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harvard reference list example以下是一个基于参考文献列表示例的1500-2000字文章。
文章的主题是关于社交媒体对青少年身心健康的影响。
社交媒体对青少年身心健康的影响引言：社交媒体的普及和广泛应用对青少年的生活方式和心理健康产生了深远影响。
本文将探讨社交媒体如何影响青少年的身心健康，并以相关研究文献为依据，探讨其中的具体影响因素及相关解决方案。
1. 青少年的社交媒体使用情况根据Smith等人的研究结果[1]，80的青少年使用社交媒体以与朋友保持联系、分享照片和视频等。
与此同时，研究指出青少年每天平均使用社交媒体的时间超过6小时[2]。
这种普及的使用行为潜在地影响着青少年的身心健康。
2. 社交媒体与心理健康之间的关系许多研究都发现社交媒体使用与青少年心理健康问题之间存在一定的相关性。
一项研究表明，过度使用社交媒体与孤独感、抑郁和焦虑等心理健康问题密切相关[3]。
此外，社交媒体的曝光还与负面情绪和不满意度增加相关[4]。
这些研究强调了社交媒体使用对青少年心理健康的负面影响。
3. 社交媒体在身体健康方面的影响除了心理健康问题外，社交媒体的使用还与青少年的身体健康问题相关。
研究表明，长时间使用社交媒体与青少年的体重增加和睡眠质量下降密切相关[5]。
此外，青少年在追求社交媒体上的完美形象时可能导致营养失衡和饮食紊乱[6]。
这些身体健康问题需要引起关注并寻找解决方案。
4. 减轻社交媒体对身心健康的影响的方法虽然社交媒体的负面影响已得到广泛研究，但也有一些方法可以减轻这些负面影响。
研究表明，教育和家庭支持是关键。
提供有关社交媒体使用的信息和培养青少年的媒体素养是减轻负面影响的有效方法[7]。
此外，家庭支持和亲密关系的建立被发现能够减轻青少年在社交媒体使用方面的压力[8]。
教育和家庭支持的角色强调了如何缓解和控制社交媒体对身心健康的影响。
结论：社交媒体的广泛使用对青少年的身心健康产生了影响。
2023-2024学年广东省江门市第一中学高三上学期10月月考英语试题Things to Do in Northern Ireland This AutumnWEE BINNIAN WALKING FESTIVAL (SEPTEMBER)The exact dates of this annual walking festival are still to be confirmed, but if it’s similar to last year, it’ll offer a choice of ten walks and hikes around the Mourne Mountains, ranging from easier lowland routes to tough, multi-summit challenges. Evening social events are also included.GREAT NORTH LINKS CHALLENGE (18-20 OCTOBER)Calling all golfers. You can enter this three-day event-spread along the north coast between Ballyliffin, Portruth and Portstewart, as an individual or team of four. A perfect opportunity to play three Irish Open links courses in three days.ARMAGH FOOD AND CIDER WEEKEND (SEPTEMBER)A four-day feast of authentic food and artisan ciders (苹果酒) in Ireland’s “Orchard County”. This celebration is also coupled with the traditional apple harvest. You can taste local food from the country’s most inventive chefs.OULD LAMMAS FAIR (LAST WEEK OF AUGUST)People have been flocking to the seaside town of Ballycastle since the 17th century to celebrate this fair. Attractions include a Heavy Horse Show, horse speed events on the beach, funfair, outdoor concert and a fireworks display, as well as unique local produce and handmade arts and crafts.1. What is the best date to arrive if you want to attend GREAT NORTH LINKS CHALLENGE?A．17th October. B．18th August. C．20th October. D．1st September.2. What can people do at the town of Ballycastle?A．Play golf. B．Go hiking. C．Watch horseraces. D．Taste apple ciders.3. In which section of a website can we probably read this text?A．Tourism. B．Sports. C．Education. D．Arts.Gladys West, the mathematician, was born in 1930 in Virginia and had to help harvest crops on her family’s farm. The hard work started before daybreak and lasted well into the blistering heat of the afternoon. To get out of there, she was going to get an education.Her parents tried to save some money to send her to college, but unexpected bills kept hitting the fund. Then a teacher announced that the state was going to give a college scholarship to the two top students from her year. Finally, West got the scholarship, allowing her to attend Virginia State College, a historically black university.West decided to major in mathematics because it was a well-respected subject. It was largely studied by men, but she didn’t take m uch notice of them as she knew deep in her heart that nothing wasgetting in her way. After graduating, she became a teacher. A few years later, she returned to the university and earned a master’s degree in mathematics. Then she was offered a job at a nav al base in Dahlgren, Virginia. This made her only the second black woman to be hired to work as a programmer at the base.Despite her intellectual abilities and career success, West felt she was inferior. It was this feeling, deeply rooted and felt, by many African Americans that drove her to work as hard as she could. West determined to commit herself to her work, hoping that by doing it to the best of her ability, she could get recognition for her work.West did just that. In 1979, she became project manager for the Seasat project, the first satellite that could monitor the oceans. She programmed an IBM 7030 Stretch computer, providing faster calculations for an accurate Earthmodel. This detailed mathematical model of the shape of the Earth was a building block for what would become the GPS orbit. In 1998, aged 68, she intended to focus on her PhD after retirement. She eventually finished her graduation thesis and gained her PhD in public administration and policy affairs in 2000 at the age of 70.4. What helps Gladys West to go to the university?A．Her teacher’s aiding her.B．Her parents’ paying for the expenses.C．Her family background.D．The scholarship from the government.5. What can we infer from the text?A．West got all her degrees after retirement.B．Men dominated maths field in West’s days.C．Black women scientists ' talent was fully appreciated.D．When she began to work, West felt she was superior to others.6. What does the underlined phrase “a building block” in paragraph 5 mean?A．A basic part. B．A detailed map.C．A building material. D．A major obstacle.7. What kind of person is Gladys West?A．Helpful and serious.B．Honest and hardworking.C．Ambitious and committed.D．Considerate and devoted.The success of many North American crops partly depends on ground beetles, small insects that eat pests and weed seeds that could otherwise damage crops. But a new study by researchers in the U. S. and Canada suggests not all of the nearly 2,000 species of ground beetles found in North America will survive climate change. Some could decline. And that could have a far-reaching impact on agriculture, forestry, and conservation.By analyzing data on 136 different ground beetle species across continental North America, Puerto Rico and H awaii, the researchers found that a species’ chance of success in a changing climate depends on several important factors, such as its habitat preference, body size, and whether it flies, climbs or runs. “We found that less mobile, nonflying ground beetles, which are critical pest control agents, are more likely to decline over time in a warmer, dryer climate,” said Tong Qiu, who led the study. “That means you’re going to have more pests that can impact agricultural and forest ecosystems.” But there is reas on for hope, Qiu added, because the analysis also showed that habitat conservation can lessen these effects and reverse the trends in some areas.“We hope conservation biologists will use this information and the online map that we created to better manage habitats for insects in general. Ground beetles are very beneficial to ecosystems, but they’re largely invisible to the average person. In this paper we’re showing the broad impacts they have on whole communities in forested and agricultural ecosystems,” said Qiu.The researchers used ground beetle count data from the National Science Foundation’s National Ecological Observatory Network(NEON)and from 11 previously published studies to measure and map the beetles’ distribution across North America. Habitat information, such as the location of gap s in forest canopies and the density of plants on a forest floor, was obtained by using NEON’s imaging instruments to create detailed three-dimensional images of landscapes. They then entered the data collected into a computer model to simulate(模拟)climate changes to study how the insects would respond.8. What does the new study in North America show?A．Pests could destroy crops.B．Some ground beetles will not survive a climate change.C．The survival of ground beetles only depends on its habitat.D．Some ground beetles will destroy crops in a warmer climate.9. What does Tong Qiu intend to convey in paragraphs 2 and 3?A．There is no way to stop the decline of ground beetles.B．Critical pests are more adaptable in a warmer, drier climate.C．Ground beetles will become less mobile in a warmer climate.D．The importance of ground beetles should be widely recognized.10. How did the research team carry out the study?A．By analyzing data. B．By studying documents.C．By doing field research. D．By performing experiments.11. What can be the best title for the text?A．North American Agriculture Crops at RiskB．A Catastrophic Climate Change on the WayC．Crop-saving Beetles under Climate ThreatD．New Breakthrough in Biodiversity ResearchScience is a process that builds upon existing theories and knowledge by continuously revising them. Every aspect of scientific knowledge can be questioned, including the general rules of thinking that appear to be most certain. So why is science trustworthy if it is always changing? If tomorrow we will no longer see the world as Newton or Einstein found it to be, why should we take seriously today’s scientific description of the world?The answer is simple: Because at any given moment of our history, this description of the world is the best we have. The fact that it can be made better can’t diminish (降低) the fact that it is a useful instrument for understanding the world.Consider a folk healer’s herbal medicine. Can we say this treatment is “scientific”? Yes, if it is proven to be effective, even if we have no idea why it works. In fact, quite a few common medications used today have their origin in folk treatments, and we are still not sure how they work. This does not imply that folk treatments are generally effective. To the contrary, many of them are not. What distinguishes scientific medicine is the readiness to seriously test a treatment and to be ready to change our minds if something is shown not to work. A research doctor in a modern hospital must be ready to change his theory if a more effective way of understanding illness, or treating it, becomes available.What makes modern science uniquely powerful is its refusal to believe that it already possesses ultimate truth. The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a complete absence of certainty. As John Stuart Mill wrote in “On Liberty” in 1859, “The beliefs which we have most warrant (依据) for, have no safeguard to rest on, but a standing invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.”12. Why does the author raise the two questions in paragraph 1?A．To add some fun. B．To express doubts.C．To introduce the topic. D．To provide background.13. What can we learn about today’s scientific description of the world?A．It can be timeless. B．It can be improved.C．It is of little value. D．It is the best at any moment.14. What is the author’s attitude toward folk treatment?A．Dismissive. B．Objective. C．Pessimistic. D．Sympathetic. 15. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?A．It is unwise to believe in science.B．Too much uncertainty lies in science.C．The foundation of science is unfounded.D．The lack of certainty makes science credible.There are hundreds of worthy destinations in the country catering to all tastes. At the top of that list is Chengdu, the perfect jumping-off point for those in search of a mix of stunning natural scenery, wildlife and some of most incredible food on the planet. In recent years the city has expanded its offerings, including a number of new projects tourists will want to experience. 16It’s the happiest city in China.If visiting a place with happy locals is a priority for you, there’s no better city to hit than Chengdu. It has been voted the happiest city in China for 12 continuous years by an annual survey conducted by Oriental Outlook. 17It has got one most beautiful bookstore in China.The new location in Dujiangyan is the second Zhongshuge bookstore in the provincial capital. 18 Inspired by Dujiangyan’s ancient irriga tion system, the new bookstore has its own features. The beautiful environment of the bookstore can attract more people who do not love books, and awaken their interest and memory in reading.There’s a spectacular new massive airport.One of the world’s mo st eye-catching new airports, Chengdu’s Tianfu International Airport is as modern as it gets. Beginning operations in 2021, Thantu Airport is the largest civil airport. 19 Travelers can experience a series of cutting-edge technologies at Tianfu, including facial recognition software and self-check-in booth.20There’re plans to turn Chengdu into a “Western China Science City”. Travelers visiting the “Science City” can expect to see many examples of eco-conscious and new wave architecture created by some of the most famous firms in the world. Among these is the world’s first “Unicorn Island”, the country’s next high-tech unicorn. There will also be a low-carbon Future Science and Technology City.Recently, a 70-year-old woman has won hearts with her energetic workouts on Douyin- -a social networking video platform, also known globally as TikTok, where men and women commonly show their working out or share ________ tips.Trying to stand out from the crowd amid the floods of such videos can often be difficult, but a/an________ new account, which has only been active since last year, has ________ to do so easily.The fitness instructor behind this account is not a young woman with a slim, well-built ________ that would leave viewers green with ________ .The star here is 70-year-old Chen Jifang, a Shanghai resident with 3 million likes on her Douyin videos. She was once even ________ on a reality show on China Central Television.According to her trainer, who helped to manage the Douyin account, Chen attracted more than 400,000 ________ w ithin just a few months. “The main group that I wanted to encourage was people aged 30 to 50,”says Chen. “I think they will be ________ to work out in the gym after seeing that a granny like me can also achieve something in the gym. The message I want to ________ is that it is never too late to ________ good health.” For Chen, her ________ for exercising was born out of a need ________ desire to become famous.According to Chen, her health had been ________ since she was a child. “In the past, whenever Ife lt uncomfortable, I would lie at home for an entire day,“ says Chen, who used to be a saleswoman in a local food company before retirement. She ________ had to give up her job after giving birth to her daughter because her health was severely affected by the pregnancy.“We cannot stop aging ________ exercise can slow it down, she says. “Instead of spending money on medicine, it is better to spend money on fitness.”21.A．diet B．video C．fitness D．fashion22.A．partly B．roughly C．extensively D．relatively23.A．managed B．happened C．offered D．hoped24.A．state B．condition C．muscle D．figure25.A．envy B．fancy C．respect D．admiration26.A．presented B．described C．featured D．displayed27.A．friends B．followers C．instructors D．observers28.A．motivated B．entertained C．determined D．moved29.A．express B．convey C．carry D．leave30.A．enjoy B．monitor C．deserve D．pursue31.A．wish B．passion C．appeal D．preference32.A．more than B．other than C．instead of D．regardless of33.A．poor B．sick C．sound D．stable34.A．mostly B．rather C．never D．even35.A．as B．but C．until D．before阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式，并将答案填写在答题卡上。
保持个人卫生英语作文1Personal hygiene is of utmost importance for our overall well-being. Maintaining good personal hygiene not only keeps us physically healthy but also boosts our self-confidence and helps us build better relationships with others.One of the key aspects of personal hygiene is frequent handwashing. It is a simple yet highly effective measure to prevent the spread of diseases. For instance, after touching public objects such as handrails, doorknobs, or shared equipment, washing our hands thoroughly with soap and water can eliminate germs and reduce the risk of infection. This habit is especially crucial during flu seasons or in public places where there is a higher chance of coming into contact with pathogens.Another essential practice is taking a daily bath. Bathing helps to keep our body clean, removing dirt, sweat, and unpleasant odors. It also refreshes us and makes us feel more comfortable throughout the day. Moreover, cleaning our hair regularly and keeping it tidy adds to our overall appearance and hygiene.In addition to these, maintaining oral hygiene by brushing our teeth twice a day and using mouthwash is vital. It prevents tooth decay, bad breath, and various gum diseases. Also, wearing clean clothes andchanging them regularly ensures that we stay fresh and presentable.In conclusion, by adhering to these personal hygiene practices, we can lead a healthy and fulfilling life. It is a responsibility we owe to ourselves and those around us to stay clean and protected from diseases.2Personal hygiene is of paramount importance for both our health and social interactions. Maintaining good personal hygiene not only keeps us physically fit but also positively influences our social life.For instance, taking care of oral hygiene is essential. By brushing our teeth regularly, using mouthwash, and flossing, we can prevent bad breath.A fresh and clean mouth boosts our confidence and enables us to communicate with others more freely and effectively. Imagine having a pleasant conversation without the worry of an unpleasant odor coming from your mouth. It makes socializing a much more enjoyable experience.Likewise, paying attention to hair cleanliness is crucial. Clean and well-groomed hair leaves a favorable impression on people. It shows that we care about our appearance and present ourselves neatly. When our hair is clean and styled appropriately, it gives a sense of professionalism and tidiness, which can be highly appreciated in various social and professional settings.In conclusion, maintaining personal hygiene is not just a matter of personal preference but a responsibility towards our own well-being andour relationships with others. It allows us to lead a healthy and confident life, and interact positively in our social circles. So, let's make it a habit to take good care of our personal hygiene every day.3Our bodies are like precious castles that need to be protected and defended. Keeping good personal hygiene is like building strong walls around this castle. Imagine your body as a kingdom, and bacteria as invaders. If you don't keep it clean, these invaders will have a wild party and cause all kinds of troubles.First of all, washing your hands frequently is extremely important. It's like the first line of defense against the army of bacteria. Every time you touch something dirty or come back from outside, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. This simple act can prevent countless germs from entering your body.Then, taking a bath regularly is also essential. It's like giving your body a refreshing makeover. It gets rid of the dirt and sweat that accumulate throughout the day, making you feel fresh and energetic.Brushing your teeth twice a day is another key point. Your teeth are like the gates of the castle. Keeping them clean and healthy prevents bad breath and tooth problems.Changing your clothes often is like putting on new armor for your body. Clean clothes not only make you look good but also protect you fromdirt and germs.In conclusion, maintaining personal hygiene is not just about looking good but also about staying healthy and strong. By following these simple steps, you can keep those pesky invaders at bay and enjoy a happy and healthy life in your wonderful castle of a body.4Personal hygiene is of utmost importance in our daily lives. It not only affects our physical health but also has a significant impact on our mental well-being and social interactions.Firstly, maintaining proper hygiene helps prevent the spread of diseases. After engaging in physical activities such as sports, it is essential to change our clothes promptly. Sweat-soaked garments provide an ideal environment for bacteria to multiply, increasing the risk of infections and skin problems. Similarly, regular nail trimming is crucial. Long or dirty nails can harbour dirt and germs, which can easily enter our bodies and cause various health issues.Secondly, good personal hygiene boosts our self-confidence. When we are clean and well-groomed, we feel more comfortable and presentable. This, in turn, positively influences our social relationships as others are more likely to be drawn to and interact with us.Furthermore, it is a reflection of our discipline and respect for ourselves. By consistently adhering to hygienic practices, we show that wecare about our bodies and are responsible for our own health.In conclusion, keeping good personal hygiene is not just a matter of appearance; it is a vital aspect of leading a healthy and fulfilling life. We should all make it a priority in our daily routines.5Personal hygiene is of paramount importance for several scientific reasons. The skin, for instance, is a complex organ with a specific physiological structure and multiple functions. It acts as a protective barrier against external invaders, regulates body temperature, and plays a role in sensory perception. To maintain its normal metabolism, it is essential to keep it clean. The pores on the skin secrete sebum and sweat, and if not properly cleaned, they can become clogged, leading to various skin problems such as acne and infections.Medical research has consistently shown that good personal hygiene habits significantly reduce the risk of contracting diseases. Studies have indicated that regular handwashing, for example, can prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms and lower the likelihood of catching common illnesses like the flu and colds. Similarly, maintaining oral hygiene by brushing teeth twice a day helps prevent gum diseases and tooth decay, which can have implications for overall health.In addition, keeping the body clean and fresh not only benefits physical health but also has a positive impact on mental well-being. Feelingclean and comfortable boosts self-confidence and enhances one's social interactions.In conclusion, maintaining personal hygiene is not just a matter of appearance but a crucial aspect of overall health and quality of life. It is a responsibility we should all take seriously to ensure a healthy and fulfilling existence.。
江苏省盱眙县新马中学2024届高考英语试题疯狂小题抢高分考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.— _____. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A. It’s up to you B．Glad to hear thatC．Y ou can’t miss it D．It just depends2．Thanks to Mr. Smith, the father and the son eventually ________after ten years' cold relationship between them. A．took up B．made upC．looked up D．turned up3．---I don’t understand why Catherine stopped short _____ she ought to have continued.---It’s obvious that she lacked self-confidence.A．when B．whileC．if D．as4．—Betty was feeling prett y blue for a while, but she’s better now.—_______.A．Oh, that’s kind of you B．CongratulationsC．Oh, I’m glad to hear tha t D．It’s my pleasure5．Large quantities of time ______ for practising guided writings.A．was needed B．are needed C．needs D．is needed6．. I was embarrassed to admit that yesterday I ______ a serious error.A．acted B．committed C．performed D．completed7．— Tell me something about his match in Sydney.— Well，he got the championship，we had expected.He made it at last.A．as B．what C．why D．how8．Loneliness is a feeling _______ people experience a powerful rush of emptiness and solitude.A．which B．where C．that D．how9．Laughter produces short-term changes in the function of the heart and blood circulation,_________heart rate and oxygen consumption.A．increasing B．to increase C．having increased D．being increased10．---They are quiet, aren’t they?---yes. They are accustomed ____at meals.A．to talking B．to not talking C．to not talk D．to talk11．The climate conference was attended by 11,000 people, it the largest UN gathering ever held.A．making B．to make C．made D．to be making12．According to the bank rules released recently, you have to pay a 25% ________ on each cheque you cash. A．admission B．pensionC．allowance D．commission13．When the girl did ________ the courage to tell her parents what had happened, unfortunately her own family didn't believe her.A．work out B．work up C．work at D．work on14．The mother goes mad every time she washes the T-shirt__________ her son wipes his dirty hands.A．that B．whereC．which D．when15．I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.A．That B．Which C．Whether D．What16．This book is said to be the special one, which ________ many events that cannot be found in other history books. A．covers B．writesC．prints D．reads17．We were scared to death when the fire______. Fortunately, it was put out before it caused much damage. A．broke out B．came outC．gave out D．turned out18．Jane’s grandmother had wanted to w rite children’s book for many years, but one thing or another always got in way.A．a;不填B．the;theC．不填;the D．a;the19．— David is a green hand at such things.— But I believe he is quite ________ to the task.A．relevant B．accessibleC．equal D．unique20．American singer Taylor Swift, 21, ________ big at the 2011 Academy of Country Music Awards in the US on April 3rd.A．stood B．gave C．scored D．made第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
消费者行为心理学中英文外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Frontiers of Social PsychologyArie W. Kruglanski 、Joseph P. ForgasFrontiers of Social Psychology is a new series of domain-specific handbooks. The purpose of each volume is to provide readers with a cutting-edge overview of the most recent theoretical, methodological, and practical developments in a substantive area of social psychology, in greater depth than is possible in general social psychology handbooks. The editors and contributors are all internationally renowned scholars whose work is at the cutting-edge of research.Scholarly, yet accessible, the volumes in the Frontiers series are an essential resource for senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners, and are suitable as texts in advanced courses in specific subareas of social psychology.Some Social Asp ects of Living in a Consumer SocietyThe following sketches will illustrate that in a consumer society much of the behavior studied by social psychologists relates to consumer stimuli and consumer behavior. Thus, the consumer context provides a rich field for the study of social phenomena and behavior.Consumer Decisions Are UbiquitousWhether we are in the supermarket or not, we are constantly making consumer decisions. We enroll in gyms, use our frequent-flyer miles for a vacation resort, buy health care, choose a restaurant, skip dessert for a healthier lifestyle. In fact, most of our daily decisions do not involve existential decisions such as whom to marry or whether to have children or not, but whether to have tea or coffee, use our credit card or pay cash, or other seemingly trivial decisions. Moreover, many of our daily (consumer) behaviors do not even require intentional decisions. Rather, they may be habitual, such as switching to CNN to get the news or accessing Google when looking up some information. A typical day of a typical person is filled with countless minor consumer decisions or the consequences of previous decisions, starting with the brand of toothpaste in the morning to choosing a movie after work.Consumer Choices Fulfill a Social-Identity FunctionAlthough for most people being a consumer may not be central to their identity, many of their consumer decisions are nevertheless highly identity-relevant insofar as they correspond to a larger set of values and beliefs and express important aspects of the self. Eating a vegetarian diet because one does not want to endorse cruelty to animals and boycotting clothes potentially made by child laborers are some examples. Some people buy a Prius out of environmental concerns; others boycott Japanese cars —such as the Prius —in order to help the local carindustry. In this respect, even the choice between Coke and Pepsi is not necessarily trivial. People who cannot discriminate Coke from Pepsi in a blind test, or who prefer Pepsi, may nevertheless adhere to Coke as a cultural icon. Attempts to change the formula of Coke met with angry protests and opposition. Clearly, consumer products and brands do not only fulfill utilitarian needs (Olson & Mayo, 2000; Shavitt, 1990). In a world of oversupply and differentiating brands, many consumers choose brands in order to express their personality or to affiliate themselves with desired others. They do not simply use a Mac; they are Mac users, and switching to another brand of PC would be akin to treason. From soft drinks to computers, brands may become an ideology. People may also perceive of products as extended selves (Belk, 1988); for example, they may identify with their cars just as they do with pets. Likewise, brands may define social groups. The Harley-Davidson Club is a legendary example; an Internet search revealed clubs for almost every car brand and model. In my hometown, I found a V olkswagen New Beetle Club whose stated purpose is to cultivate contacts between New Beetle Drivers by organizing social events (among others, a visit to a car cemetery). On the road, drivers of the same car model often greet each other. Apparently, driving the same model is sufficient to establish social closeness. Brands, products, and consumption habits not only help to establish social connectivity but also serve as status symbols, defining vertical andhorizontal social boundaries. By using particular brands or consuming specific products, people can express a certain lifestyle or attempt to convey a particular social impression. Subscribing to the opera conveys one’s social position just as going to a monster truck race does. Whether your choice of drink is wine or beer, cappuccino or herbal tea, your order expresses more than merely your taste in beverages.Consumer Choices Affect Social PerceptionGiven that brands and products are part of social expression, it is not surprising that people are judged by the brands and products they use. In particular, products of a social-identity function are used as bases for inferences about a target’s personality traits (Shavitt & Nelson, 2000). Likewise, smoking, food choice and amount of food intake have all been shown to affect social impressions. Depending on the subculture of the perceiver (age, country), different personality traits are assumed in smokers compared with nonsmokers (e.g., Cooper & Kohn, 1989; Jones & Carroll, 1998). Various studies found that eaters of a healthier diet are perceived as more feminine and in general judged more favorably than eaters of unhealthy foods (for a review see V artanian, Herman, & Polivy, 2007). Arguing that a Pepsi drinker is to a Coke drinker what a Capulet was to a Montague is, of course, an exaggeration, but clearly brands may distinguish ingroup from out-group members. Possibly this is most extreme among teenagers, where the brand of jeans is perceived todetermine coolness and popularity. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is not limited to teen culture, as testified by the previous examples of social communities defined by shared brands. In sum, from wet versus dry shaving to driving a Porsche versus a Smart, consumer behavior is used as a cue in person perception. Most likely, such cues also manifest in behavior toward these consumers. Physical attacks on women who wear fur are a most extreme example.Affective Consequences of Consumer BehaviorObviously, consumption and the use of products and services may give pleasure and satisfaction or displeasure and dissatisfaction. People may experience joy from wearing a new sweater or suffer emotional consequences when products or services fail or cause inconvenience. Product use is only one source of affective consumer experiences. The mere act of choosing and acquisition is another. People enjoy or dislike the experience of shopping. They may take pleasure from the freedom of simply choosing between different options (e.g., Botti & Iyengar, 2004), feel overwhelmed and confused by an abundance of options (e.g., Huffman & Kahn, 1998), or feel frustrated by a limited assortment that does not meet their particular needs (e.g., Chernev, 2003). They may experience gratification and a boost in self-esteem from the fact that they can afford a particular consumer lifestyle or grudge the fact that they cannot. Many daily sources of affective experiences involve consumerbehavior in one way or another.The Consumer Context Provides Unique Social InteractionsGranted, we rarely form deep and meaningful relationships with our hairdressers and waiters. Still, the consumer context affords many social interactions over a day. Again, these interactions— even if brief— may constitute a source of affective experiences. The smile of the barista, the compliment from the shop-assistant, and the friendly help from the concierge are just a few examples of how such consumerrelated interactions may make us feel good, worthy, and valued, whereas snappy and rude responses have the opposite effect. Besides, the social roles defined by the consumer context may provide unique opportunities for particular behaviors, interactions, and experiences not inherent in other roles. Being a client or customer makes one expect respect, courtesy, and attendance to one’s needs. For some, this may be the only role in their life that gives them a limited sense of being in charge and having others meet their demands. To give another example, complaining is a form of social interaction that mostly takes place within the consumer context. A search for ―complaint behavior‖ in the PsycI NFO database found that 34 out of 50 entries were studies from the consumer context. (The rest mostly related to health care, which may to some extent also be viewed as consumer context.) Given the importance of the consumer context to social experiences and interactions, it provides a prime opportunity forstudying these social behaviors.•How consumers think, feel, reason, and the psychology of screening for different items (such as brands, products); • Consumer behavior when they shop or make other marketing decisions;•Limits in consumer knowledge or access to information affect decisions and marketing outcomes;•How can marketers adapt and improve their marketing competitiveness and marketing strategies to attract consumers more efficiently?Bergi gives an official definition of consumer behavior: the process and the activities people perform when they research, select, purchase, use, evaluate, and deal with products and services in order to meet their needs. The behavior occurs in a group or an organization where individuals or individuals appear in this context. Consumer behavior includes using and handling products and studying how products are bought. The use of products is generally of great interest to marketers because it may affect how a product is in the best position or how we can encourage increased consumption.The Nicosia model focuses on the relationship between the company and its potential customers. The company communicates with consumers through its marketing messages or advertisements and consumers' reactions to the information they want to buy. Seeing this pattern, we willfind that companies and consumers are interconnected. Companies want to influence consumers. Consumers influence company decisions through their decisions.Consumer sentiment refers to a unique set of emotional reactions to the use of or eliciting a consumer experience in the product, a unique class or relationship of the emotional experience described and expressed (such as joy, anger and fear), such as the structural dimensions of the emotional category or pleasant/unpleasant, Relax/action, or calm/excited. Goods and services are often accompanied by emotional reactions (such as the fear caused by watching a horror movie). Emotional values are often associated with aesthetic choices (such as religion, reason). However, more material and utilitarian products also seem to have emotional value. For example, some foods cause childhood experiences and feel comfortable with them. Izad (1977) developed a method of emotional experience and introduced basic emotions. He uses ten words to distinguish the basic types of emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. This method has been widely used by consumer research.In order to implement the interpersonal and personal construction in this framework, we use the concept of self-awareness to express the influence of consumer response on society. Self-awareness is defined as the individual's consistent trend to focus directly on inward or outward.This theory identifies two different types of people with self-consciousness. The open self-conscious person pays special attention to other people's views on their outside. The private self-conscious person pays more attention to their inner thoughts and feelings. In this case, we assume that the reputation of consumption may be different based on sensitivity to other people. This proposal is also consistent with previous research. It shows that people with different personal behaviors depend on their sensitivity to interpersonal influences. Dubois and Dikena emphasized that "we believe that the analysis of the direct relationship between consumers and brands is a key to improving understanding of such a market." This original assumption is that of private or The value of the open superior product comes from the inherent social status of these objects. Many existing studies emphasize the role of the role played in the exchange of information about their owners and social relationships.中文译文社会心理学前沿艾瑞·克鲁格兰斯基，约瑟夫·弗加斯社会心理学的前沿是一个新的领域专用手册系列。
八年级英语社交活动的组织单选题40题1. Would you like to come to my birthday party this weekend?A. Yes, I'd love to.B. No, I don't.C. Sure, I can't.D. Maybe, I'm not sure.答案：A。
本题考查对于邀请的回应。
选项 A 表示“是的，我很乐意”，是接受邀请的常见表达，符合题意。
选项B 形式错误，应该是No, I wouldn't. 选项C 前后矛盾，Sure 表示肯定，而I can't 表示否定。
选项D 表示不确定，没有明确接受或拒绝。
2. Can you come to my house for dinner tonight?A. Of course.B. I'm sorry, I have to study for the exam.C. That sounds great!D. No problem.答案：B。
此题考查对邀请的拒绝。
选项A“Of course.”和选项C“That sounds great!”都是接受邀请的回答。
选项D“No problem.”通常用于表示同意或承诺能完成某事。
选项B 明确表示因为要为考试学习而不能去，是拒绝邀请的合理表述。
3. I'm having a party on Sunday. Do you want to join us?A. Yes, please.B. No, thanks.C. I'd love to, but I'm busy.D. It doesn't matter.答案：C。
本题考查邀请的回应。
选项A“Yes, please.”用于接受请求，而非邀请。
选项B“No, thanks.”语气较生硬，不太适合用于回应邀请。
选项 C 先表示愿意，然后说明自己忙不能去，合情合理。
2024-2025学年牛津版英语小学四年级上学期自测试卷与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.A. What’s the weather like today?B. It’s sunny today.C. I like sunny weather.Answer: BExplanation: The dialogue is about the weather, and the correct answer is “It’s sunny today.”2、Listen to the question and choose the correct answer.A. How old is Tom?B. Tom is ten years old.C. I have two cats.Answer: AExplanation: The question asks a bout Tom’s age, and the correct answer is “Tom is ten years old.”3、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.A. What time is it now?B. How are you today?C. What’s the weather like?D. Where is the school?Answer: CExplanation: The question asks about the weather, and the correct response should be related to weather information.4、Listen to the short passage and complete the sentence with the missing word.We have a science fair next week. There will be many____________from different classes. They will show their projects to everyone.A. studentsB. teachersC. parentsD. guestsAnswer: AExplanation: The passage mentions a science fair involving different classes, which implies that students from those classes will be participating. Therefore, “students” is the correct completion for the sentence.5.Listen to the dialogue and answer the question.A: How old are you, Tom?B: I’m nine years old.Question: How old is Tom?Answer: Nine years old.Explanation: The dialogue clearly states that Tom is nine years old.6.Listen to the question and choose the correct answer.Question: What animal can swim the fastest in the ocean?A) ElephantB) SharkC) RabbitAnswer: B) SharkExplanation: While elephants can swim, sharks are known for their speed in the water, making them the correct answer to the question. Rabbits are land animals and not known for their swimming abilities.7、Listen to the dialogue between Sarah and her teacher, Mr. Thompson. What subject does Sarah need help with?a)Mathematicsb)Sciencec)EnglishAudio Clip: (In the real test, there would be an audio clip here.)Sarah: “Mr.Thompson, I’m having trouble understanding some of the grammar rules in our English lessons.”Mr. Thompson: “Of course, Sarah. Let’s go over them together after class today.”Answer: c) EnglishExplanation: From the dialogue, it is clear that Sarah is seeking help withher English grammar rules.8、Listen to the short passage about Tom’s daily rou tine. What time does Tom usually wake up?a)6:00 AMb)7:30 AMc)8:15 AMAudio Clip: (In the real test, there would be an audio clip here.)Narrator: “Tom has a very busy schedule. He wakes up early every morning at six o’clock to practice his piano before school starts. After practicing for an hour, he gets ready for school and leaves home by seven-thirty.”Answer: a) 6:00 AMExplanation: The passage mentions that Tom wakes up at six o’clock in the morning to practice his piano before school.9.Listen to the dialogue between two students, Alex and Jamie, talking about their favorite subjects. Choose the correct answer.A. What is Alex’s favorite subject?1.Math2.English3.ScienceB. What is Jamie’s favorite subject?1.Math2.English3.ScienceAnswer:A. 1. MathB. 2. EnglishExplanation:In the dialogue, Alex mentions, “I like math because it’s challenging and fun.” This indicates that math is Alex’s favorite subject. Jamie says, “I love English because we read books and write essays.” This suggests that Jamie’s favorite subject is English.10.Listen to a short passage about the solar system. Choose the correct answer.What is the second-largest planet in our solar system?1.Jupiter2.Saturn3.EarthAnswer:1.JupiterExplanation:According to the passage, the solar system consists of eight planets. The order from the largest to the smallest is Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. Therefore, Jupiter is the second-largest planet in our solar system.11、Listen to the conversation between a teacher and a student talking abouta school trip. Choose the place where they are planning to go.A. The zooB. The museumC. The parkAnswer: B. The museumExplanation: In the conversation, the teacher mentions that they will be learning about dinosaurs and ancient civilizations, which indicates that the school trip is planned to the museum rather than the zoo or the park.12、Listen to the dialogue where two friends discuss their favorite books. What type of book does Sarah prefer?A. Adventure storiesB. Mystery novelsC. Science fictionAnswer: A. Adventure storiesExplanation: During the dialogue, Sarah expresses her excitement about reading books with pirates and treasure hunts, which clearly points to her preference for adventure stories over mystery novels or science fiction.二、选择题（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1、Which sentence correctly uses the past tense to describe an action that happened yesterday?A. I am walking to the park today.B. We went to the museum yesterday.C. She will go to the store tomorrow.D. They are eating ice cream at the beach now.Answer: BExplanation: The correct answer is B because “went” is the past tense of the verb “go,” indicating an action that happened in the past, specifically yesterday. The other options use present tense verbs or future tense verbs, which do not describe past actions.2、Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The cat was very________because it was missing its favorite toy.A. happyB. sadC. angryD. excitedAnswer: BExplanation: The correct answer is B. “Sad” is the appropriate word to describe the cat’s emotional state because losing a favorite toy is typically something that would cause sadness. The other options do not logically fit the context of the sen tence. “Happy” would suggest the cat is enjoying something, “angry” would imply a response to an irritant, and “excited” would suggest anticipation or joy, which are not suitable in this context.3、Which of the following words is an example of a verb?A)HappyB)JumpC)BeautifulD)SlowAnswer: B) JumpExplanation: A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. In this case, “Jump” is the only option that represents an action. The other options are adjectives which describe qualities or states (Happy - feeling, Beautiful - appearance, Slow - speed).4、Choose the correct preposition to fill in the blank: I will meetyou_______the school gate at 4 o’clock.A)onB)inC)atD)overAnswer: C) atExplanation: The preposition “at” is used here to indicate a specific location for the meeting. When referring to a precise point or small place, such as a gate, we use “at”. “On” is typically used with surfaces, “in” is used to show something is inside or within an area, and “over” suggests being above something, none of which fit the context of meeting at the school gate.5、What is the correct past tense form of the verb “go”?A)goedB)wentC)goinD)goAnswer: B) wentExplanation: The past tense form of the verb “go” is “went.” Option A is the incorrect past participle form, option C is the present participle form, and option D is the base form of the verb.6、Which sentence correctly uses the past simple tense?A)I am eating an apple yesterday.B)She was watching TV when the phone rang.C)They have been playing soccer all afternoon.D)He will go to the park tomorrow.Answer: B) She was watching TV when the phone rang.Explanation: The past simple tense is used to describe actions or states that happened in the past. Option B correctly uses the past simple tense with “was watching,” indicating a specific past event. Option A uses the present perfect tense, option C uses the present perfect continuous tense, and optionD uses the future simple tense.7、Which of the following sentences uses t he correct form of the verb “to be”?A) The cat is on the mat.B) The cat are on the mat.C) The cats is on the mat.D) The cats be on the mat.Answer: A) The cat is on the mat.Explanation: The sentence “The cat is on the mat.” uses the correct singular f orm of the verb “to be” which is “is” when the subject is singular like “cat”. Options B, C, and D contain errors in subject-verb agreement or incorrect usage of the verb “to be”.8、Choose the correct possessive adjective to complete the sentence: “The_______book is on the table.”A) itsB) it’sC) itD) its’Answer: D) its’Explanation: The possessive adjective “its’” is used to show possession. However, in standard English, there’s no apostrophe in “its” when it is a possessive adjective. The correct answ er should actually be “its” without the apostrophe (option D is incorrect as presented). “Its” demonstrates ownership, while “it’s” is a contraction of “it is” or “it has”, and “it” is simply the third-person singular pronoun.9.Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.The cat is sleeping on the __________.A. bedB. tableC. chairAnswer: A. bedExplanation: The correct answer is “bed” because it is common to find a cat sleeping on a bed, which provides comfort and warmth.10.Which of the following is a plural noun?A. boyB. girlsC. childAnswer: B. girlsExplanation: The word “girls” is a plural noun because it is the plural form of “girl,” which refers to more than one girl. “Boy” and “child” are singular nouns.11、What is the past tense of the verb “go”?A)GoedB)WentC)GoesD)GoneCorrect Answer: B) WentExplanation:The past tense of the verb “go” is irregular and changes to “went.” We use “went” when we talk about going somewhere in the past. For example, “Yesterday, I went to the park.”12、Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to the word “happy.”A)SadB)AngryC)TiredD)HungryCorrect Answer: A) SadExplanation:The word “sad” is the antonym (opposite) of “happy.” When someone is not feeling happy but rather down or unhappy, they are described as being sad. Other options like angry, tired, and hungry are different emotions or states and do not directly contrast with happiness.三、完型填空（10分）Section 3: Cloze TestRead the passage below and choose the best word to fill in each blank from the options given.The 1. thing that comes to mind when thinking about autumn is the beautiful 2. of the leaves. As the season changes, the leaves start to change color, from green to shades of 3., red, and orange. Children often enjoy 4. in the piles of leaves, while adults might prefer to take a walk in the park and 5. the crisp air.1.A. first B. second C. last D. third2.A. scenery B. weather C. season D. temperature3.A. yellow B. blue C. purple D. white4.A. swimming B. hiking C. playing D. eating5.A. feel B. see C. hear D. smellAnswers:1.A. first2.A. scenery3.A. yellow4.C. playing5.A. feel四、阅读理解（26分）Reading ComprehensionPassage:The Mystery of the Missing CatIt was a bright and sunny day in the small town of Willow Creek.Mrs. Thompson’s cat, Whiskers, had been missing for three whole days, and everyone in the neighborhood was worried. Mrs. Thompson loved her cat very much and decided to ask for help from the children in the neighborhood.Tommy, a boy who lived next door, offered to search for Whiskers. He printed out flyers with Whiskers’ picture on them and distributed them around town. His friend Sarah joined him and suggested they check under bushes and in trees because cats sometimes get stuck or hide there. They looked everywhere but still couldn’t find Whiskers.On the third day, while Tommy and Sarah were searching near the riverbank,they heard a faint meowing sound coming from an old wooden boat that was tied up at the riverside. When they went closer to investigate, they found Whiskers inside the boat! The poor cat had gotten trapped inside and couldn’t get out. Sarah ran to get some help while Tommy stayed with Whiskers. Soon enough, Mr. Johnson from down the street came with a pair of pliers and freed Whiskers from the boat.Mrs. Thompson was overjoyed when she heard the news. She thanked Tommy, Sarah, and Mr. Johnson for their help and gave Whiskers a big hug. From that day on, Whiskers wore a collar with a bell so that he could be easily found if he wandered off again.Questions:1.Why did Mrs.Thompson ask the neighborhood children for help?A. Because she was too busy.B. Because she was worried about Whiskers.C. Because she didn’t like Whiskers a nymore.D. Because she wanted the children to play with Whiskers.2.Where did Tommy and Sarah eventually find Whiskers?A. Under a bush.B. In a tree.C. Inside an old wooden boat.D. Near the riverbank (but not in the boat).3.What did Mrs. Thompson do to make sure Whiskers wouldn’t get lost again?A. She put a bell on his collar.B. She kept Whiskers inside all the time.C. She tied Whiskers to the boat.D. She asked the neighbors to watch Whiskers constantly.Answers:1.The correct answer is B. Because she was worried about Whiskers.2.The correct answer is C. Inside an old wooden boat.3.The correct answer is A. She put a bell on his collar.五、写作题（16分）Title: My Ideal School GardenWrite a short essay describing your ideal school garden. Include the following elements in your essay:1.Purpose of the Garden: What is the main goal of your ideal school garden? (e.g., to grow vegetables, flowers, or as a learning space)2.Types of Plants: What types of plants would you plant in your ideal garden?(e.g., vegetables, fruits, herbs, flowers)3.Design Features: How would you design the garden? (e.g., raised beds, paths, seating areas)4.Activities: What activities would students be able to do in the garden?(e.g., planting, watering, weeding, harvesting)5.Benefits: What benefits do you think an ideal school garden would bringto the students and the school community?Example:My Ideal School GardenIn my opinion, an ideal school garden should serve as a vibrant learning space where students can connect with nature and grow their own food. The main goal of my ideal school garden would be to teach students about the importance of sustainable agriculture and the value of healthy eating habits.Firstly, I would plant a variety of vegetables, fruits, and herbs in the garden. Students could learn how to grow tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, and basil. This would provide them with hands-on experience and encourage them to try new, healthy foods.The garden would be designed with raised beds, making it easy for students of different heights to work in the garden. I would also include a path around the garden, with seating areas where students can sit and enjoy the fresh air and scenery. This would be a perfect spot for group discussions or quiet reflection.Students would be able to participate in various activities in the garden, such as planting, watering, weeding, and harvesting. This hands-on learning experience would help them understand the importance of taking care of plants and the environment. Additionally, students could also learn about soil composition, composting, and the life cycle of plants.An ideal school garden would bring numerous benefits to both students andthe school community. For students, it would provide an opportunity to learn about nature, develop a sense of responsibility, and appreciate the hard work that goes into growing food. For the school community, it would promote a healthier lifestyle, foster environmental stewardship, and create a more connected and engaged school environment.Analysis:This essay effectively addresses all the elements required in the prompt. The author clearly outlines the purpose of the garden, provides examples of the types of plants, describes the design features, lists the activities that students can engage in, and explains the benefits of having an ideal school garden. The essay demonstrates a good understanding of the topic and uses vivid language to create a picture of the ideal school garden.。
英国餐桌礼仪英语作文英国餐桌礼仪英语作文（精选24篇）英国餐桌礼仪英语作文篇1Table Manners in England (UK)The British generally pay a lot of attention to good table manners. Even young children are expected to eat properly with knife and fork.We eat most of our food with cutlery. The foods we don't eat with a knife, fork or spoon include sandwiches, crisps, corn on the cob, and fruit.Things you should do:If you cannot eat a certain type of food or have some special needs, tell your host several days before the dinner party.If you are a guest, it is polite to wait until your host starts eating or indicates you should do so. It shows consideration.Always chew and swallow all the food in your mouth before taking more or taking a drink.You may eat chicken and pizza with your fingers if you are at a barbecue, finger buffet or very informal setting. Otherwise always use a knife and fork.Always say thank you when served something. It shows appreciation.When eating rolls, break off a piece of bread before buttering. Eating it whole looks tacky.When eating soup, tip the bowl away from you and scoop the soup up with your spoon.When you have finished eating, and to let others know that you have,place your knife and folk together, with the prongs (tines) onthe fork facing upwards, on your plate.In a restaurant, it is normal to pay for your food by putting your money on the plate the bill comes on.Things you should not do:Never lick or put your knife in your mouth.It is impolite to start eating before everyone has been served unless your host says that you don't need to wait.Never chew with your mouth open. No one wants to see food being chewed or hearing it being chomped on.It is impolite to have your elbows on the table while you are eating.Don't reach over someone's plate for something, ask for the item to be passed.Never talk with food in your mouth.It is impolite to put too much food in your mouth.Never use your fingers to push food onto your spoon or fork.It is impolite to slurp your food or eat noisily.Never blow your nose on a napkin (serviette). Napkins are for dabbing your lips and only for that.Never take food from your neighbours plate.Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails.Things that are ok to do:It is ok to eat and drink something while walking down the street, unless you want to seem posh.It is ok to pour your own drink when eating with other people, but it is more polite to offer pouring drinks to the people sitting on either side of you.It is ok to put milk and sugar in your tea and coffee or to drink them both without either.I am not used to eating with a knife and fork. What do I needto know?We eat continental style, with fork in the left hand and the knife in the right (or the other way round if you are left handed). At the top of your plate will be a dessert spoon and dessert fork.If you are eating at a formal dinner party, you will come across many knives and forks. Start with the utensils on the outside and work your way inward with each subsequent course How to eat with a knife and fork in EnglandThe fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right.If you have a knife in one hand, it is wrong to have a fork in the other with the prongs (tines) pointed up.Hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your folk in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards.英国餐桌礼仪英语作文篇2The Role of Manners?There is not much call for a complete working knowledge of table manners in America today. Many families only gather all at once around the dinner table at holiday feasts, and most restaurants are too casual to require, or even to allow for, more than basic good table manners. If, having dropped his napkin, a diner at a bistro were to attempt to practice proper etiquette by signaling a member of the staff to bring a fresh one, he would probably have to do without a napkin at all. Try as he might to make eye contact and indicate the nature of the problem with a subtle wiggle of the eyebrow and downward flicker of the glance, he is likely to succeed only in causing his date to think he is making a play for the server. Although strict good manners forbid placing a used eating utensil back on the table, the server removing a plate on which a fork has quite properly been positioned "pointing at 11 o'clock" might just plop that item backwhere it started, making more of a clatter than if the diner had simply done it herself.From time to time -- perhaps at an important business dinner, a romantic date at an expensive restaurant, or a first dinner with the family of the person who may be "the One" -- it is necessary to display a more sophisticated knowledge of table etiquette. This is not difficult, once you have mastered the basics. Anyone armed with this core knowledge and the ability to adapt smoothly to the situation at hand will be able to handle even the most formal event. The goal is not, after all, to demonstrate utter mastery of the most arcane details of etiquette (which would be quite difficult considering the wide variations of customs in different cultures and from generation to generation), but rather to behave with graciousness and poise at the table.Mastering the BasicsMuch of the difficulty encountered in learning table manners derives from the struggle to master the ritual handling of the various tools involved. In order to display the right social veneer, it is necessary to sit at the table with elegant ease and wield the utensils with aplomb. The diner who leaves the napkin folded on his plate until it obstructs the placement of his appetizer plate reveals his lack of training. The dinner party guest who observes with dismay the array of flatware on either side of her plate, need only take the time to learn the simple secret to the plan. There are, of course, a few tips and pitfalls to be aware of, as well as the occasional surprising item you can eat with your hands. Here is a quick guide which will help steer you through even the most formal of occasions.英国餐桌礼仪英语作文篇31) As soon as the hostess picks up her napkin,pick yours upand lay it on your lap. Sometimes a roll of bread is wrapped in it; if so, take it out and put it on your side plate.2) The Soup CourseDinner usually begins with soup. The largest spoon at your place is the soup spoon. It will be beside your plate at the right-hand side.3) The Fish CourseIf there is a fish course, it will probably follow the soup. There may be a special fork for the fish, or it may be similar to the meat fork. Often it is smaller.4) The Meat CourseThe main Course is usually served by the host himself, especially if it is a fowl or a roast which need to be carved. He will often ask each guest what piece he prefers, and it is quite proper to state your preference as to lean or fat, dark or light.5) Using Knife and ForkIf you have English and American friends you will notice a few differences in their customs of eating. For the main or meat curse, the English keep the fork in the left hand, point curved downward, and bring the food to the mouth either by sticking the points onto it or in the case of soft vegetables, by placeing it firmly on the fork in this position with the knife. Americans carve the meat in the same position, then lay down the knife and taking the fork in the right hand with the point turned up, push it under a small piece of food without the help of the knife and bring it to the mouth right-side-up.6) Helping Yourself and RefusingIf a servant passes food around, he will pass the dish in at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with your right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on yourright; it is then the turn of your neighbor on the right. It is polite to take some of everything that is passed to you. But if there is something you may not like, you may quietly say: "No ，thank you."7) Second HelpingsThe hostess may or may not ask if you would like a second helping, according to the formality of the meal. If she does and you accept it, you should pass your plate to her or to the servant with the knife and fork still lying on it.8) The Salad CourseA salad is eaten with a fork only held in the right hand with points turned up. There is usually a special one for the salad, a little smaller than the meat fork.9) Bread and ButterBread is taken in the fingers and laid on the side plate or the edge of the large plate, it is never take with a fork. Butter is taken from the butter dish with the butter knife and placed on the side plate, not on one's bread.10) Other Things on the TableWhen there are things on the middle of the table, such as bread, butter, jelly, pickles, nits, candies, you should not take any until the hostess ahs suggested that they be passed.。
社会排斥及其神经机制蔡强吴寅刘金婷1（北京大学心理学系，北京100871；东南大学学习科学研究中心，南京210096）摘要：社会排斥是一种漠视，忽略或者拒绝他人的行为。
大量研究发现，被社会排斥会导致人们归属感，存在感，控制感和自尊的降低。
本文在已有研究的基础上，首先回顾了社会排斥的研究范式以及被排斥后的心理变化；其次，总结了社会排斥与亲社会行为、攻击性行为之间的关系；然后介绍了社会排斥的神经机制并将其视作一种‘社会疼痛’。
最后，我们对今后社会排斥的研究方向进行了展望。
关键词：社会排斥；归属感；亲社会行为；神经机制；社会疼痛尽管当前社会更加强调人与人之间应当和谐相处，但是我们在现实生活中还是会遇到各种各样的社会排斥：当你走入一个新环境的时候，周围人也许不知道如何与你相处，而冷落了你；当你惹伴侣生气的时候，你可能打无数电话恳求他/她的原谅，但是都得不到回复；当你申请出国留学的时候，向一个心仪的教授发了好几封邮件，却没有一封回信。
Twenge 认为，社会排斥是指个体处于被排挤、被孤立的状态，有时会伴随着明确的不被别人接纳的信号[1]。
大量的研究表明，社会排斥会对人的心理状态，社会需要，人际关系造成影响。
本文从自我报告，行为和神经三个方面对被社会排斥以后人们的心理感受进行了研究。
1.研究社会排斥的范式针对如何诱发被社会排斥感，不同研究者发明了不同的范式。
我们这里重点介绍网络掷小球游戏，终身孤独范式，手机短信范式和回忆范式。
1.1 网络掷小球游戏(Cyberball game)Williams在1997年发明了一个产生社会排斥感的范式，主试安排被试与另外两个假被1通讯作者：刘金婷，女，北京大学心理学系，博士研究生，aislingljt@试进行接触，并让三个人在一个房间中进行一个传球游戏[2]。
在控制条件下，两个假被试不做任何事情，只坐在房间里安静地看报纸，5分钟后主试到来。
在社会接纳条件下，两个假被试微笑着和真正的被试进行5分钟的传球游戏，在此过程中，他们每个人接到小球的次数大致相同；而社会排斥条件不同于社会接纳条件的地方是，传球游戏进行到1分钟后，两个假被试之间突然开始相互传球，没有任何外显原因地将真被试排斥在外。
四川省泸州高级中学2025届高考英语必刷试卷考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。
选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。
2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。
3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．I shook hands and ________ greetings with the manager, who I impressed a lot.A．conveyed B．swapped C．exchanged D．switched2．The book ______ through the air to Aunt Dede and she began to read it aloud.A．got B．pushed C．sailed3．--- Hello, Tom. This is Mary speaking.--- What a coincidence! I_________ about you.A．just thought B．was just thinkingC．have just thought D．would just think4．_____ here, come and have a cup of tea.A．Passing B．To pass C．Pass D．Having passed5．I called her nearly ten minutes this morning, but I couldn’t ________.A．get through B．go through.C．live through D．look through6．U.S. President Barack Obama arrived in China’s economic center Shanghai on Sunday night, November 15th2009, ______a state visit to China.A．starting B．started C．to start D．having started7．— How do you think I can make up with Jack?— Set aside _______ you disagree and try to find _______ you have in common.A．what; what B．what; where C．where; what D．where; whether8．When caught _____ in the exam, he begged for the teacher’s pardon and tried ______ pu nishment.A．cheating; escaping B．to be cheating; to escapeC．cheating; to escape D．to be cheating; escaping9．Wolf Warrior 2, which ________ the “Award for Best Visual Effects” at the Beijing Film Festival, indicates China's film industry has come of age.A．wins B．wonC．has won D．had won10．________ has greater potential than flammable ice being mined from underneath the South China Sea when it comes to a global energy revolution.A．nothing B．neitherC．no one D．none11．He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he ________ be quite charming when he wishes.A．shall B．shouldC．can D．must12．At one time, she is fine, ________ at another, she is abnormal.A．and B．or C．but D．so13．—How about going sightseeing this Saturday afternoon?Sorry, I _______ my research report the whole weekend.A．will have written B．will be writingC．have written D．have been writing14．______ far in the contest, we are so disappointed.A．Not getting B．Not to getC．Not having got D．Not got15．After the fire，________________ would otherwise be a cultural center is now reduced to a pile of ashes.A．that B．itC．what D．which16．The reds and golds _____ into each other as the sun sank. What a beautiful sight!A．bumped B．pressedC．melted D．turned17．She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before18．Time is pressing．You cannot start your task _____ soon．A．too B．very C．so D．as19．If he ________ his teacher’s suggestion, he would have won the English Speech Con test.A．had followed B．should followC．was to follow D．followed20．I ________ able to catch the first flight home, but my watch betrayed me.A．were B．had beenC．would be D．would have been第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
