工程光学英文题加中文题含答案

工程英语测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the term used to describe the process of turning raw materials into finished products?A. FabricationB. AssemblyC. MachiningD. Casting答案：A2. The primary function of a ________ is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.A. MotorB. GeneratorC. TransformerD. Inverter答案：A3. In engineering, the term "stress" refers to:A. The internal resistance of a material to deformationB. The force applied to a materialC. The change in shape of a materialD. The rate of change of force答案：A4. Which of the following is not a type of welding process?A. Arc weldingB. Gas weldingC. Ultrasonic weldingD. Friction welding答案：C5. The process of designing and building a structure is known as:A. EngineeringB. ArchitectureC. ConstructionD. All of the above答案：D6. What does the abbreviation "CAD" stand for in the field of engineering?A. Computer-Aided DesignB. Computer-Aided DraftingC. Computer-Aided DevelopmentD. Computer-Aided Documentation答案：A7. The SI unit for pressure is:A. PascalB. NewtonC. JouleD. Watt答案：A8. A ________ is a type of joint that allows for relative movement between connected parts.A. Rigid jointB. Revolute jointC. Fixed jointD. Pin joint答案：B9. The process of removing material from an object to achieve the desired shape is known as:A. MachiningB. CastingC. ForgingD. Extrusion答案：A10. In engineering, the term "specification" refers to:A. A detailed description of the requirements of aprojectB. A list of materials to be used in a projectC. The estimated cost of a projectD. The timeline for a project答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The ________ is the process of cutting a flat surface ona material.答案：sawing12. A ________ is a type of bearing that allows for rotation.答案：ball bearing13. The term "gearing" refers to the use of gears to transmit ________.答案：motion14. The ________ is the study of the properties of materials.答案：material science15. In a hydraulic system, a ________ is used to control the flow of fluid.答案：valve16. The ________ is the process of heating and cooling a material to alter its physical properties.答案：heat treatment17. The ________ is a tool used to measure the hardness of a material.答案：hardness tester18. A ________ is a type of joint that connects two parts ata fixed angle.答案: hinge joint19. The ________ is the process of joining two pieces ofmetal by heating them to a molten state.答案：fusion welding20. The ________ is the study of the behavior of structures under load.答案：structural analysis三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "mechanical advantage" in engineering.答案：Mechanical advantage is the ratio of output force to input force in a simple machine, indicating how much the machine amplifies the force applied to it.22. Explain the concept of "factor of safety" in engineering design.答案：The factor of safety is a ratio used in engineering to ensure that a structure or component can withstand loads beyond the maximum expected in service, providing a margin of safety against failure.23. What is the purpose of a "stress-strain curve" in material testing?答案：A stress-strain curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the stress applied to a material and the resulting strain, used to determine the material's mechanical properties such as elasticity, yield strength, and ultimate strength.24. Describe the difference between "static" and "dynamic" loads in engineering.答案：Static loads are constant forces that do not changeover time, while dynamic loads are forces that vary in magnitude or direction over time, often due to movement or vibrations.25. What is "creep" in the context of material behavior under load?答案：Creep。

光电英语期末考试题及答案英语作为一门重要的语言能力，对于光电学生而言，既是一种技能，也是一种学科。

在光电英语期末考试中，学生需要通过考试来检验自己所学知识和能力的掌握情况。

下面是光电英语期末考试题及答案的详细内容。

第一部分：阅读理解Passage 1Scientists at the University of Cambridge recently conducted a study on the effects of light exposure on human health. The study found that exposure to natural light during the day can have a positive impact on mood and sleep quality.1. What was the focus of the study conducted by scientists at the University of Cambridge?A. The effects of light exposure on human health.B. The impact of natural light on mood and sleep quality.C. The effects of artificial light on human health.D. The relationship between light exposure and sleep disorders.答案：A. The effects of light exposure on human health.Passage 2Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of the sun. It is a clean and sustainable alternative to traditional forms of energyproduction. Solar panels, made up of photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight into electricity.2. What is the main advantage of solar energy?A. It is a renewable source of energy.B. It is a clean and sustainable alternative.C. It harnesses the power of the sun.D. It converts sunlight into electricity.答案：B. It is a clean and sustainable alternative.第二部分：听力理解听力材料请参考附带的录音文件。

光学工程英语考科目二的1、The bookshop is far away. You’d better _______. [单选题] *A. by the busB. by busC. take busD. take?the bus(正确答案)2、21．Design a travel guide for Shanghai! ________ the competition and be the winner! [单选题] *A．JoinB．AttendC．EnterD．Take part in (正确答案)3、What lovely weather,（）? [单选题] *A.is itB. isnt it(正确答案)C. does itD.doesn’t it4、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains5、—Is there ______ else I can do for you? —No, thanks. I can manage it myself.（）[单选题] *A. everythingB. anything(正确答案)C. nothingD. some things6、She _______ be here. [单选题] *A. is gladB. is so glad to(正确答案)C. am gladD. is to7、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought8、Why don’t you _______ the bad habit of smoking. [单选题] *A. apply forB. get rid of(正确答案)C. work asD. graduate from9、The trouble turned out to have nothing to do with them. [单选题] *A. 由…引发的B. 与…有牵连C. 给…带来麻烦D. 与…不相干(正确答案)10、--Don’t _______ too late, or you will feel tired in class.--I won’t, Mum. [单选题] *A. call upB. wake upC. stay up(正确答案)D. get up11、Tom didn’t _______ his exam again. It was a pity. [单选题] *A. winB. pass(正确答案)C. beatD. Fail12、Sitting at the back of the room（）a very shy girl with two bright eyes. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. there was13、--What are you going to be in the future?--I want to be _______ actor. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /14、—______ do you play basketball?—Twice a week.（）[单选题] *A. How often(正确答案)B. How muchC. How manyD. How long15、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *A. is used toB. used toC. is used for(正确答案)D. used for16、Many of my classmates are working _______volunteers. [单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. toC. atD. like17、Look! There are some boats ______ the river.（）[单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. overC. betweenD. in18、What’s the price and what sort of _______ do you offer? [单选题] *A. advantageB. accountC. displayD. discount(正确答案)19、23．Susan doesn’t like cartoons. She would rather ______ Space War”. [单选题] * A．see (正确答案)B．seesC．seeingD．to see20、We have made a _______ tour plan to Sydney. [单选题] *A. two dayB. two daysC. two-day(正确答案)D. two-days21、It is reported that the fire caused serious（）to that school building. [单选题] *A. damage(正确答案)B. destroyC. harmD.hurt22、Boys and girls, _______ up your hands if you want to take part in the summer camp(夏令营)．[单选题] *A. puttingB. to putC. put(正确答案)D. puts23、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions24、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceB.in vainC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn25、( ) ________ large the library is! [单选题] *A. WhatB. What aC. How(正确答案)D. How a26、You have coughed for several days, Bill. Stop smoking, _______ you’ll get better soon. [单选题] *A. butB. afterC. orD. and(正确答案)27、She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. [单选题] *A. which(正确答案)B. whoC.itD. that28、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about29、The manager isn’t in at the moment. May I _______ a message? [单选题] *A. take(正确答案)B. makeC. haveD. keep30、_____ is not known yet. [单选题] *A. Although he is serious about itB. No matter how we will do the taskC. Whether we will go outing or not(正确答案)D. Unless they come to see us。

工程光学练习答案(带样题)期末，东北石油大学审查了09级工程光学的测量和控制材料。

第一章练习1，假设真空中的光速为3米/秒，则计算水中(n=1.333)、皇冠玻璃(n=1.51)、燧石玻璃(n=1.65)、加拿大树胶(n=1.526)、钻石(n=2.417)和其他介质中的光速。

解决方案:当灯在水中时，n=1.333，v=2.25m米/秒，当灯在皇冠玻璃中时，n=1.51，v=1.99m米/秒，当灯在燧石玻璃中时，n=1.65，v=1.82m米/秒，当灯在加拿大树胶中时，n=1.526，v=1.97m米/秒，当灯在钻石中时，n=2.417，v=1.24米/秒。

2.一个物体穿过针孔照相机，在屏幕上形成一个60毫米大小的图像。

如果屏幕被拉开50毫米，图像的尺寸变成70毫米，计算出从屏幕到针孔的初始距离。

解决方案:在同一个均匀的介质空间中，光直线传播。

如果选择通过节点的光，方向不会改变，从屏幕到针孔的初始距离为x，则可以根据三角形的相似性得到:因此，x=300mm毫米意味着从屏幕到针孔的初始距离是300毫米。

3、一块厚度为200毫米的平行平板玻璃(n=1.5)，下面放一块直径为1毫米的金属板。

如果玻璃板上覆盖有圆形纸片，则要求玻璃板上方的任何方向都不能看到纸片。

这张纸的最小直径是多少？解决方案:如果纸片的最小半径是x，那么根据全反射原理，当光束从玻璃发射到空气中的入射角大于或等于全反射临界角时，就会发生全反射，正是由于这个原因，在玻璃板上方看不到金属片。

全反射的临界角由下式确定:(1)其中N2=1，n1=1.5，根据几何关系，利用平板的厚度和纸张与金属片的半径计算全反射临界角的方法如下:(2)纸张的最小直径x=179.385mm毫米可以通过组合等式(1)和(2)来获得，因此纸张的最小直径为358.77毫米4.光纤芯的折射率是n1.包层的折射率为n2，光纤所在介质的折射率为n0。

计算光纤的数值孔径(即n0sinI1，其中I1是光在光纤中以全反射模式传播时，光在入射端面的最大入射角)。

English Homework for Chapter 11.In ancient times the rectilinear propagation of light was used to measure the height of objects by comparing the length of their shadows with the length of the shadow of an object of known length. A staff 2m long when held erect casts a shadow 3.4m long, while a building’s shadow is 170m long. How tall is the building?Solution. According to the law of rectilinear propagation, we get, x=100 (m)So the building is 100m tall.2.Light from a water medium with n=1.33 is incident upon a water-glass interface at an angle of 45o. The glass index is 1.50. What angle does the light make with the normal in the glass?Solution. According to the law of4.32170 xrefraction, We get,So the light makenormal in the glass.3. A goldfish swims 10cm from the side of a spherical bowl of water of radius 20cm. Where does the fish appear to be? Does it appear larger or smaller?Solution. According to the equation. and n ’=1 , n=1.33, r=-20we can getSo the fish appears larger.''sin sin I n I n =626968.05.145sin 33.1sin =⨯='I8.38='I rn n l n l n -'=-''11416.110133.15836.8)(5836.81165.02033.01033.11>-=⨯⨯-=''=-='∴-=--+-=-'+='l n l n cm l r n n l n l β n A4.An object is located 2cm to the left of convex end of a glass rod which has a radius of curvature of 1cm. The index of refraction of the glass is n=1.5. Find the image distance.Solution. Refer to the figure. According to the equationand n=1, n ’=1.5, l 1=-2cm,rn n l n l n -'=-''r 1=1cm , we getEnglish Homework for Chapter 21.An object 1cm high is 30cm in front of a thin lens with a focal length of 10cm. Where is the image? Verify your answer by graphical construction of the image. Solution. According toequation, and l=-30cm f ’we getOthers are omitted.cm l l d l l l 2021115.15.121211='∴-∞='-=∞='∴=-+-='f l l '=-'11)(15)30(10)30(10cm l f l f l =-+-⨯=+''='′′′2.A lens is known to have a focal length of 30cm in air. An object is placed 50cm to the left of the lens. Locate the image and characterize it.Solution.and f′=30cm l we getThe image is a real, larger one.3.The object is transparent cube, 4mm across, placed 60cm in front of 20cm focal length. Calculate the transverse and axial magnification and describe what the image looks like?Solution. From Gauss’s equation, we find for the rear surface of the cube (the face closer to the lens)that,f l l '=-'11(75)50(30)50(30l f l f l =-+-⨯=+''='5.15075-=-='=l l β)(3020)60()20()60(111cm f l f l l +=+-⨯-='+'='′For the front surface (the face farther away from the lens),The transverse magnification for the rear surface isBut the axial magnification isSince ,the cube doesn’t look likea cube.4.A biconvex lens is made out of glass of n=1.52. If one surface has twice the radius of curvature of the other, and if the focal length is 5cm, what are the two radii?Solution. Supposing r 1= -2r 2 (ρ2=-2ρ1),according to the lens equationwe get,∴r 1=7.8(cm) r 2=-3.9(cm))(9.29204.6020)4.60(2cm l +=+-⨯-='⨯-=-+=5.06030t M ⨯+=----=∆'∆=25.0)4.60(609.2930l l M a atM M ≠))(1(21ρρϕ--=n )(152.1(51ρ-=1282.01=∴ρ2564.02-=ρ返回English Homework for Chapter 4 1. A stop 8mm in diameter is placed halfway between an extended object and a large-diameter lens of 9cm focal length. The lens projects an image of the object onto a screen 14cm away. What is the diameter of the exit pupil?Solution. Refer to the figure. First, from the known focal length and the image distance,we find the object distance. and l ’=14 f ’=9l =-25.2(cm)The stop is one-half that distance is front of the lens, so l s =12.6(cm)∴l s ’=31.5(cm)∴2. Two lenses, a lens of 12.5cm focal length and a minus lens of unknownf l l '=-'11122.255.31-='==ss stop ex l l D D β )(28.05.2cm D ex=⨯=power, are mounted coaxially and 8 cm apart. The system is a focal, that is light entering the system parallel at one side emerges parallel at the other. If a stop 15mm in diameter is placed halfway between the lenses:1) Where is the entrance pupil?2) Where is the exit pupil?3) What are their diameters?’Solution. Refer to the figure. For thesystem to be a focal, the focal points of the two lenses mustcoincide. Since f 1’=12.5cm, and the two lenses are 8cm apart, so f 2’=-4.5cm. The entrance pupil is the image of stop formed by the first lens.According to Gauss’s equation,and l 1’=4cm, f 1’=12.5cm. We getThe exit pupil’slocation is返回111111f l l '=-'())(88.55.845.1211111cm l f l f l =⨯='-'''=)(05.22488.5151mm D D stopentrance =⨯==β)(95.715412.2)(12.25.818)4()5.4()4()5.4(222222mm D D cm f l l f l stop exit =⨯=∙=-=-=-+--⨯-='+'='βEnglish Homework for Chapter 71. A person wants to look at the image of his or her own eyes, without accommodation, using a concave mirror of 60cm radius of curvature. How far must the mirror be from the eye if the person has1) Normal vision?2) 4diopter myopia, without correction?3) 4diopter hyperopia, without correction?Solution.1) When the person has normal vision, according to the following scheme 1, we getso,∞='l cm r l 302==Scheme 1and, orSo the mirror must be 75cm or 10cmfrom the eye.and, or (Since the object isreal, so we can give up this answer)So the mirror must be 50cm from theeye.141-=m l r cm l l r 25-=='r l l 211=+' )(25cm l l +'=cm r 60=265852253048585025308522±=⨯⨯-±==⨯+-l l l ⎩⎨⎧==∴)(50')(7511cm l cm l ⎩⎨⎧-==)(15')(1022cm l cm l r l l 211=+' )(25'cm l l +=cm r 60=265352253043535025303522±=⨯⨯+±==⨯--l l l ⎩⎨⎧==∴)(75')(5011cm l cm l ⎩⎨⎧=-=)(10')(1522cm l cm l Scheme 2 Scheme 32. Discussion: What differences between the following situations:1) a microscope is used for projection;2) the microscope is used for visual observation.返回工程光学（上）期末考试试卷一．问答题：（共12分，每题3分）1．摄影物镜的三个重要参数是什么？它们分别决定系统的什么性质？2．为了保证测量精度，测量仪器一般采用什么光路？为什么？3．显微物镜、望远物镜、照相物镜各应校正什么像差？为什么？4．评价像质的方法主要有哪几种？各有什么优缺点？二．图解法求像或判断成像方向：（共18分，每题3分）1．求像A'B'2．求像A'B'3．求物AB经理想光学系统后所成的像，并注明系统像方的基点位置和焦距4．判断光学系统的成像方向5．求入瞳及对无穷远成像时50%渐晕的视场6．判断棱镜的成像方向三．填空：（共10分，每题2分）1．照明系统与成像系统之间的衔接关系为：①________________________________________________②________________________________________________2．转像系统分____________________和___________________两大类，其作用是：_______________________________ __________3．一学生带500度近视镜，则该近视镜的焦距为_________________,该学生裸眼所能看清的最远距离为_________________。

English Homework for Chapter 11.In ancient times the rectilinear propagation of light was used to measure the height of objects by comparing the length of their shadows with the length of the shadow of an object of known length. A staff 2m long when held erect casts a shadow 3.4m long, while a building’s shadow is 170m long. How tall is the building?Solution. According to the law of rectilinear propagation, we get, 4.32170 x x=100 (m)So the building is 100m tall.2.Light from a water medium with n=1.33 is incident upon a water-glass interface at an angle of 45o. The glass index is 1.50. What angle does the light make with the normal in the glass?Solution. According to the law ofrefraction, We get,''sin sin I n I n =626968.05.145sin 33.1sin =⨯='οIο8.38='I So the light makenormal in the glass.3. A goldfish swims 10cm from the side of a spherical bowl of water of radius 20cm. Where does the fish appear to be? Does it appear larger or smaller?Solution. According to the equation. rn n l n l n -'=-'' and n ’=1 , n=1.33, r=-20we can get11416.110133.15836.8)(5836.81165.02033.01033.11>-=⨯⨯-=''=-='∴-=--+-=-'+='l n l n cm l r n n l n l βΘ So the fish appears larger.A4.An object is located 2cm to the left of convex end of a glass rod which has a radius of curvature of 1cm. The index of refraction of the glass is n=1.5. Find the image distance.Solution. Refer to the figure. According to the equationrn n l n l n -'=-'' and n=1, n ’=1.5, l 1=-2cm,r 1=1cm , we getcm l l d l l l 2021115.15.121211='∴-∞='-=∞='∴=-+-='English Homework for Chapter 21.An object 1cm high is 30cm in front of a thin lens with a focal length of 10cm. Where is the image? Verify your answer by graphical construction of the image. Solution. According toequation, f l l '=-'11 and l=-30cm f ’we get)(15)30(10)30(10cm l f l f l =-+-⨯=+''='Others are omitted.′2.A lens is known to have a focal length of 30cm in air. An object is placed 50cm to the left of the lens. Locate the image and characterize it.Solution.f l l '=-'11 and f′=30cm l we get (75)50(30)50(30l f l f l =-+-⨯=+''='5.15075-=-='=l l βThe image is a real, larger one.3.The object is transparent cube, 4mm across, placed 60cm in front of 20cm focal length. Calculate the transverse and axial magnification and describe what the image looks like?Solution. From Gauss’s equation, we find for the rear surface of the cube (the face closer to the lens)that,)(3020)60()20()60(111cm f l f l l +=+-⨯-='+'='′For the front surface (the face farther away from the lens),)(9.29204.6020)4.60(2cm l +=+-⨯-='The transverse magnification for therear surface is ⨯-=-+=5.06030t MBut the axial magnification is⨯+=----=∆'∆=25.0)4.60(609.2930l l M aSince atM M ≠,the cube doesn’t look likea cube.4.A biconvex lens is made out of glass of n=1.52. If one surface has twice the radius of curvature of the other, and if the focal length is 5cm, what are the two radii?Solution. Supposing r 1= -2r 2 (ρ2=-2ρ1),according to the lens equation))(1(21ρρϕ--=n we get,)(152.1(51ρ-=1282.01=∴ρ2564.02-=ρ∴r 1=7.8(cm) r 2=-3.9(cm)返回English Homework for Chapter 4 1. A stop 8mm in diameter is placed halfway between an extended object and a large-diameter lens of 9cm focal length. The lens projects an image of the object onto a screen 14cm away. What is the diameter of the exit pupil?Solution. Refer to the figure. First, from the known focal length and the image distance,we find the object distance. f l l '=-'111Θand l ’=14 f ’=9l =-25.2(cm)The stop is one-half that distance is front of the lens, so l s =12.6(cm) ∴l s ’=31.5(cm)22.255.31-='==ss stop ex l l D D βΘ∴)(28.05.2cm D ex=⨯=2. Two lenses, a lens of 12.5cm focal length and a minus lens of unknown power, are mounted coaxially and 8cm apart. The system is a focal, that is light entering the system parallel at one side emerges parallel at the other. If a stop 15mm in diameter is placed halfway between the lenses:1) Where is the entrance pupil?2) Where is the exit pupil?3) What are their diameters?Solution.Refer to the figure. For thesystem to be a focal, the focal points of the two lenses must coincide. Since f 1’=12.5cm, and the two lenses are 8cm apart, so f 2’=-4.5cm. The entrance pupil is the image of stop formed by the first lens.According to Gauss’s equation, 111111f l l '=-'and l 1’=4cm, f 1’=12.5cm. We get())(88.55.845.1211111cm l f l f l =⨯='-'''=)(05.22488.5151mm D D stopentrance =⨯==β The exit pupil’slocation is)(95.715412.2)(12.25.818)4()5.4()4()5.4(222222mm D D cm f l l f l stop exit =⨯=•=-=-=-+--⨯-='+'='β返回English Homework for Chapter 71. A person wants to look at the image of his or her own eyes, without accommodation, using a concave mirror of 60cm radius of curvature. How far must the mirror be from the eye if the person has1) Normal vision?2) 4diopter myopia, without correction?3) 4diopter hyperopia, without correction?Solution.1) When the person has normal vision, according to the following scheme 1, we get ∞='lso, cm r l 302== 141-=m l r cm l l r 25-==' Scheme 1r l l 211=+'Θ and )(25cm l l +'= cm r 60=265852253048585025308522±=⨯⨯-±==⨯+-l l l Θ ⎩⎨⎧==∴)(50')(7511cm l cm l , or ⎩⎨⎧-==)(15')(1022cm l cm lSo the mirror must be 75cm or 10cm from the eye.rl l 211=+'Θ and )(25'cm l l += cm r 60= 265352253043535025303522±=⨯⨯+±==⨯--l l l Θ ⎩⎨⎧==∴)(75')(5011cm l cm l , or ⎩⎨⎧=-=)(10')(1522cm l cm l (Since the object isreal, so we can give up this answer)So the mirror must be 50cm from the eye.Scheme 2 Scheme 32. Discussion: What differences between the following situations:1) a microscope is used for projection;2) the microscope is used for visual observation.返回工程光学（上）期末考试试卷一．问答题：（共12分，每题3分）1．摄影物镜的三个重要参数是什么？它们分别决定系统的什么性质？2．为了保证测量精度，测量仪器一般采用什么光路？为什么？3．显微物镜、望远物镜、照相物镜各应校正什么像差？为什么？4．评价像质的方法主要有哪几种？各有什么优缺点？二．图解法求像或判断成像方向：（共18分，每题3分）1．求像A'B'2．求像A'B'3．求物AB经理想光学系统后所成的像，并注明系统像方的基点位置和焦距4．判断光学系统的成像方向5．求入瞳及对无穷远成像时50%渐晕的视场6．判断棱镜的成像方向三．填空：（共10分，每题2分）1．照明系统与成像系统之间的衔接关系为：①________________________________________________②________________________________________________2．转像系统分____________________和___________________两大类，其作用是：_______________________________ __________3．一学生带500度近视镜，则该近视镜的焦距为_________________,该学生裸眼所能看清的最远距离为_________________。

第一章 几何光学基本定律1. 已知真空中的光速c ＝3810⨯m/s ，求光在水（n=1.333）、冕牌玻璃（n=1.51）、火石玻璃（n=1.65）、加拿大树胶（n=1.526）、金刚石（n=2.417）等介质中的光速。

解：则当光在水中，n=1.333时，v=2.25 m/s, 当光在冕牌玻璃中，n=1.51时，v=1.99 m/s, 当光在火石玻璃中，n ＝1.65时，v=1.82 m/s ， 当光在加拿大树胶中，n=1.526时，v=1.97 m/s ，当光在金刚石中，n=2.417时，v=1.24 m/s 。

2. 一物体经针孔相机在 屏上成一60mm 大小的像，若将屏拉远50mm ，则像的大小变为70mm,求屏到针孔的初始距离。

解：在同种均匀介质空间中光线直线传播，如果选定经过节点的光线则方向不变，令屏到针孔的初始距离为x ，则可以根据三角形相似得出：,所以x=300mm即屏到针孔的初始距离为300mm 。

3. 一厚度为200mm 的平行平板玻璃（设n =1.5），下面放一直径为1mm 的金属片。

若在玻璃板上盖一圆形的纸片，要求在玻璃板上方任何方向上都看不到该金属片，问纸片的最小直径应为多少？2211sin sin I n I n =66666.01sin 22==n I745356.066666.01cos 22=-=I88.178745356.066666.0*200*2002===tgI xmm x L 77.35812=+=4.光纤芯的折射率为1n ，包层的折射率为2n ，光纤所在介质的折射率为0n ，求光纤的数值孔径（即10sin I n ，其中1I 为光在光纤内能以全反射方式传播时在入射端面的最大入射角）。

解：位于光纤入射端面，满足由空气入射到光纤芯中，应用折射定律则有： n 0sinI 1=n 2sinI 2 (1)而当光束由光纤芯入射到包层的时候满足全反射，使得光束可以在光纤内传播，则有：(2)由（1）式和（2）式联立得到n 0 .5. 一束平行细光束入射到一半径r=30mm 、折射率n=1.5的玻璃球上，求其会聚点的位置。

第十二章 光的衍射1． 波长为500nm 的平行光垂直照射在宽度为0.025mm 的单缝上，以焦距为50cm 的会聚透镜将衍射光聚焦于焦面上进行观察，求（1）衍射图样中央亮纹的半宽度；（2）第一亮纹和第二亮纹到中央亮纹的距离；（3）第一亮纹和第二亮纹的强度。

解：（1）零强度点有sin (1,2, 3....................)a n n θλ==±±± ∴中央亮纹的角半宽度为0aλθ∆=∴亮纹半宽度290035010500100.010.02510r f f m a λθ---⨯⨯⨯=⋅∆===⨯ （2）第一亮纹，有1sin 4.493a παθλ=⋅= 9134.493 4.493500100.02863.140.02510rad a λθπ--⨯⨯∴===⨯⨯ 21150100.02860.014314.3r f m mm θ-∴=⋅=⨯⨯==同理224.6r mm =（3）衍射光强20sin I I αα⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭，其中sin a παθλ= 当sin a n θλ=时为暗纹，tg αα=为亮纹 ∴对应 级数 α 0II0 0 11 4.493 0.047182 7.725 0.01694 . . . . . . . . .2． 平行光斜入射到单缝上，证明：（1）单缝夫琅和费衍射强度公式为20sin[(sin sin )](sin sin )a i I I a i πθλπθλ⎧⎫-⎪⎪=⎨⎬⎪⎪-⎩⎭式中，0I 是中央亮纹中心强度；a 是缝宽；θ是衍射角，i 是入射角（见图12-50） （2）中央亮纹的角半宽度为cos a iλθ∆=证明：(1))即可(2)令(sin sin ai πθπλ==± ∴对于中央亮斑 sin sin i aλθ-=3． 在不透明细丝的夫琅和费衍射图样中，测得暗条纹的间距为1.5mm ，所用透镜的焦距为30mm ，光波波长为632.8nm 。

1第一章习题1、已知真空中的光速c＝3 m/s，求光在水（n=1.333）、冕牌玻璃（n=1.51）、火石玻璃（n=1.65）、加拿大树胶（n=1.526）、金刚石（n=2.417）等介质中的光速。

解：则当光在水中，n=1.333时，v=2.25 m/s,当光在冕牌玻璃中，n=1.51时，v=1.99 m/s,当光在火石玻璃中，n＝1.65时，v=1.82 m/s，当光在加拿大树胶中，n=1.526时，v=1.97 m/s，当光在金刚石中，n=2.417时，v=1.24 m/s。

2、一物体经针孔相机在屏上成一60mm大小的像，若将屏拉远50mm，则像的大小变为70mm,求屏到针孔的初始距离。

解：在同种均匀介质空间中光线直线传播，如果选定经过节点的光线则方向不变，令屏到针孔的初始距离为x，则可以根据三角形相似得出：所以x=300mm即屏到针孔的初始距离为300mm。

3、一厚度为200mm的平行平板玻璃（设n=1.5），下面放一直径为1mm的金属片。

若在玻璃板上盖一圆形纸片，要求在玻璃板上方任何方向上都看不到该金属片，问纸片最小直径应为多少？解：令纸片最小半径为x,则根据全反射原理，光束由玻璃射向空气中时满足入射角度大于或等于全反射临界角时均会发生全反射，而这里正是由于这个原因导致在玻璃板上方看不到金属片。

而全反射临界角求取方法为：(1)其中n2=1, n1=1.5,同时根据几何关系，利用平板厚度和纸片以及金属片的半径得到全反射临界角的计算方法为：(2)联立（1）式和（2）式可以求出纸片最小直径x=179.385mm，所以纸片最小直径为358.77mm。

4、光纤芯的折射率为n1、包层的折射率为n2,光纤所在介质的折射率为n0，求光纤的数值孔径（即n0sinI1,其中I1为光在光纤内能以全反射方式传播时在入射端面的最大入射角）。

解：位于光纤入射端面，满足由空气入射到光纤芯中，应用折射定律则有：n0sinI1=n2sinI2 (1)而当光束由光纤芯入射到包层的时候满足全反射，使得光束可以在光纤内传播，则有：(2)由（1）式和（2）式联立得到n0 sinI1 .5、一束平行细光束入射到一半径r=30mm、折射率n=1.5的玻璃球上，求其会聚点的位置。

第一章习题1、已知真空中的光速c＝3×108 m/s，求光在水（n=1.333）、冕牌玻璃（n=1.51）、火石玻璃（n=1.65）、加拿大树胶（n=1.526）、金刚石（n=2.417）等介质中的光速。

解：则当光在水中，n=1.333时，v=2.25 m/s,当光在冕牌玻璃中，n=1.51时，v=1.99 m/s,当光在火石玻璃中，n＝1.65时，v=1.82 m/s，当光在加拿大树胶中，n=1.526时，v=1.97 m/s，当光在金刚石中，n=2.417时，v=1.24 m/s。

2、一物体经针孔相机在屏上成一60mm大小的像，若将屏拉远50mm，则像的大小变为70mm,求屏到针孔的初始距离。

解：在同种均匀介质空间中光线直线传播，如果选定经过节点的光线则方向不变，令屏到针孔的初始距离为x，则可以根据三角形相似得出：,所以x=300mm即屏到针孔的初始距离为300mm。

4、光纤芯的折射率为n1、包层的折射率为n2,光纤所在介质的折射率为n0，求光纤的数值孔径（即n0sinI1,其中I1为光在光纤内能以全反射方式传播时在入射端面的最大入射角）。

解：位于光纤入射端面，满足由空气入射到光纤芯中，应用折射定律则有：n0sinI1=n2sinI2 (1)而当光束由光纤芯入射到包层的时候满足全反射，使得光束可以在光纤内传播，则有：(2)由（1）式和（2）式联立得到n0 sinI1.5、一束平行细光束入射到一半径r=30mm、折射率n=1.5的玻璃球上，求其会聚点的位置。

如果在凸面镀反射膜，其会聚点应在何处？如果在凹面镀反射膜，则反射光束在玻璃中的会聚点又在何处？反射光束经前表面折射后，会聚点又在何处？说明各会聚点的虚实。

解：该题可以应用单个折射面的高斯公式来解决，设凸面为第一面，凹面为第二面。

（1）首先考虑光束射入玻璃球第一面时的状态，使用高斯公式：会聚点位于第二面后15mm处。

（2）将第一面镀膜，就相当于凸面镜像位于第一面的右侧，只是延长线的交点，因此是虚像。

第一章习题1、已知真空中的光速c＝3m/s，求光在水（n=）、冕牌玻璃（n=）、火石玻璃（n=）、加拿大树胶（n=）、金刚石（n=）等介质中的光速。

？解：则当光在水中，n=时，v=m/s,当光在冕牌玻璃中，n=时，v=m/s,当光在火石玻璃中，n＝时，v=m/s，当光在加拿大树胶中，n=时，v=m/s，当光在金刚石中，n=时，v=m/s。

2、一物体经针孔相机在屏上成一60mm大小的像，若将屏拉远50mm，则像的大小变为70mm,求屏到针孔的初始距离。

？解：在同种均匀介质空间中光线直线传播，如果选定经过节点的光线则方向不变，令屏到针孔的初始距离为x，则可以根据三角形相似得出：所以x=300mm？即屏到针孔的初始距离为300mm。

3、一厚度为200mm的平行平板玻璃（设n=），下面放一直径为1mm的金属片。

若在玻璃板上盖一圆形纸片，要求在玻璃板上方任何方向上都看不到该金属片，问纸片最小直径应为多少解：令纸片最小半径为x,则根据全反射原理，光束由玻璃射向空气中时满足入射角度大于或等于全反射临界角时均会发生全反射，而这里正是由于这个原因导致在玻璃板上方看不到金属片。

而全反射临界角求取方法为：(1)其中n2=1,n1=,同时根据几何关系，利用平板厚度和纸片以及金属片的半径得到全反射临界角的计算方法为：(2)联立（1）式和（2）式可以求出纸片最小直径x=179.385mm，所以纸片最小直径为358.77mm。

4、光纤芯的折射率为n1、包层的折射率为n2,光纤所在介质的折射率为n0，求光纤的数值孔径（即n0sinI1,其中I1为光在光纤内能以全反射方式传播时在入射端面的最大入射角）。

解：位于光纤入射端面，满足由空气入射到光纤芯中，应用折射定律则有：n0sinI1=n2sinI2(1)而当光束由光纤芯入射到包层的时候满足全反射，使得光束可以在光纤内传播，则有：(2)由（1）式和（2）式联立得到n0 sinI1.5、一束平行细光束入射到一半径r=30mm、折射率n=的玻璃球上，求其会聚点的位置。

工程光学英文版课后练习题含答案IntroductionEngineering Optics is a branch of optics that studies the application of optical principles and devices to solve engineering problems, including optical design, imaging systems, and measurement techniques. As an important part of Engineering Optics, the homework exercises help students understand the theoretical knowledge and familiarize themselves with practical problems. In this document, we provide a set of homework exercises with answers for Engineering Optics, which are designed to help students review the knowledge they learned in class and prepare for exams.Chapter 1: Introduction1.What is the definition of light?–Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels through space and has both electric and magneticcomponents perpendicular to each other and to thedirection of propagation.2.What are the primary properties of light?–The primary properties of light include reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference,and polarization.3.What is the difference between coherent andincoherent light?–Coherent light is light that has a constant phase relationship between two or more waves, whileincoherent light is light that has a random phaserelationship between two or more waves.4.What is the difference between monochromatic andpolychromatic light?–Monochromatic light consists of a single wavelength, while polychromatic light consists ofmultiple wavelengths.5.Define dispersion.–Dispersion is the phenomenon of different wavelengths of light traveling at different speedsthrough a medium, leading to a separation of thecolors of light.Chapter 2: Geometrical Optics1.Define ray and expln how rays are used ingeometrical optics.–A ray is an idealized model of the path that light travels through space, represented as a linewith an arrow indicating the direction ofpropagation. Rays are used in geometrical optics to determine the behavior of light as it passesthrough lenses, mirrors, and other optical devices.2.Define optical axis and principal plane.–The optical axis is the imaginary line passing through the center of curvature of a sphericallysymmetric optical system. The principal plane isthe plane perpendicular to the optical axis thatpasses through the focal point of the system.3.Define focal length and expln how it relates to the curvature of a lens.–The focal length is the distance between the center of curvature of a lens and the point whereparallel rays of light converge after passingthrough the lens. The curvature of a lensdetermines its focal length.4.Define the focal plane and expln how it relates to the focal length.–The focal plane is the plane perpendicular to the optical axis that passes through the focalpoint of a lens or mirror. The distance from thelens or mirror to the focal plane is equal to thefocal length.5.Expln the concept of conjugate planes.–Conjugate planes are prs of object and image planes that are related by an optical system suchthat an object in one plane is imaged onto theother plane. The distance between the two planes isequal to the sum of the object distance and imagedistance.Chapter 3: Optical Instruments1.Define the resolving power of an optical system.–The resolving power of an optical system is its ability to distinguish two closely spacedobjects as separate entities. It is determined bythe numerical aperture and wavelength of the lightused in the system.2.Define the magnification of an optical system.–The magnification of an optical system is the ratio of the size of the image produced by thesystem to the size of the object being imaged.3.What is a camera and how does it work?–A camera is an optical instrument that uses a lens to focus an image onto a light-sensitivesurface, such as film or a digital sensor. Theimage is formed by the interaction of light withthe surface, creating a chemical or electronicpattern that can be developed into a visible image.4.What is a microscope and how does it work?–A microscope is an optical instrument that uses a lens or a series of lenses to magnify small objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye. The specimen is placed on a stage and illuminated witha light source, and the image is formed by lensesthat focus the light onto the observer’s eye or a camera sensor.5.What is a telescope and how does it work?–A telescope is an optical instrument that usesa lens or a mirror or a combination of both tocollect and focus light from distant objects, such as stars, galaxies, or planets. The image is formed by lenses that magnify the light and focus it onto the observer’s eye or a camera sensor.ConclusionIn conclusion, the homework exercises and answers provided in this document are intended to help students review key concepts and prepare for exams in Engineering Optics. By solving these problems, students can deepen their understanding of optical principles and devices and develop their problem-solving skills. We hope that this resource will be useful for students and instructors alike in the study of Engineering Optics.。