2021年考研英语(一)核心词汇周计划(第18周)【圣才出品】

2021考研英语一需重视的7个大纲词汇各位正在准备研究生入学考试的同学，请注意!在考研英语大纲最近的一次变化中，词汇部分发生重大的改动。

在原有5500左右的单词中删除了58个单词，新增59个。

在近几年的考题中，对新增单词的考点设置较多，考查频次较高。

因此，这些新增内容不容忽视。

同学们在备考的过程中，一定要重点记忆这些单词!1. accustom vt. 使习惯于【助记】accustom=ac(加强)+ custom(风俗，习惯)【用法】~ oneself to doing/do sth.使习惯于做某事【同义词】adjust, acquaint, familiarize【例句】I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. So I have to accustom myself to the noise of the planes.我往在飞机场附近，日夜能听到过往的飞机声，所以我不得不使自己习惯这飞机的声音。

2. alienate vt. 使疏远，使不友好;转移(资产等)【助记】alienate=ali(alter其他的，改变状态)+en(动词、名词后缀)+ate(动词后缀)【用法】~ sth./sb. from使得某事/某人与疏远alienate lands转让土地【派生词】alien adj. 外国的;相异的，性质不同的;不相容的n. 外国人，外侨;外星人【例句】His attempts to alienate the two friends failed because they had complete faith.他离间那两个朋友的企图失败了,因为他们彼此完全信任。

3. allegiance n. 忠诚，效忠;拥戴;臣服【用法】~ to sb./sth.对某人/某机构效忠【同义词】loyalty, faithfulness【例句】You have seen duty and allegiance in the determined faces of our soldiers.你们从美军士兵坚毅的表情中看到了责任和忠诚。

六级词汇分频周计划第18期Lesson 18第18课genetica. 遗传（学）的 n. (-s)遗传学More and more doctors believe that cancer is a genetic disease.越来越多医生认为癌症是遗传病。

imitationn. 模仿；仿制品；赝品An artist who can only give imitation of others' styles will not achieve acclaim.一个只会模仿他人风格的艺术家是不会获得人们称赞的。

hierarchyn. 等级制度；统治集团，领导层The Supreme Court is the head of a hierarchy of federal courts.最高法院是联邦法院等级系统中的最高机构。

impairvt. 损害，削弱Over 200,000 babies are born in the U.S. each year with deformed bodies and impaired minds because of defective genes.由于基因有缺陷，每年美国有超过20万新生婴儿身体畸形、智力受损。

impetusn. 推动，促进，刺激；推动力The reform and opening-up policy is the primary impetus behind China's economic recovery.改革开放政策是促进中国经济恢复的主要推动力。

necessitatevt. 使成为必要，需要The increase in population necessitates a greater food supply.人口的增加需要更多的食物供应。

laymann. 外行Doctors sometimes confuse laymen with their jargon.医生有时用专门术语把外行人弄得稀里糊涂。

2021考研英语：核心复习词汇汇总（一）考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是该注意的，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：核心复习词汇汇总(一)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语：核心复习词汇汇总(一)rape n.强奸;破坏，蹂躏 vt.强奸;破坏，蹂躏rash a.轻率的，鲁莽的 [反]deliberate n.皮疹guideline n.指导方针，指导原则，准则，标准gut n.[pl.]胆量;内脏a.本能的vt.取出内脏habitat n.(动物的)栖息地，(植物的)产地harassment n.骚扰，扰乱;烦恼，烦乱recycle vt./vi.重复利用(用过的物资)，循环使用redundant a.被解雇的;多余的，过剩的refugee n.(政治上的)避难者，难民refund n.v. 退款;赔偿relish n.喜好，乐趣;美味;胃口 v.爱好，喜欢remnant n.残余，剩余;残余物，残存部分renaissance n.[the R-]文艺复兴(时期);新生，复兴ritual a.宗教仪式的，典礼的 n.仪式，典礼;惯例robust a.强健的，茁壮的;有力的 [反]feeblesalvation n.(尤指基督)救世，超度;拯救，解困sanction v.同意(某事)，批准，认可 n.批准,国际制裁sane a.心智健全的，神志清醒的;明断的，理智的sarcastic a.讽刺的，嘲笑的，挖苦的saturate vt.使湿透，浸透;使充满，使饱和repertoire n.全部剧目,保留剧目,全部技能repression n.压抑，压制，镇压retention n.保留;保持;记忆(力)retort n.v.报复;反击;反驳boost n.促进，激励;一抬;一推 vt.推动，增强bowel n.肠;[pl.]内部，深处retrieve vt.重新得到，取回;挽回，补救;检索retrospect v.n.回顾，回想，追溯[反]foreseerevelation n.揭示，透露，显示;被揭示的真相，新发现rigorous a.严格的，严厉的，严酷的(气候条件)riot n.暴(骚)乱;(色彩等)极度丰富vi.聚众闹事rip v.猛撕开;扯开;被撕开;裂开scandal n.丑事，丑闻;流言蜚语;反感，愤慨scramble vi.(快速地)爬，攀登;互相争夺，争先siege n.包围，围攻，围困sip v.小口地喝，抿，呷 n.一小口的量sceptical/skeptical a.怀疑的skim vt.撇去(液体表面)之漂浮物 vi.轻轻掠过skip vi.略过，跳过 n.跳跃 vt.故意忽略;略过texture n.(织物)质地;(材料)构造;结构;肌理transcend vt. 超出，超越(理性等)的范围abolish 彻底废除(法律、制度、习俗等)abolish old custoprime 首要的，主要的 a matter of ～ importancefoul a.令人不快的;恶臭的;邪恶的 v.弄脏 n.(体育等)犯规fridge n.(refrigerator的略语)冰箱radiant a.(面容、目光)洋溢着幸福的，明亮照耀的rap vt.急敲;突然厉声说出;训斥n.急敲(声)thermal 热的，由热造成的～burnsthirst 渴，口渴 The heat creates a ～in me like I’ve never had before2021考研英语：核心复习词汇汇总(二)trail 痕迹，足迹 a ～ of destruction left by the violencetramp 步行，跋涉 He loves ～ing over the hillstransfer 转移，调动the company has transferred to aneastern locationfringe n.边缘;(窗帘)缘饰;额前垂发 vt.饰…的边fume n.(usu pl.)(浓烈或难闻的)烟，气，汽blur n.模糊不清的事物 vt.使模糊，使看不清楚browse vi.随意翻阅，浏览;(牛、羊等)吃草primitive 原始的，上古的，早期的 a ～ forestprior 在先的，在前的 Stop making public statements without their ～ approval hereprivilege 特权，优惠，特免 In countries where there are still not many schools, education is a ～probe 探索，探查，调查～ the roots of warabsolute 纯粹的，完全的 have absolute trust in sb.verge 边，边缘，边沿 the ～ of a streamverify 证明，证实Subsequent events verified my suspicions vertical 垂直的，立式的 a ～ engineveto 否决，否决权，否决权的行使 The rest of the committee could not accept the ～accustom 使习惯于 accustom oneself to rising (to rise) early acquaint 使认识，使了解trash n.垃圾;拙劣的作品;渣滓，败类vt.捣毁toxic a.有毒的，因中毒引起的amaze 使惊愕，使惊异 I am amazed that he should get the post.breach n.违反，不履行;破裂 vt.冲破，攻破briefcase n.手提箱，公事皮包ambiguous 含糊不清的，模棱两可的 an ambiguous answerozone n. 臭氧;清新的空气pact n.合同，条约，公约trace 痕迹，踪迹 The wound healed, leaving almost no ～ of a scartrack足迹，踪迹～s in the snowtragedy 悲剧Hamlet is one of shakespeare’s best known tragediespaperback n.平装本，简装本script n.剧本(原稿);手稿，原稿;笔迹，手迹scrutiny n.周密的调查;仔细看;监视;选票复查sculpture n.雕刻(术)，雕塑(术);雕刻作品tame 驯化的，驯服的，温顺的～animailstan棕黄色，黄褐色 buy some shoes in tantax 税(款)Half of his wages go in taxabrupt 突然的，意外的 an abrupt departureacute 尖锐的，敏锐的 an acute thinkerversatile 多才多艺的 a ～ manversus 诉讼，竞赛等中以……为对手The match tonight is China ～ Japanblunt 钝的The sun was blazing down and the heat was oppressive.blush (因害羞、激动、窘困)脸红 blush with(或for) joyabide 遵循(…by);容忍 The one thing she cannot abide is lying.delight 高兴，快乐：To the teacher’s great delight , all his students passed the examination.deliver 投递，传送，运输：deliver the maildemonstrate 论证，证明：demonstrate a philosophical principleaaccelerate 加速，增速accelerate one’s stepsthread 线，线状物 cotton ～thrill 使非常兴奋，使非常激动It’s a sight that never fails to ～methrive 兴旺发达，繁荣 His business is thrivingabuse 滥用 abuse one's authority(office)temper 心情，脾气 be in a good～tempt 引诱，诱惑 Nothing could ～ me to do such a thingstrain 拉紧，绷紧 If you ～ the elastic any more, it will break strap 带，皮带 silks ～sstream 小河，溪流 on the banks of a ～stress压力，紧张Not all of us can cope with the ～es of modern lifestretch 伸直，伸长 He yawned and ～ed himselfstride阔步前进，大踏步走He strode to the platformstrike 打击，撞 A stone struck me on the headstring 细绳，线，带 She took the parcel and started to undo the stringstrip 剥去，除去 The wind stripped the tree of all its leavesaccess 接近(或进入)的机会 have regular and immediate access to the President2021考研英语：词汇的拓展词根翻译(7)36. chron=time,表示“时间”chroic 长期的chronicle编年史(chron+icle表名词)chronology年代学;年表chronograph精密计时器anachronism年代错误synchronize同时发生(syn共同+chron+ize→时间相同→同时发生)synchronous同期的;同步的37. cid,cis=cut,kill,表示“切开，杀”decide决定，决心(de加强+cide切→切下去→下决心)homicide杀人(homi人+cide)insecticide杀虫剂(insect昆虫+cide)suicide自杀(sui自己+cide)pesticide杀虫剂(pest害虫+cide)circumcise行割礼，割包皮concise简明的decision决心，决议(decide的名词)excise割去，删去(ex出+cise)excision删除，灭绝(excise+ion)incisive一针见血的，锐利的(incise+ive→切人的→一针见血的) incisor门牙(incise+or→切东西的东西→门牙)precise精确的，清楚的(pre预先+cise→预先切好→精确的) precision精密，正确38. circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示“圆，环”circlet小环，小圈circular圆的;循环的(circ+ular表形容词)circulate循环，流通(circ+ulate→绕圈走→循环) circulation发生，流通(circulate+ion)circuit环行;电路(circu+it走→环行)circuitous迂回的，绕圈子的(circuit+ous)circus马戏团;圆形广场encircle环绕，包围(en进入+circle;圆→进入圆→包围)cycle周期cyclone旋风bicycle自行车recycle再循环;回收39. cit=quote,call, 表示“引用，唤起”cite引用;引证citation引用，引证(cote+ation表名词)excite使兴奋，刺激(ex出+cite→引出情绪)ecitement兴奋(excite+ment)incite鼓励，incitation激动recite背诵;演奏recital背诵;独奏(recite+al)resuscitate复活;恢复40. claim, clam=cyrout, shout,表示“呼喊，叫喊”claim要求;论断clamor喧哗;吵闹(clam+or表名词)clamorous吵闹的acclaim欢呼;喝采(ac一再+claim→一再喊→欢呼) acclamation喝采，称赞declaim朗诵declamation慷慨演说;雄辩exclaim叫喊;大声说exclamation叫喊;感叹proclaim公布;声明(pro在前+claim→在前面喊→公布) proclamation宣告;宣言reclaim收回reclamation收复;矫正。

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析（完整版）凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become animportant issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian ofthe rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in severalinstances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for beingindependent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. Thatkind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_byan ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the codeof conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apartfrom politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be freeto _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legalsystem was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they areso closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals withsocial policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makingthemselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify[D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest[C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised[C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject[C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line[B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate[D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions[D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit[C]address [D]ignore 19. [A]accessible [B]amiable[C]agreeable [D]accountable第 1 页共 1 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word[D]as a resultCome on �CEverybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitationand half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peerpressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But inher new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure canalso be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to helpindividuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example ofthe social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismokingprogram called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. InSouth Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits youngpeople to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising，andRosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure forhealthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads onebillboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciouslyimitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engi neered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience [C] stay away from commercial advertisers第 2 页共 2 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequatelyprobe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs withoutour realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant runn ing. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As acondition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2021. In 2021, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license besubject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management�C especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2021 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatoryauthority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offera precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there arevalid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if everystate sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont isalready so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.第 3 页共 3 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permissionto keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federallegislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness. [C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’scapacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which theindividual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.第 4 页共 4 页凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receivesintellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credi ble discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication andconfirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim �C a processthat corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it [A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. 34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?第 5 页共 5 页感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-oIder-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, lhe association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men. the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended litestxdc approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. [A]2. [A]pausesalternatively[B][B]returnformally[C][C]peaksaccidentally[D][D]fadesgenerally3. [A]while[B]since[C]once [D]until4. [A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption [D]separation5. [A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6. [A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek [D]utilize7. [A]modified [B]supported [C]included[D]predicted8. [A]devoted [B]compared[C]converted [D]applied9. [A]with[B]above [C]by [D]against10. [A] lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11. [A] ran out[B]set off[C]drew in [D]went by12. [A] superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13. [A] restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14. [A] alter[B]spread[C]remove [D]explain15. [A] compensations [B]symptoms[C]demands [D]treatments16. [A] Likewise [B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore [D]Instead17. [A] change [B]watch [C]count [D]take18. [A] well-being[B]process[C]formation [D]coordination19. [A] levels[B]love[C]knowledge [D]space20. [A] design [B]routine[C]diet[D]prescriptionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B. C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can Britain* s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger lares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year' s rise an average of 2.7 percent, maybe a fraction lower than last year' s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI) measure of inflationSuccessive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing iii and running the rail network. Should be bome by those who use it. rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner fiom Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators tmmpeting the improvements they are making to lhe network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.Tlie Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement, so that even when s trikes occur,services can c ontinue to o perate T his s hould from p art of a w ider p ackage of m easures to a ddress the long-running problems on Britain' s railways. Yes. more investment is needed bul passengers will not be willingto pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if t he justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger tares[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.22.[A][B][C][D]23.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for rail travelers.car drivers.local investors.ordinary taxpayers.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D| are trying to repair relations with the unions24.[A][B][C][D]25.[A][B][C][D]If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face（本题有争议）the loss of investment.（网络答案）the c ollapse of o perations.（海文考研）a reduction of revenue.a change of ownership.（何凯文答案）Which of the following would be the best title for the text?Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?Constant Complaining Doesn't WorkCan Nationalization Bring Hope?A ever-rising fares Aren't SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or gel regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia. the programme has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But the CCT programs don't generally consider eftects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. l*hc only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Fenaro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 一including during Indonesia's phase-in of the aiitipoverty program 一 in 7.468 forested villages across 15 provinces. "We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation, Farrow says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn't reduce poverty. Ferraro says, "the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs"26. According to the first paragraph, CCT programmes aim to[A]Facilitate health-care r eform[B]help poor Fmilies get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rales27.[A][B][C][D]28.[A][B][C][D]29.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that .cattle raising has been a major livelihood fbr the poorCCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesantipoveily eftbrts require the participation of local flirmerseconomic growth tends to cause environmental degradationIn his study about Indonesia, Farrow intends to find out .its acceptance level of CCTsits a nnual rate of p overty alleviationthe r elation o f CCTs t o its forest l ossthe role of its forests in climate changeAccording to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in. that[A] it will benefit other Asian countries |B| it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production30.[A][B][C][D]What is the text centred on? The effects of a program.The debates over a program. The process of a study.The transfer-ability of a study.Text3As a historian who's always searching for the lest or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I've b ecome preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what bettei'way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).I've f ound quite a few,and —since I s tarted posting them on Twitter 一they have been causing quite stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did,laugh. They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians‘makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shitted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure ties were much quicker by the 1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s so we must look elsewhere fbr an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.n ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a rare sight in Victorian society the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall perfonners might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll,s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look fbr properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a heartly laugh, said that when it came photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed IbTever”.31.According t o p aragraph 1, t he author's posts o n Twitter .A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media's tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public imageD.changed people's impression of the Victorians.32. A. B. C. D.33. A. B. C. D.34. A. B. C. D.35. A.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? They are rare among photograph of that ageThey show effect of different exposure timesThey m irror 19th-century social conventionsThey arc in popular use among historiansWhat miglit have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?Their inherent social sensitivenessTheir tension before the cameraTheir unhealthy dental conditionTheir d istrust o f n ew i nventionsMark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was .a t hought-provoking ideaa misguide attitudea controversial v iesa deep-rotted beliefWhich of the following questions does the text answer?Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand fbr rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill- in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti -regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court unchanged in again. Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution. It only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC.) on net neutrality, adopted on a partyline vote in 2017. The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted. When it had a democratic majority in2015. But rejected the commission's authority. To require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerable like ATRT favors its own video- stressing service at the expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court. Unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband, provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulaling more. Bui Judge. Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modem broadband service", and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules. On not neutrality, while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back- and -forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and fbr all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36.There has long been concern that broadband providers wouldA.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals37. A. B. C. D.38. A. B. C. D.39. A. B. C. D.Faced with the demand fbr net neutrality rules, the FCC takes an anti-regulatory stancesticks to an out-of-date orderhas issued a special resolutionhas allowed the states to interveneWhat can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?It engages in anti-competitive practicesIt protects against unfair competitionIt is under the FCC's investigationIt is in pursuit of quality serviceJudge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision focuses on trivialitiesconveys an ambiguous message.is out of touch with realityis at odds with its earlier rulings.40.A.B.C.D. PartB What does the author argue in the last paragraph? Broadband providers' rights should be protectedl he FCC should be put under strict supen isionRules need to be set to diversify online services Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to lit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (Al) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to Al in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is Al changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews arc much more biased than what Al does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, "(41) G " One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome Al software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) C These are 'lools that help people use data, not a replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science al MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use Al to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies. meanwhile, can base their premiums on Al models that more accurately assess risk. Domingos says, "(43) E "Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable/' says Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions."(44) BProtecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use Al image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive/' says Domingos. "(45) D "A.l replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have Al go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.B.One accounting firm. EY, uses an Al system that helps review contracts during an audil. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.C.There are also companies like Acquisio. which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords. Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising ftinds will yield best results.D.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useRil for employees to go to.E.Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.F.We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish somethingbeyond human scale.G.Al looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western sociclies.(46)Thosc societies came out of the war wilh levels of cnrollmenl lhai had been roughly constant at 3-5of the relevant age groups during the decades befbre the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising our of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university befbre the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in tum have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48)in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight. or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of g rowth carried its o wn peculiar problems in i ts w ake. F or e xample, a h igh growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49)and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty, And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution -this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation，they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance anangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.46.战争结束后，这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的 3-5 。

2021年考研英语（一）核心词汇周计划第12周星期一nostalgic[]adj.乡愁的，怀旧的【例句】①Perhaps it is our human nature to be nostalgic.也许是人类天生有一种思古之幽情。

②Many people were nostalgic for the good old days.很多人都怀念过去的好时光。

【词组】Nostalgic Song思乡曲obesity[]n.肥胖，肥大【例句】Obesity is a problem for many people in western countries.西方国家很多人都有过度肥胖的问题。

【词组】morbid obesity病态肥胖exceed[]v.超过，越出，胜过【例句】The results of the competition exceeded our expectations.比赛的结果比我们预料的好。

assassinate[]vt.暗杀，行刺；诋毁，中伤【例句】President John F.Kennedy was assassinated in1963.约翰·肯尼迪总统是在1963年被刺杀的。

exemplify[]v.示范；举例证明；作……的范例或榜样【例句】The teacher richly exemplifies the use of the word.老师举了许多例子说明这个词的用法。

ascertain[]vt.弄清，查明【例句】I’ll endeavor to ascertain her mind.我得先努力弄清楚她的想法。

aspire[]vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于【例句】What do the women aspire for?妇女们渴望什么？【词组】aspire to/after sth.渴望aspire to do渴望做aspire after knowledge立志求知/aspire to fame追求名誉empire[]n.帝国【例句】The British Empire once covered large parts of the world.大英帝国曾经占领过世界上的很大一部分。

第20周星期一plaintiff [] n. [律]起诉人，原告例句The plaintiff is seeking remedy through the court. 原告通过法院请示获得救济。

词组civil plaintiff民事原告defendant [] adj. 辩护的；为自己辩护的n. 被告例句This defendant is charged with murder. 这个被告被指控犯有谋杀罪。

词组defendant company被告方面innocent defendant 无辜的被告alleviate [] vt. 缓解，缓和，减轻例句It was a drug that alleviates cold symptoms. 这是一种减轻感冒症状的药品。

interval [] n. 间隔，间歇；（幕间时间）休息例句Trains leave at short intervals. 每隔很短时间就有火车开动。

词组at intervals相隔一段距离；不时at the interval在中间休息时banquet [] n. （通常指正式的）宴会；酒席v. 出席宴会，参加宴会；宴情例句They banqueted until the early hours of the morning. 他们的宴会一直持续到凌晨。

词组give/hold a banquet举行宴会a state banquet国宴a regular banquet豪华的酒席banquet of brine（诗）涕泪滂沱，泪如雨下intersection [] n. [数] 交集；相交，交叉；道路交叉口，十字路口例句Bridges are used to avoid the intersection of a railway and a highway. 桥用来避免铁路和公路直接交叉。

donation [] n. 捐赠品，捐款，贡献例句We are collecting donations for the relief fund. 我们在为救济基金募捐。

第1周星期一exposure[]n.暴露，揭露；方向；陈列；遗弃；照射量【例句】①He nearly died of exposure on the cold mountain.他差一点在寒冷的高山上冻死。

②The exposure of the plot against the President probably saved his life.揭发了反总统的阴谋可能救了他一命。

disclosure[]n.揭发，暴露；败露的事情，开诚布公的话【词组】disclosure of a secret秘密的泄露contact[]n.接触，联系，关联vt.接触，联系【例句】Friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate the cultural and economic interchange.各国人民的友好接触能够促进文化和经济的交流。

【词组】contact sb.by telephone打电话与某人联系be in contact with./bring into contact with和……接触，有联系come(get)into contact接触到in contact with与……有联系out of contact with与……失去联系lose contact with失去联系exhibition[]n.展览(会)；陈列【例句】They are coming to the exhibition as my guests.他们作为我邀请的客人来参观展览会。

【词组】make an exhibition of oneself当众出丑instrument[]n.工具，仪器，器械；乐器【例句】Microscope is a kind of optical instrument.显微镜是一种光学仪器。

default[]vi.拖欠；不履行；不到场n.违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt.不履行；不参加(比赛等)；对……处以缺席裁判【例句】The defendant made default yesterday.被告昨天未到庭。

考研英语分级词汇记忆宝典·周计划Embarking on the journey of postgraduate entrance examinations is a formidable challenge, particularly when it comes to mastering the English language. A structured approach to vocabulary acquisition can significantly enhance one's proficiency and confidence. The following document outlines a weekly plan designed to facilitate the memorization of graded vocabulary, tailored specifically for postgraduate English examinations.Day 1: Establishing the Foundation。

The initial day is dedicated to building a solid base. Begin by familiarizing yourself with the most common academic words. These are the building blocks of scholarly articles, lectures, and textbooks. Allocate time to understand their meanings, usage, and nuances. Engage with each word through sentences that reflect their academic context, thereby cementing their meaning in your memory.Day 2: Expanding the Lexicon。

I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。

2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。

2021考研英语：大纲词汇2021考研英语经常会考词汇，为了增加我们的词汇量，下面由我为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：大纲词汇”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯！2021考研英语：大纲词汇1 contend v.竞争，斗争；坚决主张2 content n.容量，内容，（pl.）目录 a.（with）满足的3 contest n.竞争，竞赛，比赛 v.竞争，比赛，争论4 context n.（文章等）前后关系；（事件等发生的）背景5 continent n.大陆，洲6 continual a.不断的，连续的，频繁的7 continue v.继续，连续，延伸8 continuous a.连续的，持续的9 contract n.（承包）合同/契约 v.订合同/契约；使缩小10 contradict v.反驳；同…矛盾，同…抵触11 contradiction n.反驳，否认；矛盾，不一致12 contrary a.（to）相反的，矛盾的 n.反对，矛盾；相反13 contrast n.对比，对照 vi.形成对比 vt.把…与…对比14 contribute v.（to）贡献，捐助，捐献；投稿15 contribution n.贡献；捐款，捐献物；投稿16 contrive vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出17 control n.（over）控制，支配 v.控制，支配18 controversial a.引起争论的，有争议的19 controversy n.争论，辩论，争吵20 convenience n.便利，方便；（pl.）便利设备21 convenient a.（to）便利的，方便的22 convention n.大会，会议；惯例，常规，习俗；公约，协定23 conventional a.惯例的，常规的24 conversation n.会话，谈话25 conversely ad.相反地26 conversion n.转变，转换；信仰的改变；27 convert v.变换，转换；改变（信仰等）；兑换（钱）28 convey v.运送，搬运，转运；传达，传播29 convict v.（经审讯）证明…有罪，宣判…有罪 n.囚犯30 conviction n.深信，确信；定罪，判罪；31 convince v.（of）使信服，使确信32 cook n.厨师 v.烹调，烧煮；纂改（账目），捏造33 cool a.凉的；冷静的 n.凉快 ad.冷静地 v.使变凉34 cooperate v.（with）合作，协作，相配合35 cooperative a.合作的，协作的 n.合作社36 coordinate a.同等的，并列的；坐标的 n.坐标37 coordinate a.同等的 n.同等者，坐标 vt.协作，协调38 cop n.警察（slang 俚语）39 cope v.（with）竞争，对抗；（with）对付，妥善处理40 copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器41 copy n.抄本，摹本；（一）本 vt.抄写；考试中抄袭42 copyright n./a.版权（的）43 cord n.绳，索44 cordial a.诚恳的，亲切的，热诚的45 core n.果核；中心，核心46 corn n.谷物，庄稼，玉米47 corner n.角，街角；偏僻处； vt.将…逼入困境；48 corporation n.市镇自治机关；法人；公司，企业49 correct a.正确的，恰当的，端正的 v.改正，纠正，矫正50 correlate n.相互关联的事物 v.（with，to）（使）互相关联。

核心词汇（一）1，abound[əˈbaund] v.大量存在; 富足(in); 充足, 充满, 多产(with)acclaim[əˈkleim] n.v.欢呼，喝彩；称赞addict [ˈædikt]n.v.使沉溺，使入迷；使成瘾adore[əˈdɔ:] v崇拜, 敬爱; 爱慕; 极喜爱advent [ˈædvənt]n.尤指不寻常的人或事物的）出现，到来affluent [ˈæfluənt]a.富裕的；丰富的；富饶的album [ˈælbəm]n.(用以粘贴照片﹑邮票等的)粘贴簿，签名簿；一套唱片，一套录音磁带amiable[ˈeimjəbl] a.和蔼可亲的，令人愉悦的amid [əˈmid]在…中间，在…之中anecdote[ˈænikdəut] n.轶事，趣闻2，anguish[ˈæŋɡwiʃ] n. (身体上的)剧痛，（精神上的）极度痛苦，悲痛v. 使极度痛苦，感到极度的痛苦appal / appall [əˈpɔ:l]vt.使惊骇，使丧胆arrogant[ˈærəɡənt]a.傲慢的，自大的aspire[əsˈpaiə]vt.渴望，追求；有志于(to, for, after )asset[ˈæset] n.〔～s〕资产；财产；宝贵（或有益）的人（或东西），优点，auction[ˈɔ:kʃən]拍卖audit [ˈɔ:dit]n.v.查（帐等），替…查帐；〈美〉旁听（大学课程）auditorium[ˌɔ:diˈtɔ:riəm] n.听众席, 观众席；会堂，礼堂authentic[ɔ:ˈθentik] a.可靠的，可信的；真的，真正的，逼真的autonomy[ɔ:ˈtɔnəmi]n.自治，自治权；人身自由，自主权3，awe [ɔ:]n.v.（对神等的）敬畏，（对权势等的）畏怯；(壮观等引起的)惊奇，惊叹v. 使敬畏，使畏怯；使惊奇，使惊叹bait[beit]n.毒饵, 诱饵，诱惑物；v. 引诱，诱惑ballot[ˈbælət] n. (无记名)投票用纸，选票；投票表决（法），投票选举（法），投票（选举）权；投票总数，投票记录v. 投票，抽签决定banquet[ˈbæŋkwit] n.宴会，宴席v. 设宴款待，宴请；赴宴，参加宴会barren [ˈbærən] a.(土地等)贫瘠的,荒芜的; 不（生）育的，不结果实的；沉闷无趣的，无吸引力的；无益的，无效果的；没有的，缺乏的（of）bear[bɛə]n.v.承受，承担；忍受；经得起（考验）；带有，具有；生（孩子、幼畜）；结（果实），长出（花、叶）benign[biˈnain] a.善良的，宽厚的，慈祥的；【医】（病等）无危险的，（肿瘤等）良性的；有利的，吉利的；温和的，宜人的bizarre[biˈzɑ:] a.奇形怪状的，异乎寻常的，怪诞的blackmail [ˈblækmeil]n.v.敲诈，勒索v. 敲诈，向…勒索，胁迫blueprint[ˈblu:ˈprint]n.蓝图，行动计划v. 为…制蓝图，为…制订行动计划，为…制订详细计划4，blur[blə:]v.（使）（视线等）变模糊；弄脏，玷污n. 模糊，模糊的东西；污迹，（道德方面的）污点boost [bu:st]n.推动，激励；提高，增长；广告，宣扬v. 推动，提高；增加，使增长；替…作广告，宣扬breach [bri:tʃ]n.破坏，违反，（对他人权利等的）侵害；破裂，裂口v. 破坏，违反；攻破，在…造成缺口browse [brauz] v.(牲畜)吃草，吃(on)；随便翻阅，随意观看n. 浏览bruise[bru:z](人体跌﹑碰后产生的)青肿, 挫伤; （水果﹑植物等的）伤痕，（皮革等的）擦痕，（金属等的）凹痕v. 打青，碰伤；挫伤，伤害（感情等）bully[ˈbuli]恃强凌弱者，横行霸道者，恶霸v. 威吓，欺侮cardinal [ˈkɑ:dinl]最重要的，主要的，基本的；鲜红的，大红的caress [kəˈres]爱抚，抚摸，亲吻v. 爱抚，抚摸；善待，宠爱cater [ˈkeitə]承办酒席，提供娱乐节目（for）；满足要求（或欲望），迎合，悉心照料（for, to）click[klik] 咔哒声，喀嚓声v. （使）发出咔哒（或喀嚓）声5，closet [ˈk lɔzit]橱，壁橱；隐蔽处，隐秘；盥洗室，厕所间，抽水马桶cohesive[kəuˈhi:siv]黏合（或聚合）在一起的，有黏合（聚合）性的；团结的，结合的compassion [kəmˈpæʃən]同情，怜悯compose [kəmˈpəuz]组成，构成；创作（音乐、文学作品），为…谱曲；使（自己、思想等）准备好，使平静composition[ˌkɔmpəˈziʃən]组成，构成；创作，作曲；（音乐、文学或美术）作品concede [kənˈsi:d](不情愿地)承认, 承认…为真(或正确), (在结果确定前)承认（竞选﹑比赛等）失败；容许，让步consecutive[kənˈsekjutiv] 连续的；按逻辑顺序的，连贯的console [kənˈsəul]安慰，抚慰，慰问conspire[kənˈspaiə]（共同）密谋，搞阴谋（with）；合作，协力constrain [kənˈstrein]强迫，迫使；限制，约束，禁闭；压制，抑制（from）6，contemplate [ˈkɔntempleit]思忖，对…作周密思考；（沉思地）注视，凝视；盘算，打算copyright [ˈkɔpirait]版权v. 以（获得）版权保护（作品），获得…的版权a. 受版权保护的，获得版权的，有关版权的correlate [ˈkɔrileit](使)相关，（使）关联cosy[ˈkəuzi]暖和舒适的，舒适的，安逸的；自得的，自满的；亲密无间的，相互勾结的，默契的credential[kriˈdenʃəl] [～s] 证明书，证件cruise[kru:z] 航行, 航游, 巡航，游弋；（飞机﹑汽车等）以经济巡航速度行驶；徘徊于，缓慢行驶于n. 航行，航游，巡航，游弋curb[kə:b]控制，约束，抑制damn[dæm]〔表示厌烦﹑失望等〕该死的，他妈的，讨厌v. 指责，谴责，咒骂；使失败，注定…要失败n. 咒骂；〈口〉丝毫，一点点datum [ˈdeɪtəm, ˈdætəm, ˈdɑ:təm](〔复〕data )资料, 材料，数据delegate[ˈdel iɡit]代表v. 委派（或选举）…为代表；授（权），把…委托给别人7，denounce[diˈnauns] 谴责，指责，痛斥；告发，控告discreet [disˈkri:t]（言行）谨慎的，慎重的；朴素的，不显眼的discrepant [disˈkrepənt]有差异的，不符合的，不一致的discrepancy[disˈkrepənsi]差异，不符合，不一致；不相符之处，不一致之处disposition[ˌdispəˈziʃən] 性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，布置；支配（权），处置（权）；解决，清楚disrupt [disˈrʌpt]使破裂，使分裂，使瓦解; 扰乱，使中断dissipate[ˈdisipeit]使消散，使消失；浪费，挥霍，消耗distill[diˈstil] 蒸馏，用蒸馏法提取（或提炼﹑生产﹑去除）；吸取…的精华，〈喻〉净化，提炼dwarf[dwɔ:f] 矮子v. 使矮小，阻碍…的生长；使显得矮小，使相形见拙ebb [eb]落潮，退潮；低落，衰退v. （潮）落，（潮）退；低落，衰退8，eccentric [ikˈsentrik]（人﹑行为﹑举止等）古怪的，怪僻的n. 古怪的人，怪僻的人elapse [iˈlæps](时间)消逝，过去n. （时间的）流逝，逝去elder [ˈeldə]年龄较大的，资格较老的eligible[ˈelidʒəbl]有资格当选的, 在法律上（或道德上）合格的e-mail 电子邮件v. 给…发电子邮件eminent [ˈeminənt]（在地位﹑学识﹑品德等方面）出众的，卓越的，著名的；显著的，突出的endow [inˈdau]资助，捐赠；给予，赋予，认为…本具有某种气质（with）entityˈentiti]实际存在物，实体，独立存在体；存在envisage [inˈvizidʒ]想象, 设想；正视，面对escalate [ˈeskəleit]（使）逐步上升，（使）逐步扩大9，escort [ˈeskɔ:t]护航部队，护卫队；护送，护航v. 护送，为…护航esteem[isˈti:m]尊重，敬重；认为，以为n. 尊重，敬重evacuate [iˈvækjueit]撤离，撤出，撤走evade [iˈveid] (巧妙地)逃脱，躲开；回避，逃避；使为难，难倒evoke [iˈvəuk]唤起，引起；使人想起，使人产生（回忆﹑联想等）；使再现，描绘出exempt [iɡˈzempt]免除，豁免（from）a. 被免除（义务﹑责任等）的，被豁免的fake[feik]伪造，捏造；伪装，假装n. 假货，赝品a. 假的，伪造的，冒充的fantasy[ˈfæntəsi] 想象，幻想federate[ˈfedərit] 同盟的，联邦的formidable [ˈfɔ:midəbl]可怕的，令人畏惧的；难以克服的，难以对付的10，foster[ˈfɔstə]培养，促进，鼓励；养育，收养；抱有（希望等）foul[faul]难闻的，令人恶心的；邪恶的，无耻的；（天气）恶劣的，有暴风雨的；〈口〉讨厌的，糟透了的v. 弄脏，污染；玷污，破坏fragile[ˈfrædʒail] 易碎的, 易损坏的；脆弱的，虚弱的；纤细的，精细的fraud [frɔ:d]欺骗（行为），诡计，骗人的东西；【律】诈欺，诈骗futile [ˈfju:tail]无益的，无效的，无用的；不重要的，微不足道的；（人）愚蠢的futility [fju:ˈtɪlətɪ]无益，无效；无意义，无聊；无益的事，无效果的行动glamour[ˈɡlæmə]魅力，诱惑力；迷人的美，妖艳gorgeous[ˈɡɔ:dʒəs]绚丽的，灿烂的；〈口〉令人十分愉快的，极好的graph[ɡrɑ:f] 图，图表，曲线图graphic[ˈɡræfik] 图（或图表﹑曲线图）的，用图（或图表等）解释的11，grim [ɡrim]无情的，严酷的，残忍的；坚定的，不屈的；阴森的，令人生畏的；可怕的，讨厌的grope [ɡrəup]暗中摸，摸索，摸索着前进guide [ɡaid]给…领路，给…导游；指导，指导…的行动n. 向导，指导者；导游；手册，指南guidance[ˈɡaidəns]指导，咨询guideline [ˈɡaidlain]〔常作～s〕指导方针，指导原则，准则，标准harass [ˈhærəs, həˈræs]骚扰，扰乱；不断打扰，烦扰harsh[hɑ:ʃ] 手感粗糙的，毛糙的；难吃的，难闻的；刺耳的，难听的；严厉的，无情的，苛刻的，艰苦的；不平的，崎岖的humiliate[hjuˈmilieit] 羞辱，使丢脸humiliating [hju(:)ˈmɪlɪeɪtɪŋ]使蒙受耻辱的，丢脸的idiot [ˈidiət]白痴，笨蛋a. 极愚蠢的，白痴似的12，illusion [iˈlju:ʒən]错觉，幻觉；幻想，错误的观念impart[imˈpɑ:t]给予（尤指抽象事物），传授；告知，透露imperative [imˈperətiv]必要的，紧急的；命令的，强制的n. 必要的事，紧急的事；命令，规则incentive [inˈsentiv]刺激，激励，动机a. 刺激（性）的，鼓励（性）的，奖励（性）的indulge [inˈdʌldʒ]沉溺于，肆意从事；使高兴，让…享受一下；纵容，迁就；〈口〉抽烟，喝酒，暴饮暴食infect[inˈfekt] 【医】传染，感染；使受影响，感染infection [inˈfe kʃən]【医】传染，感染；影响，感染；传染病inhibit[inˈhibit] 抑制，约束installment [inˈstɔ:lmənt]分期付款；（分期连载的）部分a. 分期付款的intelligence[inˈtelidʒəns]智力，智慧；情报，情报机构，情报人员；消息，信息13，intelligible[inˈtelidʒəbl] 可理解的，清楚的interim[ˈintərim] 间歇，过渡时期a. 过渡时期的，临时的intersect[ˌɪntəˈsekt] 横穿，相交，交叉intersection [intəˈsekʃən]横断，交叉，交点，十字路口intrigue [inˈtri:ɡ]阴谋，诡计，密谋；（尤指复杂的）情节，吸引力v. 耍阴谋，施诡计；激起…的好奇心（或兴趣），迷住intriguing [ɪnˈtri:gɪŋ]引起好奇心（或兴趣）的，有迷惑力的intrinsic[inˈtrinsik] 固有的，本质的，内在的intrude [inˈtru:d]侵入，闯入；侵扰，打扰；把…强加（在）（on, upon，把…硬挤（入）（into）intrusive[inˈtru:siv]侵入的，闯入的，打扰的invariable[ɪnˈveəri:əbəl]不变的，始终如一的14，invert[inˈvə:t] 使反向，使倒转，使颠倒inverse [ɪnˈvɜ:s, ˈɪnˌvɜ:s]相反的，倒转的，反向的n. 相反，反面irony[ˈaiərəni] 反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，令人啼笑皆非的局面ironic[aɪˈrɔnɪk] 冷嘲的，挖苦的；具有讽刺意味的，令人啼笑皆非的；用反语的，挖苦人的junk[dʒʌŋk] 废弃的旧东西，废旧杂物；〈口〉破烂，垃圾，乌七八糟的东西juvenile[ˈdʒu:vinail] 少年的；适合于青少年的，青少年特有的；幼稚的，不成熟的核心词汇（二）lay 置放，搁；产（卵），下（蛋）；铺设layoff 临时解雇（期）；休息，停歇legitimate [liˈdʒitimit]合法的，法律认可的；正当的，合理的，合乎常规的literate[ˈlitərit]有读写能力的，有文化修养的；熟练的，通晓的literacy [ˈlitərəsi]识字，有文化，读写能力15，lure[luə]吸引力，诱惑力，诱惑物v. 吸引，诱惑malign[məˈlaɪn]恶意的, 邪恶的；有害的；【医】恶性的，致命的，癌的meditate [ˈmedɪˌteɪt]沉思，深思，冥想（on, upon）menac[ˈmenəs]e 威胁，威吓；威胁性言行，具有危害性的人（或事物）v. 威胁，威吓，使遭受危险mere [miə]只不过的，仅仅的merely 仅仅，只，不过merge [mə:dʒ] (使)（企业﹑团体等）合并；(使)合为一体；(使)渐渐消失merger [ˈmɜ:dʒə]（公司﹑企业等的）合并metaphor[ˈmetəfə]隐喻，比喻，比喻说法mingle[ˈmiŋɡl] 混合，相混合；使结合，使联合16，motive[ˈməutiv] 动机，目的a. 运动的，发动的，促进的motivate[ˈməutiveit] 使有动机，激起，激发obsess [əbˈses, ɔb-]（幻想﹑定见等）迷住，使心神不宁obsession [əbˈseʃən]着迷，着魔，困扰；【心】强迫观念，强迫症optimum [ˈɔptiməm]最大限度，最佳效果，最佳条件a. 最优的，最佳的optimize[ˈɔptəˌmaɪz]使尽可能完善，最有效地进行outing 短途旅游，远足；a. 短途旅游的，供短途旅游用的overturn[ˌəuvəˈtə:n] (使)翻转, 打翻,（使）倒下;颠覆，破坏panorama[ˌpænəˈrɑ:mə] 全景，全貌；概述，概论pathetic[pəˈθetik]可怜的，可悲的17，peer[piə]同等地位的人，同辈，同事；（才能﹑学识等方面）相匹敌的人permeate [ˈpə:mieit]弥漫，充满；渗入，渗透；影响，感染persevere [ˌpə:siˈviə]坚持不懈，锲而不舍（in, at, with）perseverance[ˌpɜ:səˈvɪərəns]坚持不懈，锲而不舍plead[pli:d] 恳求，请求，答辩，辩护；提出…为理由，提出……为借口plea [pli:] n. 恳求，请求；借口，托辞；申诉，辩护plight[plait] 困境，苦境poke[pəuk] 戳，捅；伸出，突出；搜索，探问；干涉，介入n. 戳，捅，拨弄polar[ˈpəulə] 地极的，极地的；（性质﹑特点等）正好相反的，截然对立的polarize[ˈpəʊləˌraɪz] 使两极化，使分化，使集中18，ponder[ˈpɔndə] 思考，考虑；衡量，估量；回想，反思portray[pɔ:ˈtrei] 画，描绘；表演，饰演preclude[priˈklu:d] 排除, 防止，阻止predecessor [ˈpri:disesə]前任，前辈；（被取代的）原有事物，前身pregnant [ˈpreɡnənt]怀孕的，妊娠的；充满的，丰富的，多产的premium [ˈpri:miəm]奖品，奖金；额外补贴，津贴a. 高级的，优质的；售价高的，高价的prestige [presˈti:ʒ]威信，威望；影响力，吸引力prestigious [preˈsti:dʒəs, -ˈstɪdʒəs]有威望的，有威信的，受尊敬的prone[prəun] 有…倾向的，易于…的，很可能…的prosecute[ˈprɔsikju:t]对…提起公诉，告发，检举；彻底进行，执行19，prosecutor [ˈprɔsɪˌkju:tə,ˈprɒsɪkjuːtə(r)]检查官，公诉人；原告，起诉人；（行动﹑工程﹑商业等的）从事者prospect[ˈprɔspekt] 将要发生的事，期望中的事，预期，指望；景象，景色；[常作～s] (成功、得益等的)可能性，机会，（经济、地位等的）前景，前途；可能成为…的人，合适的人选prudent [ˈpru:dnt]审慎的，小心的；精明的，深谋远算的；节俭的，善于经营的prudence [ˈpru:dns]审慎，小心；精明，深谋远算；节俭，善于经营quest [kwest]（历时较长的）寻求，调查研究v. 寻找，寻求questionable [ˈkwestʃənəbəl]有问题的，有怀疑的，可疑的questionnaire [ˌkwestiəˈnɛə](通常用于收集信息或意见的)一组问题，调查表radiate[ˈreidieit] (光、热等) 辐射，发射；发散，传播radiant [ˈreidiənt]明亮照耀的，光辉灿烂的；容光焕发的，洋溢着幸福的；【物】发光的，辐射的radiation[ˌreidiˈeiʃən] 发光，发热，辐射（作用）；发散，传播20，rash[ræʃ] 鲁莽的，轻率莽撞的；仓促作出的，轻率说出的reassure[ˌri:əˈʃuə，ˌriːəˈʃʊə(r)] 向…再保证，使放心，使消除顾虑reassurance [ˌri:əˈʃʊərɵns]再保证，再安慰reassuring [ˌri:əʃʊərɪŋ]安慰（性）的，鼓励（性）的recede[riˈsi:d] 退，后退；变得渺茫，变得模糊；（男子头发）开始从前额向后脱落；撤回，背离（from）；减少，下降recession [riˈseʃən，rɪˈseʃn]后退，撤回；（经济的）衰退（期）receive[riˈsi:v] 收到，得到；领受，接受；容纳，承受receipt [riˈsi:t]收到，接到；发票，收据；收入，进款reception [riˈsepʃən]接待，欢迎；招待会，欢迎会；接待，容纳；（无线电、电视的）接收，接收情况recipient [riˈsipiənt]接受者，接受器a. 接受的，容纳的21，reckless[ˈreklis]不顾虑的，不介意的（of）；不顾后果的，鲁莽的recur [riˈkə:]再发生，反复出现；再现，重新浮上心头recurrence[riˈkʌrəns]再发生，复发，重新出现recurrent [rɪˈkɜ:rənt, -ˈkʌr-]一再发生的，反复出现的，周期性的recycle[ˌri:ˈsaikl]（使）再循环；回收利用，重新使用redundant[riˈdʌndənt]过多的，剩余的，累赘的；〈主英〉（因人员过剩而）被解雇的，失业的；清一色的，千篇一律的redundancy[rɪˈdʌndənsi:] 多余（物），剩余（物）；累赘，冗长；裁员，解雇refrain [riˈfrein]忍住，节制（from）；克制，抑制refund[ri:'fʌnd]退还，偿还n. 退还，偿还；退款，偿还金额rein [rein]〔常作～s〕缰绳；控制，约束；控制权，支配权v. 用缰绳勒住；驾驭；控制，约束22，remnant [ˈremnənt]残余，剩余；〔常作～s〕残存部分，残余分子; 边角剩料，零布头renaissance[riˈneisns] 再生，复活，复兴repress[rɪˈpres] 抑制，约束；镇压，平息repression[riˈpreʃən] 抑制，压制；镇压，制止；【心】压抑repressive[rɪˈpresɪv] 抑制的，压制的，强制的，镇压的；【心】压抑的resent [riˈzent]愤恨，怨恨retention [riˈtenʃən]保留，保持；保留物，保持力；记忆（力）retort [riˈtɔ:t]反驳，回嘴；反击，报复retrieve[riˈtri:v] 重新得到，收回，取回；【计】检索；使恢复，使再生；挽回，挽救，纠正retrospect[ˈretrəspekt]回顾，回想，追溯23，retrospection[retrə'spekʃ(ə)n]回顾，回想，追溯retrospective[ˌretrəˈspektɪv] 回顾的，回想的，追溯的；向后看的，往后的reveal[riˈvi:l] 揭示，揭露；展现，显示rigour [ˈrɪgə]严格，苛严，严厉；（生活等的）艰苦，（气候等的）严酷rigorous[ˈriɡərəs]严格的，严厉的；严峻的，严酷的riot[ˈraiət]暴乱，骚乱robust[rəuˈbʌst]强壮的，强健的；坚定的，坚强的sanction[ˈsæŋkʃən]准许，批准；赞许，支持，鼓励；制裁，惩罚sane [sein]心智健全的，神志正常的；清醒的，明智的；无疾病的，健康的sarcastic[sɑ:ˈkæstik] 讽刺的，嘲笑的，挖苦的; 好挖苦的，尖刻的24，sarcasm [ˈsɑ:ˌkæzəm]讽刺，挖苦，嘲笑saturate[ˈsætʃəreit] 浸透，渗透；使充满，使饱和scandal [ˈskændl]丑事，丑闻；恶意诽谤，流言蜚语；反感，愤慨scrutiny[ˈskru:tini]详细的检查（或审查），仔细的观察；细看，监视scrutinize [ˈskru:tnˌaɪz]详细检查，仔细观察seeming[ˈsi:mɪŋ]表面上的，貌似真是而其实未必的seemingly[ˈsi:miŋli]表面上地，貌似真是而其实未必地segregate [ˈseɡriɡeit] (使)隔离，（使）分开sense [sens]感官，官能；感觉；观念，意识；判断力，鉴赏力；见识，智慧；道理，合理性；意义，含义v.感觉到，觉察到，意识到sensible [ˈsensəbl]明智的，合情理的；可注意到的，明显的25，sensitive [ˈsensitiv]敏感的，容易生气的，神经过敏的sentiment[ˈsentimənt] 思想感情，情操；感情，情绪；伤感情绪，多愁善感；〔常作～s〕意见，观点sentimental[ˌsentəˈmentl]充满柔性的；多愁善感的，感伤的series [ˈsiəri:z][单复同] 连续，接连，一系列；广播（或电视）系列节目serial [ˈsiəriəl]连续的，排成系列的，顺序排列的；分期连载的，分期偿还的setback [ˈsetbæk]挫折，失败shabby [ˈʃæbi]破破烂烂的，衣衫褴褛的；失修的，破败的；卑鄙的，不光彩的shatter [ˈʃætə]（使）粉碎，破坏，毁坏；〈口〉使心烦意乱，使震惊skeptic [ˈskeptɪk]怀疑（论）者skeptical [ˈskeptikəl]惯于（或倾向于）怀疑的，表示怀疑的（about）26，skim[skim]从…撇去浮物，去除表面异物；浏览，阅读skip[skip]跳，跳跃，跳过；〈口〉略读，迅速阅读；〈口〉故意略去，有意不出席（会议等）slam [slæm]使劲关，使劲扔，使劲推；风风火火地进行，奋力行进soar[sɔ:] 高飞，翱翔；高耸，屹立；猛增，剧增；飞腾，高涨soaring [ˈsɔ:riŋ]高耸的；猛增的，剧增的；飞腾的，高涨的sociable [ˈsəuʃəbl]好交际的，合群的；社交的，交际的solid [ˈsɔlid]坚固的，实在的；团结的，全体一致的；彻底的，完全的solidarity[ˌsɔliˈdæriti]团结一致，休戚相关solitary [ˈsɔlitəri]单独的，独自的；单个的，唯一的；隐居地，孤独的；荒凉的，偏僻的solitude [ˈsɔlitju:d]孤零，独居，寂寞；偏僻，荒凉27，spacious[ˈspeiʃəs]宽广的，宽敞的；广阔的，无边无际的；开阔的，开朗的；自由自在的，奢华的stagger [ˈstæɡə]（使）摇晃，（使）蹒跚；（使）犹豫，（使）动摇n. 摇晃，蹒跚staggering [ˈstægərɪŋ]摇晃的，蹒跚的；令人吃惊的，使人束手无策的；巨大的，大得惊人的staple[ˈsteipl]主要产品，主要商品；主要成分，主要内容；主食a. 最重要的，基本的，经常需要的statute[ˈstætju:t] 法令，法规；章程，条例stereotype[ˈstiəriətaip] 陈规，老套，刻板模式v. 使成为陈规，使成为老套，使变得刻板stereotyped[ˈsteri:əˌtaɪpt, ˌstɪə-] 已成陈规的，老一套的，刻板的；（看法等）固定不变的，定型的strenuous[ˈstrenjuəs]紧张的，艰苦的，繁重的；劲头十足的，发奋的；强烈的，激烈的；费劲的，费力的stroll[strəul]散步，溜达，闲逛stun[stʌn]把…打昏，使昏迷；使震惊，使目瞪口呆28，stunning [ˈstʌnɪŋ]打昏的，打得不省人事的；令人震惊的；绝妙的，极好的subject[ˈsʌbdʒikt] 题目，主题；学科，科目；主语a. 受…支配的（to）；易受…的，易患…的（to）；需要…的，将会…的subjective[sʌbˈdʒektiv]主观的，主观上的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] 津贴，补贴subsidiary [ˈsʌbsidaiz]辅助的，附带的；隶属的，附属的；补贴的，津贴的subsidize [ˈsʌbsidaiz]补贴，资助suffice[səˈfais] 足够，满足要求sufficiency[səˈfɪʃənsi:] 〔常与不定冠词连用〕（财富﹑收入﹑能力等）足量，充足sufficient [səˈfiʃənt]足够的，充足的summit[ˈsʌmit] 最高点，顶点；〈喻〉顶峰，极点；最高级会议a. 最高级的，政府首脑间的29，superstition[ˌsju:pəˈstiʃən]迷信，迷信思想，迷信行为，盲目的恐惧（或崇拜）superstitious [ˌsju:pəˈstɪʃəs]迷信的，由迷信引起的，受迷信思想支配的susceptible [səˈseptəbl]易受感动的，易动感情的，多情的；易受影响的；可能有…的；敏感的，过敏的temperament [ˈtempərəmənt]气质，性情，性格；容易兴奋的性格，易变的性情temperamental [ˌtemprəˈmentl, ˌtempərə-]气质的，性情的，性格的；易兴奋的，易激动的；〈口〉（机器等）性能不稳定的texture[ˈtekstʃə] （织物的）密度，质地；（材料的）结构，构成；本质，特征thrift[θrift] 节俭，节约thriftless 不节约的，浪费的；无用的，无价值的thrifty[ˈθrɪfti:] 节俭的，节约的；繁荣的，茂盛的toll [təul]（道路﹑桥梁等的）通行费，服务费，设施使用费；代价，损失，伤亡人数30，torment [ˈtɔ:ment]折磨，使痛苦，使烦恼；纠缠，戏弄toxic[ˈtɔksik] 中毒的，由中毒引起的；有毒的，有害的transcend [trænˈsend]超出，超越；胜过，优于transcendent [trænˈsendənt]超越的，卓越的transcendental[ˌtrænsenˈdentl]超越的，超越一般常识的，卓越的，杰出的trash[træʃ]废物，垃圾；拙劣的文学（或艺术）作品v. 丢弃，把…扔进垃圾箱；破坏，伤害trigger[ˈtriɡə] (枪等的)扳机，引爆器；引起反应（或一连串事件）的行动v. 扣动扳机，发射；〈口〉发动，引起vulgar [ˈvʌlɡə]庸俗的，粗俗的；猥亵的，下流的；粗鲁的，不优雅的；通行的，流行的；通俗语的，方言的vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl]易受伤的，脆弱的；易受影响的，易受诱惑的，敏感的wretched [ˈretʃid]不幸的，可怜的，苦恼的；令人苦恼的，使人难受的；极坏的，恶劣的；无耻的，可鄙的熟词僻义（1994-2000）31，embrace[imˈbreis]包括；接受，信奉；拥抱preferred[priˈfə:d] 有优先权的exceptional [ikˈsepʃənl]特殊的；例外的prejudice[ˈpredʒudis]损害；偏见dormant[ˈdɔ:mənt]暂停活动的；潜在的；睡着的serve[sə:v]有作用act[ækt] 法案；（戏剧的）一幕govern [ˈɡʌvən]适用于，管理term[tə:m] 条款，术语；学期personality[ˌpə:səˈnæliti]人物，名人；个性，人格fine[fain]细微的32，secure[siˈkjuə]获得，得到；a. 安全的rather[ˈrɑ:ðə] 恰恰相反；相当knowledge[ˈnɔlidʒ]知道；知识aggressive[əˈɡresiv]有进取心的，大胆的；侵犯的reasoning [ˈri:zənɪŋ]推理interpret[inˈtə:prit]解释，口译assume [əˈsju:m]假设，承担，采用mental[ˈmentl]心理的，精神的，智力的account [əˈkaunt]描述；叙述coverage [ˈkʌvəridʒ]新闻报道，覆盖33，launch[lɔ:ntʃ]发起，开展，发射grant [ɡrɑ:nt]授予，同意，准予line 思路engage[ˌɔŋɡɑ:ˈʒei]雇用，使参与dictate[dikˈteit]命令，口授，听写render [ˈrendə]使得；给予；翻译discipline[ˈdisiplin]训练，学科；纪律acute [əˈkju:t]敏锐的；（病）急性的fair[fɛə]集市，交易会，博览会virtually[ˈvə:tʃuəli] 几乎，实际上34，authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti]当局import[ˈimpɔ:t]意义，重要性，含义；进口，输入implication[ˌɪmpliˈkeiʃən]含义，暗示passage[ˈpæsidʒ]通过；段落otherwise[ˈʌðəwaiz]在其他方面，否则diversion[daiˈvə:ʃən]消遣，转移harsh [hɑ:ʃ]严酷的，严厉的；难听的frontier[ˈfrʌnˌtiə]前沿，新领域；边境settlement [ˈsetlmənt]定居地，解决convention [kənˈvenʃən]习俗；大会，会议；公约35，abuse[əˈbju:s]滥用；虐待；谩骂perceptual[pəˈseptjuəl] 感知的，知觉的perception[pəˈsepʃən]感知，察觉；理解radically[ˈrædɪkəlɪ]根本地，极端地，激进地group [ɡru:p]分组，分类late 已故的；迟的，晚的close完成ground[ɡraund]理由，根据latitude[ˈlætitju:d] (言语、行动等的)回旋余地，自由；纬度conduct[kənˈdʌkt]指挥，管理；行为36，favorable[ˈfeɪvərəbəl, ˈfeɪvrə-] 有利的，顺利的，赞许的bid[bid]企图，努力contention[kənˈtenʃən]争夺，竞争；争吵；争辩，论点establish [isˈtæbliʃ]确定；建立，确立conclusive[kənˈklu:sɪv] 有说服力的，确定性的；决定性的fashion[ˈfæʃən]方式；流行式样blunt[blʌnt]直率的；钝的trial[ˈtraiəl]审判；试验dramatize [ˈdræməˌtaɪz, ˈdrɑ:mə-]使引人注目，使戏剧化，生动地表达plague[pleiɡ]令人烦恼的事；瘟疫，灾害37，discern[diˈsə:n]区别，识别；理解span[spæn] 横跨，跨越；持续，包括；n.一段时间；跨度population[ˌpɔpjuˈleiʃən] (某地或某类)物品的总数，种群；人口slip [slip]滑倒；n. 疏忽，小错liability[ˌlaiəˈbiliti]责任，义务；债务[复数]claim[kleim]索赔；声称，主张tap [tæp]开发，利用betray[biˈtrei]背叛，出卖；暴露highlight[ˈhailait]强调，突出acquisition[ˌækwiˈziʃən]获得，学会38，panel[ˈpænl]专门小组appeal[əˈpi:l] to 呼吁；吸引；上诉impose[imˈpəuz] 强加，征（税）amount[əˈmaunt] to （意义、价值等方面）等同，接近；共计conformity[kənˈfɔ:miti] 一致，符合；遵守handicap[ˈhændikæp]障碍，不利条件；缺陷；v. 妨碍mortality[mɔ:ˈtælɪti:]必死性；死亡率；致命agent[ˈeidʒənt]动原；代理roughly[ˈrʌflɪ] 大约，大体上；粗野地class把…分类，归为39，proposition[ˌprɔpəˈziʃən]主张，建议；陈述being[ˈbi:ɪŋ]生存，存在；生物，人liberal[ˈlibərəl]自由的，思想开明的；慷慨的occupation[ˌɔkjuˈpeiʃən] 职业；占据endure[inˈdjuə]忍受，承受，持久spectacle [ˈspektəkl]景象，壮观；眼镜formulation[ˌfɔ:mjʊˈleɪʃən]构想；系统的阐述check [tʃek]控制；检查熟词僻义（2001-2007）40，entrance [ˈentrəns]进入，入口（动词enter）referee[ˌrefəˈri:] 审阅；仲裁（动词refer参考）alien[ˈeiljən]不相容的，陌生的，外国的might[mait]力量，威力（形容词mighty 强有力的）lateral[ˈlætərəl]平级的；侧面的cover 掩饰，盖住exit [ˈeksit]辞职；出口term[tə:m]把…称为，把…叫做preach[pri:tʃ] 竭力鼓吹，宣讲，讲道publicize[ˈpʌblɪˌsaɪz]宣传，公布42，build-up 积聚，增长juggle[ˈdʒʌɡl]尽力对付（文中指同时做几件事情），使保持平衡；玩杂耍well-established 固定下来的；得到确认的redundancy[rɪˈdʌndənsi:] 裁员；多余（形容词redundant多余的）address[əˈdres]向…作正式讲话，对…发表演讲version[ˈvə:ʃən]版本；说法fraction[ˈfrækʃən]小部分，片断，分数disregard [ˌdisriˈɡɑ:d]不理会，漠视（反义词regard认为）suspend[səˈspend] 暂停，中止；悬，挂muted[ˈmju:tid]温和的，趋缓的；缄默的，无言的43，swing [swiŋ]摇摆；秋千（同义词fluctuation[ˌflʌktjʊˈeɪʃɵn]波动）emerging新兴的[iˈmə:dʒ] 出现, 显现, 浮现, 暴露，形成, 发生implication [ˌɪmpliˈkeiʃən]含义，暗示（动词imply）rule[ru:l]裁决，裁定prescribe[priˈskraib] 开（药）；规定（prescription处方）fuel[fjuəl] 激起，刺激；n. 燃料aggressive[əˈɡresiv]大胆的；侵略性的intelligence[inˈtelidʒəns]情报，智力，才智（形容词intelligent）margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin]差额，余地，边缘，页边空白（形容词marginal 微小的，少量的，不重要的）immunization [ˌɪmjʊnaɪˈzeɪʃn]免疫；不受影响（动词immunize）44，ultimate[ˈʌltimit]最终的，根本的freight[freit]货物，运费appea[əˈpi:l] l申诉，上诉；吸引discrimination[disˌkrimiˈneiʃən]歧视；区别（动词discriminate）subscribe[səbˈskraib]同意，赞成；订购，订阅apprehensive [ˌæprɪˈhensɪv]忧虑的，担心的（动词apprehend理解）depression[diˈpreʃən]抑郁，消沉；萧条（动词depress ）opening 空缺职位（同义词vacancy）predecessor[ˈpri:disesə]前辈，前任，前身literally[ˈli tərəli] 简直，照字面地45，temper[ˈtempə]调和，使缓和；脾气exploitation[ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃən]剥削，利用；开发（动词exploit）assumption[əˈsʌmpʃən，əˈsʌmpʃn]假设，假定；担任，承担（动词assume）preserve [priˈzə:v]独占的领域（活动范围或地区）；动植物保护区；保存parallel[ˈpærəlel]类似的事物；平行线enlist [inˈlist]征募；赢得（帮助或支持）critical[ˈkritikəl]关键性的；批评的fashion[ˈfæʃən]制定，形成，改革involve[inˈvɔlv] 包含，牵涉，使参与altogether[ˌɔ:ltəˈɡeðə]完全；总计46，worthy[ˈwə:ði]优秀的；值得的game <总称>猎物；游戏，比赛fishery[ˈfɪʃəri:] 渔场；渔业figure [ˈfiɡə]数字；体型；图画vessel [ˈvesəl]船；容器stock[stɔk]种类；库存current[ˈkʌrənt] 流行的；流通的，当前的anchor[ˈæŋkə]主播，主持人；锚multipl[ˈmʌltiplai] y乘；大量增加，繁殖note[nəut]指出；记录47，harsh[hɑ:ʃ]严酷的；刺耳的odds[ɔdz]可能性，机会；冲突exercise[ˈeksəsaiz]履行（职责等），实行，执行；运用，发挥；锻炼，练习fallout[ˈfɔ:lˌaʊt]附带结果，余波；放射性坠尘peer [piə](into)检查；窥视dim[dim]<口>迟钝的，愚蠢的；暗淡的。

2021第一部分：知识运用完形填空have to do with 与......有关logically ad .合逻辑地abstractly ad .抽象地level out 呈平稳状态decline v.下降；衰退inevitable a.不可避免的abdomen n.腹部be associated with 与......有关prevent [pri'vent]v.预防，防止measurement n.测量的结果lean muscle 精瘦的肌肉immunity n.免疫力result from 由...造成lead to 带来；导致mass n.质量recommend v.推荐recommend v .推荐aerobic a.有氧的fiber n.纤维eliminate v.消除processed food 加工食品第二部分：阅读理解A .传统阅读【词汇注释】operator n.经营者，专业公司justify v.证明......有理rail n.铁路fare n.车费grimly ad.冷酷地；无情地annual a.每年的；一年一次的ritual n.惯例；例行公事impose v.加（负担、惩罚等）于option n.选择fraction n.少量；一点儿inflation n.通货膨胀；通胀率successive a.连续的；相继的ground n.〈常作grounds 〉充分的理由；根据bear v.承受；忍受argument n.论据；理由pensioner n.领养老金(或抚恤金)者subsidise v.〈亦作subsidize 〉资助；补助commute n.(乘火车等)上下班往返stockbroker n.股票经纪人equally ad.同样，此外，也travail n.艰难的处境endure v.忍耐；忍受infrastructure n.基础设施建设strike n.罢工trumpet v.宣扬；鼓吹；吹嘘sum n.金额；款项union n.工会case n.论据；理由compensation n.补偿；赔偿disruption n.扰乱；干扰pledge v.保证给予；正式承诺introduce v.推行；实施；采用minimum a.最低的；最小的package n.一套；一揽子address v.设法解决；处理long-running a.持续时间长的indefinitely ad.无限期地cramped a.狭窄的；狭小的punctuate v.不时打断chaos n.混乱；混杂maintenance n.维护；保养incompetently ad.无能力地;不能胜任地nationalisation n.国有化【经典搭配】or otherwise或相反，或其反面all very well (用于批评或反驳)某人尽可做某事rest on 依赖；依靠industrial action (罢工等)劳工行动see off 赶走，驱逐with a vengeance 猛烈地；程度更深地in short order 立即；毫不耽搁地【词汇注释】mark v.标志...的发生bleak a.不乐观的；无望的；暗淡的deforestation n.毁林；滥伐森林slow v.减缓pace n.发生的速度turnaround n.好转；转机regular a.常规的；定期的conditional a.附带条件的transfer n.转让；转移assistancen.帮助；援助；支持inequality n.不平等substantially ad.非常；大大地severe a.十分严重的poverty n.贫困alleviation n.缓和conflicting a.冲突的；矛盾的correlate v.相互关联；相互依赖degradation n.毁坏，恶化（过程）causality n.因果关系；因果性institute v.实行negatively ad.有害地；负面地though ad.不过；可是；然而tropical a.热带的annual a.每年的；年度的forested a.满是森林的；林木覆盖的associated a.有关联的；相关的makeshift a.临时替代的；权宜的inclement a.（天气）恶劣的delay v.延期；推迟supplement v.增补；补充translate v.（使）适应不同情况；转化transfer v.转移（地方）；转用commonality n.共性；共同特征access n.进入权；使用权；接触的机会transferability n.可转移性emission n.排放物；散发物【经典搭配】in a row 连续phase in 逐步引入；分阶段开始under......conditions在......境况或条件下dozens of 几十；许多in fact 事实上；确切地说cause and effect因果关系have to 必须；不得不insurance （policies ）against sth防备不测的保障措施，安全保证anybody's gues s 谁也拿不准的事regardless of 不管；不顾；不理会carbon dioxide 二氧化碳preoccupied a.专注的；全神贯注的shatter v.粉碎；破灭prudery n.过分拘谨；故作正经stir n.激动；愤怒human a.有人情味的；通人情的concede v.承认portraiture n.肖像；画像miserablyad.痛苦地;非常难受地backdrop n.背景幕布absently ad.心不在焉地；出神地exposure n.曝光时间notoriously ad.众所周知地daguerreotype n.(早期的)达盖尔银版照片copper n.铜blurred a.模糊不清的limb n .肢；臂；腿grin n.露齿笑；咧嘴笑contemplate v.考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）non-committal a.无明确意义的；态度不明朗的introduction n.初次投入使用；采用portable a.便携式的instantaneous a.立即的；立刻的spontaneous a.（动作等）无意识的，不由自主的capture v.拍摄explanation n.解释；理由hesitate v.有疑虑；不愿意dignity n.庄严；尊严conceal v.隐藏，掩盖maxim n.格言；箴言proper a.严格意义上的，真正的dentistry n.牙科学shocking a.非常糟糕的hygiene n.卫生flashing a.闪光的pearlya.珍珠的；似珍珠的preserve n.（某人或群体活动等的）专门领域guarantee v.确保；使必然发生toothy a.露齿的gnashers n.[pl.]牙齿drunk n.醉汉；酒鬼tramp n.流浪汉；流浪乞丐performer n.演出者；演员gurn v.做俏皮相；扮鬼脸gum n.牙龈；齿龈becoming a.合适的；与...相称的breed v.以...方式教育hearty a.尽情的photographic a.摄影的；照片的portrait n.肖像；人像【经典搭配】cause a stir 引起轰动；引发议论fade away 逐渐消失perform one's duty履行职责allude to 暗指，影射when it comes to 当谈到某事时【词汇注释】broadband n.宽带连接advocate n.支持者；倡导者cable n.有线电视incentive n.刺激；动机affiliated a.隶属的lifeblood n.（事物的）命脉；生命线pushback n.反对；抵制conservative n.保守派resolution n.决议；正式决定prolong v.延长party-line a.政党路线的pen v.起草；草拟eliminate v.排除；清除commission n.委员会agency n.（政府的）专门机构conglomerate n.联合大企业；企业集团impose v.迫使；把...强加于cap n.最高限额unanimously ad.全体一致地uphold v.维持；确认（原判、裁决等）deregulate v.解除对......的管制/限制cite v.引用，援引Supreme Court 最高法院move n.行为；举措concurring a.意见一致的unhinge 从较链上取下；与.......脱节intervene v.干涉；介入trap v.使......陷入险境/困境anachronism n.过时的人（或风俗、思想）；不合时宜block v.妨碍；阻碍preserve v.保留；维护preempt v.先占，先取undermine v.逐渐削弱（信心、权威等）battle n.较量；争论enact v.颁布；通过（法律）abdication n.退位；放弃explicit a.直截了当的；不含糊的bar v.禁止meddle v.干涉；管闲事traffic n.流量weigh in加入（争论或争吵）at issue 是讨论的焦点at the expense of 在牺牲（或损害）....的情况下throw out 否决in the wake of 随着...而来；作为....的结果back-and-forth反复；来回cry out for 迫切需要once and for all彻底地；一劳永逸地B.新题型【词汇注释】typically ad.通常；一般sinister a.邪恶的upend v.颠覆impending a.（不愉快的事）即将发生的doom-and-gloom a.前景黯淡的replace v.代替；取代remove v.去除；排除unconscious a.无意识的bias n.偏见；偏心algorithm n.（计算机）算法analytics n.（计算机的）数据分析identify v.认出；识别optimize v.优化outperform v.超过；胜过revenue n.收入；收益reduce v.减少meanwhile ad.同时premium n.保险费infrastructure n.基础设施inspect v.检查；查看failure n.故障；失灵（动词fail ）leak n.渗漏；泄漏relevant a.相关的otherwise ad.否则；不然review v.评审；审查audit n.审计channel n.渠道；途径yield v.产生（收益，效益等）versus prep.与...相对；与...相比resume n.（求职用的）履历，简历promising a.有希望的；有前途的【经典搭配】cut down on sth 削减......的数量或数目C.翻译【词汇注释】watershed n.转折点；分水岭enrollment n.入学；注册roughly ad.大约；大致constant a.不变的；固定的relevant a.紧密相关的；切题的；适宜的arise v.（由...）引起；（因....）产生economy n.（就经济体制而言）国家entry n.进入（指权利、机会）expansion n.扩张；扩展unevenly ad.不均衡地double v.（使）加倍；是......的两倍absolute a.完全的；全部的；绝对的institution n.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构reflect v.反映；映出proportion n.比例enroll v.（使）加入，注册，登记manifestation n.显示；表明peculiar a.特有的；特殊的governance n.统治；管理administration n.（企业、学校等的）管理，行政socialization n.比适应社会的过程;社会化faculty n.（高等院校的）系；院predominantlyad.主要地；多数情况下define v.阐明；明确；界定norm n.（norms ）规范；行为标准apprenticeship n.学徒期；学徒工作consequence n.结果；后果intellectual a.有才智的；智力发达的weaken v.使强度减弱；削弱admit v.允许加入（俱乐部、组织）marked a.显而易见的；明显的；显著的arrangement n.安排；筹备empowerment n .赋权【经典搭配】result in 造成；导致in turn 相应地；继而give rise to 引起；导致place strain on 使……（极度）紧张；使处于紧张状态in the wake of sth 随....之后而来；跟随在...后第三部分：写作A.小作文【必备表达】be conducive to 有助于take sth into account 考虑到；顾及set about 着手；开始做specially designed 专门设计的submit ［v.］提交，呈递（文件等）visa （护照的）签证【活用外刊】So is the free trade area a viable option for the UK?A second whistleblower has come forward,this one with first-hand information about events thattriggered an impeachment investigation.B.大作文【必备表达】in a tone of ...以...的口吻passion 热衷的爱好fulfilling 令人心满意足的for fear of 唯恐；以免disapproval 不赞成；反对constructive 建设性的；有助益的be conducive to ...有助于...take charge of ...掌管...throwaway 脱口而出的biased 有偏见的；片面的remark 言论；评述different strokes for different folks 人各有所好give in to ...屈服于...follow the herd 从众；随大流determined坚决的courageous 勇敢的【活用外刊】The FDA was swayed by some prominent cancer researchers who wrote letters saying the datawere lousy。

2021考研英语一新题型解析【提纲】1.2021考研英语一新题型概述2021年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一新题型在秉承历年考试宗旨的基础上，对部分题型进行了微调和优化。

整体而言，新题型依旧注重考查考生的英语基本功，如词汇、语法、阅读理解能力以及写作能力。

2.具体题型解析a.阅读理解2021年阅读理解部分延续了以往的特点，选材多样化，涉及政治、经济、科技、文化等多个领域。

文章难度适中，题目设置合理，考查了考生的细节理解、推理判断和主旨概括能力。

b.完形填空完形填空部分以一篇短文为载体，设置了20个空格，要求考生根据文章内容和语境填写合适的词汇。

2021年的完形填空文章题材新颖，贴近生活，难度适中。

c.翻译翻译部分要求考生将一篇中文文章翻译成英文，或将其reverse。

2021年的翻译题目涉及文化、历史等方面，具有一定的时代背景。

文章难度适中，考查了考生的翻译技巧和语言表达能力。

d.写作写作部分分为小作文和大作文两部分。

小作文要求考生根据题目要求，完成一篇100字左右的短文。

2021年的小作文题目多样，涵盖了书信、通知、倡议书等应用文类型。

大作文以一幅漫画或图表为载体，要求考生撰写一篇短文。

今年的大作文题目具有较强的现实意义，考查了考生的观察能力、分析能力和写作能力。

3.应对策略与建议（1）重视词汇和语法基础：英语一考试要求考生具备扎实的词汇和语法功底，因此在学习过程中要不断积累词汇，掌握常用语法结构。

（2）提高阅读理解能力：通过大量阅读英文文章，提高阅读速度和准确性，培养快速捕捉文章主旨和关键信息的能力。

（3）加强写作训练：多练习不同类型的写作题目，熟悉应用文写作格式，提高写作速度和质量。

（4）关注时事热点：关注国内外时事热点，了解相关背景知识，以便在阅读理解和写作中能够灵活运用。

4.练习与提高方法（1）做历年真题：通过做历年真题，了解考试题型和难度，检验自己的学习成果。

（2）参加模拟考试：模拟真实考试环境，提高应试能力。

2021考研英语核心必考词精选历年真题出现过10次以上的词汇vt.影响[真题连线]That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.[1995年阅读5]这种影响到我们后来行为的经历就是回忆，一种常见但意义重大的活动。

process[ˈprəuses]n.过程；程序；工序；vt.处理，加工[真题连线]And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericssiondetermined, was a process known as deliberate practice.[2007年阅读1]埃里克森认为，最富有成效地编译信息的方法即是有意识练（这种过程）。

tend[tend]vi.趋向，倾向vt.照管，护理[真题连线]The kind of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately,parents or other family numbers and they tend not to be one-shot deals. [2008年阅读1]女性所要面对的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，其实施者往往趋向是其父母或其他家庭成员。

project[ˈprɔdʒekt]n.方案，计划；项目；工程vt.发射，放映；伸出[真题连线]The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalismcredibility project.[2008年阅读1]该组织正深入进行一个长期的自我剖析过程，即新闻可信度调查项目。

2021年自考英语（一）课堂笔记（unit18）Text A Why Are Maps Drawn with North at the Top？本课主要单词1.feature n. 特征，特色；面貌，边幅vi. 是…的特色，以…为特色vi. 重要作用；作为主要角色1）The most important feature of our work is parental involvement.（我们工作的最重要特色是父母参与。

）2）The island’s c hief feature is its beauty.（这个岛的主要特色是风景秀丽。

）3）He is very familiar with the geographical features of this district. （他对这一地区的地理特征很熟悉。

）4）The boy was slightly taller than his father，with fine features.（阿谁男孩比他父亲稍高，长得眉清目秀。

）5）Round-the-clock service features this store.（日夜办事是这家商店的特色。

）6）The new type of car features high speed，small size and low cost.（这种新型汽车以高速、小型和低费用为特色。

）7）Sea food features largely in the diet of these people.（海产在这些人的食物中占重要地位。

）8）He is featuring in a new movie.（他正在一部新片中担任主角。

）2.rough adj. 粗糙的；粗暴的；大致的roughly adv. 粗糙地；大体上，大约1）They journeyed for days over rough roads. （他们在崎岖的道路上旅行了数日。

2017考研英语大纲核心词汇背诵第（18）以下是老师为大家整理的第18天核心词汇，按规定每天晚上看1页，把自己已经记住的暂时划出来，无论多忙，当天晚上睡觉前和第二天早上都要把学习的单词复习一遍，然后再分别过3天、7天、15天、30天、60天各复习一遍，坚持下来，到考前一周看最后一遍时，你会觉得大部分单词都已经很熟悉了。

另外，务必要把自己做过的历年真题或模拟题中阅读里遇到的生词集中整理起来，这样坚持学习，双管齐下，一定会取得良好学习效果!第18天任务highlight 使显著，使突出：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oiloutputfracture 裂缝,裂痕: a fracture in the pipefrequent时常发生的,频繁的:His trips to France are less frequent nowfrown 皱眉:frown at sbfrustrate 挫败,阻挠,使灰心,使无效:frustrate a planfulfill (fulfilled, fulfilling)履行,实现,完成: fulfill a contractfurnish供应，提供：furnish blankets for the refugeesfury狂怒，暴怒：fly into a furyfuss大惊小怪，乱忙，小题大做：make much fuss over losing a penny hinder妨碍，阻止：Bad weather hindered travelhint 暗示：drop(give ,throw out)a hintenforce实施,使生效:The principal enforced the rules of the schoolengage (用契约诺言等)约束,使订婚:He engaged himself as an apprentice to a printerenhance 提高(价格,质量,吸引力等),增加,增强:enhance onesreputationfigure 数字:according to official figuresfinance 财政,金融:skill in financefinite 有限的,有限制的:a finite number of factsflare (火焰)闪耀,(摇曳不定地)燃烧:candle flaring in the wind flash 闪光,闪烁:a flash of lightingflat平坦的,扁平的:a flat landinaccessible 达不到的：The two rocks at the top of the steep hill is at first sight inaccessibleincline倾斜：The shaft inclines almost thirty degree incorporate 包含，吸收：His book incorporates his earlier essaysincur 招致，引起，遭受：incur sbs displeasure(envy)modify 修改，更改～a lawmomentary 片刻的，瞬息的 a ～ feeling of feardesignate 指明，表明：designate boundariesdesolate 荒芜的，不毛的：desolate landdespise 蔑视，鄙视：He despises flattery.detach 拆卸：They detached their trailer and set up camp. diagnose 诊断，判断：The doctor diagnosed the illness as influenza.dictate 口授，使听写：dictate a letter to a secretary coincide 相符，相一致100 Centigrade coincides with 212 Fahrenheit.collaborate (尤指在文艺、科学等方面)合作，协作 He and I collaborated in writing plays.collapse 倒坍，崩溃，瓦解 The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.collide 碰撞，互撞 The car collided with the truck.commemorate 纪念，庆祝 commemorate a holidaycommend 表扬，称赞 commend a soldier for braveryextinct (火等)熄灭了的:an extinct cigarette(fire)extinguish熄灭,扑灭:extinguish a cigarette(candle)multiply 乘，相乘～ 7 and 8 muscle 肌肉facial ～smutual 相互的，彼此的～ aidnarrate 叙述，讲述～ the story of sbs lifenegligent 疏忽的，大意的 be ～ about traffic regulations indignant 愤怒的，愤慨的：The actress was at the columnists personal questionsindispensable 必不可少的，必需的(to. for)：Oxygen is indispensable to lifeinduce 引诱，劝使：Nothing will induce me to do thatinfer (根据已知事实等)推断，推定(from)：From his grades I inferred that he was a good studentingenious (人,头脑等)灵巧的，足智多谋的：an ingenious designer instant 紧急的，急迫的，立即的，即刻的：be in instant need of helpinstitute 学会，协会，学院，研究院：an institute for the blind insulate 隔音，使隔绝(以免受到影响)：We are not insulated from the real world the way wewereinsult 侮辱，辱骂：She insulted him by calling him a coward flatter奉承,使高兴:I feel greatly flattered by your invitation 在最后的冲刺阶段，广大考生应该有针对性的去复习，希望广大考生都能考个好成绩！为了帮助考生更好地复习，为广大学子推出2017考研冲刺集训营、VIP一对一系列备考专题，针对每一个科目要点进行深入的指导分析，还会根据每年的考研大纲进行针对性的分析哦~欢迎各位考生了解咨询。