《国际支付与结算》(修订版)王益平__课后答案

Chapter Seven1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) completeness, correctness, consistency(2) underlying transaction(3) authorized signatures, test key(4) comply with(5) ISO currency code2. Translate the following terms or sentences into English.(1) 信用证表面的真实性〖the apparent authenticity of the credit 〗(2) 标准国际银行惯例〖international standard banking practice〗(3) 信息交换系统〖data communication network 〗(4) 有足够的资金来支付信用证〖to have sufficient funds to cover the credit〗(5) 买方考虑自己的要求也同样的重要〖It is equally importa nt that the buyer’s own requirements be taken into account.〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F(3) F (4) T (5) T(6) T (7) F (8) T (9) F (10) T4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) CDCBC (6)-(10) CAADD(11)-(15) ADDABChapter Eight1. Define the following terms:(1) Commercial invoice 〖The commercial invoice is the key accounting document describing the commercial transaction between the buyer and the seller. It is a document giving details of goods, service, price, quantity, settlement terms and shipment. 〗(2) Export license 〖An export license is a document prepared by a government authority of a nation granting the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. 〗(3) Bill of lading 〖A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, signed by the captain, agent, or owner of a vessel, providing written evidence regarding receipt of the goods, the conditions on which transportation is made, and the engagement to deliver goods at the prescribed port of destination to the lawful holder of the bill of lading. 〗(4) Inspection certificate 〖A document issued by an authority indicating that goods have been inspected prior to shipment and the results of the inspection. 〗(5) Consular invoice 〖A consular invoice is an invoice covering a shipment of goods certified in the country of export by a local consul of the country for which the merchandise is destined. 〗II. Translate the following into English:(1) 战略产品〖strategic commodity〗(2) 普惠制〖General System of Preference〗(3) 有预订的泊位〖with reserved berth〗(4) 多式联运提单〖multi-modal transport bill of lading〗(5) 抽样方式〖sampling methodology〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F(3) T (4) T (5) F(6) F (7) F (8) T (9) T (10) F4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) ABDAC (6)-(10) CCCDA(11)-(15) DDAAA(16)-(20) ABACDChapter Nine1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) acceptable accounts receivable / non-recourse and notification(2) collection as well as the risk of credit losses(3) the level of sales(4) changes in the world economic structure(5) growing demands(6) purchasing the client’s accounts receivables(7) financial and administration(8) the invoice date / the customer makes his payment(9) market conditions and his assessment of the risks involved in a particular transaction(10) fluctuations in the exchange rate / in the status of the debtor2. Define the following terms(1) Factoring is a form of trade financing that allows sellers to sell their products to overseas buyers essentially on an open account basis. In simple terms, factoring is the purchase of claims, arising from sales of goods, by a specialized company known as factoring company or factor. Factoring is in fact a three-party transaction between the factor and a business entity, i.e. the exporter selling goods or providing services to foreign the importer.(2) Forfaiting is the term generally used to denote the purchase of obligations falling due at some future date, arising from deliveries of goods and services--mostly export transactions--without recourse to any previous holder of the obligation. Simply speaking, forfaiting is the business of discounting medium-term promissory notes or drafts related to an international trade transaction.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1)或有负债contingent liability (2)信用额度credit limit(3)卖方信贷supplier credit (4)无追索权的without recourse(5)信用审定credit approval (6)资本货物capital goods(7)买方信贷担保buyer credit guarantee (8)福费廷融资便利forfaiting facility (9)贸易壁垒trade barrier (10)大宗采购折扣bulk purchase discount 4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1) B (2)A(3) D (4) C (5) DChapter 101. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) secure mechanism for payment / default instrument(2) party tendering / the contract has been awarded(3) presentation of the beneficiary’s demand and stipulated documentation(4) issue a guarantee directly to the beneficiary(5) Unconditional bonds(6) withdraw its bid / accept the award of contract in its favor / between 2% and 5%(7) UCP for documentary credits / Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee.(8) An advance payment(9) borrower (the principal) / the lender (the beneficiary)(10) counter indemnity2. Define the following terms(1) A bank guarantee is an instrument for securing performance or payment especially in international business. It is a written promise issued by a bank at the request of its customer, undertaking to make payment to the beneficiary within the limits of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the principal. It may also be defined as an independent obligation where the guarantor has to make a special agreement with its customer, ensuring that it will be refunded by him for any payment to be effected under the contract of guarantee.(2) A beneficiary is the party in whose favor the guarantee is issued. He is secured against the risk of the principal’s not fulfilling his obligations towards the beneficiary in respect of the underlying transaction for which the demand guarantee is given. He will not obtain a sum of money if the obligations are not fulfilled.(3) An indirect guarantee is a guarantee where a second bank, usually a foreign bank located in the beneficiary’s country of domicile, will be requested by the initiating bank to issue a guarantee in return for the latter’s counter-guarantee.(4) A performance bond is an undertaking given by the guarantor at the request of a supplier of goods or services or a contractor to a buyer or beneficiary, whereby the guarantor undertakes to make payment to the beneficiary within the limit of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the supplier or the contractor in due performance of the terms of a contract between the principal and the beneficiary.(5) A standby letter of credit is a clean letter of credit that generally guarantees the payment to be made for an unfulfilled obligation on the part of the applicant. It is payable on presentation of a draft together with a signed statement or certificate by the beneficiary that the applicant has failed to fulfill his obligation.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1)履约保函performance bond (2)担保书，保函letter of guarantee(3)反赔偿counter indemnity (4)附属保函accessory guarantee(5)备用信用证stand-by letter of credit (6)工程承包engineering contracting(7)基础交易underlying transaction (8)见索即付保函demand guarantee(9)延期付款保函deferred payment bond (10)反担保counter guarantee4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BAADC (6)-(10) BCDBAChapter 111. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) collection operations for drafts and for documentary collections(2) all collections / collection instruction(3) all Documentary Credits / Credit(4) all Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements / Reimbursement Authorization.(5) any demand guarantee and amendment thereto / Guarantee or any amendment thereto.(6) documents / goods / terms and conditions(7) codification of rules / banking practice regarding documentary credits(8) international finance, trade, transportation and computer technology(9) quite different from the practice of guarantee / banking and commercial(10) bank-to-bank reimbursements2. Translate the following terms into English.(1)索偿reimbursement claim(2)仲裁书arbitral award(3)银行委员会banking commission(4)多式联运multi-model transport(5)偿付保证reimbursement undertaking(6)银行惯例banking practices(7)集装箱运输containerized traffic(8)非转让运输单据non-negotiable waybill(9)远期托收提示tenor collection presentation(10)国际商会International Chamber of Commerce4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2) D (3) C (4) A(5) DChapter 121. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) payment information / transfer value(2) confirmation number / confirmation help and notification(3) for procedures and message formats / computer readable(4) information / value / net amount(5) high speed and accuracy(6) access to the system for the settlement of international money transfers(7) faster, more reliable communication / lower transmission costs(8) the international clearing house(9) standardized formats(10) Clearing House Automated Payment System / CHIPS2. Define the following terms(1) A payment system is the means whereby cash value i s transferred between a payer’s bank account and a payee’s bank account.(2) SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication) is a computerized international telecommunications system which, through standardized formatted messages, rapidly processes and transmits financial transactions and information among its members around the world.(3) CHIPS (Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System) is a pseudo-wire system in New Y orkCity that handles an enormous volume of cash flow between local financial institutions. CHIPS is a settlement system involving primarily about 135 New Y ork City financial institutions and is operated by the New Y ork Clearing House Association.(4) Clearing House Automated Payments System (CHAPS) is a system of sending and clearing payments on a same-day basis that is available nationwide in Britain and is operated by a number of settlement banks that communicate directly through computers.(5) Fed Wire is a fund-transfer system operated nationwide in the USA by the Federal Reserve System (the Fed, Central Bank of the USA) that handles transfer from one financial institution to another with an account balance held with the Fed.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 现金头cash positions(2) 簿记入账bookkeeping entry(3) 金融中介financial intermediary(4) 客户汇款customer transfers(5) 账目核对account reconciliation(6) 联储银行支付系统Fed Wire(7) 非结算银行non-settlement bank(8) 资金调拨系统fund transfer system(9) 次支付体系secondary payment system(10) 储备余额账户reserve balance account(11) 自动票据交换所automated clearing house(12) 银行头寸调拨financial institution transfers(13) 非盈利性合作协会non-profit cooperative society(14) 外汇买卖和存放款foreign exchange deal and loan(15) 票据交换所银行同业清算系统Clearing House Inter-bank Payments System4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) T (3) F (4) T (5) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2)A(3)D (4) B (5) CChapter 131. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) purchaser or the holder / replaced(2) clerk or the teller / a small commission(3) the initial signature / the countersignature(4) banking instruments / retailing(5) (assigned) merchant(6) annual income and the credit standing(7) issuance, application and clearing(8) consumer’s credit / current account(9) separate listing of their cheque numbers(10) paying the bill in full / drawing revolving credit2. Define the following terms(1) A traveler’s cheque is a specially printed form of cheque issued by a financial institution,leading hotels, and other agencies in preprinted denominations for a fixed amount to a customer for use when he is going to travel abroad. A traveler’s cheque is actually a draft of a bank or other agency, which is self-identifying and may be cashed at banks, hotels, etc., either throughout the world or in particular areas only.(2) A paying agent is one that undertakes by arrangement with the issuer to pay the latter’s traveler’s cheques when presented by the holder.(3) Credit cards are instruments issued by banks to carefully selected customers with a line of credit ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars based on the latter’s financial status for use in obtaining, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.(4) A cardholder is the customer who has a current account with the card-issuing bank and whose credit is good, and who based on his financial status can obtain, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.(5) A merchant is a store, hotel or restaurant that is bound to have a pre-arrangement with the card-issuing bank and is willing to accept the credit card for payment of commodities sold or services rendered3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 初签initial signature(2) 入会费entrance fee(3) 销售代理selling agent(4) 商户assigned merchant(5) 旅行支票traveler’s cheque(6) 购货收据purchase receipt(7) 往来账户current account(8) 签购单，购物单sales slip(9) 兑付代理人paying agent(10) 会员费membership dues/fee(11) 消费者信贷consumer’s credit(12) 签字印鉴authorized signature(13) 美国运通卡American Express Card(14) 非贸易结算non-trade settlement(15) 零售银行业务retailing banking business4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2)F (3)T (4) T (5)F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2) D (3) A(4) C (5) BChapter 141. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) medium of high-speed digital transactions(2) business-to-business commerce / its breadth of coverage and ease of use(3) Putting up a Web site / luring online shoppers in(4) “e-cash”, “cyber-money”(5) stored-value products and access products (such as a bank A TM card)(6) transfer of financial value(7) advertising purposes(8) phone orders and credit card orders(9) digital signatures(10) debit card account.2. Define the following terms(1) Electronic commerce is the ability to purchase goods and services electronically over the Internet from around the world at any time of day or night.(2) Cyber-payment means the methods that have been implemented to transfer money, new methods of financial transactions as today banks already can transfer money with computers. (3) SET is a single technical standard for safeguarding credit (and in the near future debit) card purchases made over the open networks of the Internet. It is an international protocol that details how credit card (and debit card) transactions on the Internet will be secured using encryption technology and digital certification.(4) A digital signature is a way to encrypt a message so that the recipient can decode it and be certain of the authenticity of the transaction.(5) Smart cards are micro- processor-equipped cards that work with card readers installed in the computers of consumers.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 电子支付cyber-payment(2) 电子现金e-cash(3) 信用额度line of credit(4) 数字化货币digital currency(5) 电子钱包electronic wallet(6) 自动出纳机automated teller machine(7) 商务的全球化globalization of commerce(8) 个人身份识别号personal identification number(9) 微芯片埋置式灵通卡microchip-embedded smart card(10) 电子交易安全标准Secured Electronic Transactions Standards(11) 电子商务electronic commerce(12) 加密的磁条encoded magnetic stripe(13) 存取设备access device(14) 借记卡debit card(15) 虚拟指纹virtual fingerprint4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5)T(6) T (7) T (8) F (9) F (10) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) A(2) B (3) C (4) D (5) D(6) C (7) B (8) A(9) D (10) B。

I.1. settlement on bank credit2. the potential for currency fluctuation3. to clear the goods for export4. to pay the insurance premium5. to carry out export formalities6. the major participants in international trade7. the commodity inspection clause 8. to fulfill the obligation to deliver the goods9. The goods have passed over the ship’s rail10.International contract is concluded in a completely different context than domesticonesII.1.local legal system, political, exchange risks2.payment in advance, open account, remittance and collection3.letter of credit, bank guarantee4.price terms, delivery terms5.minimum, maximum6.Advance payment7.Open account8.clean collection, documentary collectionIII.1.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one countryfor goods and services produced in another country.2. A set of terms making clear to both the seller and the buyer their respectiveobligations in international trade.3.An arrangement between the buyer and seller whereby the goods aremanufactured and delivered before payment is required.4.An arrangement whereby the buyer places the funds at the disposal of the sellerprior to shipment of the goods or provision of services.5.The sales contract is a written agreement that clearly states the rights andresponsibilities of both parties to a transaction.IV.1. F2. F3. T4. T5. T6. T7. F8. T9. T 10. FV.1. B2. C3. C4. B5. D6. D7. A8. C9. C 10. C11. B 12 D 13. D 14. C 15. D16. D 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. DI.1.barter2.medium of exchange3.expensive, risky4.our5.Vostro6.vostro7.nostro8.specimen of authorized signatures,telegraphic test keys, terms and conditions,Swift authentic keysII.1. A bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.2.International settlements are financial activities conducted among differentcountries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle accounts, debts, claims, etc. emerged in the course of political, economic or cultural contracts among them.3.Visible Trade is the importing / exporting of commodities and goods between thebuyers and the sellers.4.Financial transaction refers to all kinds of foreign exchange market transactions,government supported export credits, syndicated loans, international bond issues, etc.5.Vostro account is an account held by a bank on behalf of a correspondent bank.III.mercial credit2.control documents3.account relationship4.cash settlement5.financial intermediaryIV.1. T2. F3. F4. T5. FV.1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D6. B7. B8. D9. A 10. BChapter ThreeI.1. generally crossed check2. specially crossed check3. a check that is out of date4. post dated check5. amount in words6. blank endorsement7. special endorsement 8. restrictive endorsement9. documentary bill 10. sight draft11. usance/term bill 12. acceptance bill13. determinable future date 14. clean bill15. negotiable instrument 16. discounting house17. merchant bank 18. unconditional promise of payment19. joint and severally responsible 20. payable 90 days after dateII.1. A negotiable instrument is a chose in action, the full and legal title to which istransferable by delivery of the instrument (possibly with the transferor’s endorsement) with the result that complete ownership of the instrument and all the property it represents passes free from equities to the transferee, providing the latter takes the instrument in good faith and for value.2. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one personto another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.3. A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer to a banksigned by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer.4.It is a bill with shipping documents attached thereto.5. A crossing is in effect an instruction to the paying bank from the drawer or holderto pay the fund to a bank only.III.1. T2. F3. T4. T5. T6. F7. T8. T9. T 10. T 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FIV.1. C2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. C9. B 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. C16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C V.1.China National Crafts Import & Export Corp.2.ABC Company3.the Bank of China4.Tenor draft5.In two sets6.ShanghaiVII.Chapter FourI.1. beneficiary2. payment order, mail advice or debit advice3. the remittance amount is large,the transfer of funds is subject to a time limittest key4. sell it to his own bank crediting his account5. debitscredits6.demand draft7. act of dishonor8. Swiftness, reliability, safety, inexpensiveness9. debiting remitting bank’s nostro account10. delivery of the goodsII.1. I nternational remittance means a client (payer) asks his bank to send a sum of money to a beneficiary abroad by one of the transfer methods at his option while the beneficiary can be paid at the designated bank which is either the remitting bank’s overseas branch or its correspondent with a nostro account.2. Remitting bank is the bank transferring funds at the request of a remitter to its correspondent or its branch in another country and instructing the latter to pay a certain amount of money to a beneficiary.3. A mail transfer is to transfer funds by means of a payment order or a mail advice, or sometimes a debit advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter.4. A banker’s demand draft is a negotiable instrument drawn by a bank on its overseas branch or its correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft.5. Cancellation of the reimbursement under mail transfer or telegraphic transfer is usually done before its payment is made at the request of the remitter or the payee who refuses to receive the payment.III.1.remittance advice2.outward remittance3.international money order4.current account5.automated payment system6.in cover7.letter of indemnity8.mail advice9.non-negotiable copy of draft10. down paymentIV.1B 2C 3A 4B 5D6 D7 B8 C9 B 10 DChapter FiveI.1. presenting bank2.title documents, pays the draft, accepts the obligation to do so.3.legal, the exchange control authorities4. the payment is made5. open account, advance payment,5.inward collection7. the remitting bank8. trust receipt9. D/P at sight10.documents, draft, and collection orderII.1. Collection is an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to the seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one ofits correspondent banks located in the domicile of the buyer.2. The case of need is the representative appointed by the principal to act as case ofneed in the event of non-acceptance and/or non-payment, whose power should be clearly and fully stated in the collection.3. Documentary collection is a collection of financial instruments being accompaniedby commercial documents or collection of commercial documents without being accompanied by financial instruments, that is, commercial documents without a billof exchange. Alternatively, the documentary collection is a payment mechanismthat allows the exporters to retain ownership of the goods until they receive payment or are reasonably certain that they will receive it.4. Outward collection is a banking business in which a bank acting as the remittingbank sends the draft drawn against an export with or without shipping documents attached, to an appropriate overseas bank, namely, the collecting bank to get the payment or acceptance from the importer.5. Collection bill purchased is a kind of financing by banks for exporters under documentary collection methods. It means that the remitting bank purchases the documentary bill drawn by the exporter on the importer. It involves great risk for the remitting bank due to lack of a guarantee.III.1.cash against documents2. trade acceptance3. case of need4. bill purchased5. title document6. on consignment7.direct collection8. shipping documents9. documents against payment10. time/ tenor/term/ usance draftIV.1A 2B 3C 4A 5B6 A7 C 8A 9 A 10 D Chapter SixI.1.The Documentary Credit or letter of credit is an undertaking issued by a bank forthe account of the buyer (the applicant) or for its own account, to pay the beneficiary the value of the draft and/or documents provided that the terms and conditions of the documentary credit are complied with.2. A credit that carries the commitment to pay by both the issuing bank and theadvising bank.3. A credit by which, under the terms and conditions thereof, the amount is renewedor reinstated without specific amendments to the documentary credit being required.4.A bank, usually the advising bank, which adds its undertaking to those of theissuing bank and assumes liability under the credit.5.The applicant is always an importer or a buyer, who fills out and signs anapplication form, requesting the bank to issue a credit in favor of an exporter or a seller abroad.II.1. F2. T3. T4. F5. T6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. TIII.1.silent confirmation2.to expire at the counters of the issuing bank3.to pay against documents presenting the goods4. A credit places a bank’s credit instead of commercial credit.5. A credit stands independent of the sales contract.IV.1. B2. C3. D4. B5. A6. D7. D8. C9. C 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. A 20. B Chapter SevenI.pleteness, correctness, consistency2.underlying transaction3.authorized signatures, test keyply with, be consistent5.ISO currency codeII.1.apparent authenticity of the credit2.international standard banking practice3.data communication network4.to have sufficient funds to cover the credit5.It is equally important that the buyer’s own requirements be taken into account. III.1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T7. F8. T9. F 10. TIV.1. B2. D3. C4. B5. C6. C7. A8. A9. D 10. D 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. B Chapter EightI.1.The commercial invoice is the key accounting document describing thecommercial transaction between the buyer and the seller. It is a document giving details of goods, service, price, quantity, settlement terms and shipment.2.An export license is a document prepared by a government authority of a nationgranting the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country.3. A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, signed by thecaptain, agent, or owner of a vessel, providing written evidence regarding receipt of the goods, the conditions on which transportation is made, and the engagement to deliver goods at the prescribed port of destination to the lawful holder of the bill of lading.4. A document issued by an authority indicating that goods have been inspected priorto shipment and the results of the inspection.5. A consular invoice is an invoice covering a shipment of goods certified in thecountry of export by a local consul of the country for which the merchandise is destined.II.1.strategic commodity2.General System of Preference3.with reserved berth4.multi-modal transport bill of lading5.sampling methodologyIII.1. F2. F3. T4. T5. F6. F7. F8. T9. T 10. FIV.1. A2. B3. D4. A5. C6. C7. C8. C9. C 10. D11. A 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D Chapter NineI.1.acceptable accounts receivablenon-recourse and notification2. collection as well as the risk of credit losses3. the level of sales4. changes in the world economic structure5. growing demands6. purchasing the client’s accounts receivables7.financial and administration8.the invoice datethe customer makes his payment.9.market conditions and his assessment of the risks involved in a particulartransaction.10. fluctuations in the exchange ratein the status of the debtorII.1. Factoring is a form of trade financing that allows sellers to sell their products to overseas buyers essentially on an open account basis. In simple terms, factoring is the purchase of claims, arising from sales of goods, by a specialized company known as factoring company or factor. Factoring is in fact a three-party transaction between the factor and a business entity, i.e. the exporter selling goods or providing services to foreign the importer.2. Forfaiting is the term generally used to denote the purchase of obligations falling due at some future date, arising from deliveries of goods and services----mostly export transactions---without recourse to any previous holder of the obligation. Simply speaking, forfaiting is the business of discounting medium-term promissory notes or drafts related to an international trade transaction.III.1. contingent liability2. credit limit3. supplier credit4. without recourse5. credit approval6. capital goods7. buyer credit guarantee8. forfait facility9. trade barrier10. bulk purchase discountIV.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. DChapter TenI.1.secure mechanism for paymentdefault instrument2.party tenderingthe contract has been awarded3. presentation of the beneficiary's demand and stipulated documentation4. issue a guarantee directly to the beneficiary5. Unconditional bonds6. withdraw its bidaccept the award of contract in its favorbetween 2% and 5%7.UCP for documentary creditsUniform Rules for Demand Guarantee.8.An advance payment9.borrower (the principal)the lender (the beneficiary)10. counter indemnityII.1. A bank guarantee is an instrument for securing performance or payment especially in international business. It is a written promise issued by a bank at the request of its customer, undertaking to make payment to the beneficiary within the limits of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the principal. It may also be defined as an independent obligation where the guarantor has to make a special agreement with its customer, ensuring that it will be refunded by him for any payment to be effected under the contract of guarantee.2. A beneficiary is the party in whose favor the guarantee is issued. He is secured against the risk of the principal’s not fulfilling his obligations towards the beneficiary in respect of the underlying transaction for which the demand guarantee is given. He will not obtain a sum of money if the obligations are not fulfilled.3. An indirect guarantee is a guarantee where a second bank, usually a foreign bank located in the beneficiary's country of domicile, will be requested by the initiating bank to issue a guarantee in return for the latter's counter-guarantee.4. A performance bond is an undertaking given by the guarantor at the request of a supplier of goods or services or a contractor to a buyer or beneficiary, whereby the guarantor undertakes to make payment to the beneficiary within the limit of a statedsum of money in the event of default by the supplier or the contractor in due performance of the terms of a contract between the principal and the beneficiary. 5. A standby letter of credit is a clean letter of credit that generally guarantees the payment to be made for an unfulfilled obligation on the part of the applicant. It is payable on presentation of a draft together with a signed statement or certificate by the beneficiary that the applicant has failed to fulfill his obligation.III.1.performance bond2. letter of guarantee3.counter indemnity4. accessory guarantee5.stand-by letter of credit6. engineering contracting7.underlying transaction8. demand guarantee9.deferred payment bond10. counter guaranteeIV.1. B2.A3. A4. D5. C6 B7 C8 D9 B 10 AChapter ElevenI.1.collection operations for drafts and for documentary collections2.all collections, “collection instruction”3.all Documentary Credits, Credit4.all Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements, Reimbursement Authorization.5.any demand guarantee and amendment thereto, Guarantee or any amendmentthereto.6.documents, goods, terms and conditions7.codification of rulesbanking practice regarding documentary credits8. international finance, trade, transportation and computer technology9.quite different from the practice of guarantee, banking and commercial10. bank-to-bank reimbursementsII.1.reimbursement claim2. arbitral award3. banking commission4. multi-transport5. reimbursement undertaking6. banking practices7. containerized traffic8. non-negotiable waybill9. tenor collection presentation10. International Chamber of CommerceⅢ.Time ofadoption/operationFull name Short name FeaturesICC Amsterdam Congress in 1929/ in 1930Uniform Rules forCommercialDocumentary CreditsICCpublicationNo.74.Put into practice by banks only in Paris andBelgium, yet still of great importance, giving auniform definition of documentary credit, andexplaining some terms and the rights andobligations of parties concerned.1933 ICC Vienna Congress /January 1, 1952Uniform Customs andPractice forCommercialDocumentary CreditsICCpublicationNo.82Accepted by banks throughout ContinentalEurope1951 ICC Lisbon Congress /in 1952.Uniform Customs andPractice forCommercialDocumentary CreditsICCpublicationNo.151Taking note of postwar American practice andthe necessity of altering certain matters.Securing the collective adherence of banks insome thirty countries. Published in French.1962 ICC Mexican City Congress/July 1, 1963Uniform Customsand Practice forDocumentary Credits(UCP)ICCpublicationNo.222Adopted by banks from more than 100countries. Published in English rather than inFrench, further making UCP become customsand practice worldwide.1974 ICC Madrid Congress/October 1, 1975Uniform Customsand Practice forDocumentary Credits(UCP)ICCpublicationNo.290Taking into account containerized traffic.Adopted by more than 160 countries.With 47articlesIn 1983/ October 1, 1984Uniform Customsand Practice forDocumentary Credits(UCP)ICCpublicationNo.400Reflecting the development of multi-transportation and containerized traffic, thefrequent use of non-negotiable waybills, theelectronic inter-bank communication and thedevelopment of stand-by letter of credit. With55 articles.In 1993/ January 1, 1994Uniform Customsand Practice forDocumentary Credits(UCP)ICCpublicationNo.500The current valid version with 49 articles.Ⅳ.1. B2. D3. C4. A5. DChapter TwelveI.1.payment information, transfer value2.confirmation number, confirmation help and notification3.for procedures and message formats, computer readablermation, value, net amount5． high speed and accuracy6. access to the system for the settlement of international money transfers7. faster, more reliable communication, lower transmission costs8. the international clearing house9. standardized formats10. inter-bank dollar-denominated, CHIPSII.1. cash positions2. bookkeeping entry3. financial intermediary4. customer transfers5. account reconciliation6. Fed Wire7. non-settlement bank8. fund transfer system9. secondary payment system10. reserve balance account11. automated clearing house12. financial institution transfers13. non-profit cooperative society14. foreign exchange deal and loan 15. Clearing House Inter-bank Payments SystemIII.1. A payment system is the means whereby cash value is transferred between a payer’s bank account and a payee’s bank account.2. SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication) is a computerized international telecommunications system which, through standardized formatted messages, rapidly processes and transmits financial transactions and information among its members around the world.3. CHIPS (Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System) is a pseudo-wire system in New York City that handles an enormous volume of cash flow between local financial institutions. CHIPS is a settlement system involving primarily about 135 New York City financial institutions and is operated by the New York Clearing House Association.4. Clearing House Automated Payments System (CHAPS) is a system of sending and clearing payments on a same-day basis that is available nationwide in Britain and is operated by a number of settlement banks that communicate directly through computers.5. Fed Wire is a fund-transfer system operated nationwide in the USA by the Federal Reserve System (the Fed, Central Bank of the USA) that handles transfer from one financial institution to another with an account balance held with the Fed.IV.1. B2. A3. D4. B5. CV.1. T2. T3. F4. T5. FChapter ThirteenI.1.purchaser or the holderreplaced2.clerk or the tellera small commission3.the initial signaturethe countersignature4.banking instrumentsretailing5. (assigned) merchant6. annual income and the credit standing7. issuance, application and clearing8.consumer’s creditcurrent account9. separate listing of their cheque numbers10. paying the bill in fulldrawing revolving creditII.1. initial signature2. entrance fee3. selling agent4. assigned merchant5. traveler’s cheque6. purchase receipt7. current account8. sales slip9. paying agent10. membership dues11. consumer’s credit12. authorized signature13. American Express Card14. non-trade settlement15. retailing banking businessIII.1. A traveler’s cheque is a specially printed form of cheque issued by a financial institution, leading hotels, and other agencies in preprinted denominations for a fixed amount to a customer for use when he is going to travel abroad. A traveler’s cheque is actually a draft of a bank or other agency, which is self-identifying and may be cashed at banks, hotels, etc., either throughout the world or in particular areas only.2. A paying agent is one that undertakes by arrangement with the issuer to pay the latter’s traveler’s cheques when presented by the holder.3. Credit cards are instruments issued by banks to carefully selected customers with a line of credit ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars based on the latter’s financial status for use in obtaining, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.4. A cardholder is the customer who has a current account with the card-issuing bank and whose credit is good, and who based on his financial status can obtain, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.5. A merchant is a store, hotel or restaurant that are bound to have a pre-arrangement with the card-issuing bank and are willing to accept the credit card for payment of commodities sold or services renderedIV.1. B2. D3. A4. C5. BV.1. T2.F3. T4. T5. FChapter FourteenI.1. medium of high-speed digital transactions2. business-to-business commerce, its breadth of coverage and ease of use3.Putting up a Web site, luring online shoppers in4. “e-cash”, “cyber-money”5. stored-value products and access products (such as a bank ATM card)6. transfer of financial value7. advertising purposes8. phone orders and credit card orders9. digital signatures10. debit card account.II.1. cyber-payment2. e-cash3. line of credit4. digital currency5. electronic wallet6. automated teller machine7.globalization of commerce8. personal identification number9. microchip-embedded smart card 10. Secured Electronic Transactions Standards 11. electronic commerce12. encoded magnetic stripe13. access device14.debit card15.virtual fingerprintIII.1. Electronic commerce is the ability to purchase goods and services electronically over the Internet from around the world at any time of day or night.2. Cyber-payment means the methods that have been implemented to transfer money, new methods of financial transactions as today banks already can transfer money with computers.3. SET is a single technical standard for safeguarding credit (and in the near future debit) card purchases made over the open networks of the Internet. It is an international protocol that details how credit card (and debit card) transactions on the Internet will be secured using encryption technology and digital certification.4. A digital signature is a way to encrypt a message so that the recipient can decode it and be certain of the authenticity of the transaction.5. Smart cards are micro- processor-equipped cards that work with card readers installed in the computers of consumers.IV.1. A2. B3. C4. D5. D6.C7. B8. A9. D 10. BV.1. F2.T3. T4. F5. T6. T7.T8. F9. F 10. F。

电子支付与结算课后习题参考答案第一章：电子支付概述一、选择题1．以下（D ）不属于支付活动的组成要素。

A. 参与主体B. 市场行为方式C．债权债务关系D．金融机构2．下列不属于支付服务组织的是（ D ）。

A. 中央银行B. 商业银行C. 支付清算组织D. 银监会3．下列不属于电子支付系统组成要素的是（ C ）。

A. 支付服务系统B. 支付清算系统C. 网上支付系统D. 支付信息管理系统4．通过拨打工商银行95588 电话进行的支付属于以下（A ）支付方式。

A. 电话银行支付B. 移动支付C. 第三方支付D. 网上银行支付5．以下不属于客户与银行之间的支付系统的是（ D ）。

A. POS系统B. ATM 系统C. 家庭银行（HB）系统D. FEDWIRE 系统二、简答题1．什么是支付，支付的过程是什么？答题要点：支付就是社会经济活动引起的债权债务清偿及货币转移行为。

它包含了两个层次：①“支付”是付款人向收款人转移可以接受的货币债权的行为；②“支付”不仅包括现金支付，还包括转账支付。

“支付”过程包括交易、清算和结算三个过程。

“交易”过程确保支付指令的生成、确认和传输；“清算”过程是在结算之前对支付指令进行发送、核对以及在某些情况下进行确认的过程，可能包括指令轧差和最终结算头寸的建立。

“结算”过程是将“清算”过程产生的待结算债权债务在收、付款人金融机构之间进行相应的账簿记录、处理、完成货币资金最终转移并通知有关各方的过程。

2．试阐述支付体系的构成以及各构成部分之间的关系。

答题要点：支付体系主要由支付服务组织、支付工具、支付系统、支付体系监管等要素组成。

支付工具、支付系统和支付服务组织属于支付体系中的基础设施安排，而支付体系监督管理则属于对支付体系前三个要素的整体制度性保障。

支付体系的四个组成部分是密不可分、相辅相成的有机整体。

支付工具是支付的载体；支付工具的交换和传递贯穿于支付系统处理的全过程，其清算与结算通过支付系统进行；支付服务组织是支付工具和支付系统的提供者；支付体系监督管理是防范支付风险、保障支付过程的安全和效率，维护整个金融体系安全稳定之必需。

国际结算复习课件参考答案第一章导论一、选择题1、B2、B3、C4、ABD5、ABCD6、ABCD 【解析】指定可代理业务的分支行：例如，中国银行和花旗银行为自己在美国的代理行，那中国银行必须指定美国的那个州的花旗银行为自己的代理行，例如，指定华盛顿的花旗银行为自己的代理行；规定相互代理业务的范围：中国银行要求花旗银行代理信用证的通知、汇款的解付业务；开立账户：中国银行和花旗银行必须互相告知各自的账户行及帐号；控制文件：授权签字样本、密押、费率表。

二、判断题1、错误。

2、正确。

3、错误。

4、正确。

5、正确。

6、错误。

7、正确。

8、正确。

三、简答题1、答：分行不独立，子银行独立。

2、答：相同点：都为独立法人。

不同点：国内银行的控制权不同。

子银行——国内银行控制其大部分股权，对其拥有控制权；联营银行——国内银行控制其部分股权，不拥有其控制权。

第二章票据一、选择题1、A D2、ABF3、DE4、BC 【解析】直接汇票：汇票当事人都在同一个地方；间接汇票：承兑地和付款地不在同一个地方。

5、ABD6、B7、D8、ACD9、C10、B11、B二、判断题1、错误。

【解析】出票人一般是出口商，出口商开具一种变形汇票;指己汇票:出票人和收款人为同一个人。

2、错误。

【解析】承兑以前，出票人是主债务人；承兑后，承兑人是主债务人。

持票人应在汇票的到期日之内或合理时期向付款人提示承兑和付款，否则出票人和前手。

3、正确。

4、正确。

5、正确。

【解析】背书人是债权人还是债务人？背书前是债权人，背书后是债务人；被背书人在再次背书前是债权人，他如果再将票据背书转让，则他又成为了债务人；在汇票承兑以前，出票人是汇票的主债务人，承兑后，承兑人变成主债务人。

6、正确。

7、正确。

【解析】出票人在破产前出票，则这张汇票是有效的，汇票的收款人可以作为债权人参加财产的清算；出票人在破产后出票，则这张汇票是无效汇票三、填空题1、见票即付：银行作为付款人2、银行汇票：商业汇票3、见票即付四、案例分析题1、一般汇票：B公司开出汇票，受票人为新加坡西门子，收款人为B公司的往来银行；对己汇票：西门子上海分公司开出汇票，受票人为新加坡西门子，收款人为B公司；指己汇票：B公司开出汇票，受票人为新加坡西门子，收款人为B公司自己；（对己汇票：出票人、受票人为同一人；指己汇票：出票人、收款人为同一人；）五、计算题1、算尾不算头，3月5日，见票后三天后付款，应是6、7、8，8号付款；4.16---4.30：30-16+1=15天5.1---5.31 31天466.1---6.30 30天767.1---7.14 14天90以到期月份的相应日期为到期日，若没有相应日期，则以该月的最后一日为到期日。

国际贸易结算本章思考题参考答案1、如何理解国际贸易结算的概念？国际结算是指为清偿国际间债权债务关系而发生在不同国家之间的货币收付行为。

国际贸易结算是指以商品进出口为背景，即由有形贸易引起的国际结算，它是国际贸易的基础和国际结算的重要组成部分。

它建立在商品交易货物与外汇两清的基础上，又称为有形贸易结算。

2、现金结算与非现金结算、现汇结算与记账结算的区别？现金结算是指通过收付货币或现金来结算清债权债务关系。

但现金结算很不安全、风险大，需负担运送现金过程中的各项费用，占用和积压资金，影响企业资金的周转率。

非现金结算是指使用各种支付工具，通过银行间的划账冲抵来结清债权债务关系。

与现金结算相比，它的优点在于迅速、简便，可以节约现金和流通费，加快了资金的循环和周转，促进了国际间经济贸易关系的发展。

现汇结算是指通过两国银行对贸易往来，用来兑换货币进行的逐笔结算，这是国际贸易结算的主要形式。

记账结算是指两国银行使用记账外汇进行的定期结算。

记账外汇是两国政府签订的支付协定项下收付的外汇，只能用于支付对方国的债务，不能自由运用。

3、国际贸易结算有什么特点？1）国际贸易的产生和发展是结算的基础与前提；2）国际贸易结算与金融学科密切相关；3）国际贸易结算是现代商业银行的中间业务；4）国际贸易结算实行推定交货的原理。

4、列举国际贸易结算常用的国际惯例或规则。

国际贸易结算常用的国际惯例或规则有：《托收统一规则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《见索即付保函统一规则》等。

5、如何从理论上理解贸易术语的两个临界点？贸易术语必须在理论上订立两个临界点。

第一个是交货临界点，又称风险临界点，货物运到这个临界点，从法律观念上可以认为卖方已经尽到交货责任，将货物交于买方，故在这个临界点以前货物遇到风险发生损失由卖方承担责任，在这个临界点之后货物遇到风险发生损失由买方承担责任。

第二个是费用临界点，在这个临界点以前发生的运费由买方负责，在这个临界点之后发生的运费由买方负担。

1、如何理解国际贸易结算的概念？国际结算是指为清偿国际间债权债务关系而发生在不同国家之间的货币收付行为。

国际贸易结算是指以商品进出口为背景，即由有形贸易引起的国际结算，它是国际贸易的基础和国际结算的重要组成部分。

它建立在商品交易货物与外汇两清的基础上，又称为有形贸易结算。

2、现金结算与非现金结算、现汇结算与记账结算的区别？现金结算是指通过收付货币或现金来结算清债权债务关系。

但现金结算很不安全、风险大，需负担运送现金过程中的各项费用，占用和积压资金，影响企业资金的周转率。

非现金结算是指使用各种支付工具，通过银行间的划账冲抵来结清债权债务关系。

与现金结算相比，它的优点在于迅速、简便，可以节约现金和流通费，加快了资金的循环和周转，促进了国际间经济贸易关系的发展。

现汇结算是指通过两国银行对贸易往来，用来兑换货币进行的逐笔结算，这是国际贸易结算的主要形式。

记账结算是指两国银行使用记账外汇进行的定期结算。

记账外汇是两国政府签订的支付协定项下收付的外汇，只能用于支付对方国的债务，不能自由运用。

3、国际贸易结算有什么特点？1）国际贸易的产生和发展是结算的基础与前提；2）国际贸易结算与金融学科密切相关；3）国际贸易结算是现代商业银行的中间业务；4）国际贸易结算实行推定交货的原理。

4、列举国际贸易结算常用的国际惯例或规则。

国际贸易结算常用的国际惯例或规则有：《托收统一规则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《见索即付保函统一规则》等。

5、如何从理论上理解贸易术语的两个临界点？贸易术语必须在理论上订立两个临界点。

第一个是交货临界点，又称风险临界点，货物运到这个临界点，从法律观念上可以认为卖方已经尽到交货责任，将货物交于买方，故在这个临界点以前货物遇到风险发生损失由卖方承担责任，在这个临界点之后货物遇到风险发生损失由买方承担责任。

第二个是费用临界点，在这个临界点以前发生的运费由买方负责，在这个临界点之后发生的运费由买方负担。

6、略第二章1、简述票据的特点及功能。

国际结算习题答案国际结算习题答案在国际贸易中，国际结算是一个重要的环节。

它涉及到货物和服务的支付和收款，以及跨国企业之间的资金流动。

而对于学习国际结算的学生来说，习题是检验自己理解和掌握程度的重要途径。

下面，我将为大家提供一些常见的国际结算习题及其答案，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。

1. 什么是国际结算？国际结算是指在国际贸易中，买方和卖方之间进行货款支付和收款的过程。

它包括货物和服务的结算方式、支付工具和结算时间等方面。

2. 国际结算的主要方式有哪些？国际结算的主要方式包括信用证结算、托收结算、电汇结算和票汇结算等。

其中，信用证结算是最常见和最安全的一种方式，它通过银行的介入，保障了买卖双方的权益。

3. 什么是信用证结算？信用证结算是指买方在银行开立信用证，要求银行向卖方支付货款。

卖方在符合信用证条款的情况下，向银行提出付款要求，银行按照信用证的约定向卖方支付货款。

4. 信用证结算的优势是什么？信用证结算的优势主要体现在以下几个方面：- 保障买卖双方的权益，减少交易风险。

- 提供了可靠的支付方式，增加了交易的可信度。

- 通过银行的介入，提供了专业的结算服务，减少了买卖双方的操作难度。

5. 托收结算和电汇结算的区别是什么？托收结算是指买方将付款指示交给银行，要求银行代为收款。

卖方根据买方的指示，向银行提出收款要求，银行收到货款后再支付给卖方。

而电汇结算是指买方直接通过银行向卖方支付货款。

6. 国际结算中的汇率风险如何应对？汇率风险是指由于汇率波动导致的结算金额损失。

为了应对汇率风险，可以采取以下几种方式：- 使用远期汇率合约锁定汇率，减少汇率波动的影响。

- 使用外汇期权进行对冲，以降低汇率波动带来的风险。

- 在交易合同中约定结算货币，避免货币转换带来的风险。

7. 如何选择适合的国际结算方式？选择适合的国际结算方式需要考虑以下几个因素：- 交易的金额和周期：对于大额交易和长期交易，信用证结算是较为安全和可靠的选择。

Chapter One Brief Introduction to International TradeⅠ.Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.1. An international sales contract is not merely a document setting forth quantity, price, delivery arrangement of the product; it must also take into account the local legal system and political and exchange risks in the country involved.2. Settlement on commercial credit usually includes payment in advance, open account, remittance and collection.3. Settlements on bank credit include letter of credit and bank guarantee.4. Trade terms are also called price terms and delivery terms.5. While the EXW ( Ex Works) terms represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligationa.6. Payment in advance is most advantageous to the seller.7. Open account is least advantageous to the seller.8. Collection can be divided into documentary collection and clean collection.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.(略)Ⅲ.Translate the following terms or sentences into English.1.以银行信用为基础的结算:settlement on bank credit2.货币波动的可能性：the potential of the fluctution of currency3.出口清关:clear the goods for export/export clearance)4.支付保费: pay the insurance premium5.办理出口手续: hanlde export formality6.国际贸易的主要参与者:major participants in international trade7.商品检验条款:commodity inspection clause8.履行交货责任:fulfill the obligation to deliver goods9.货物已越过船舷:the goods pass the ship’s rail10.国际贸易合同是在与国内贸易合同完全不同的环境下进行的。

《国际结算》章后习题答案1.简述票据的定义及特性答：票据是由出票人签发，具有法定格式，约定由自己或指定他人无条件支付一定金额的可以转让流通的有价证券，包括汇票、本票和支票。

票据具有8个特性：设权性；无因性；要式性；文义性；金钱性；返还性；提示性；流通转让性。

2.简述汇票的必要项目答：汇票是一种要式凭证，注重在形式上应具备必要项目。

一张汇票的必要项目是否齐全和合格，决定了该汇票是否具有法律效力。

汇票的必要项目包括：①“汇票”字样；②无条件支付命令；③收款人名称；④确定的金额；⑤付款人名称；⑥出票人名称和签字；⑦出票日期和出票地点；⑧付款地点；⑨付款期限3.什么是汇款？汇款可分哪几种？答：汇款又称汇付，是指交易双方订立商务合同后，进口商将货款交给进口银行，要求银行通过一定的方式，委托在出口地的代理行或联行，将款项交给出口商的一种结算方式。

按照所采用的支付工具的不同，汇款可分为电汇、信汇和票汇三种不同的方法。

4. 托收的含义和特点是什么?答：国际商会《托收统一规则》（URC522）第二条规定：托收是指由接受托收指示的银行依据所收到的指示处理金融单据或商业单据以便取得付款或承兑，或凭付款或承兑交出商业单据或凭其他条款或条件交出单据。

托收的特点：（1）以商业信用为基础，出口商承担了较大的风险（2）资金负担仍不平衡（3）手续比较繁琐，费用较高5. 简述托收方式下的当事人及其关系。

答：在托收业务中，主要涉及四个当事人，即委托人、托收行、代银行和付款人。

（1）委托人通常是指委托银行办理托收业务的一方。

（2）托收行是指接受委托人的委托办理托收的银行。

（3）代收行是指接受托收行的委托，依照托收行指示，向进口商或债务人收款的银行。

（4）付款人是指依照托收指示，由代收行向其提示单据并要求其付款的人。

托收下四大当事人之间存在三个合同关系，一是委托人与付款人之间的买卖合同关系，双方按买卖合同履行各自的义务；二是委托人与托收行之间的委托代理合同，即委托人填写的托收申请书，托收行应按委托人的指示办理相关业务；三是托收行与代收行之间的委托代理合同，即托收委托书，代收行作为代理人应严格执行托收行的指示办理代收业务。

章后习题参考答案与提示第1章●基本训练○知识题▲简答题1）国际收支平衡表中贷方反映的是一切收入项目，用正号表示货物和服务的出口、收益收入、接受的货物和资金的无偿援助、金融负债的增加和金融资产的减少；借方反映的是一切支出项目，用负号表示货物和服务的进口、收益支出、对外提供的货物和资金无偿援助、金融资产的增加和金融负债的减少。

总的来说，凡是引起本国从国外获得外汇收入的交易记入贷方，凡是引起本国对国外有外汇支出的交易记入借方；而这笔货币收入或支出本身则相应记入借方或贷方。

2）国际收支失衡的原因：一般因素：（1）周期性因素（2）结构性因素（3）货币性因素（4）收入性因素（5）意外事件。

特殊因素：（1）发达国家的国际收支不平衡的表现是：其一，由于发达国家之间的国际竞争力或投资回报的利润率对比有差异，所以巨额逆差的成因或者由于商品劳务输出过多、吸引外来直接投资较多。

其二，发达国家的资本与金融项目在其国际收支中的地位越来越重要，资本的输出与输入日益频繁且不稳定，大规模的资本流入或流出足以引起相关国家的国际收支变动。

其三，在当今高度一体化的国际金融市场上，资本对有资信的发达国家来说筹措相当方便，即使贸易收支或经常项目有巨额逆差，也可以通过调节性交易如提高利率，引起资本与金融项目中的大量资本的流入来加以抵消。

（2）发展中国家国际收支不平衡的表现是：处在经济发展阶段，一方面由于国内资源和技术上的短缺，产品结构比较单一，出口的产品一时只能为传统的初级产品且停留在较低的技术水平上，故出口难以有效持久的扩大；另一方面进口需求相对旺盛，进口的产品都是技术含量较高的制成品或本国还无法制造的高档消费品，其出口增长往往不及进口，从而形成国际收支的逆差。

另外由于资信低，缺乏国际金融专门人才，筹措国外资金成本高，很难通过资本与金融项目的顺差来弥补贸易逆差，所以，发展中国家的国际收支不平衡多数表现为逆差。

3）调节国际收支失衡的措施：（1）外汇缓冲政策财政货币政策：①财政政策,主要是采取缩减或扩大政府的财政预算或财政支出的方式和调整税率的方式，以调节国际收支的顺差或逆差。

Chapter One1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) local legal system, political, exchange risks(2) open account, advance payment, remittance and collection(3) letter of credit, bank guarantee(4) price terms, delivery terms(5) least/minimum, most/maximum(6) advance payment(7) open account(8) clean collection, documentary collection2. 略3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) settlement on bank credit(2) the potential for currency fluctuation(3) to clear the goods for export(4) to pay the insurance premium(5) to carry out export formalities(6) the major participants in international trade(7) the commodity inspection clause(8) to fulfill the obligation to deliver the goods(9)the goods have passed over the ship’s rail(10)I nternational contract is concluded in a completely different context thandomestic ones4．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) T(6) T (7) F (8) T (9) T (10) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCCBD (6)-(10) DACCC(11)-(15) BDDCD (16)-(20) DCACDChapter Two1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) barter(2) medium of exchange(3) expensive, risky(4) our(5) V ostro(6) vostro(7) nostro(8) specimen of authorized signatures, telegraphic test keys, terms and conditions, Swift authentic keys2. Define the following terms(1) Correspondent relationship 〖A bank having direct connection or friendly service relationswith another bank.〗(2) International settlements〖International settlements are financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle accounts, debts, claims, etc. emerged in the course of political, economic or cultural contracts among them. 〗(3) Visible trade〖The exchange of goods and commodities between the buyer and the seller across borders.〗(4) Financial transaction〖International financial transaction covers foreign exchange market transactions, government supported export credits, syndicated loans, international bond issues, etc.〗(5). V ostro account〖Vostro account is an account held by a bank on behalf of a correspondent bank.〗3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) commercial credit(2) control documents(3) account relationship(4) cash settlement(5) financial intermediary(6) credit advice(7) agency arrangement(8) credit balance(9)reimbursement method(10) test key/code4．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCDAD (6)-(10) BBDABChapter Three1. Define the following Terms:(1) Negotiable instrument〖“A negotiable instrument is a chose in action, the full and legal title to which is transferable by delivery of the instrument (possibly with the tr ansferor’s endorsement) with the result that complete ownership of the instrument and all the property it represents passes free from equities to the transferee, providing the latter takes the instrument in good faith and for value.” 〗(2) Bill of exchange〖A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer. 〗(3) Check〖A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer. 〗(4) Documentary bill〖It is a bill with shipping documents attached thereto. 〗(5) Crossing〖A crossing is in effect an instruction to the paying bank from the drawer or holder topay the fund to a bank only. 〗2. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 一般划线支票〖generally crossed check〗(2) 特殊划线支票〖specially crossed check〗(3) 过期支票〖a check that is out of date〗(4) 未到期支票〖post dated check〗(5) 大小写金额〖amount in words〗(6) 白背书〖blank endorsement〗(7) 特别背书〖special endorsement〗(8) 限制性背书〖restrictive endorsement〗(9) 跟单汇票〖documentary bill〗(10) 即期汇票〖sight draft〗(11) 远期汇票〖usance/term bill〗(12) 承兑汇票〖acceptance bill〗(13) 可确定的未来某一天〖determinable future date〗(14) 光票〖clean bill〗(15) 流通票据〖negotiable instrument〗(16) 贴现行〖discounting house 〗(17) 商人银行〖merchant bank〗(18) 无条件的付款承诺〖unconditional promise of payment〗(19) 负连带责任〖jointly and severally responsible〗(20) 出票后90天付款〖payable 90 days after date〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) T(6) F (7) T (8) T (9) T (10) T(11) F (12) T (13) T (14) F (15) T(16) T (17) T (18) F (19) F (20) F4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) CACBC (6)-(10) BACBB(11)-(15) BDCCC (16)-(20) BBAAC5-7 略Chapter Four1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) beneficiary(2) payment order / mail advice / debit advice(3) the remittance amount is large / the transfer of funds is subject to a time limit / test key(4) sell it to his own bank for crediting his account(5) debits / credits(6) demand draft(7) act of dishonor(8) swiftness / reliability / safety / inexpensiveness(9) debiting remitting bank’s nostro account(10) delivery of the goods2. Define the following Terms.(1)International remittance means a client (payer) asks his bank to send a sum of money to a beneficiary abroad by one of the transfer methods at his option while the beneficiary can be paid at the designated bank which is either the remitting bank’s overseas branch or its correspondent with a nostro account.(2) Remitting bank is the bank transferring funds at the request of a remitter to its correspondent or its branch in another country and instructing the latter to pay a certain amount of money to a beneficiary.(3) A mail transfer is to transfer funds by means of a payment order or a mail advice, or sometimes a debit advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter.(4) Demand draft transfer is a remittance method using a bank demand draft. It is a negotiable instrument drawn by one bank on its overseas branch or its correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft.(5) Cancellation of the reimbursement under mail transfer or telegraphic transfer is usually done before its payment is made at the request of the remitter or the payee who refuses to receive the payment.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 汇款通知单remittance advice (2) 汇出汇款outward remittance (3) 国际汇款单international money order (4) 往来账户current account(5) 自动支付系统automated payment system (6) 作为偿付in cover(7) 赔偿保证书letter of indemnity (8) 信汇通知书 mail advice(9) 汇票的不可流通副本non-negotiable copy of draft (10) 首期付款down payment4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCABD (6)-(10) BBBAAChapter Five1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) presenting bank(2) title documents / pays the draft / accepts the obligation to do so(3) legal / the exchange control authorities(4) the payment is made(5) open account / advance payment(6) Inward collection(7). the remitting bank(8) trust receipt(9) D/P at sight(10) documents, draft, and collection order2. Define the following terms(1) Collection is an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to the seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent banks located in the domicile of the buyer.(2) The case of need is the representative appointed by the principal to act as case of need in theevent of non-acceptance and/or non-payment, whose power should be clearly and fully stated in the collection.(3) Documentary collection is a collection of financial instruments being accompanied by commercial documents or collection of commercial documents without being accompanied by financial instruments, that is, commercial documents without a bill of exchange. Alternatively, the documentary collection is a payment mechanism that allows the exporters to retain ownership of the goods until they receive payment or are reasonably certain that they will receive it.(4) Outward collection is a banking business in which a bank acting as the remitting bank sends the draft drawn against an export with or without shipping documents attached, to an appropriate overseas bank, namely, the collecting bank to get the payment or acceptance from the importer. (5) Collection bill purchased is a kind of financing by banks for exporters under documentary collection methods. It means that the remitting bank purchases the documentary bill drawn by the exporter on the importer. It involves great risk for the remitting bank due to lack of a guarantee. 3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 承兑交单acceptance against documents (2) 商业承兑汇票 trade acceptance(3) 需要时的代理人case of need (4) 出口押汇export bill purchased(5) 物权单据 title document (6) 以寄售方式on consignment(7) 直接托收direct collection (8) 货运单据shipping documents(9) 付款交单documents against payment (10) 远期汇票time/ tenor/term/ usance draft 4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) ABCAB (6)-(10) ACAADChapter Six1. Define the following terms:(1) Letter of credit 〖The Documentary Credit or letter of credit is an undertaking issued by a bank for the account of the buyer (the applicant) or for its own account, to pay the beneficiary the value of the draft and/or documents provided that the terms and conditions of the documentary credit are complied with. 〗(2) Confirmed letter of credit 〖A credit that carries the commitment to pay by both the issuing bank and the advising bank. 〗(3) Revolving credit 〖A credit by which, under the terms and conditions thereof, the amount is renewed or reinstated without specific amendments to the documentary credit being required. 〗(4) Confirming bank 〖A bank, usually the advising bank, which adds its undertaking to those of the issuing bank and assumes liability under the credit.〗(5) Applicant of the credit〖The applicant is always an importer or a buyer, who fills out and signs an application form, requesting the bank to issue a credit in favor of an exporter or a seller abroad.〗2. Translate the following terms or sentences into English.(1) 未授权保兑〖silent confirmation 〗(2) 有效地点为开证行所在地的柜台〖to expire at the counters of the issuing bank 〗(3) 凭代表物权的单据付款〖to pay against documents representing the goods〗(4) 信用证以银行信用代替了商业信用。

《国际支付与结算》(修订版)王益平--课后答案Chapter One1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) local legal system, political, exchange risks(2) open account, advance payment, remittance and collection(3) letter of credit, bank guarantee(4) price terms, delivery terms(5) least/minimum, most/maximum(6) advance payment(7) open account(8) clean collection, documentary collection2. 略3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) settlement on bank credit(2) the potential for currency fluctuation(3) to clear the goods for export(4) to pay the insurance premium(5) to carry out export formalities(6) the major participants in international trade(7) the commodity inspection clause(8) to fulfill the obligation to deliver the goods(9)t he goods have passed over the ship’s rail(10)International contract is concluded in a completely different context thandomestic ones4．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) T(6) T (7) F (8) T (9) T (10) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCCBD (6)-(10) DACCC(11)-(15) BDDCD (16)-(20) DCACDChapter Two1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) barter(2) medium of exchange(3) expensive, risky(4) our(5) Vostro(6) vostro(7) nostro(8) specimen of authorized signatures, telegraphic test keys, terms and conditions, Swift authentic keys2. Define the following terms(1) Correspondent relationship 〖A bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.〗(2) International settlements〖International settlements are financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle accounts, debts, claims, etc. emerged in the course of political, economic or cultural contracts among them. 〗(3) Visible trade〖The exchange of goods and commodities between the buyer and the seller across borders.〗(4) Financial transaction〖International financial transaction covers foreign exchange market transactions, government supported export credits, syndicated loans, international bond issues, etc.〗(5). Vostro account〖Vostro account is an account held by a bank on behalf of a correspondent bank.〗3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) commercial credit(2) control documents(3) account relationship(4) cash settlement(5) financial intermediary(6) credit advice(7) agency arrangement(8) credit balance(9)reimbursement method(10) test key/code4．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCDAD (6)-(10) BBDABChapter Three1. Define the following Terms:(1) Negotiable instrument〖“A negotiable instrument is a chose in action, the full and legal title to which is transferable by delivery of the instrument (possibly with the transferor’s endorsement) with the result that complete ownership of the instrument and all the property it represents passes free from equities to the transferee, providing the latter takes the instrument in good faith and for value.” 〗(2) Bill of exchange〖A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money, to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer. 〗(3) Check〖A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by the customer toa bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a specified sum of money to or to the order of a named person or to bearer. 〗(4) Documentary bill〖It is a bill with shipping documents attached thereto. 〗(5) Crossing〖A crossing is in effect an instruction to the paying bank from the drawer or holder to pay the fund to a bank only. 〗2. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 一般划线支票〖generally crossed check〗(2) 特殊划线支票〖specially crossed check〗(3) 过期支票〖a check that is out of date〗(4) 未到期支票〖post dated check〗(5) 大小写金额〖amount in words〗(6) 白背书〖blank endorsement〗(7) 特别背书〖special endorsement〗(8) 限制性背书〖restrictive endorsement〗(9) 跟单汇票〖documentary bill〗(10) 即期汇票〖sight draft〗(11) 远期汇票〖usance/term bill〗(12) 承兑汇票〖acceptance bill〗(13) 可确定的未来某一天〖determinable future date〗(14) 光票〖clean bill〗(15) 流通票据〖negotiable instrument〗(16) 贴现行〖discounting house 〗(17) 商人银行〖merchant bank〗(18) 无条件的付款承诺〖unconditional promise of payment〗(19) 负连带责任〖jointly and severally responsible〗(20) 出票后90天付款〖payable 90 days after date〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) F (3) T (4) T (5) T(6) F (7) T (8) T (9) T (10) T(11) F (12) T (13) T (14) F (15) T(16) T (17) T (18) F (19) F (20) F4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) CACBC (6)-(10) BACBB(11)-(15) BDCCC (16)-(20) BBAAC5-7 略Chapter Four1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) beneficiary(2) payment order / mail advice / debit advice(3) the remittance amount is large / the transfer of funds is subject to a time limit / test key(4) sell it to his own bank for crediting his account(5) debits / credits(6) demand draft(7) act of dishonor(8) swiftness / reliability / safety / inexpensiveness(9) debiting remitting bank’s nostro account(10) delivery of the goods2. Define the following Terms.(1) International remittance means a client (payer) asks his bank to send a sum of money to a beneficiary abroad by one of the transfer methods at his option while the beneficiary can be paid at the designated bank which is either the remitting bank’s overseas branch or its correspondent with a nostro account.(2) Remitting bank is the bank transferring funds at the request of a remitter to its correspondent or its branch in another country and instructing the latter to pay a certain amount of money to a beneficiary.(3) A mail transfer is to transfer funds by means of a payment order or a mail advice, or sometimes a debit advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter.(4) Demand draft transfer is a remittance method using a bank demand draft. It is a negotiable instrument drawn by one bank on its overseas branch or its correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft.(5) Cancellation of the reimbursement under mail transfer or telegraphic transfer is usually done before its payment is made at the request of the remitter or the payee who refuses to receive the payment.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 汇款通知单remittance advice (2) 汇出汇款outward remittance (3) 国际汇款单international money order (4) 往来账户current account (5) 自动支付系统automated payment system (6) 作为偿付in cover(7) 赔偿保证书letter of indemnity (8) 信汇通知书 mail advice (9) 汇票的不可流通副本non-negotiable copy of draft (10) 首期付款down payment4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BCABD (6)-(10) BBBAAChapter Five1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) presenting bank(2) title documents / pays the draft / accepts the obligation to do so(3) legal / the exchange control authorities(4) the payment is made(5) open account / advance payment(6) Inward collection(7). the remitting bank(8) trust receipt(9) D/P at sight(10) documents, draft, and collection order2. Define the following terms(1) Collection is an arrangement whereby the goods are shipped and a relevant bill of exchange is drawn by the seller on the buyer, and/or shipping documents are forwarded to the seller’s bank with clear instructions for collection through one of its correspondent banks located in the domicile of the buyer.(2) The case of need is the representative appointed by the principal to act as case of need in the event of non-acceptance and/or non-payment, whose power should be clearly and fully stated in the collection.(3) Documentary collection is a collection of financial instruments being accompanied by commercial documents or collection of commercial documents without being accompanied by financial instruments, that is, commercial documents without a bill of exchange. Alternatively, the documentary collection is a payment mechanism that allows the exporters to retain ownership of the goods until they receive payment or are reasonably certain that they will receive it.(4) Outward collection is a banking business in which a bank acting as the remitting bank sends the draft drawn against an export with or without shipping documents attached, to an appropriate overseas bank, namely, the collecting bank to get the payment or acceptance from the importer.(5) Collection bill purchased is a kind of financing by banks for exporters under documentary collection methods. It means that the remitting bank purchases the documentary bill drawn by the exporter on the importer. It involves great risk for the remitting bank due to lack of a guarantee.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 承兑交单 acceptance against documents (2) 商业承兑汇票trade acceptance (3) 需要时的代理人case of need (4) 出口押汇export bill purchased (5) 物权单据title document (6) 以寄售方式on consignment(7) 直接托收direct collection (8) 货运单据shipping documents(9) 付款交单documents against payment (10) 远期汇票time/ tenor/term/ usance draft4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) ABCAB (6)-(10) ACAADChapter Six1. Define the following terms:(1) Letter of credit 〖 The Documentary Credit or letter of credit is an undertaking issued by a bank for the account of the buyer (the applicant) or for its own account, to pay the beneficiary the value of the draft and/or documents provided that the terms and conditions of the documentary credit are complied with. 〗(2) Confirmed letter of credit 〖 A credit that carries the commitment to pay by both the issuing bank and the advising bank. 〗(3) Revolving credit 〖A credit by which, under the terms and conditions thereof, the amount is renewed or reinstated without specific amendments to the documentary credit being required. 〗(4) Confirming bank 〖A bank, usually the advising bank, which adds its undertaking to those of the issuing bank and assumes liability under the credit.〗(5) Applicant of the credit〖The applicant is always an importer or a buyer, who fills out and signs an application form, requesting the bank to issue a credit in favor of an exporter or a seller abroad.〗2. Translate the following terms or sentences into English.(1) 未授权保兑〖 silent confirmation 〗(2) 有效地点为开证行所在地的柜台〖to expire at the counters of the issuingbank 〗(3) 凭代表物权的单据付款〖to pay against documents representing the goods〗(4) 信用证以银行信用代替了商业信用。

国际结算课后练习与作业（第一章、第二章）参考答案《国际结算》辅导(第一、二章)参考答案第一章二、判断正误1B 2C 3B四、多项选择1ACDE 2ABC第二章二、判断1对2错3对4错5对6对7错8错9对10对11对12错三、单选1B2C3B4A5C6A7D8A9D10C11B12A13D14C15C四、多选1ABC2ABD3ABC4ACD5ABCD6ABD7ABC8ABC9BC10ADE11A BCD12ABDE13BC14ACD 六、计算1．US￥3，480= 3，600×（1-120/360×10%）2．方法1：利率=贴现率/（1-贴现率×时间）= 10% / （1-10% * 0.25）= 10.26% p.a.方法2：贴现息 = 100 * 10% * 90/360 = 2.5净值 = 100-2.5 = 97.5利率= 2.5 / 97.5 ×360 / 90 = 10.26 % p.a.3．到期日： 5月21日(2月份8天)+(3月份31天)+(4月份30天)+(5月份21天)=90天贴现天数：72天(3月份21天)+(4月份30天)+(5月份21天)实得净值 = 本金—(本金×贴现率×贴现天数)=100，000—(100，000×72×10％÷360)=98，000美元六、实务技能：1..指出下列汇票的必要记载项目A. ①标明“汇票”字样Exchange for______②汇票的金额USD50000(大小写金额相等)③出票日期2005.5.25④出票地点New York⑤付款时间At 45 days after sight⑥无条件的支付命令pay to 命令式语句⑦收款人 A bank⑧付款人 C bank⑨出票人名称和签字D Company ,New York.(signed)B. ①标明“汇票”字样Exchange for______②汇票的金额USD30000(大小写金额相等)③出票日期2000.6.3.④出票地点中国广州⑤付款时间装运日后60天⑥无条件的支付命令pay to 命令式语句⑦收款人中国银行广州分行的指定人⑧付款人HAROLD IMPORT COMPANY ,INC3150 C STREET SUITE 101-ANCHORAQEALASKA99503⑨出票人名称和签字广东粮油进出口公司2、根据所给条件，开具一张汇票：A.Exchange for USD 3,000.00 Shanghai,March 10,2000At 30 days after sight this Exchange pay to Bank of China, Shanghaithe sum of US Dollars Three Thousand OnlyTo Hongkong Importing Co., For Shanghai Exporting Co.,65 Nathan Rd.,Kowlon, No.12, Nanjing Rd.(East), Hongkong Shanghai(signature)B.3.Exchange for USD 230,000.00 Temper,Florida,Jan. 15,2002At 60 days after sight this Exchange pay toAmerica Bankthe sum of US Dollars Two Hundred and Thirty Thousand OnlyTo French Importing Co., For America Exporting Co.Paris Temper, Florida(signature)4.(1)Issuing:DraftShanghai, March10th, 2002 At 60 days after date of this Draft pay to the order ofOurselves the sum of HongKong Dollars Two Hundred Thousand OnlyHKD 200,000.00To HongKong Clothes Co., Ltd For Shanghai Textile Exp. & Imp. Co., Ltd ....Rd, HongKong ...Rd, Shanghai(signature)(2) Collection EndorsementFor collectionpay to the order of Construction Bank of China ,Shanghaifor Shanghai Textile Exp. & Imp. Co., Ltdon March10th, 2002(signature)(3)GuaranteeGuaranteedfor a/c of Shanghai Textile Exp. & Imp. Co., LtdGuarantor: Construction Bank of China ,Shanghaion March10th, 2002(signature)(4) Endorsement for collectionFor collectionpay to City Bank, HongKongfor Construction Bank of China ,Shanghaion March11th, 2002(signature)(5) AcceptanceACCEPTEDpayable at City Bank, HongKong to mature on May 10th, 2002for HongKong Clothes Co., Ltd on March 18th, 2002 (signature)。

Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to International TradeⅠ.Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.1. An international sales contract is not merely a document setting forth quanti ty, price, delivery arrangement of the product; it must also take into account the local legal system and political and exchange risks in the country involved.2. Settlement on commercial credit usually includes payment in advance, ope n account, remittance and collection.3. Settlements on bank credit include letter of credit and bank guarantee.4. Trade terms are also called price terms and delivery terms.5. While the EXW ( Ex Works) terms represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligationa.6. Payment in advance is most advantageous to the seller.7. Open account is least advantageous to the seller.8. Collection can be divided into documentary collection and clean collection. Ⅱ. Define the following terms.(略)Ⅲ.Translate the following terms or sentences into English.1.以银行信用为基础的结算:settlement on bank credit2.货币波动的可能性：the potential of the fluctuation of currency3.出口清关:clear the goods for export/export clearance)4.支付保费: pay the insurance premium5.办理出口手续: handle export formality6.国际贸易的主要参与者:major participants in international trade7.商品检验条款:commodity inspection clause8.履行交货责任:fulfill the obligation to deliver goods9.货物已越过船舷:the goods pass the ship’s rail10.国际贸易合同是在与国内贸易合同完全不同的环境下进行的。

章后习题参考答案与提示第1章●基本训练○知识题▲简答题1）国际收支平衡表中贷方反映的是一切收入项目，用正号表示货物和服务的出口、收益收入、接受的货物和资金的无偿援助、金融负债的增加和金融资产的减少；借方反映的是一切支出项目，用负号表示货物和服务的进口、收益支出、对外提供的货物和资金无偿援助、金融资产的增加和金融负债的减少。

总的来说，凡是引起本国从国外获得外汇收入的交易记入贷方，凡是引起本国对国外有外汇支出的交易记入借方；而这笔货币收入或支出本身则相应记入借方或贷方。

2）国际收支失衡的原因：一般因素：（1）周期性因素（2）结构性因素（3）货币性因素（4）收入性因素（5）意外事件。

特殊因素：（1）发达国家的国际收支不平衡的表现是：其一，由于发达国家之间的国际竞争力或投资回报的利润率对比有差异，所以巨额逆差的成因或者由于商品劳务输出过多、吸引外来直接投资较多。

其二，发达国家的资本与金融项目在其国际收支中的地位越来越重要，资本的输出与输入日益频繁且不稳定，大规模的资本流入或流出足以引起相关国家的国际收支变动。

其三，在当今高度一体化的国际金融市场上，资本对有资信的发达国家来说筹措相当方便，即使贸易收支或经常项目有巨额逆差，也可以通过调节性交易如提高利率，引起资本与金融项目中的大量资本的流入来加以抵消。

（2）发展中国家国际收支不平衡的表现是：处在经济发展阶段，一方面由于国内资源和技术上的短缺，产品结构比较单一，出口的产品一时只能为传统的初级产品且停留在较低的技术水平上，故出口难以有效持久的扩大；另一方面进口需求相对旺盛，进口的产品都是技术含量较高的制成品或本国还无法制造的高档消费品，其出口增长往往不及进口，从而形成国际收支的逆差。

另外由于资信低，缺乏国际金融专门人才，筹措国外资金成本高，很难通过资本与金融项目的顺差来弥补贸易逆差，所以，发展中国家的国际收支不平衡多数表现为逆差。

3）调节国际收支失衡的措施：（1）外汇缓冲政策财政货币政策：①财政政策,主要是采取缩减或扩大政府的财政预算或财政支出的方式和调整税率的方式，以调节国际收支的顺差或逆差。