）双边贸易____________5）包销____________Ⅱ、Choose the correct answer：（20%）1.We______your letter of Nov.3asking us to makea quotation.a.go over b.have read c.refer to d.check up2.Because of the______nature of the agreement，I was reluctant to discuss with him in office.a.confidentialb.delieatec.secretd.sophisticated3.A3%discount will be granted only______your order exceeds US$12，000.a.depends onb.for condition thatc.on condition thatd.subject to4.As requested，we are sending you by airmail the samples of men‘s shirts，______you will find them satisfactory.a.hopeb.to hopec.hopingd.hopefully5.______compensation trade，we mean to pay for your machines with articles produce d.a.Withb.Ofc.Byd.For6.The two firms agreed to______a joint venture in China.a.embark onb.intendc.engaged.enter into7.We are not in a position to make any offer as the goods are______.a.without stockb.out of stockc.no stockd.not in stock8.It is our usual practice to______you at sight as soon as shipment is made.a.adviseb.payc.notifyd.draw on9.______heavy commitments，we cannot accept any fresh orders.a.Dueb.Owing toc.Becaused.In addition to10.This Agreement may be______6months before its expiry.a.renewedb.prolongedc.expandedd.postponed11.An exporter cannot receive payment until the goods on consignment______sometime in the future.a.have offered for saleb.are quotedc.arrive at destinationd.have been sold12.Fifty cases of Green Tea you sent us were found to be badly damage d.This was apparently attributable to______packing.a.faultyrgec.innerd.outer13.ABC Company is an old-established firm______many year‘s experience______the trade.a.has，ofb.with，inc.have，ind.with，of14.The buyer suggested that many important orders______follow.a.mayb.willc.would bed.should15.With this______mind，we are writing to inquire if we could now begin discussing the question of sole agency.a.inb.onc.atd.inside16.Please let us know what______are involved and the time______for delivery.a.formalities，takenb.procedures，needc.business，takend.process，needed17.After inspection of the above shipment we found5cases______.a.losingb.missingc.lostd.missed18.For______commodities as oil，sand and timber，rail is cheaper than roa d.a.unpackedb.unpackagedc.bulkd.bundled19.There has been a nation-wide shortage of building materials，______which the trade is only just recovering.a.forb.atc.ond.from20.When yon______an agent，it is usual to______the appointment in writing.a.appoint，makeb.want，makec.need，maked.need，do2015年8月资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

国际商务英语---考试要点Equities:company stocksRatify:make an agreement or a treaty officially valid by signing itControversy:public argument about sth.Which many people disagree withBiennial:happening every alternate yearClout:influenceAnti-dumping:one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured Mandate:authority given to perform a dutyStillborn:(of a child)dead at birth;(of an idea or a plan)not developing furtherContracting party:a country of film that signs a legal agreementAkin to:similar,related toOptimal:best or most favorableTerms of trade:the relation of export and import pricesPreference:a practical advantage given to one over othersExport earnings:money earned on the sales of goods to other countriesProvisions:a formal or explicit statement of conditions demandedTariffs:customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exportsInvisibles:trade in servicesBoard:an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firmPermanent:lastingCounterpart:a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or functionForum:an outlet for discussing of matters of interest to a given group外刊经贸知识选读1.The writer examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseaseconomic links.2.The pattern of China’s foreign trade has changed substantially since the founding of People’sRepublic.3.China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return formanufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country’s industrialization programme which placed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.4.The Great Leap Forward of1958-1959initially produced gains in agricultural and industrialproduction,but subsequently resulted in serious economic imbalances.5.Economic problems were exacerbated by three bad harvests with the result that national income andthe volume of foreign trade contracted during1960-1962.6.The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early-1960s caused trade to shift awa yfrom the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe.7.The growth of foreign trade was disrupted again during the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976)whenagricultural and industrial production fell sharply and transportation constraints became more serious.8.Foreign trade,which has a major role in the Four Modernizations programme,has grown rapidly overthe past few years.9.The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations,which came into force in February1980,accords Chinamost-favored nation treatment.10.A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels accounted for24percent of total exportsin1982……11.But the leading categories of imports in1982were food,which accounted for22percent of the total,light manufactured items with a share of20percent and machinery and transportation equipment with 17percent.12.The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost18percent perannum between1978and1983……13.As a result,the visible trade surplus rose sharply from US$3.7billion in1981to US$4.4billion in1982and US$3.7billion in1983.14.Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chineseeconomy had caused imports to rise by more than50percent in1978placing undue strain on the national economy.15.China became a net gain exporter in1984.16.The pattern of foreign trade growth was reserved in1984:the value of exports increased by10percent,but imports jumped38percent with the result that the visible trade account was in deficit by US$1.1billion.17.The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant economic activity as well as to thesuccess of the Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.18.HK is China’s major export market accounting for approximately26percent of total exports in1983(though much in re-exported to other destinations from there).19.The EEC’s share of China’s exports has generally been around11-12percent over the past few years(the leading export markets within the European Community are Germany and the United Kingdom),…….20.The most important suppliers among the industrial countries were Japan……21.The successful outcome to negotiations between Britain and China about the future of HK willstrengthen the Sino-British relations and is expected to boost trade between the two countries.22.The value of Chinese exports to Britain,which rose rapidly between1977and1980,declined in1981-1982,but recovered strongly in1983….23.Chinese officials stress the importance of introducing advanced technology to domestic industry,but the need is for technology of varying degrees of sophistication,not necessarily for advanced technology as that term is understood in the West.24.The size of the visible account of the balance of payments,but the size of the visible trade surplusduring1981-1983and a pronounced increase in earnings from tourism suggest that the current account has been in surplus over the past few years.25.Foreign exchange reserves have risen rapidly from approximately US$2.5billion at end-1980to US$17.0billion by October1984.26.The balance of foreign exchange reserves is controlled by the Bank of China which specializes inforeign exchange business.27.The authorities are willing to permit a run-down in the country’s international reserves over the nextfew years as a means of accelerating the introduction of foreign technology.28.Foreign countries are encouraged to mount exhibitions of their goods and China itself hasparticipated in a number of trade fairs and exhibitions held abroad.29.Since the late1970s China has also adopted foreign trade practices long-established in many othercountries.30.Assembly manufacturing began in1978and particular forms of foreign trade are eligible forexemption from customs duties and taxation.31.a series of policies designed to encourage foreign investment have accompanied these tradereforms.32.The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China’sdetermination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.33.Foreign investment is advantageous insofar as it facilitated the transfer of technology and skills andavoids creating an overhang of debt.34.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number ofpractical bottlenecks in the economy.35.China’s access to substantial sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrowon commercial terms.36.Figures compiled by the OECD and the Bank of International Settlements show borrowings fromwestern commercial banks of approximately US$2billion,but also show that the bulk of China’s foreign obligations consist of non-bank trade related credits which exceed US$4billion.37.There appears considerable scope for foreign banks to undertake profitable business over the longerterm.1.The four special economic zones(SEZs)in Guangdong and Fujian provinces,14coastal cities(allformer treaty ports)and Hainan island(19“open”areas in all)have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor.2.But every provincial capital is doing its best to attract foreign investment.3.The following year,a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.4.Chinese leaders were growing impatient with the rate of progress in the showpiece SEZ-Shenzhen.5.The State Council declared14cities along the entire coast plus Hainan island open to foreigninvestment,thus introducing a real element of competition into the country’s economic-development programme.6.Even local factories are taking note of the vast potential sales in their own domestic market.7.The central government’s determination to raise the level of industrial technology is clearly behind thedecision to open the14coastal cities.8.The Bank of China has also said that new and more flexible loan policies will enable“thousands”ofdomestic enterprises to borrow foreign exchange to import equipment and repay in Renminbi.9.The need to upgrade industrial equipment is great.10.The combined industrial output of the15coastal areas is reportedly equal to a quarter of the nation’stotal.11.But while the reasons for throwing19areas and cities open to foreign investment and technologytransfer are clear,how the preferential systems will operate is not.12.This is due largely to the intensity of competition among the19,coupled with the inexperience ofmost local authorities both in making decisions and in dealing with the outside world.13.In the SEZs,which are being built almost from scratch,foreigners can invest in anything which thestate deems useful for the country,be it,for examples,production of goods for export or construction of private-housing estates.14.These can be joint ventures,cooperative enterprises or wholly foreign-owned operations.15.….imports of capital and consumer goods(except cigarettes and liquor)are exempted from customsduties,and a uniform15%income-tax rate is applied.16.In the coastal cities,only factories where plant is being upgraded by foreign investment,enjoy the15%tax rate.17.The Economic and Technical Development Zone(ETDZ)outside the coastal city centre will offer auniform tax rate of15%for all the projects and waive the usual10%profit-remittance tax.18.A joint venture outside the Zone is liable to the standard33%tax rate.19.Tourist enterprises and any other service industry outside the Zone are not entitled to any specialstatus.20.The major source of confusion for foreign investors,however,is not the tax rate but who has theauthority to approve projects.21.China International Economic Consultants Inc.is the consultancy arm of the China International Trustand Investment Corp.22.But if we start putting too many rules and regulations,they will get discourage.23.….it will be some time before the dust settles and local authorities and foreign investors can dealwith one another in a systematic way.24.Stock-taking of the open policy will come later this year when the National People’s Congressdiscusses the seventh five-year plan.1.China has the most dynamic economy in the world today.2.Its boom radiates from Guangdong,its richest province…3.After a slowdown through1990,China’s economy bounced back mightily,reaching a recent peak of13percent growth last year.4.Some Western experts are predicting that China could become the world’s dominant economy earlyin21st century.5.Membership in this club,which includes all the world’s leading economies,could provide a hugeboost for a low-wage export economy.st year China’s trade surplus surged,buoyed by exports of toys,textiles and consumerelectronics.7.Its trade surplus with the United States hit a record$18billion.8.The U.S.Congress due to consider the renewal of China’s most-favored nation trade status inJune…9.After Japan,we’ll be first in line for retaliation.10.American has an increasingly large stake in good relations with China.11.In1992American companies led a rush of foreign investors who signed more than$30billion worthof contracts in China.12.McDonnell Douglas has built35MD-80series aircraft in Shanghai—and has contracted to build40more.13.Other state-affiliated companies,including CITIC and China Resources,Inc.,are branching out fromHK to establish overseas posts are varied as diamond-trading operations in Sri Lanka and brokerage services in New York.14.Inflation has recently climbed back into double digits…1.In1991,for the second year in a row,the economies of low-income and middle-income countriesvirtually stagnated,as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product(GDP).2.Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than2percent during1991(similar to the weak performance of1990),implying an easing in per capita income of0.1percent.3.Excluding Central and Eastern Europe,growth in developing countries in1991was3.4percent,compared with3.8percent during the1980s.4.An increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region.5.International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in1991.6.The seven major industrial countries(the G-7)experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth…7.The weakness in demand in the United States contributed to a drop of over6percent in non oilcommodity prices…8.Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand;East Asianeconomics,supported by growth in export volume in the range of10percent and by robust domestic demand,continued to grow rapidly.9.The index of non oil primary commodity prices in nominal dollar terms decline for the thirdconsecutive year,and the index in real terms hit an all-time low.10.There were no breakthroughs in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations on key elements,andthe outcome remains in doubt.11.Growth in the G-7countries decelerated from2.8percent in1990to1.9percent in1991.12.The broad trend was the outcome of largely unexpected setbacks to recovery in the United Statesand the United Kingdom and the apparent onset of a slower period of economic growth in Japan and Germany.13.A slump in construction of rental housing and the fading of a tax-cut-induced boom in auto sales alsocontributed to the weaker growth of Japan.14.Unification further boosted investment,which then appeared to diminish,as expectations ofprofitability were dampened by higher wages and high short-term nominal and real interest rates.15.Inflation as measured by the GDP deflator slackened in most of the G-7countries.16.It continued to decelerate in North America and edged down in Japan,17.Financial institutions in these two countries adopted more conservative lending policies,curtailingfinancing of high-risk projects…18.These developments played some part in the general tightening of credit during1991…19.A notable development in1991was a narrowing of current-account imbalances of most majorindustrial countries…20.The trade component of the deficit narrowed as lower inflation and earlier dollar depreciationimproved competitiveness…21.A continuation of the surge of imports that followed unification,as well as the earlier appreciation ofthe deutsche mark,contributed to the swing.22.In Germany,the slope of the yield curve turned positive.23.Because slowdown in industrial-country growth dampened demand for exports of both primarycommodities and manufactures from developing countries,the volume of merchandise exports of developing countries declined by2percent.24.The influence of the Gulf crisis,including the spike in oil prices and dislocations in the Middle East,was widespread.25.…the sharp compression of imports by the Soviet Union adversely affected its other tradingpartners.26.…a pick-up in China helped sustain Asian activity.27.The sharp acceleration of GDP growth in China,from4.5percent to over6percent,was supported byimprovements in industrial output,higher levels of consumer spending,and significant gains in the export of manufactures.28.Export volumes for the group of East Asian countries advanced at double-digit rates.29.Economic weakness in some of the region’s traditional export markets has underlined the importanceof market diversification…30.The decline was partly caused by India’s reining in of its budget deficit and the short-term effects ofthe implementation of strong emergency stabilization measures…31.The emergency measures included a serve compression of imports,tight credit policies andexchange-rate devaluation.32.In Europe and Central Asia,GDP contracted by about7percent,as stabilization and reform programs,in several countries had not yet led to bottoming-out in their economies.1.The Clinton Administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S.policy on trade…2.The strongest signal came last week,when Mickey Kantor,the U.S.trade representative,movedquickly to cite the12-nation European Community for“intolerable”discrimination against U.S.companies seeking government contracts within the Community.3.The administration will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged.4.A willingness to impose sanction on major trading partners to reduce trade barriers abroad,with lesspatience for drawn-out negotiations.5.Administration officials see little risk that this more aggressive policy could escalate into full-fledgedtrade war that would shock the world’s fragile economies.6.Tokyo appears more“results-oriented”than the Community,prompting hopes that bargains can bereached with Japan to ease frictions on a range of issues.7.A pledge to Mexico and Canada to seek rapid congressional approval of the North AmericanFree-trade Agreement as the highest trade priority.8.Some representatives of U.S.business,seething over what they view as protectionist EC policies,praised Mr.Kantor’s action.9.…if the dispute with European Community over government procurement is soon followed by casheswith Europe over steel…10.Anyone who thinks Europe and Japan will be bullied into meeting American deadlines and prioritiesisn’t awake to the changes that have occurred.2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士——英语翻译基础考研真题育明状元学员回忆一.词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分，一个3分）1added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题--百科知识解析1.2经济1.2.1考研真题及详解9.“中国经济实现8%以上的增长已无悬念，全世界的经济学家形成了共识。

回想年初，对经济走势有‘V’形、‘U’形、‘L’形、‘W’形等争论，很多人很悲观。

现在争论平息，中国经济成功实现了‘V’形反转。

”国家统计局总经济师姚景源在接受新华社记者采访时说,中国为世界经济摆脱危机作出了巨大贡献。

环顾全球，经济复苏的脚步缓慢而曲折。

虽然三季度发达国家经济形势出现好转,但据经济合作与发展组织预测，今年全年美国经济将萎缩2.5%,日本和欧元区将分别萎缩 5.3%和2.5%。

“金砖四国”中,俄穸斯经济仍处于深度负增长状态。

刚刚结朿中国之行的世界银行集团高级副行长托马斯认为,从规模看，中国一揽子计划是最大的。

“中国应当得高分，•因为中国是把这些政策付诸实施最及时、力度最明显的国家之一。

”上海汽车集团股份有限公司总裁陈虹对此深有感触。

今年国家出台了汽车产业振兴规划、小排量汽车减半征收购置税、汽车下乡等一系列扶持政策.上汽集团今年汽车销量同比增长45%，有望成为世界第八大汽车集团。

（南京大学2010翻译硕士）答：（1)国家统计局，成立于丨952年，是国务院直属机构，主管全国统计和国民经济核算工作，拟定统计工作法规、统计改革和统计现代化建设规划以及国家统计调査计划，组织领导和监督检査各地K、各部门的统计和国民经济核算工作，监督检査统计法律法规的实施。

其宗旨是及时、准确地发布最新、最全面的统计信息。

国家统计局设有11个职能司(室），包括：办公厅、政策法规司、统计设计管理司、国民经济综合统计司、国民经济核算司、工业交通统计司、固定资产投资统计司、贸易外经统计司、人口和社会科技司、人事司和财务基建司。

（2）新华社，全称新华通讯社，是中华人民共和国政府官方的国家通讯社，提供实时文字新闻、经济信息、新闻图片图表等，同时也是中华人民共和国国务院授权行使一定行政职能的国务院直属事业单位，是中国大陆法定新闻监管机构。

1990年外销员考试外贸英语试题及答案Ⅰ.Translate the following terms into Chinese:(10%)1.Drawer__________2.Carrier__________3.Clean On Board B/L__________4.S.R.C.C.__________5.Insurer__________6.F.O.B.C__________7.Packing List__________8.Shipping Space__________9.Insurance Policy__________10.D/A__________Ⅱ.Choose the best answer(15%)1.We have made____that we would accept D/P terms for your present order.A.clearB.it is clearC.that clearD.it clear2.We____some brochures____to illustrate the types of materials we manufacture.A.enclose,---B.enclose,youC.enclose,to youD.enclose you,---3.The consignment certainly does not match the samples____you sent us last month.A.theseB.---C.whatD.when4.Your firm has been recommended to us by the James Olivier&Co.____we have done business for many yearsA.whichB.with whomC.whomD.with which5.We will not be held responsible for any damage which results____rough handling.A.fromB.offC.inD.to6.We are willing to renew the aGREement on the same terms____last.A.likeB.asC.withD.to7.We cannot see any possibility of business____your price is too high.A.sinceB.whileC.thoughD.that8.We look forward to____trial order.A.receiving yourB.receive from youC.receipt yourD.receipt9.In____of quality,our make is superior.A.termsB.termC.connectionD.connections10.You must be responsible for all the losses____from your delay in openingthe covering L/C.A.arisingB.risingC.arousingD.have arisen11.We are making you our quotation for shoes____.A.as followsB.as followingC.as followD.following12.We believe such an agreement will prove____.A.satisfiedB.satisfyC.satisfactoryD.satisfaction13.We thank you for your letter of May5th,____your purchase from us of5000tons Green Beans.A.confirmB.to confirmC.confirmingD.confirmed14.This offer is____your reply reaching us before May5th.A.subjectB.subjectedC.subject toD.subjected to15.If we had been informed in time,we____them for you.A.reserveB.will reserveC.would have reservedD.will have reserved1990年外销员考试外贸英语试答案Ⅰ、Translate the following terms into Chinese10%)1.出票人2.承运人3.<清洁的已装船提单><已装船的清洁提单>4.<罢工、暴动、民变险>5.<承保人>6.<离岸价加佣金价>7.<装箱单>8.<舱位>9.<保险单>10.<承兑交单>Ⅱ.Choose the best answer:(15%)1.D.2.A.3.B.4.B.5.A.6.B.7.A.8.A.9.A.10.A.11.A.12.C.13.C.14.C.15.C.2015年8月资料来源：育明考研考博官网。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

国际商务英语—名词解释Visible trade有形贸易:The form of commodity trade,i.e.exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market,and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易:The form of transportation,communication,banking,insurance, consulting,information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI(foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资:Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营:In licensing,a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business,and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营:a firm called the franchisee,is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks,brand names,logos,and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks,brand names,logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同:Under a management contract,one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程:a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing,contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.International investment国际投资:Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务:Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build,O for operate and T for transfer.For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.GNP国民生产总值:Gross national Product.The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值:Gross Domestic Product.The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值:It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population,which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布:The proportions of its rich,middle income and poor people. capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to(不针对)make efforts to engage inFree trade area自由贸易区:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union(EU)经济同盟:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production,adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation,government expenditure,industry policies and use the same currency.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司总部is the original investing multinational corporation.It is also the international headquarters of the MNE.MNC跨国公司=TNC:Multinational corporation,are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,companies in which over50percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise:A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns(whether wholly or partly),controls and manages assets,often including productive resources,in more than one country,through its member companiesincorporated separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国:The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国:The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Absolute advantage绝对利益:It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital,land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities,there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易:The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities those commodities not processed or only slightly processed usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化:To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Import duties进口关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税:Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税:A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota配额:A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税:Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country Contract proper the main body of a contractIncoterms国际贸易术语解释通则:It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about thetrade,such as the unit price port of shipment,port of destination and the kind of currency. Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries.It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country,through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Inquiry/enquiry询盘、询价:It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications,prices,time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘:Estimate of how much something will costCounter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人A first enquiry首次询价:An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt with A contract一个合同:An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer一个实盘:Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力:is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’default,but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyHyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical.The normal economic activities are out of the order,and finally lead to the collapse of the wholemonetary system.inflation:Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand,expansion of money supply,credit etc Devaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services,which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易:The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Remittance汇付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人:The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票:The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft=Tenor draft:The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:=Bill of exchange.It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人:The person who draws the draft(usually the exporter)Drawee受票人:The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票:The draft without documentsApplicant(Opener or Principal)申请人:The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C.(the importer)applicant of an L/C:The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank(Issuing bank,Establishing bank)开证行:The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank.Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter’s country,which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行:The bank in the exporter’s country,which advises the exporter the L/C,is received.Confirming bank保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit(L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行:The bank buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit. Recipient:A person or an organization etc.that receives something2015年8月2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士——英语翻译基础考研真题育明状元学员回忆一.词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese(共15分，一个3分）1added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。