会计学ch23

提供一些会计学年论文的参考题目，供参考。

一、会计方面（含会计理论、财务会计、成本会计、资产评估）1．金融衍生工具研究2．财务报表粉饰行为及其防范3．试论会计造假的防范与治理4．会计诚信问题的思考5．关于会计职业道德的探讨6．论会计国际化与国家化7．论稳健原则对中国上市公司的适用性及其实际应用8．关于实质重于形式原则的运用9．会计信息相关性与可靠性的协调10．企业破产的若干财务问题11．财务会计的公允价值计量研究12．论财务报告的改进13．论企业分部的信息披露14．我国证券市场会计信息披露问题研究15．上市公司治理结构与会计信息质量研究16．论上市公司内部控制信息披露问题17．关于企业合并报表会计问题研究18．我国中小企业会计信息披露制度初探19．现金流量表及其分析20．外币报表折算方法的研究21．合并报表若干理论的探讨22．增值表在我国的应用初探23．上市公司中期报告研究24．现行财务报告模式面临的挑战及改革对策25．表外筹资会计问题研究26．现行财务报告的局限性及其改革27．关于资产减值会计的探讨28．盈余管理研究29．企业债务重组问题研究30．网络会计若干问题探讨31．论绿色会计32．环境会计若干问题研究33．现代企业制度下的责任会计34．人本主义的管理学思考――人力资源会计若干问题35．试论知识经济条件下的人力资源会计36．全面收益模式若干问题研究37．企业资产重组中的会计问题研究38．作业成本法在我国企业的应用39．战略成本管理若干问题研究40．内部结算价格的制定和应用41．跨国公司转让定价问题的探讨42．我国企业集团会计若干问题研究43．责任成本会计在企业中的运用与发展44．试论会计监管45．会计人员管理体制问题研究46．高新技术企业的价值评估47．企业资产重组中的价值评估48．企业整体评估中若干问题的思考49．新会计制度对企业的影响50．《企业会计制度》的创新51．我国加入WTO后会计面临的挑战52．XX准则的国际比较（例如：中美无形资产准则的比较）53．新旧债务重组准则比较及对企业的影响54．无形资产会计问题研究55．萨宾纳斯――奥克斯莱法案对中国会计的影响56．对资产概念的回顾与思考57．规范会计研究与实证会计研究比较分析58．试论会计政策及其选择59．对虚拟企业几个财务会计问题的探讨60．知识经济下无形资产会计问题探讨61．两方实证会计理论及其在我国的运用二、财务管理方面（含财务管理、管理会计）1．管理层收购问题探讨2．MBO对财务的影响与信息披露3．论杠杆收购4．财务风险的分析与防范5．投资组合理论与财务风险的防范6．代理人理论与财务监督7．金融市场与企业筹资8．市场经济条件下企业筹资渠道9．中西方企业融资结构比较10．论我国的融资租赁11．企业绩效评价指标的研究12．企业资本结构优化研究13．上市公司盈利质量研究14．负债经营的有关问题研究15．股利分配政策研究16．企业并购的财务效应分析17．独立董事的独立性研究18．知识经济时代下的企业财务管理19．现代企业财务目标的选择20．中小企业财务管理存在的问题及对策21．中小企业融资问题研究22．中国民营企业融资模式――上市公司并购23．债转股问题研究24．公司财务战略研究25．财务公司营运策略研究26．资本经营若干思考27．风险投资运作与管理28．论风险投资的运作机制29．企业资产重组中的财务问题研究30．资产重组的管理会计问题研究31．企业兼并中的财务决策32．企业并购的筹资与支付方式选择研究33．战略（机构）投资者与公司治理34．股票期权问题的研究35．我国上市公司治理结构与融资问题研究36．股权结构与公司治理37．国际税收筹划研究38．企业跨国经营的税收筹划问题39．税收筹划与企业财务管理40．XXX 税（例如企业所得税）的税收筹划41．高新技术企业税收筹划42．入世对我国税务会计的影响及展望43．我国加入WTO后财务管理面临的挑战44．管理会计在我国企业应用中存在的问题及对策其他题目请参考下面的的网址：/z/q104275175.htm?rq=118822298&ri=5&uid=2890422 94&ch=w.xg.dllyjj。

CHAPTER 24 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING*See additional information on next page that pertains to these quick studies, exercises and problems. SP refers to the Serial ProblemES refers to Excel SimulationsAdditional Information on Related Assignment MaterialConnectA vailable on the instructor’s course-specific website) repeats all numerical Quick Studies, all Exercises and Problems Set A. Connect also provides algorithmic versions for Quick Study, Exercises and Problems. It allows instructors to monitor, promote, and assess student learning. It can be used in practice, homework, or exam mode.Connect InsightThe first and only analytics tool of its kind, Connect Insight is a series of visual data displays that are each framed by an intuitive question and provide at-a-glance information regarding how an instructor’s class is performing. Connect Insight is available through Connect titles.The Serial Problem (SP) for Success Systems continues in this chapter.General LedgerAssignable within Connect, General Ledger (GL) problems offer students the ability to see how transactions post from the general journal all the way through the financial statements. Critical thinking and analysis components are added to each GL problem to ensure understanding of the entire process. GL problems are auto-graded and provide instant feedback to the student.Excel SimulationsAssignable within Connect, Excel Simulations allow students to practice their Excel skills—such as basic formulas and formatting—within the context of accounting. These questions feature animated, narrated Help and Show Me tutorials (when enabled). Excel Simulations are auto-graded and provide instant feedback to the student. Synopsis of Chapter RevisionsNEW opener—Ministry of Supply and entrepreneurial assignment.Reorganized chapter.Revised discussion of performance evaluation and decentralization.Revised discussion of Kraft Heinz responsibility centers.Revised exhibit on responsibility accounting.Revised discussion of responsibility accounting reports.Added NTKs on responsibility accounting, cost allocations, and balanced scorecard.Revised discussion of indirect expense allocations.New exhibit and discussion of general model of expense allocation.New exhibit on common allocation bases for indirect expenses.Revised discussion of preparing departmental income.New exhibit and formula for computing departmental income.Added short section on transfer pricing to the chapter.New Sustainability section with discussion of General Mills, Target and performance reporting, and Ministry of Supply example.Chapter OutlineNotes I.Responsibility AccountingA. Performance Evaluationrge companies are easier to manage if divided into smallerunits called divisions, segments, or departments.2.In decentralized organizations, decisions are made by unitmanagers rather than top management.3.In responsibility accounting, unit managers are evaluated onlyon what they are responsible for.4.The methods of performance evaluation vary for cost centers,profit centers and investment centers.a.Cost center−incurs cost or expenses without directlygenerating revenues (e.g. manufacturing department andservice department).b.Profit center−incurs costs and generates revenues (e.g.product centers).c.Investment center−incurs costs, generates revenues and isresponsible for effectively using center assets.5.Basis for evaluating performance:a.Cost center managers are evaluated on their success incontrolling costs compared to budgeted costs. Profit center:ability to generate more revenue than expenses.b.Profit center managers are evaluated on their success ingenerating income.c.Investment center managers are evaluated on their use ofinvestment-center assets to generate income.II.Controllable versus Uncontrollable CostsA.Controllable Costs -1.Those which a manager has the power to determine or at leastsignificantly affect the amount incurred.B. Uncontrollable costs –1.Are not within the manager’s control.2. A manager’s performance is evaluated using responsibilityreports that describe the department’s activities in terms ofcontrollable costs3.Distinguishing between controllable and uncontrollable costsdepends on the particular manager and the time period underanalysis.4.All costs are controllable at some level of management if the timeperiod is sufficiently long;5.Good judgment is required when identifying controllable costs.Chapter OutlineNotesC.Responsibility Accounting Performance Report1.Reports actual expenses that a manager is responsible for andtheir budgeted amounts.a.Management’s analysis of differences between actual andbudget often results in corrective actions.ed by upper management to evaluate effectiveness oflower-level managers in controlling costs.c.Recognizes that control over costs and expenses belongs toseveral layers of management.2.Responsibility Accounting Reporta.Provide relevant information for each management level.b.At lower levels, managers have limited responsibilities andtherefore fewer controllable costs.c.Responsibility and control broaden for higher-levelmanagers.III.Profit CentersA.The responsibility report focuses on how well each departmentcontrolled costs and generated revenues.B.The departmental income statement is a common way to reportprofit center performance.C.When computing department profits, two key accounting challengesinvolve allocating expenses:1.How to allocate indirect expenses, such as rent and utilities whichbenefit several departments.2.How to allocate service department expenses, such as payroll orpurchasing, that perform services that benefit severaldepartments.D.Direct and Indirect Expenses1.Direct Expenses are readily traced to a department.a.Incurred for sole benefit of that one department; no allocationrequired.b.Often, but not always, controllable costs.2.Indirect Expenses are incurred for joint benefit of more than onedepartment; can’t be readily traced to just one department.a.Allocated across departments benefiting from them.b.Ideally allocated using a cause-effect relation or, if cause-effect relation cannot be identified, allocated on a basisapproximating the benefit received by each department.c.Typically considered uncontrollable costs.Chapter OutlineNotesE.General Model – indirect and service department expenses areallocated across departments benefiting from them. Allocated using acause-effect relation. Sometimes hard to identify.1.Allocated Cost = Total Cost to Allocate x Percentage ofAllocation Base Used.F.Allocating Indirect Expenses – allocation bases vary acrossdepartments and organizations. Managers must use careful judgmentin developing allocation bases. Commonly used allocation bases:1.Wages and salaries –allocated using relative amount of hoursworked in each department.2.Rent and Utilities allocated based on portion of floor spaceoccupied. More valuable location may charge department higherrate.3.Advertising – allocated using a percentage of total sales.4.Depreciation – allocated using hours of depreciable asset used.G.Service Department expenses –provide support to an organization’soperating departments. Common allocation bases:1.Office, personnel, and payroll expenses – allocated based onnumber of employees in each department.2.Purchasing costs – allocated based on dollar amount of purchasesor number of purchase orders processed.3.Maintenance expenses – allocated based on square footage.H.Departmental Income Statements1.Departmental income is computed using the following formula:Departmental income = Dept. sales – Dept. direct expenses –Allocated indirect expenses – Allocated service dept. expenses.2.Four Steps for allocating costs and preparing departmentalincome statements:a.Step one – accumulate revenues and direct and indirectexpenses by department. Involves collecting the necessarydata from general company and departmental accounts.i.Direct and indirect expenses include salaries, depreciationand supplies expenses.b.Step two – allocate indirect expenses across both service andoperating departments.i. Uses a departmental expense allocation spreadsheetshown in Exhibit 24.10.ii.After selecting allocation bases, indirect expenses arerecorded in company accounts and allocated to bothoperating and service departments.Chapter OutlineNotesc.Step three – allocate service department expenses tooperating departments using a departmental expenseallocation spreadsheet. After service department costs areallocated, no expenses remain in the service departments.d.Step four – prepare departmental income statements using thedepartmental expense allocation spreadsheet.i. Actual service department expenses are compared withbudgeted amounts to help assess cost center performance.ii.Amounts in the operating department columns are used toprepare departmental income statements. (Exhibit 24.15)I.Departmental Contribution to Overhead (see Exhibit 24.12)1.Departmental income statements not always best for evaluatingeach profit center’s performance especially when indirectexpenses are a large portion of total expenses.2.Evaluate using departmental contributions to overhead a reportof the amount of sales less direct expenses.3.Behavioral Aspects of Departmental Performance Reports –a.Indirect expenses are typically uncontrollable, so a better wayto evaluate is using departmental contribution to overhead.b.Including indirect expenses in department manager’sperformance evaluation can lead to the manager being morecareful in using service departments.c.Some companies allocate budgeted service department costsso operating departments are not held responsible forexcessive costs from service departments.IV.Investment CenterA.Financial Performance Evaluation Measures include:1.Return on investment, return on assets, computed as investmentcenter income / by investment center average invested assets.2.Residual income – Expressed in dollars. Encourages divisionmanagers to accept all opportunities that return more than targetincome. Computed as investment center income – targetinvestment center income.3.Profit margin and investment turnover – split return oninvestment into two measures – profit margin and investmentturnover.a.Profit margin measures income earned per dollar of salescomputed as investment center income divided by investmentcenter sales. Usually use income before tax. Expressed as apercent.b.Investment turnover measures how efficiently an investmentcenter generates sales from its invested assets. Calculated asinvestment center sales divided by investment center averageassets. Expressed as the number of times assets wereconverted into sales.Chapter OutlineNotes4.Nonfinancial Performance Evaluation Measures –using solelyfinancial measures has limitations. Companies can considernonfinancial measures to help in evaluating division manager’sperformance.5.Balanced Scorecard: system of performance measures,including nonfinancial measures used to assess company anddivision manager performance. Requires managers to think oftheir company from four perspectives.a.Customer: what do they think of us?b.Internal process: which of our operations are critical?c.Innovation and learning: how can we improve?d.Financial: what do our owners think of us?V.Decision Analysis Cycle Time and Cycle EfficiencyA.As lean manufacturing practices help companies move toward justin time manufacturing it is important for companies to reduce thetime it takes to manufacture its products and improve efficiency.1.Cycle time measures the time element which describes the timeit takes to produce a product or service.Cycle time = Process + Inspection + Move + WaitTime Time Time Timea.Process time is considered value-added time – it is the onlyactivity in cycle time that adds value to the product from thecustomer’s perspective. The other three activities areconsidered non-value-added time: they add no value to thecustomer.2.Cycle Efficiency measures production efficiency. It is the ratioof value added time to total cycle time.Cycle Efficiency = Value added timecycle timea.If the cycle efficiency is low, the company should evaluatethe production process to see if it can identify ways toreduce the non-value added activities.VI.Appendix 24A – Cost Allocations uses the general model of costallocation to show how the cost allocations in Exhibits 24.10 and 24.11for A-1 Hardware. Rent expense, utilities expense, advertising expenseand insurance expense are allocated first. Then, the two servicedepartment’s expenses are allocated to the three operating departments.Chapter OutlineNotes VII.Appendix 24B – Transfer PricingThe price used to record transfers between divisions in the samecompany is called a transfer price. Can be used in cost, profit andinvestment centers.A.If there is no excess capacity, the internal supplier will not accept atransfer price less than the market price. This is called market basedtransfer pricing.B.If there is excess capacity, the internal supplier should accept a pricebetween the costs to manufacturer the part and the market price.This is called cost based transfer pricing.C.Other issues to consider in determining transfer prices include:1.Market price may not exist2.Cost controls3.Division managers’ negotiation4.Nonfinancial factors to consider include: quality control,reduced lead times and impact on employee morale.III.Appendix 24C – Joint CostsA.Joint Costs−the costs incurred to produce or purchase two or moreproducts at the same time; similar to indirect expense in that it’sshared across more than one cost object.1.Ignored when deciding to sell product as is or process further.2.Allocated to different products produced from it when total costof each product must be estimated (e.g., preparation of GAAPfinancial statements).3.Allocation basesa.Physical basis−allocates joint costs using physicalcharacteristics such as ratio of pounds, cubic feet or gallonsof each joint product to the total pounds, cubic feet orgallons of all joint products flowing from the cost; does notreflect the extra value flowing into some products or theinferior value flowing into others. Not the preferred method.b.Value basis−allocates joint cost in proportion to the salesvalue of the output produced by the process at the “split-offpoint”.Chapter 24 Alternate Demo ProblemJack and Susan Roberts own a farm that produces potatoes. Based on a review of the income statement shown below, Jack remarked that they should have fed the No. 3 potatoes to the pigs; then they would have avoided the loss from the sale of the those potatoes.JACK AND SUSAN ROBERTSIncome from the Production and Sale of PotatoesFor Year Ended December 31, 20xxResults by GradeSales by grades:No. 1, 300,000 lbs. $0.045 per lb.No. 2, 500,000 lbs. $0.04 per lb.No. 3, 200,000 lbs. $0.03 per lb.CombinedCosts:Land preparation, seed,planting,cultivating @ $0.01422 per lb.Harvesting, sorting, grading@ $0.01185 per lb.Marketing @ $0.00415 per lb.Total costsNet income (or loss)Jack and Susan divided their costs among the grades on a per pound basis, because their records do not show cost per grade. However, their records did show that $4,020 of the $4,150 of marketing costs represented the cost of placing the No. 1 and No. 2 potatoes in bags and hauling them to the warehouse of the produce buyer. Bagging and hauling costs were the same for both grades. The remaining $130 represented the cost of loading the No.3 potatoes into the trucks of the potato starch factory that bought these potatoes in bulk and picked them up at the farm.Required:Prepare an income statement that will better show the results of producing and marketing the each of the grades of potatoes.Chapter 24 Alternate Demo Problem: SolutionJACK AND SUSAN ROBERTSIncome from the Production and Sale of PotatoesFor Year Ended December 31, 20xxRevenue from sales:Costs:Land preparation, seed,planting, cultivatingHarvesting, sorting, gradingMarketingTotal costsNet incomeCOST ALLOCATIONSLand preparation, seed, planting, andcultivating:No. 1: $13,500 / $39,500 x $14,220 = No. 2: $20,000 / $39,500 x $14,220 = No. 3: $ 6,000 / $39,500 x $14,220 = $ 4,8607,2002,160 $14,220Harvesting, sorting, and grading:No. 1: $13,500 / $39,500 x $11,850 = No. 2: $20,000 / $39,500 x $11,850 = No. 3: $ 6,000 / $39,500 x $11,850 = $ 4,0506,0001,800 $11,850Marketing:No. 1: $13,500 / $33,500 x $4,020 = No. 2: $20,000 / $33,500 x $4,020 = $1,620 2,400Subtotal bagging and hauling costs 4,020 No. 3: Loading costs 130$4,150。

会计学属于什么专业类别会计学属于什么专业类别？会计学作为一门独立的学科，被广泛地认为是属于商科的一个专业类别。

它与财务管理学、金融学等学科紧密相关，为企业和组织提供决策依据和财务信息管理服务。

会计学旨在通过记录、分类、分析和报告财务数据，为管理者和利益相关者提供可靠的财务信息和决策支持。

本文将分析会计学的定义、学科特点、专业发展和就业前景，以证明其确实属于商科的一个专业类别。

首先，我们来定义会计学。

会计学是关于财务信息管理和财务决策的学科。

它通过记录和分析财务交易，编制财务报表，并为管理者和利益相关者提供决策支持。

会计学包括财务会计、管理会计、成本会计、税务会计等多个领域，涵盖了企业内部管理和对外报告的方方面面。

其次，会计学在学科特点上与商科紧密相关。

商科是研究商业和管理活动的学科，包括经济学、市场营销、人力资源管理等多个专业类别。

会计学作为商科的一部分，既涉及到经济活动的记录和分析，也与企业决策和管理密切相关。

会计学的研究对象是企业的财务活动，它通过编制财务报表和财务分析，为企业的决策提供科学的依据。

此外，会计学作为专业类别在不同国家和地区有着广泛的应用和发展。

在各国的高等教育体系中，会计学通常作为一个独立的专业开设，提供本科和研究生学位。

学生在学习期间将学习会计原理、财务管理、审计、税法等相关课程，掌握会计技术和理论知识。

在教育体系中，会计学与商科其他学科相互联系，形成一个完整的商学教育体系。

在就业前景方面，会计学也表现出了良好的发展势头。

随着全球经济的发展和国际贸易的增加，企业对会计专业人才的需求不断增加。

作为企业财务管理和决策的重要支持者，会计师在各行各业中都有广阔的就业机会。

会计师事务所、企业财务部门、政府机构等都需要会计专业人才进行财务管理和审计工作。

此外，会计师还可以选择独立开展会计咨询和税务筹划等服务，为企业提供更广泛的专业支持。

综上所述，会计学作为一门独立的学科，确实属于商科的一个专业类别。

CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK UNDERLYINGFINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGCHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES1. Describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework.2. Describe efforts to construct a conceptual framework.3. Understand the objective of financial reporting.4. Identify the qualitative characteristics of accounting information.5. Define the basic elements of financial statements.6. Describe the basic assumptions of accounting.7. Explain the application of the basic principles of accounting.8. Describe the impact that constraints have on reporting accounting information.Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition2 - 2TRUE-FALSE—Conceptual1. The conceptual framework for accounting has been discovered through empirical research.2. A conceptual framework is a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentalsthat can lead to consistent standards.3. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) uses a conceptual framework basedon individual concepts developed by each member of the standard-setting body.4. A soundly developed conceptual framework enables the International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB) to issue more useful and consistent pronouncements over time.5. A soundly developed conceptual framework enables the International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB) to quickly solve new and emerging practical problems by referencing basic theory.6. The IASB has issued a conceptual framework that is broadly consistent with that of theUnited States.7. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework includessupplementary information.8. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework includesthe elements of financial statements.9. The 2nd level of the IASB’s conceptual framework provides the qualitative characteristicsthat make accounting information useful and the elements of financial statements.10. One of the challenges in developing a common conceptual framework will be to agree onhow the framework should be organized since the FASB and IASB conceptual frameworks are organized in very different ways.11. The first level of the conceptual framework identifies the recognition and measurementconcepts used in establishing accounting standards.12. Decision usefulness is the underlying theme of the conceptual framework.13. Users of financial statements are assumed to have no knowledge of business and financialaccounting matters by financial statement preparers.14. The foundation of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) ConceptualFramework is found on the third level of the Framework and includes assumptions, principles, and constraints.15. An implicit assumption of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s)Conceptual Framework is that users need to be experts in business and financial accounting matters to understand the information contained in financial statements.16. Relevance and reliability are the two primary qualities that make accounting informationuseful for decision making.Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting 2 - 3 17. The idea of consistency does not mean that companies cannot switch from one accountingmethod to another.18. Timeliness and neutrality are two ingredients of relevance.19. Verifiability and predictive value are two ingredients of reliability.20. The second level of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) ConceptualFramework serves as a bridge between the “why” of accounting and the “how” of accounting.21. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framew ork,qualitative characteristics are considered either relevant or prudent.22. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework,qualitative characteristics distinguish better information from inferior information for decision-making purposes.23. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, anenhancing qualitative characteristic is predictive value.24. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework,aningredient of a fundamental qualitative characteristic is understandability.25. To be a faithful representation as described by the International Accounting StandardsBoard’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, information must be confirmatory.26. An enhancing quality as described by the International Accounting Standards Board’s(IASB’s) Conceptual Framework is comparability.27. Moon, Inc. applies different accounting treatments to similar events from period to period.Moon, Inc. is violating verifiability as described by the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework.28. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) definition of retained earnings is“the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.”29. The historical cost principle would be of limited usefulness if not for the going concernassumption.30. The economic entity assumption means that economic activity can be identified with aparticular legal entity.31. Materiality is one of the basic assumptions of accounting used by the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB).32. Periodicity is one of the basic assumptions of accounting used by the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB).33. Timeliness is one of the basic assumptions of accounting used by the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB).Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition2 - 434. The periodicity basic assumptions of accounting (used by the International AccountingStandards Board) makes depreciation and amortization policies justifiable and appropriate.35. The IASB conceptual framework specifically identifies accrual basis accounting as one of itsfundamental assumptions.36. One of two assumptions made by the IASB conceptual framework is that the reporting entityis a going concern.37. The expense recognition principle states that debits must equal credits in each transaction.38. Revenues are realizable when assets received or held are readily convertible into cash orclaims to cash.39. Supplementary information may include details or amounts that present a differentperspective from that adopted in the financial statements.40. Companies consider only quantitative factors in determining whether an item is material.41. The International Accounting Standards Board has given companies the option of using fairvalue to report financial liabilities.42. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) product costs are charged off inthe immediate period and period costs may be carried into future periods.43. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) notes to the financial statementsmust qualify as an element.44. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) supplementary information maybe information that is high in relevance but low in reliability.45. The cost-benefit constraint included in the International Accounting Standards Board’sconceptual framework states that financial information should be free from cost to users of the information.46. Th e International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) rule for materiality is any item under5% of net income is considered immaterial.47. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) conceptual framework includes theconcept of prudence or conservatism which means when in doubt, choose the solution that will be least likely to overstate assets or income and/or understate liabilities or expenses.48. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) companies must consider bothquantitative and qualitative factors in determining whether an item is material.49. Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) companies need not reportimmaterial items within the body of the financial statements, but must disclose them in the notes or supplementary information that accompany the financial statements.50. The conceptual framework underlying U.S. GAAP is similar to that underlying IFRS.Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting 2 - 5MULTIPLE CHOICE—Conceptual51. A soundly developed conceptual framework of concepts and objectives shoulda. increase financial statement users' understanding of and confidence in financialreporting.b. enhance comparability among companies' financial statements.c. allow new and emerging practical problems to be more quickly solved.d. all of these.52. Which of the following (a-c) are not true concerning a conceptual framework in account-ing?a. It should be a basis for standard-setting.b. It should allow practical problems to be solved more quickly by reference to it.c. It should be based on fundamental truths that are derived from the laws of nature.d. All of the above (a-c) are true.53. What is a purpose of having a conceptual framework?a. To enable the profession to more quickly solve emerging practical problems.b. To provide a foundation from which to build more useful standards.c. Neither a nor b.d. Both a and b.S54. Which of the following is not a benefit associated with the FASB Conceptual Framework Project?a. A conceptual framework should increase financial statement users' understanding ofand confidence in financial reporting.b. Practical problems should be more quickly solvable by reference to an existingconceptual framework.c. A coherent set of accounting standards and rules should result.d. Business entities will need far less assistance from accountants because the financialreporting process will be quite easy to apply.Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition2 - 655. A soundly developed conceptual framework enables the International AccountingStandards Board (IASB) toI. Issue more useful and consistent pronouncements over time.II. More quickly solve new and emerging practical problems by referencing basic theory.a. I only.b. II only.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.56. In the conceptual framework for financial reporting, what provides "the why"--the goalsand purposes of accounting?a. Measurement and recognition concepts such as assumptions, principles, andconstraintsb. Qualitative characteristics of accounting informationc. Elements of financial statementsd. Objective of financial reporting57. The underlying theme of the conceptual framework isa. decision usefulness.b. understandability.c. reliability.d. comparability.58. What is the objective of financial reporting as indicated in the conceptual framework?a. provide information that is useful to those making investing and credit decisions.b. provide information that is useful to management.c. provide information about those investing in the entity.d. All of the above.59. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework includesall of the following except:a. Objective of financial reporting.b. Supplementary informationc. Elements of financial statements.d. Qualitative characteristics of accounting information.60. The second level in the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) ConceptualFrameworka. Identifies the objective of financial reporting.b. Identifies recognition, measurement, and disclosure concepts used in establishing andapplying accounting standards.c. Provides the elements of financial statements.d. Includes assumptions, principles, and constraints.Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting 2 - 7 61. The objective of financial reporting in the Internatio nal Accounting Standards Board’s(IASB’s) Conceptual Frameworka. Is the foundation for the Framework.b. Includes the qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful.c. Is found on the third level of the Framework.d. All of the choices are correct regarding the objective of financial reporting.62. An implicit assumption of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s)Conceptual Framework is thata. Information must be decision-useful to all potential users of financial reporting.b. General-purpose financial reporting is the primary source of information for users offinancial reporting.c. Users need reasonable knowledge of business and financial accounting matters tounderstand the information contained in financial statements.d. All of the choices are correct.63. The overriding criterion by which accounting information can be judged is that ofa. usefulness for decision making.b. freedom from bias.c. timeliness.d. comparability.64. Which of the following is a fundamental quality of useful accounting information?a. Comparability.b. Relevance.c. Consistency.d. Materiality.65. Which of the following is a fundamental quality of useful accounting information?a. Conservatism.b. Comparability.c. Faithful representation.d. Consistency.66. What is meant by comparability when discussing financial accounting information?a. Information has predictive or feedback value.b. Information is reasonably free from error.c. Information that is measured and reported in a similar fashion across companies.d. Information is timely.67. What is meant by consistency when discussing financial accounting information?a. Information that is measured and reported in a similar fashion across points in time.b. Information is timely.c. Information is measured similarly across the industry.d. Information is verifiable.Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition2 - 868. Which of the following is an ingredient of relevance?a. Completeness.b. Representational faithfulness.c. Neutrality.d. Predictive value.69. Which of the following is an ingredient of faithful representation?a. Predictive value.b. Timeliness.c. Neutrality.d. Feedback value.70. Changing the method of inventory valuation should be reported in the financial statementsunder what qualitative characteristic of accounting information?a. Understandability.b. Verifiability.c. Timeliness.d. Comparability.71. Company A issuing its annual financial reports within one month of the end of the year isan example of which enhancing quality of accounting information?a. Neutrality.b. Timeliness.c. Predictive value.d. Representational faithfulness.72. What is the quality of information that enables users to better forecast future operations?a. Reliability.b. Materiality.c. Comparability.d. Relevance.73. Which of the following ingredients of fundamental qualities is part of faithful representation?a. Neutrality.b. Productive value.c. Confirmatory value.d. Timeliness.74. Decision makers vary widely in the types of decisions they make, the methods of decisionmaking they employ, the information they already possess or can obtain from other sources, and their ability to process information. Consequently, for information to be useful there must be a linkage between these users and the decisions they make. This link isa. relevance.b. reliability.c. understandability.d. materiality.Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting 2 - 9 75. The two fundamental qualities that make accounting information useful for decisionmaking area. comparability and consistency.b. materiality and timeliness.c. relevance and faithful representation.d. reliability and comparability.76. Accounting information is considered to be relevant when ita. can be depended on to represent the economic conditions and events that it isintended to represent.b. is capable of making a difference in a decision.c. is understandable by reasonably informed users of accounting information.d. is verifiable and neutral.77. The quality of information that gives assurance that it is reasonably free of error and biasa. relevance.b. faithful representation.c. verifiability.d. neutrality.78. Financial information does not demonstrate consistency whena. firms in the same industry use different accounting methods to account for the sametype of transaction.b. a company changes its estimate of the salvage value of a fixed asset.c. a company fails to adjust its financial statements for changes in the value of themeasuring unit.d. none of these.79. When information about two different enterprises has been prepared and presented in asimilar manner, the information exhibits the characteristic ofa. relevance.b. reliability.c. consistency.d. none of these.80. The second level of the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) ConceptualFrameworka. provides conceptual building blocks that explain the qualitative characteristics ofaccounting information.b. defines the elements of financial statements.c. serves as a bridge between the “why” of accounting and the “how” of accounting.d. all of the choices are correct.81. In the Intern ational Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework,qualitative characteristicsa. Are considered either fundamental or enhancing.b. Contribute to the decision-usefulness of financial reporting information.c. Distinguish better information from inferior information for decision-making purposes.d. All of the choices are correct.Test Bank for Intermediate Accounting: IFRS Edition2 - 1082. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, anenhancing qualitative characteristic isa. Predictive value.b. Free from error.c. Timeliness.d. Confirmatory value.83. In the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, aningredient of a fundamental qualitative characteristic isa. Neutrality.b. Verifiability.c. Timeliness.d. Understandability.84. In the International A ccounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, afundamental qualitative characteristic isa. Materiality.b. Faithful representation.c. Decision usefulness.d. Neutrality.85. To be a faithful representation as described by the International Accounting StandardsBoard’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework, information must be all of the following except:a. Complete.b. Free from error.c. Confirmatory.d. Neutral.86. Enhancing qualities as described by the International Accounting Standards Board’s(IASB’s) Conceptua l Framework, include all of the following except:a. Comparability.b. Neutrality.c. Understandability.d. Verifiability.87. Erin Company applies the same accounting treatment to similar events from period toperiod. Erin Company is exhibiting which of the following qualities as described by the International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB’s) Conceptual Framework?a. Verifiability.b. Consistency.c. Predictive value.d. All of the choices are correct.S88. According to the IASB Conceptual Framework, the elements−assets, liabilities, and equity−describe amounts of resources and claims to resources at/during aMoment in Time Period of Timea. Yes Nob. Yes Yesc. No Yesd. No No89. Which of the following is not a basic element of financial statements?a. Assets.b. Statement of financial position.c. Equity.d. Income.90. Which of the following basic elements of financial statements is not associated with thestatement of financial position?a. Income.b. Equity.c. Liability.d. Asset.91. Issuance of common stock for cash affects which basic element of financial statements?a. Revenues.b. Losses.c. Liabilities.d. Equity.92. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) defines five interrelated elements offinancial statements. Which of the following is not one of those elements?a. Asset.b. Income.c. Equity.d. All of the choices are elements defined by the IASB.93. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) defines one of the 5 elements asfollows: “the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities”Which element matches this description?a. Retained earnings.b. Income.c. Equity.d. All of the choices match this definition.94. Which of the following is not a basic assumption underlying the financial accountingstructure?a. Economic entity assumption.b. Going concern assumption.c. Periodicity assumption.d. Historical cost assumption.95. Which basic assumption is illustrated when a firm reports financial results on an annualbasis?a. Economic entity assumption.b. Going concern assumption.c. Periodicity assumption.d. Monetary unit assumption.96. Which basic assumption may not be followed when a firm in bankruptcy reports financialresults?a. Economic entity assumption.b. Going concern assumption.c. Periodicity assumption.d. Monetary unit assumption.97. Which accounting assumption or principle is being violated if a company provides financialreports in connection with a new product introduction?a. Economic entity.b. Periodicity.c. Revenue recognition.d. Full disclosure.S98. Which of the following basic accounting assumptions is threatened by the existence of severe inflation in the economy?a. Monetary unit assumption.b. Periodicity assumption.c. Going-concern assumption.d. Economic entity assumption.S99. During the lifetime of an entity accountants produce financial statements at artificial points in time in accordance with the concept ofObjectivity Periodicitya. No Nob. Yes Noc. No Yesd. Yes Yes100. Under current IFRS, inflation is ignored in accounting due to thea. economic entity assumption.b. going concern assumption.c. monetary unit assumption.d. periodicity assumption.101. The economic entity assumptiona. is inapplicable to unincorporated businesses.b. recognizes the legal aspects of business organizations.c. requires periodic income measurement.d. is applicable to all forms of business organizations.102. Preparation of consolidated financial statements when a parent-subsidiary relationship exists is an example of thea. economic entity assumption.b. relevance characteristic.c. comparability characteristic.d. neutrality characteristic.103. During the lifetime of an entity, accountants produce financial statements at arbitrary points in time in accordance with which basic accounting concept?a. Cost/benefit constraintb. Periodicity assumptionc. Materiality constraintd. Expense recognition principle104. The assumption that a business enterprise will not be sold or liquidated in the near future is known as thea. economic entity assumption.b. monetary unit assumption.c. materiality assumption.d. none of these.105. Which of the following is an implication of the going concern assumption?a. The historical cost principle is credible.b. Depreciation and amortization policies are justifiable and appropriate.c. The current-noncurrent classification of assets and liabilities is justifiable and signify-cant.d. All of these.106. The basic assumptions of accounting used by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) include all of the following except:a. Going concern.b. Periodicity.c. Accrual basis.d. Materiality.107. The basic assumptions of accounting used by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) includea. Neutrality.b. Periodicity.c. Understandability.d. Materiality.108. The basic assumptions of accounting used by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) includea. Monetary unit.b. Decision usefulnessc. Timeliness.d. All of the choices are basic assumptions of accounting.109. Which of the following basic assumptions of accounting (used by the International Accounting Standards Board) makes depreciation and amortization policies justifiable and appropriate?a. Periodicity.b. Decision usefulnessc. Monetary unit.d. Going concern.110. Proponents of historical cost ordinarily maintain that in comparison with all other valuation alternatives for general purpose financial reporting, statements prepared using historical costs are morea. verifiable.b. relevant.c. indicative of the entity's purchasing power.d. conservative.111. Valuing assets at their liquidation values rather than their cost is inconsistent with thea. periodicity assumption.b. matching principle.c. materiality constraint.d. historical cost principle.112. Revenue is generally recognized when a sale occurs. This statement describes thea. consistency characteristic.b. matching principle.c. revenue recognition principle.d. relevance characteristic.113. Generally, revenue from sales should be recognized at a point whena. management decides it is appropriate to do so.b. the product is available for sale to the ultimate consumer.c. the entire amount receivable has been collected from the customer and there remainsno further warranty liability.d. none of these.114. Revenue generally should be recognizeda. at the end of production.b. at the time of cash collection.c. when realized.d. when a sale occurs.115. Which of the following is not a time when revenue may be recognized?a. At time of saleb. At receipt of cashc. During productiond. All of these are possible times of revenue recognition.116. The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, which appears as a deduction from Accounts Receivable on a statement of financial position and which is based on an estimate of bad debts, is an application of thea. consistency characteristic.b. expense recognition principle.c. materiality constraint.d. revenue recognition principle.117. The accounting principle of expense recognition is best demonstrated bya. not recognizing any expense unless some revenue is realized.b. associating effort (expense) with accomplishment (revenue).c. recognizing prepaid rent received as revenue.d. establishing an Appropriation for Contingencies account.118. Application of the full disclosure principlea. is theoretically desirable but not practical because the costs of complete disclosureexceed the benefits.b. is violated when important financial information is buried in the notes to the financialstatements.c. is demonstrated by the use of supplementary information presenting the effects ofchanging prices.d. requires that the financial statements be consistent and comparable.119. Which of the following is an argument against using historical cost in accounting?a. Fair values are more relevant.b. Historical costs are based on an exchange transaction.c. Historical costs are reliable.d. Fair values are subjective.120. When is revenue generally recognized?a. When cash is received.b. When the warranty expires.c. When production is completed.d. When the sale occurs.121. Which of the following are the two components of the revenue recognition principle?a. Cash is received and the amount is material.b. It is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the company and it is possibleto reliably measure the amount.c. Production is complete and there is an active market for the product.d. Cash is realized or realizable and production is complete.122. Which of the following practices may not be an acceptable deviation from recognizing revenue at the point of sale?a. Upon receipt of cash.b. During production.c. Upon receipt of order.d. End of production.。