Research on global form deviations for spiral bevel gear based on latticed measurement

第1篇IntroductionProduction and manufacturing are the backbone of any economy, providing the tangible goods that drive global commerce and satisfy consumer needs. This article delves into the intricacies of the production and manufacturing process, exploring various aspects such as the history,key components, challenges, and future trends in this vital industry.The Evolution of Production and ManufacturingThe history of production and manufacturing is a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of efficiency. From the early days of handcrafted goods to the modern era of advanced automation, the industry has undergone a remarkable transformation.1. Ancient Times: In ancient civilizations, production was largely based on manual labor and craftsmanship. Pottery, textiles, and metalworks were produced using simple tools and techniques.2. Industrial Revolution: The late 18th and early 19th centuries marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, which introduced machinesand factories to mass production. This period saw the rise of steam engines, water-powered machines, and the division of labor.3. Technological Advancements: The 20th century witnessed significant technological advancements, including the development of electric motors, computers, and robotics. These innovations revolutionized the manufacturing process, making it more efficient and cost-effective.Key Components of Production and ManufacturingThe production and manufacturing process involves several key components, each playing a crucial role in the overall outcome.1. Design and Engineering: The initial stage involves designing and engineering the product, taking into account its functionality, aesthetics, and market demand.2. Materials and Components: The choice of materials and components is critical in determining the quality and durability of the final product. This stage involves sourcing raw materials and ensuring their quality.3. Production Process: The production process involves transforming raw materials into finished goods. This may include various stages such as cutting, shaping, assembling, and quality control.4. Quality Control: Ensuring the quality of the product is essential to meet customer expectations and industry standards. Quality control measures are implemented throughout the production process.5. Distribution and Logistics: Once the product is manufactured, it needs to be distributed to customers. This involves logistics planning, transportation, and warehousing.Challenges in Production and ManufacturingDespite the advancements in technology and processes, the production and manufacturing industry faces several challenges.1. Cost Management: Keeping production costs under control is a significant challenge, especially in a highly competitive market.2. Quality Control: Ensuring consistent quality in mass production is a complex task, as even minor defects can lead to significant losses.3. Environmental Impact: The production and manufacturing process can have a significant environmental impact, including emissions, waste, and resource consumption.4. Technological Integration: Integrating new technologies into existing systems can be challenging and requires substantial investment.Future Trends in Production and ManufacturingThe future of production and manufacturing is shaped by various trends, including:1. Automation and Robotics: Increased automation and the use of robotics in manufacturing processes are expected to further enhance efficiency and productivity.2. Additive Manufacturing: Also known as 3D printing, additive manufacturing is revolutionizing the production process by allowing the creation of complex and customized products.3. Smart Manufacturing: The integration of sensors, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in manufacturing processes is expected to drive efficiency and innovation.4. Sustainability: As environmental concerns grow, sustainable production and manufacturing practices will become increasingly important.ConclusionProduction and manufacturing are fundamental to the success of any economy. By understanding the history, key components, challenges, and future trends in this industry, we can better appreciate the importance of continuous improvement and innovation. As technology evolves and consumer demands change, the production and manufacturing industry will continue to adapt, driving economic growth and improving the quality of life for people around the world.第2篇Introduction:In the modern era, the production and manufacturing process has evolved significantly, driven by technological advancements, automation, and the increasing demand for quality and efficiency. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the production and manufacturing process, highlighting the key stages and methodologies involved in creating products that meet the needs and expectations of consumers worldwide.1. Design and Engineering:The first stage in the production and manufacturing process is thedesign and engineering phase. This involves conceptualizing the product, creating detailed technical drawings, and determining the materials, tools, and equipment required for production. Engineers use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create virtual models of the product, allowing for accurate simulations and adjustments before the actual manufacturing process begins.1.1 Product Design:Product design is the process of creating a product that is functional, aesthetically pleasing, and meets the requirements of the target market. Designers work closely with engineers to ensure that the product is feasible for production and complies with safety and regulatory standards.1.2 Material Selection:Choosing the right materials is crucial for the success of a product. Engineers and designers consider factors such as cost, availability, strength, and durability when selecting materials for production. Common materials used in manufacturing include metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites.2. Procurement and Supply Chain Management:Once the design and engineering phase is complete, the procurement and supply chain management process begins. This involves sourcing raw materials, components, and equipment required for production. Effective supply chain management ensures that materials are available when needed, minimizing delays and costs.2.1 Raw Material Sourcing:Raw materials are procured from suppliers, who may be local or international. Quality control measures are implemented to ensure that the materials meet the required specifications.2.2 Component and Equipment Sourcing:Manufacturers also source components and equipment needed for production. This may involve purchasing from other manufacturers or using in-house capabilities.3. Production and Manufacturing:The production and manufacturing phase is where the actual product is created. This stage can be broken down into several sub-processes:3.1 Machining and Fabrication:Machining involves the removal of material from a workpiece to createthe desired shape and dimensions. Fabrication, on the other hand, involves assembling and joining materials to form the final product. Common machining processes include turning, milling, and grinding, while fabrication techniques include welding, soldering, and fastening.3.2 Assembly:Once the individual components are produced, they are assembled tocreate the final product. Assembly can be done manually or using automated systems. Quality control measures are implemented during assembly to ensure that the product meets the required specifications.3.3 Quality Control:Quality control is a critical aspect of the production and manufacturing process. It involves inspecting the product at various stages toidentify and correct defects or deviations from the desired specifications. Quality control methods include visual inspections, testing, and statistical process control.4. Packaging and Distribution:After the product is manufactured and passes the quality control checks, it is packaged for transportation and distribution. Packaging ensuresthat the product is protected during transit and meets any regulatory requirements. Distribution involves delivering the product to the end-user, either directly or through intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers.5. After-Sales Service and Support:The production and manufacturing process does not end with the delivery of the product. After-sales service and support are essential for ensuring customer satisfaction and maintaining brand reputation. This includes providing warranty services, technical assistance, and customer support.Conclusion:The production and manufacturing process is a complex and dynamic process that involves multiple stages and methodologies. By understanding the key components and challenges of this process, manufacturers can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and create high-quality products that meet the needs and expectations of consumers worldwide. As technology continues to evolve, the production and manufacturing process will undoubtedly become more advanced, enabling manufacturers to create innovative products that drive economic growth and enhance the quality of life.第3篇In the era of globalization and technological advancement, the production and manufacturing industry has become the backbone of economic development. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the production and manufacturing process, highlighting its significance, challenges, and future trends.Introduction to Production and ManufacturingProduction and manufacturing refer to the processes involved in transforming raw materials into finished goods. These processes include planning, designing, sourcing, producing, and distributing products. The production and manufacturing industry is vast and diverse, encompassing various sectors such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverages.Significance of Production and ManufacturingThe production and manufacturing industry plays a crucial role in the global economy for several reasons:1. Economic Growth: Production and manufacturing are key drivers of economic growth. They create jobs, generate income, and contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countries.2. Innovation: The industry fosters innovation by continuously developing new technologies, processes, and products to meet consumer demands and improve efficiency.3. Supply Chain: Production and manufacturing are integral to the supply chain, ensuring that goods are available when and where they are needed.4. Globalization: The industry has facilitated global trade by enabling companies to source raw materials and distribute products worldwide.The Production ProcessThe production process can be broken down into several stages:1. Design: The first step is to design the product, considering factors such as functionality, aesthetics, and cost. This stage involves collaboration between engineers, designers, and marketing teams.2. Sourcing: Once the design is finalized, the next step is to source the raw materials and components required for production. This process involves selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and ensuringquality control.3. Production: The production stage involves transforming raw materials into finished goods. This process can be automated or semi-automated, depending on the complexity of the product and the scale of production.4. Quality Control: Quality control is a critical stage in the production process, ensuring that the finished product meets the required standards. This involves inspecting the product at various stages of production and making necessary adjustments.5. Packaging and Distribution: After the product passes the quality control stage, it is packaged and distributed to the end-users or retailers.Challenges in Production and ManufacturingDespite its significance, the production and manufacturing industry faces several challenges:1. Competition: The industry is highly competitive, with numerous players vying for market share. Companies must continuously innovate and improve their products and processes to stay ahead.2. Cost Management: The cost of raw materials, labor, and energy can fluctuate significantly, impacting the profitability of manufacturing operations.3. Regulations: Compliance with environmental, health, and safety regulations is a critical challenge for manufacturers. Failure to comply can result in fines, legal action, and reputational damage.4. Technological Changes: Rapid technological advancements can disrupt existing production processes and require companies to invest in new technologies and training.Future Trends in Production and ManufacturingThe future of production and manufacturing is shaped by several trends:1. Digitalization: The integration of digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI), is transforming the industry. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and improved supply chain management.2. Sustainability: As environmental concerns grow, manufacturers are increasingly focusing on sustainable practices, such as reducing waste, using renewable energy, and developing eco-friendly products.3. Customization: The rise of e-commerce and personalized marketing has led to an increased demand for customized products. Manufacturers are adapting their production processes to accommodate this trend.4. Collaboration: Collaboration between companies, research institutions, and government agencies is essential for driving innovation and addressing the challenges faced by the industry.ConclusionProduction and manufacturing are critical components of the global economy, playing a vital role in economic growth, innovation, and job creation. By embracing digitalization, sustainability, and collaboration, the industry can overcome its challenges and continue to thrive in the years to come.。

Key Factors in Formulating Marine PoliciesMarine policies play a crucial role in managing and protecting our oceans, which are vital for sustaining life,maintaining biodiversity,and supporting economic activities.The formulation of these policies, however,is a complex process influenced by various factors.This essay explores the key factors in formulating marine policies,including scientific knowledge,economic considerations,societal values,and international cooperation.Scientific KnowledgeScientific knowledge is fundamental to the formulation of effective marine policies.Understanding the marine ecosystem,its biodiversity, and the impacts of human activities on it is crucial for making informed decisions.Research on topics such as marine pollution,overfishing,and climate change-induced sea-level rise provides the necessary data and insights for policy-making.Economic ConsiderationsEconomic considerations also play a significant role in marine policy formulation.The ocean is a source of livelihood for millions of people, contributing to sectors such as fisheries,tourism,and shipping. Therefore,policies need to balance economic development with the sustainable use of marine resources.Cost-benefit analyses,assessments of the economic value of marine ecosystems,and the potential impacts of policy decisions on industries and communities are essential components of the policy-making process.Societal ValuesSocietal values and public opinion influence marine policies as well. Policies should reflect the values,needs,and aspirations of the communities they affect.Public engagement in the policy-making process,through consultations,surveys,and participatory decision-making,helps ensure that policies are socially acceptable and effective.International CooperationGiven the transboundary nature of oceans,international cooperation is a key factor in marine policy formulation.Many marine issues,such as overfishing,marine pollution,and biodiversity loss,cannot be addressed effectively by any single nation.International conventions,agreements, and cooperation frameworks play a crucial role in establishing common standards and coordinating actions.ConclusionIn conclusion,the formulation of marine policies is a complex process influenced by scientific knowledge,economic considerations,societal values,and international cooperation.These factors interplay to shape policies that aim to balance the sustainable use of marine resources with economic development,societal needs,and environmental protection. As we face increasing challenges such as climate change,overfishing, and marine pollution,effective marine policies are more important than ever to ensure the health and sustainability of our oceans for future generations.。

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剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Attitudes to languageIt is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference topronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the ‘standard’ written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly’; deviations fr om it are said to be ‘incorrect’.All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the la nguage. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterized by its reliance on ‘rules’ of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are ‘proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarized in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe —to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, wealready find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issue, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.In our own time, the opposition between ‘descriptivists’ and ‘prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms —of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1 There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.2 People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.3 Our assessment of a person’s intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.4 Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy inthe 18th century.5 Prescriptivism still exists today.6 According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.7 Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.8 Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.Questions 9-12Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.The language debateAccording to 9______, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ______.Conversely, the view of 11 ______, such as Joseph Priestly, is that grammar should be based on 12 ______.A descriptivistsB language expertsC popular speechD formal languageE evaluationF rulesG modern linguists H prescriptivists I changeQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s purpose in Reading Passage 1?A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar booksB. to present a historical account of differing views of languageC. to describe the differences between spoken and written languageD. to show how a certain view of language has been discreditedREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Tidal PowerUndersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the futureA. Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, unlike wind, the tid es are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.B. Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power —and at prices competitive with modern gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under the sea,and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.C. Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: ‘The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’ Southampton has been awarded ￡215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.D. A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikelyto be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.E. Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.F. One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.’Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 the location of the first test site15 a way of bringing the power produced on one site backinto Britain16 a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy17 mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industryQuestions 18-22Choose FIVE letters, A-J.Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?A It is a more reliable source of energy than wind power.B It would replace all other forms of energy in Britain.C Its introduction has come as a result of public pressure.D It would cut down on air pollution.E It could contribute to the closure of many existing power stations in Britain.F It could be a means of increasing national income.G It could face a lot of resistance from other fuel industries.H It could be sold more cheaply than any other type of fuel.I It could compensate for the shortage of inland sites for energy production.J It is best produced in the vicinity of coastlines with particular features.Questions 23-26Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.An Undersea TurbineREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Information theory-the big ideaInformation theory lies at the heart of everything —from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our livesA. In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, Voyager I, launched in 1997, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realized that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometers from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.B. It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just ayear earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at Bell Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes — any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.C. This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false —which can be captured in the binary unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place. In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference —‘noise’ — intact.D. Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalses this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This ratedepends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given singal strength and noise leve. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up —‘coding’ — information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity —‘bandwidth’ — of the communication system being used.E. Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 — and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life — such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes —which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.F. Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannonshowed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27 an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information28 an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted29 a reference to Shannon’s attitude to fame30 details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information31 a detailed account of an incident involving information theory32 a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his researchQuestions 33-37Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.The Voyager 1 Space ProbeThe probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ wereabout to stop working.The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ —but distance made communication with the probe difficult.A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passge 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test3)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：对语言的态度对于语言进行系统、客观的研究并不容易。

消费者行为学外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Psychological Factors Influencing Buyer BehaviorGeoff LancasterPsychological factors are the fourth major influence on consumer buying behavior (in addition to cultural, social, and personal factors). In general, a pers on’s buying choices are influenced by the psychological factors of motivation, perception, learning, beliefs, and attitudes.Importance of understanding customer motivesThe task of marketing is to identify co nsumers’ needs and wants accurately, then to develop products and services that will satisfy them. For marketing to be successful, it is not sufficient to merely discover what customers require, but to find out why it is required. Only by gaining a deep and comprehensive understanding of buyer behavior can marketing’s goals be realized. Such an understanding of buyer behavior works to the mutual advantage of the consumer and marketer, allowing the marketer to become better equipped to satisfy the consumer ’s needs efficiently and establish a loyal group of customers with positive attitudes towards the company’s products.Consumer behavior can be formally defined as: the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic goods andservices, including the decision processes that precede and determine these acts. The underlying concepts of this chapter form a system in which the individual consumer is the core, surrounded by an immediate and a wider environment that influences his or her goals. These goals are ultimately satisfied by passing through a number of problem-solving stages leading to purchase decisions. The study and practice of marketing draws on a great many sources that contribute theory, information, inspiration and advice. In the past, the main input to the theory of consumer behaviour has come from psychology. More recently, the interdisciplinary importance of consumer behaviour has increased such that sociology, anthropology, economics and mathematics also contribute to the science relating to this subject.MotivationA person has many needs at any given time. Some needs are biogenic; they arise from physiological states of tension such as hunger, thirst, discomfort. Other needs are psychogenic; they arise from psychological states of tension such as the need for recognition, esteem, or belonging. A need becomes a motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. A motive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to drive the person to act.Purchasing motivation is to make consumers to buy a commodity decision-making internal driving force, is a cause of purchase behavior ofthe premise, also is the cause of her behavior. Specific include the following aspects:(1) Rational motivationRational motivation some goods to consumers is a clear understanding and cognitive, of the goods in more familiar conducted based on the rational choice and make the purchase behavior. It includes:1. ApplyApply for a realistic performance psychological, consumer products is important to the most basic, most core functions. In the choose and buy goods, pay close attention to its technical performance, and appearance, the price, the brand of the added value of products on the second.2. The economyEconomic performance as a cream for psychological. By the comparison of several kinds of goods, in other conditions basic similar circumstances, this kind of customer to price appear quite sensitive, they are generally by price material benefit as the first element of choice.3. ReliableHigh quality product is the customer can rest assured the basis of consumption. Reliable is in essence a pursuit of high quality consumer reflect. So the brand name products has the trust of the people, just because it is reliable in quality.(2) feeling motivationFeeling motivation can't simply understand for not rational motivation. It is mainly composed of social and psychological factors arise willingness to buy and impulse. It is difficult to have a feeling motivation objective standard, but is substantially from the psychology.1. To show off psychologyThis kind of psychological in high income levels, more common. Income that they have the capital to show off, so in shopping on they will show their status and appreciate level. Many luxury brand manufacturers is seize the group psychological tendency, have introduced all kinds of expensive luxury goods.2. Compare psychologyComparison is a kind of psychological mutatis mutandis. In the same social groups inside, each member lists each other, who don't want to lag behind others. This kind of psychological on consumption appears to be a motive, others have what high-grade goods, own also must have.3. Conformity psychologyThis kind of psychological reflected in life circle, people want to follow in the circle the pace of most people. So that others think good products, own also followed approval; Others what to buy goods, oneself also can follow to buy.Psychologists have developed theories of human motivation. Three of the best known — the theories of Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow,and Frederick Herzberg— carry quite different implications for consumer analysis and marketing strategy. Freud’s theory. Sigmund Freud assumed that the psychological forces shaping people’s behavior are largely unconscious, and that a person cannot fully understand his or her own mo tivations. A technique called laddering can be used to trace a person’s motivations from the stated instrumental ones to the more terminal ones. Then the marketer can decide at what level to develop the message and appeal. In line with Freud’s theory, cons umers react not only to the stated capabilities of specific brands, but also to other, less conscious cues. Successful marketers are therefore mindful that shape, size, weight, material, color, and brand name can all trigger certain associations and emotions.Maslow’s theory. Abraham Maslow sought to explain why people are driven by particular needs at particular times. His theory is that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, from the most to the least pressing. In order of importance, these five categories are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. A consumer will try to satisfy the most important need first; when that need is satisfied, the person will try to satisfy the next-most-pressing need. Maslow’s theory helps market ers understand how various products fit into the plans, goals, and lives of consumers.Herzberg’s theory. Frederick Herzberg developed a two -factortheory that distinguishes dissatisfiers (factors that cause dissatisfaction) from satisfiers (factors that cause satisfaction).the absence of dissatisfiers is not enough; satisfiers must be actively present to motivate a purchase. For example, a computer that comes without a warranty would be a dissatisfy. Y et the presence of a product warranty would not act as a satisfier or motivator of a purchase, because it is not a source of intrinsic satisfaction with the computer. Ease of use would, however, be a satisfier for a computer buyer. In line with this theory, marketers should avoid dissatisfiers that might unseal their products. They should also identify and supply the major satisfiers or motivators of purchase, because these satisfiers determine which brand consumers will buy.PerceptionA motivated person is ready to act, yet how that person actually acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation. Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Perception depends not only on physical stimuli, but al so on the stimuli’s relation to the surrounding field and on conditions within the individual.The key word is individual. Individuals can have different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention. People are exposed to many daily stimuli such asads; most of these stimuli are screened out— a process called selective attention. The end result is that marketers have to work hard to attract consu mers’ attention. Through research, marketers have learned that people are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to a current need, which is why car shoppers notice car ads but not appliance ads. Furthermore, people are more likely to notice stimuli that they anticipate —such as foods being promoted on a food Web site. And people are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relation to the normal size of the stimuli, such as a banner ad offering $100 (not just $5) off a product’s list price.Selectively reserved. People forget much about what they have learned, but tend to retain information to support their attitudes and beliefs. Because of selective retention, we are all likely to remember information that is good and that we like about this product. We will forget to mention the advantages of the competitive products mentioned in the product. Selecting reservations explains why merchants use drama and repetition to convey information to the target audience.Consumer learning.When people do things, they will learn first. Learning involves personal behavioral changes. This is personal experience. The vast majority of human behavior is learning. Scientists believe that learning is driven by interactions, stimuli, clues, reactions, and reinforcement. Adriver is a strong internal stimulus that promotes action. Slightly stimulating the club is deciding when, where, and how a person responds. Let's say you buy an IBM computer. If your experience is worth it, your reaction to computers and IBM will be reinforced. Later, when you want to buy a printer, you can assume that because IBM computers do a good job, their printers should do well. The experience you have now extends to your similar stimulation to the outside world. An anti-universal discrimination ability, people learn to identify a set of similar stimulus differences and adjust the corresponding response. Using the learned theory, businesses can establish a certain amount of product demand, take a strong drive, use incentive signals, and provide positive reinforcement.Faith and attitudeThrough doing and learning, people gain beliefs and attitudes, which in turn affect their purchasing behavior. Belief is to describe a person having mastered something. Beliefs may be based on knowledge, opinions, or trust. They may or may not have emotional changes. Of course, manufacturers are very interested in people's beliefs, which are related to the products and services they provide. These beliefs constitute the concept of product and brand image, and their own idol of people's behavior. If some beliefs are wrong, consumers will curb purchases. Manufacturers hope to correct these beliefs by organizing an activity. The fact that is especially important for global manufacturers is that buyersoften hold different beliefs about whether they are brands or products, which is mainly based on the cultural origin of a country. Research found that, for example, the type of product changes with the place of production. Consumers want to know where these cars are produced rather than where they come from. In addition, the attitude of origin may change over time; for example, in Japan, the quality of its cars before the Second World War was very poor.A company has a number of options when its origin of the product changes to consumers. Companies can consider cooperating with foreign companies, and even get a better name. Another alternative is to hire a famous celebrity endorsement product. Or the company can continue to produce at the local factory but when a new strategy is adopted, the products produced have high quality to achieve world-class quality. This choice is true, such as Belgian chocolate and Colombian coffee. This is where South African wine merchants are trying to do the same and imitate them in order to increase their wine exports. The previous image of South African wines was not good, because in people's perception, their vineyard cultivation was primitive compared to other countries, and the grape-growing peasants continued to perform rough labor. In fact, the lives of South African wine farmers have improved their workers. “Wine is the origin of a product and we cannot succeed if South Africa does not look good,” said William Babb, an agricultural cooperative thatdominates the industry. Attitudes and beliefs are as important as they affect people's buying behavior. This kind of attitude is a person's lasting favorable and unfavorable evaluation, emotional feeling, which is a tendency towards something or ideas and actions. People almost have their own attitude toward everything: religion, politics, clothes, music, food. Attitudes put them in a frame where the mind likes or dislikes an object, moves toward or away from it.Attitudes lead people to perform fairly steadily toward similar goals. Because of the ideological attitude of saving energy, they are very difficult to change. Changing a single attitude may require major adjustments in other attitudes.Therefore, a company should be recommended to produce products that fit the company's existing attitude rather than trying to change people's attitudes. Of course, attempts to change attitudes occasionally succeed. Look at the milk industry. By the early 1990s, milk consumption had fallen for 25 years, because the general understanding was that milk was unhealthy, outdated, only for children, and then the National Fluid Milk Processor Education Program triggered millions of dollars in printed advertisements showing milk , V ery popular activities have changed attitudes, and in the process, milk consumption has rapidly increased. Milk producers have also established an online milk club, members promise daily and three glasses of milk.中文译文心理因素影响购买行为作者：Geoff Lancaster心理因素是第四重要影响消费者的购买行为(除了文化、社会和个人因素) 。

纯碱生产过程英语作文The production process of soda ash involves several key steps. First, salt brine is extracted from underground salt deposits or seawater. Then, the salt brine is purified and treated with ammonia to produce a solution of sodium bicarbonate. Next, the sodium bicarbonate solution is filtered to remove impurities before being heated in a series of reactors to convert it into sodium carbonate, or soda ash. Finally, the soda ash is crystallized, dried, and packaged for distribution to various industries.Workers in the soda ash production plant must adhere to strict safety protocols to prevent accidents and ensure the efficient operation of the production process. Protective gear, such as goggles, gloves, and masks, is required to minimize exposure to harmful chemicals. Regular maintenance of equipment and machinery is also essential to prevent breakdowns and ensure smooth production.Quality control is a critical aspect of soda ashproduction to meet industry standards and customer requirements. Samples of soda ash are regularly tested in a laboratory to check for purity, moisture content, and other quality parameters. Any deviations from the specified quality criteria are promptly addressed to maintain the consistency and reliability of the product.Environmental considerations play a significant role in the soda ash production process to minimize the impact on the surrounding ecosystem. Effluent treatment plants are installed to treat wastewater before it is discharged into water bodies, reducing pollution. Energy-efficient technologies and practices are also implemented to reduce carbon emissions and conserve resources.The global demand for soda ash continues to grow, driven by its widespread use in industries such as glass manufacturing, chemicals, and detergents. As a result, soda ash producers are constantly exploring innovative technologies and processes to increase production capacity and meet the evolving needs of the market. Collaboration with research institutions and industry partners isessential to drive advancements in soda ash production and ensure its sustainability in the long run.。

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, and Blood Pressure: Insights fromInternational LiteratureIn our quest to understand the human body's vital signs, it's essential to delve into the international literaturethat provides valuable insights into temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. These four indicators are crucial for assessing an individual's overall health and wellbeing. Let's explore each of these vital signs in detail.Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, and Blood Pressure: Insights from International LiteratureThe symphony of life is conducted the rhythmic patterns of our vital signs, each note a testament to our body's intricate balance. Temperature, a silent regulator, mirrors the internal fire that fuels our metabolism. Internationally, studies highlight the importance of maintaining an optimal body temperature, as deviations can signal underlying health issues.Pulse, the heartbeat's gentle tap, is the drumbeat of circulation, a dance of oxygen and nutrients through the body's vast network. Research across the globe has correlated a steady pulse with cardiovascular health, whileirregularities can serve as a warning sign of potential trouble.Respiration, the invisible tide of life, is the breath that sustains us. It is the exchange of gases that powers our cells. International studies often emphasize the role of proper breathing techniques in managing stress and improving mental health, underscoring the respiratory system's dualrole in physical and emotional wellbeing.Blood pressure, the silent force that propels life through our veins, is a critical indicator of the heart's workload. International guidelines offer a consensus on the desirable range, with high or low readings prompting further investigation and intervention.Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, and Blood Pressure: Insights from International LiteratureTemperature, for instance, is not just a measure of heat but a reflection of the body's immune response. Studies from around the world have shown that a fever is not merely an inconvenience but a defense mechanism, a sign that the bodyis fighting off an invader. The subtleties of temperature regulation are a fascinating area of research, with implications for both acute and chronic conditions.The pulse, a rhythmic dance of life, is the echo of the heart's relentless labor. International research hasuncovered the pulse's secrets, revealing its connection to emotional states, physical exertion, and even the phases of sleep. The pulse's regularity or irregularity can signal the ebb and flow of health, guiding practitioners in their diagnostic journey.Blood pressure, the invisible force that keeps blood flowing, is a balancing act of epic proportions. The international consensus on blood pressure management has evolved over the years, with new guidelines and treatment options emerging from rigorous clinical trials. The quest to understand and control blood pressure is a global endeavor, with each new finding a step towards preventing strokes and heart attacks.。

我国基础教育学生核心素养文献综述一、本文概述Overview of this article随着全球教育改革的深入推进，学生核心素养的培养已成为各国教育领域共同关注的焦点。

在我国，基础教育学生核心素养的培育更是被赋予了极高的战略意义。

本文旨在通过对我国基础教育学生核心素养相关文献的梳理与综述，系统地阐述核心素养的内涵、发展历程、国内外研究现状以及其在教育实践中的应用，以期为我国基础教育改革提供理论支撑和实践指导。

With the deepening of global education reform, the cultivation of students' core competencies has become a common focus of attention in the education field of various countries. In China, the cultivation of core competencies among students in basic education has been given extremely high strategic significance. This article aims to systematically elaborate on the connotation, development process, research status at home and abroad, and its application in educational practice of core literacy for students in basic education in China through thesorting and review of relevant literature, in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the reform of basic education in China.具体而言，本文将首先界定核心素养的概念，明确其在基础教育中的重要地位。

Research on Literary and Art Development2022, VOL. 3, NO. 4, 48-51DOI: 10.47297/wsprolaadWSP2634-786509.20220304A Study on the Development Path of Visual Communication Design under the Background of New Liberal ArtsXing Ding, Xue YuAnhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R.ChinaABSTRACTThe construction of new liberal arts is an inevitable trend of highereducation, and the visual communication design major has its ownprofessional characteristics, and the visual communication design majorshould also come out of a characteristic development path in thebackground of new liberal arts. In this context, this paper analyzes thedevelopment status of visual communication design majors and putsforward relevant suggestions on the development path of visualcommunication design majors' characteristics, hoping to improve thequality of visual communication design majors' talent training, meet theneeds of modern education and lay a good foundation for the futuredevelopment of the majors.KEYWORDSNew Liberal Arts; Visual Communication Design; Talent Training1　Background of New Liberal Arts ConstructionThe construction of new liberal arts refers to the comprehensive reflection on the traditional development mode of humanities and social sciences in the context of the new era, and attempts to find a new characteristic development path for itself in the new era. The construction of new liberal arts does not mean the negation of all the research results and knowledge system of traditional liberal arts, but the breakthrough of the traditional thinking mode of liberal arts on the basis of the existing achievements, and the promotion of multidisciplinary intersection and deep integration by the main way of inheritance and innovation, intersection and integration, and synergy and sharing, so as to promote the upgrading of traditional liberal arts to cope with the new situation and new problems arising in the new era.[1]Wu Yan, director of the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education, pointed out that to strengthen the construction of new liberal arts, it is necessary to grasp the new requirements for the development of philosophy and social sciences in the new era, cultivate a new culture of Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style in the new era, train philosophical and social scientists in the new era, promote the cross-fertilization of philosophy and social sciences with the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial changes, and form a Chinese school of philosophy and social sciences .[2]Research on Literary and Art Development49 2　Analysis of the Current Situation of the Development of Visual Communication Design under the Background of New Liberal Arts(1)　Unclear talent training objectivesThe new liberal arts is based on the existing traditional liberal arts, reorganizing and designing the content of disciplines to form an intersectional education mode, with the goal of expanding students' knowledge and thinking patterns and creating a platform for students to learn comprehensive knowledge. The training of visual communication design professionals in the context of the new liberal arts needs to realize the cross-application and in-depth integration of professional contents of multiple disciplines based on the characteristics of the development of the times, the market environment and future development trends, encourage students to actively think and create, better adapt to the market environment, cultivate more professional and excellent visual communication design professionals, and pay attention to the future development ability of students.[3]Based on the current situation of the training of talents in visual communication design, most of them have the problem of insufficient clarity of target orientation. Especially in the environment of digitalization and information development, the requirements for professional research and innovation are higher. Under the background of new liberal arts, the teaching of visual communication design majors needs to integrate with other disciplines and build a professional mode of multi-level, dynamic and interactive design.[4]In line with the development of the times, innovative talent training programs, clear educational content and goals are urgently needed for the development of the characteristics of visual communication design majors.(2)　Theoretical learning over practical researchThe visual communication design major has certain professionalism and practicality, and has high requirements for students' thinking ability and design level.[5]However, based on the current situation of the teaching of visual communication design, most of them have the problem of more theoretical study than practical research. For example, in the teaching process, the practical link is weak, the practice path is single, and there are deviations from the needs of society.(3)　School-enterprise cooperation is not deepSchool-enterprise cooperation can create more practical opportunities for students, which can have an important impact on the improvement of students' professionalism, professional ability and practical ability, and currently many schools have carried out school-enterprise cooperation activities. However, based on the actual situation of school-enterprise cooperation, there are many problems that the cooperation is not deep enough. For example, the lack of attention to the problems encountered by students in the internship process and the lack of stimulation of students' innovative thinking reflect the inadequacy of school-enterprise cooperation, so a more in-depth cooperation model has to be developed.3　Analysis of the Characteristic Development Path of Visual Communication Design under the Background of New Liberal Arts(1)　Clarify the training objectivesThe cultivation of talents in visual communication design in the context of new liberal artsXing Ding and Xue Yu 50requires appropriate innovation based on the content of education. Teaching should be effectively connected with technology and industry, based on the direction of social development and the employment needs of enterprises, expanding the integration of multiple fields of visual communication design majors, and building a more scientific and efficient talent training program. The school can refine the professional settings and curriculum arrangement one by one, develop the talent training objectives that combine teaching and innovative practice, break the barriers between majors, and then improve the quality of talent training of visual communication design majors.(2)　Adjustment of training planThe talent cultivation of visual communication design majors should lead the direction and respond to the needs and concerns of the society, while facing the future and responding to the challenges, establishing cultural confidence and focusing on the preservation and inheritance of culture at the new development node. Therefore, the new talent training program should take moral shaping as the core, ability development as the grasp, and knowledge transfer as the carrier, and fully explore and practice in new directions, new modes, new courses, and new theories.(3)　Industry-education integration and mutual assistanceThe new liberal arts background of industry development is faster, and as the new crown pneumonia epidemic gradually recedes, various industries are recovering rapidly, and there are more relevant development policies, which is an important opportunity for the development of industry-education integration. In the training of talents in visual communication design, the value of cooperation between schools and enterprises can be given full play, and with the help of industrial development, the reform and innovation of teaching mode can be helped to promote the comprehensive quality and ability of students, thus cultivating more talents who meet the needs of the times and market economy development, and also can promote the development of visual communication design profession.1)　Base mode of knowledge platform sharingSchools and enterprises can work together to build a knowledge platform sharing base education model to achieve the integration of industry, learning and research. For example, "Internet +" technology can be applied to build a digital and interactive multimedia teaching resource sharing platform to expand the breadth and dimension of educational resources. We can make full use of local enterprises' technical support and software advantageous resources to promote the implementation of visual communication design project results, enrich the channels for students and enterprises to obtain resources, enable students' ideas to be put into practice, and build a service-oriented cycle model for sharing design results.2)　Industry-oriented studio modelThe cultivation of visual communication design talents in the context of the new liberal arts can also be built in the form of a studio. The studio system model should have the characteristics of flexibility, openness and creativity. The special person in charge of the studio should be the teacher in charge of the class, break up and reorganize the original discipline system of visual communication majors, and employ relevant professional experts and technical talents as special tutors according to the development needs of students and the requirements of cultivating talentsResearch on Literary and Art Development51in the new liberal arts. Students with different interests are allowed to set up cooperative groups to encourage professional analysis, market research and practical operations. With real design practice projects in the industry, students' design ability is enhanced to realize the training of innovative and composite talents in visual communication design under the perspective of industry-education integration.4　ConclusionThe cultivation of professional talents in visual communication design in the context of the new liberal arts needs to closely integrate the development environment of the times, social and economic development trends and the needs of industrial talents, constantly innovate the concept and method of education, and pay attention to the development of students' thinking and the formation of creative consciousness in learning. Teachers need to integrate the needs of talent cultivation in the new liberal arts background into the specific teaching of visual communication design, promote the comprehensive quality and ability of students, and promote the development of China's cultural and creative industry.FundingThis paper is supported by the following fund projects: 2020 New liberal arts, new medical research and reform practice projects(subject No.2020wyxm018); 2020 Teaching and Research Projects(subject No.2020jyxm1961).About the AuthorXing Ding, PhD candidate, lecturer, research direction: visual communication education and visual design;Xue Yu, master candidate, associate professor, research direction: integration of production and teaching.References[1] Duan Yu, Cui Yanqiang The theoretical connotation and practical direction of new liberal arts construction [J].Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science edition), 2020,52 (02): 149-156.[2] Wu Yan New Engineering: The Future of Higher Engineering Education's Strategic Thinking on the Future of HigherEducation[3] Wang Yu, Li Jinze. Research on the Teaching Reform of Visual Communication Design Major in the Era of "Internet +"[J]. Industrial Design, 2021 (1): 36-37.[4] Li Wenjing.Exploration and practice of teaching mode of "Integration" in Visual Communication Design [J].Daguan,2021 (3): 39-40.[5] Li Mingjia.Research on the Training mode of University Visual Communication Design Professionals under thebackground of new media [J].Computer Knowledge and Technology, 2021,17 (3): 153-154,167.。

S C I论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(一)很多文献已经讨论过了一、在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。

它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：A.??Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells?has been intensively investigated.?(Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740?)B.?This was demonstrated in a number of studies that?showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.C.?Several excellent reviews describing?these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topicsD.?Much work so far has focused on?wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E.?Recent developments of?Lewis acids and water-soluble organometalliccatalysts?have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）F.?An interesting approach?in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid?was described by?Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）G.?Considerable research efforts have been devoted to?the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989) H.?There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of?the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi?have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A. GIXRD patterns in?Figure 1A show?the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.?B.?As shown in Figure 7B,?the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.?C.?As can be seen from?parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950?24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.B. ?This?is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)C.?This indicates a good agreement between?the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.D. The results?are in good consistent with?the observed photocatalytic activity...E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies?where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?F.??It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surfaceflow?coincide?with?regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.(二)1. 值得注意的是...A.?It must also be mentioned that?the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.B.?Another interesting finding is that?zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102,3641?3666)C.?It should be pointed out that?the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.D.?Notably,?the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)E. Given the multitude of various transformations published,?it is noteworthy that?only very few distinct?activation?methods have been identified.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009,?38, 2178-2189)F.?It is important to highlight that?these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the?catalyst?acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev.,?2009,?38, 2178-2189)G.?It is worthwhile mentioning that?these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)2.?...仍然是个挑战A.?There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to?rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs.?（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）B.?However, systems that are?sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.C.??It?remains?challenging?to?develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem.Soc.,?2011,?133, ?7296–7299)D.?One of the?great?challenges?in the twenty-first century?is?unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials?2005, 4, 366 - 377?)众所周知A.?It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonlyknown?that?many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）B.?It is generally accepted (believed) that?for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)C.?As we all know,?soybean abounds with carbon,?nitrogen?and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar,?proteins?and?lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)D.?There is no denying that?their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013,?5, 3918-3930)(三)1. 正如下文将提到的...A.?As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）,?as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）B. This behavior is to be expected and?will?be?further?discussed?below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?1955,?77, 3701–3707)C.?There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction,?whichwe?will?discuss?below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）D.?Below,?we?will?see?what this implies.E.?Complete details of this case?will?be provided at a?later?time.E.?很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see?below). (Science, 1998, ?279, 208-211)2. 这与XX能够相互印证...A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eVB.This is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)C.?Identical conclusions were obtained?in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?（Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio,?coinciding withthat?obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)E.?This unusual luminescence behavior is?in accord with?a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgapsemiconductor when thinned to a monolayer.?(Nano Lett.,?2010,?10, 1271–1275)3.?我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A.?Our ?ndings suggest that?the use of solar energy for photocatalytic watersplitting?might provide a viable source for?‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalyticef?ciency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modi?cations of the surface sites.B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis,?we expect that?these novel carbon nanodots?have potential applications in?bioimaging andelectrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)C.?This system could potentially be applied as?the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013,?42, 29-43)D.?Since the use of?graphene?may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2?under UV and visible-light irradiation,?graphene–TiO2?composites?may potentially be usedto?enhance the bactericidal activity.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012,?41, 782-796)E.??It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent,?which suggests their promising applications in?chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012,?50,?2810–2815)(四)1. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above,?some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）C.?There are relatively few studies devoted to?determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts,?no systematic study concerning?the synthesis conditions?has been published yet.?(Applied Catalysis A: General2002, 226, ?1–13)E.?These possibilities remain to be?explored.F.??Further effort is required to?understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?2006,?128?, 7756–7757)2.?由于/因为...A.?Liquid ammonia?is particularly attractive as?an alternative to water?due to?its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.B.?The unique nature of?the cyanide ligand?results from?its ability to act both as a σdonor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.C.?Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocalmicroscopy?because?they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section?(Science ?2005,?307, 538-544).D.?As a result of?the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)E.?The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical?applications,?since?it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years?owing to?exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)G.??On the basis of?measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites, Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is hydrophobicin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)H.?Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst stability,?given that?metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for commercial catalysts.?3. ...很重要A.?The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete separation?of nucleation and growth,?is?critical(essential, important)?for?the successful synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials?3, 891 - 895 (2004))B.??In the current study,?Cys,?homocysteine?(Hcy) and?glutathione?(GSH) were chosen as model?thiol?compounds since they?play important (significant, vital, critical) roles?in many biological processes and monitoring of these?thiol?compounds?is of great importance for?diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 1147-1149)C.?This is because according to nucleation theory,?what really matters?in addition to the change in temperature ΔT?(or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2013-2026)(五)1. 相反/不同于A.?On the contrary,?mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have shown hysteresis loops of butterfly/phonon bottleneck type, with negligiblecoercivity, and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)B.?In contrast,?the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10?1?μB), therefore allowing a fast QTM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）C.?In contrast to?the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior exhibits strong divergence.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)D.?Contrary to?other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride ischemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)E.?Unlike?the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of?举例：A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting experiments?confirm that they are nanoprisms.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)B. Note that TEM?shows?that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to?identify?the important features in the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)D. We?observed?a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λmax?= 400 nm with a concomitant growth of three new bands of λmax?= 335 (weak), 470 (medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)E. In this article, we present data?demonstrating?that opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulationsand?describe?the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)F. This?suggests?that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ+), while the phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ?),?implying?a transfer of electron density from Co to P.?(Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)3. 如何指出当前研究的不足A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional groups, such as bridging OH groups, and the substructures contribute significantly to the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted to?the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)B.?Little is known,?however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature Materials 2013,12, 554–561)C.?So far, very little information is available, and only in?the absorber film, not in the whole operational devices. （Nano Lett.,?2014,?14?(2), pp 888–893）D.?In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out on?these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013,?49, 7893-7895)E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed perovskite material,?yet a few examples have been reported that?have used an evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling,?but very few of these activities have been undertaken for?anion exchange membrane fuel cells,? primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)G. However,?none of these studies?tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal surfaces. (PNAS, 2013,?111, 787–792)H. However,?uncertainty still remains as to?the mechanism by which Li salt addition results in an extension of the cathodic reduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,?7, 232-250)I.?There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to?identify the most stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2080-2088)J. However,?these measurements systematically underestimate?the amount of ordered material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)(六)1.?取决于a.?This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will?depend on?the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be formed during activation.?(Nat. Mater.?2017,16,225–229)b.?This quantitative partitioning?was determined by?growing crystals of the 1:1 host–guest complex between?ExBox4+?and corannulene. (Nat. Chem.?2014,?6177–178)c.?They suggested that the Au particle size may?be the decisive factor for?achieving highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res.,?2014,?47, 740–749)d.?Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has?become indispensable to?chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them.?(Nature2015,?517,449–454)e.?The polar effect?is a remarkable property that enables?considerably endergonic C–H abstractions?that would not be possible otherwise.?(Nature?2015, 525, 87–90)f.?Advances in heterogeneous catalysis?must rely on?the rational design of new catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol.?2017, 12, 100–101)g.?Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may?be also closely related to?the H?bonding with the N or O?atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.?2014, 53: 4149–4153)2.?有很大潜力a.?The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules?continues to be a great impetus to?research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic transformations. (Nat. Chem.?2015,?7, 477–482)b.?Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals?have great potential as?catalysts or adsorbents to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewablefeedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater.?2015, 14, 447–451)c.?For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy?has proved promising?and very useful.?(Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)d.?While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and?there is room for improvement?in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top Catal.?2014,?57: 967.?)e.?The future looks bright for?the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has become easier with the advent of techniques that readily discriminate single atoms from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature?2015, 525, 325–326)f.?The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of short length and large diameter?is supposed to be the key role in?immobilization of active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, and?it would have more hopeful prospects in?catalytic applications. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,?2015,?7, 17450–17459)g.?Visible-light photoredox catalysis?offers exciting opportunities to?achieve challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res.,?2016, 49, 1990–1996)3. 因此同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。