A review of physical and chemical protein gel induction

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chemical physics letters分区-回复Chemical Physics Letters (CPL) is a renowned scientific journal that focuses on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of chemical physics. In this article, we will delve into the specific subject matter of CPL's partition or journal section classification. We will provide a step-by-step analysis of how articles are categorized within the journal. It is important to note that this information is based on general trends and may not be entirely exhaustive.Step 1: Understanding CPL's ScopeBefore diving into the partition or journal section classification of CPL, it is crucial to comprehend the scope of the journal. CPL primarily focuses on the intersection of chemistry and physics, specifically in the context of both experimental and theoretical studies. The journal serves to provide a platform for researchers to share their findings and contribute to the broader scientific community.Step 2: General DivisionsCPL is broadly divided into several sections that encompass different aspects of chemical physics research. While the specificcategorization may vary over time, the general divisions typically include:1. LettersThis section publishes concise and innovative research on various topics within chemical physics. These articles often highlight breakthrough findings, novel techniques, or significant advancements in the field.2. Regular ArticlesRegular Articles are typically longer in length compared to Letters. They provide a more detailed exploration of research and usually include thorough experimental or theoretical analysis. Regular Articles cover a wide range of topics, allowing for an in-depth investigation into specific areas of interest.3. ReviewsThe review section of CPL features comprehensive surveys of recent developments in chemical physics. These articles provide a broad overview of a specific research area, summarizing key findings, methodologies, and future directions. Reviews aim to help researchers stay up-to-date with the latest advancements withinthe field.Step 3: Additional Special SectionsIn addition to the main divisions mentioned above, CPL occasionally includes special sections dedicated to specific topics or themes. These special sections may be introduced to emphasize emerging areas of research or to commemorate significant scientific events. Such sections attract contributions from experts in the field who share their expertise and insights related to the specific theme.Step 4: Editorial Board EvaluationOnce an article is submitted to CPL, it goes through a rigorous peer-review process conducted by the journal's editorial board. The board comprises experts in various subfields of chemical physics, who evaluate the scientific merit, originality, and significance of the work. They may suggest revisions or even reject the manuscript if it does not meet the journal's standards.Step 5: Article Acceptance and CategorizationUpon successful completion of the peer-review process and necessary revisions, the article is accepted for publication in CPL. Atthis stage, the editorial board determines the most appropriate section for classifying the article based on its content, scope, and significance. The board ensures that each article is placed correctly within the journal's partition to enhance the accessibility and coherence of the published material.Step 6: Article Publication and DisseminationOnce articles are assigned to their respective sections, they are scheduled for publication in upcoming issues of CPL. The journal adheres to a regular publication schedule and releases a new issue periodically, possibly on a monthly or quarterly basis. The published articles are then made available to the scientific community through physical and digital copies. They can be accessed by researchers, academics, and other interested individuals worldwide.In conclusion, Chemical Physics Letters (CPL) follows a systematic process for categorizing articles within its partitions or journal sections. Understanding the scope and divisions of CPL, along with the rigorous peer-review process, helps researchers and readers navigate through the extensive collection of cutting-edge chemicalphysics research published in the journal.。

3　Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University ,Japan33　The Chinese Univer s ity of Hong K ong ,HK SAR3　N T y M U y ,DNA 分子技术:一种中药品质控制的新方法(英文)DNA Molecular Pr of iling :A N e w Appr och to Qu a lity Contr ol of Chinese Dr ugsCA O Hui (曹晖),L IU Yu 2pi ng (刘玉萍),Katsu ko KO MA TSU (小松かつ子)3PAL U P ui 2hay B U T (毕培曦)33,and S HAO Pan g 2Ch ui (邵鹏柱)INTRODU C TIO NTraditional Chinese medici ne has been developed over five millennia and is still being wide 2ly pract iced in many Asian count ries as a source of healt hcare.Chinese drugs are widely used in t he orient and have found increased popularit y in t he west as an al ternat ive source of healt h care.Qualit y control for Chinese drugs not only is a prerequistit e for t he modernizat ion of t radi 2tional Chinese medicine ,but also is an import ant component of qualit y standardizat ion of Chi 2nese drugs.A recent survey in China has found about 10,000s pecies of medici nal plants and an 2imals ,and about 1,000of t hem are frequently used.The accurate ident ification of t hese species al so is a basis for t he modernization of Chinese drugs.Traditional means of aut hentication rely on t he i nspection of organolept ic markers such as shape ,c olor ,text ure and odor of t he mat erial.The accuracy of t hese met hods depends heavily on t he exami ner ’s experience and t here fore i s prone to uncertai nty as t he criteria used are often subt le and ambiguous.Wit h t he advance of modern t echnologies ,ana 2tomical and chemical analyses have been de 2veloped.Two common met hods are t hi n layer chromatography (TL C )and high pressure liquid chromatography.Due to simplicity and low cost ,TLC has bec ome a popular means of revealing chemical constit uent s.The TLC profiles of several Chi nese drugs have now been reported in t he Chinese Pharmacopoeia published i n 1995.Nevert heless ,t here are limitations in chemical and anatomical analyses.The markers are affected by physiological conditions ,age ,harvesti ng period and storage conditions.The chemical profiles of some Chi nese drugs may be too complicated and o w are in th e o a ma edical an d Pharmaceutical niverist Jap andifficult of reproduce.Moreover,i t is difficult of separate closely related species f rom one anot h2 er as t hey c ont ai n similar chemical components.Recently,techni ques wit h i ncreased sensi tivi ty and accuracy such as capillary elect rophoresis and chromatography2mass spect romet ry(LC2MS, G C2MS)have al so found good application i n qualit y cont rol of Chinese drugs.The use of sol uble pr oteins and i sozymes for aut hentication has al so been reported in many Chinese drugs.H owever,t he informative markers for closely related species are li mit ed.In addi2 tion,t he patt erns of prot ein may vary i n different t issues,developmental st ages and envi ronment as a result of temporal and spatial gene experesion.The recent advances in molecular biology have offered an additional tool for t he qualit y cont r ol of Chinese drugs.DNA is t he basic component of a livi ng organi sm whereas chemical and phenot ypic expression is cont rolled by t he arrangement and expresion of genes in t he DNA. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technology2based DNA profiling as a novel appr oach has sev2 eral si gnificant advantages over morphological and chemical met hods:(1)since t he nucleot ides are t he basic units of genet ic i nformat ion encoded i n organism,t he genotype rat her t han t he phenotype i s assayed;(2)one or more characters such as genomic fingerprint or DNA sequence, appropriat ed in s olvi ng t he particular pr oblem can be select ed;and(3)it can be applied to dried commercial samples from any part of organs because DNA can be prepared from a small amount of tissues.S ice t he early1990’s,t he several following molecular techniques have been adopt ed for qualit y cont rol of Chinese drugs.Here our review present s an account of t hese molecular ap2 proaches and evaluat es t hei r val ue i n i dentification application of qualit y c ont rol for Chinese drugs.MOL EC U L AR AP P ROAC HES FORQUA L ITY CONTROL OF C HI NESE D RUGSR estr ict ion Fragment Lengt h Polymorphism(RFL P)In t his met hod,sample DNA i s digested wit h various restriction enzymes,t ransferred to ni2 t rocell u2lose membrane and specific fragment s detected by a radioactive or fluorescent probe. Polymorphic bands appear as a function of t he number of lost or retai ned restriction sit es.RFL P of ribosomal DNA(rDNA)has been employed to analyze t he populat ion or interspecies relat ion2 ship of Glehn ia l itt oralis,(1)genera A t ractylode s(2)and Glycyrrh iza.(3)Nevert heless,RFL P i s not very appropriat e for com mercial Chinese drugs as t his met hod requi res large quantities of non2degraded DNA i n fresh meterial s.D N A Finger pr int ingMicrosatellites2S i mple Sequence Repeat s(SSR)Microsatellites are t andem repeat s on a basic motif of a few base pai rs.They have emerged as an i mpo rt ant so urce o genetic markers o r eukar ot ic geno mes.he can be o bt ained bf f y T y ysearchi ng DNA databases or by screeni ng genomic libraries wit h oligode oxyribonucle oti des. They can also be ret rieved by screeni ng a li brary enriched wi th repetit ive sequences isolated from genomic DNA.Therefore,t hey can be enriched by fi rst denat uri ng t he genomic DNA i nto single strands and t hen renat uri ng at a lower temperature.The repeti tive DNA sequence can t hen be used as a probe in generating DNA fingerpri nt s,such as for t he differentiation of Pa na x gi nsen g and P.q uin quef oli us,(4)for cult ivar2specific differences among Ci t rus species.(5)Nev2 ert heless,an element of random priming seems i nevitable owing to mismatch pai ring between t emplate DNA and pri mer.Random2Primed PCR(RP2PCR)Two related met hods have been developed for amplifyi ng DNA templates:random ampli2 fied polymorphic DNA(RAPD)and arbitrarily pri med PCR(A P2PCR).A single primer,gen2 erally10nucleot ides i n lengt h in RA PD,and20230nucleoti des in AP2PCR,i s used to amplify t he t emplate DNA.Amplification i s under less st ringent conditions and gives rise to DNA f rag2 ment s t hat produce a fingerprint aft er bei ng resolved by gelelect rophoresi s.The origin of t hese fragment s is not defi ned but t hey presumably cont ain DNA sequences complementary to t he3’end of t he primer sequence.RP2PCR does not requi re prior genetic knowledge of t he sample and provides a quick and easy approach to explore genetic polymorphi sm.It is pioneered to use RAPD and AP2PCR toaut henticat e Pa nax species and their adult erant s.(6)Cultivar2specific and population2specific analysis of Pa nax gineseng and P.qui nquef ol ius as well as various Pa na x species by RAPD has been reported.(7)By PAPD and AP2PCR,aut hors have subsequently au2 t henticated various species of Elep hant opus and Ta raxacu m and t heir substit utes and adult er2 ant s.(8,9)Owing to simplici ty and convenience,RAPD analysis has been used extensively i n t he iden2 tificat ion of ot her medici nal materials,for example,to analyze t he genetic similarit y among four Gl ycy rrhi za species and t hei r relationship wit h commercial licorice root s,(3,10)to i dnetify eight species of Copt is,(11)as well as A ngel ica,(12,13)to ident ify eight species of Coptis,(11)as well as A n gel ica,(12,13)Asa ru m,(14)Codonopsis,(15)Cor dyc eps,(16)to detect t he genetic differ2 ences of various A t ractylode s,E pi medi u m,Tricho s antes plant s,(17219)to distingui sh B u nga rus mul tici nct us and Zaocys dh um na des from different s ources of snakes,(20)to determine t he t hree component s(As t ragal us membran aceus,At ract yl odes macrocephal a and L edebou riell a sesel oi de s)in ten samples of Chi nese drug prescription,Yupi ngfeng powder(玉屏风散)retailed in t he market.(21)PCR2B ased Lengt h Polymor phismAmplified Fragment Lengt h Polymorphism(AFL P)AFL P is mul ti2locus approach based on endonuclease digest ion of tot al genomic DNA.The basic st eps are fi rst endonuclease digest ion of genomic DNA,t hen synt hetic adapters are ligated to t he rest riction fragment s usi ng ligase,and select ive PCR are performed,fi nally t he amplified fragment s are resol ved by denatured polyacrylami de gel elect rophoresis.As a higher level of pol morphi sm can be recorded t he met hod is particularl suitable or assessment o int ra species y,y f f2relatedness.AFL P analysis has been carried out on t wo Pan ax plant s f r om various localities.(22)PCR2Selecti ve Rest rict ion(PCR2SR)and PCR2R FL PIn PCR2SR and PCR2R FL P,t wo modified form sof RFL P,a defi ned DNA sequence is first amplified by PCR,and t hen select ed rest ricition enzymes are used to cleave t he amplified rgeion to generate fragment s unique to t he species concerned.PCR2SR analysis has been carried out on t hree At ract ylodes,(23)PCR2RFL P on various species of As t ragal us,(24)Epi med iu m,(18)Hip poca mp us,(25)and Pan ax.(26,27)D N A SequencingPCR2Based Di rect SequencingDNA sequencing pr ovides a defi nit ive means of i dentification.In ani mal Chinese drugs,sea horses,chicken brisson,deer2penis,pilose antler,human placenta,t urle shell s,and snakes have oft en been faked by t he counter2part of duck,ox or donkey and ot her animal s,respect ively.Cyt2 b and12S r RNA gene sequences of mi tochondrial DNA(mt DNA)f rom t hese ani mal Chinese drugs have been used for authentication purposes.(25,28235)The gene sequences of rDNA,i nternal t ranscri bed spacer(I TS)f r om nuclear DNA and rbc L,t rn K from chloroplast DNA(cp DNA) are anot her locus researchers focus on for aut hentication of plant Chinese drugs.rDNA t ypically consi st s of several hundred re peated copies of t he t ranscription unit and non2transcribed spacer. Owing to concerted evolution,t he various c opies usually have homogeneous sequence and can be t reated as a single unit.The t wo internal transcribed spacers(I TS12ITS2)are hi ghly variable and have been chosen to identify closely related species.The intergenic spacer region(ISR)of t he5S rRNA from c ommercial sample“angelica root”has been sequenced and shown to be iden2 tical to t hat of A n gel ica acu til oba but not to t hose of Bul pleu ru m f alcat u m,L i gusticu m ch ua nx iong,Cn id iu m off ici nale or Glehn ia lit toralis.(36,37)The18S rRNA and mat K gene sequences of t hree Pan ax species have been compared and used for indent ification of t he ginseng drugs.(26,38)Many gr oups have also sequenced t he ITS region of Ast ra gal us,(39)Codonopsis,(40)Paeonia(41)and Pa nax;(27,42)5S rRNA ISR region of Acorus,(43)Fri til la ria;(44)25S rRN A5’2end region of Eucommia ulmoi des;(45)rbcL region of Pi nellia,Typhonium an d A risaema,(46)Gl ycy rrhiza;(47)t r n K region of At ractylodes(48)to order to reconst ruct t he phylogenetic relat ionship and to authent icate t he genui ne samples from false ones.Nucleotide Sequencing2Based PCR IdentificationBecause t he primer is specifically desi gned based on a defined region of gene sequences,t he amplificat ion of PCR under high st ri ngent condition eliminated non2specific binding of pri mer to t emplate DNA.The specific primer used result s in a fingerprint t hat is much si mpler to i nter2 pret as only one or a few bands are amplified,so t he ti me,cost for identification analysis of Chi2 nese drugs are greatly reduced.Three Pan ax plant s and their c orresponding ginseng drugs as well as B un ga rus mul tici nct us and it s adulterants can be examined usi ng mut ant allele specific ampli i cation met hod.2t herwise t he ollowing t wo modi ied met hods also have been de f(6,33)O,f f2veloped for use of i ndentificaion of Chinese drugs.Sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR):The main steps of t his met hod are first i2 dentificat ion of a polymorphic band using RAPD,t hen nucleot ide sequenci ng of t he polymorphic band,and finally PCR repr oduction of t he pol ymorphic band,and template DNA using a pair of long primer(25230mer)that are specific to t he band.The conversion of a RAPD to a SCAR improves reproduci bility of PCR pr oduct and enhances t he discri mi natory power and reliabilit y of t he identification method.Thi s met hod has been used for detecti ng t he Oriental ginseng and American ginseng.(49)Direct amplification of lengt h pol ymorphism(DAL P):DAL P met hod uses an AP2PCR to produce genomic fingerpri nt s,t he oligonucleotides used share t he same forward5’c ore sequence but differ i n2to5selective nucleot ide at3’end.Each primer is used i n c ombination wit h a cor2 respondi ng reverse primer and t he PCR amplification i s preformed under high st ringency.Such pair of pri mers can produce specific mult i2banded patt erns where lengt h variation among i ndi2 vidual samples can be revealed.It is re ported t hat some polymorphic DNA f ragment s of Orient al ginseng were produced using DAL P,t hen cloned and sequenced,one of t hem is mini2satellite se2 quence unique to Pan ax ginsen g which t he specific sequence marker is used to design a PCR primer for rapid i dent ification of ginseng.(50)CONCL U SIO N SDNA technology based molecular profiling provi des t he ult imat e and definit ive means of aut hentication for Chi nese drugs.RFL P,R P2PCR and microsatellite2SSR exami ne t he whole genome.Wit h t he appropriate primer,it is i n pri nciple possi ble to different iat e closely related species and even one i ndividual from another.PCR2SR,PCR2R FL P,AFL P,SCAR,DAL P and DNA sequencing exami ne a de2 fined region on t he genome and produce well2de fi ned conclusions.Since different regions on t he genome evolve to different ext ents,by choosi ng t he target DNA carefully,organi sms of different syst ematic levels can be compared.Of t hese molecular techniques mentioned above,genomic fi ngerprints and DNA sequences are equally successful in i ndentification of Chinese drugs.Alt hough R FL P,RP2PCR met hods do not require prior to genetic background of the genome and can det ect DNA pol ymorphism,t he reliabilit y of t hese finger2print result s can be greatl y influenced by experi mental condi tions. DNA sequenci ng met hod focuses on a defined locus on t he genome and may provide a de fi ni tive means for aut hentication of Chi nese drugs.We,t herefore,conclude t hat it is essential to combine genomic fingerpri nti ng wit h DNA sequencing analysi s in order to i ncrease t he accuracy of quali2 t y cont rol.REFEREN C ES1.i u kami H hba ashi metsu et al.estrictio n ragment legth po l mo rp hisms o medicinal plants an dM z,O y K,U K,R f y fcrude drugs.I I.Analys is of Glehnia littor alis of different geographical origin.Biol Phar m Bull 1993;16:611.2.Mizukami H ,Shimizu R ,K onda H ,et al.Restricition f ragment lengt h polymorphisms of r DNA and variation of essential oil compo 2sition in A tr actylodes pla nts.Biol Phar m Bull 1996;19:577.3.Y a maza ki M ,Sato A ,Shimomura K ,et al.G enetic relationshi p s among Glycyr rhiza plants deter mined by RAPD and RFLP analyses.Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17:1529.4.HO ISH ,L EUNG FC.Isolation of DNA fin gerprinting probe from Panax 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,Shimomura K,et al.Extraction of DNA and PAPD a nal ys is f rom dried licorice root.Natural Med 1995;49:488.11.CHENG KT ,CHAN G HC ,SU C H ,et al.Identification of dried r hizomes of Coptis species using random am 2plified polymorphic DNA.Bot Bull Acad Sin (Taiwan)1997;38:241.12.K oh jyouma M ,Iida O ,Y oshida N ,et al.Rand om am plified polymorphic DNA a nalysis of Angelica acutiloba and its varieties.Natural Med 1998;52:130.13.HUAN G L Q ,WAN G M ,FU GF ,et al.RAPD analysis of germplasm resources of Chines e drug “Baizhi ”(Radix Angelicae Duhuricae).China J Chin Mat Med 1999;24:457.14.HUANG LQ ,W ANG M ,ZH OU CZ,et al.Problems a nd solutions in the use of RAPD to the identificati on oft he Chines e drugs “Xixin ”(Herba Asari )and its substitutes.Acta Phar m Sin 1998;33:778.15.ZH ANG Y B ,Ngan FN ,WAN G ZT ,et al.Rand om primed polymerase chain reaction differentiates Codonopsis pilo sula from different localities.Planta Med 1999;65:157.16.CHENG KT ,SU C H ,CHAN G HC ,et 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,Y up 2f S ,y R D y M ;6563S W ,WY ,W NG ,f f in g eng an b A P anal s is.Plan ta ed 19984:.22.HA PC HA A J et al.App licati o n o aut henticatio n o o riental ginseng and American ginsen gby AFLP fingerprinting.Abstract of 4t h Symposium on Chinese Medicinal Materials ,Chengdu :West China Medical University ,1998:15.23.CHENG HF ,LAIB ,CHAN SC ,et al.Molecular differentiation of At ractylodes dr ugs by PCR 2restriction frag 2ment length polymorphism and PCR 2selective restriction analysis on the 18S 25.8S rDNA intratranscribed s pac 2er 1ge ne.J Food Drug Anal (Taiwan )1997;5:319.24.Liston A.Variation in the c hloro plast genes r poC1and r poC2of t he genus Astr agal u s (Fabaceae):Ev idence f rom restriction site mapping of a PCR 2amplified f ragment.Am J Bot 1992;79:365.25.WU P ,ZHOU KY ,ZHANG ZH ,et al.Molecular genetic mar ker identification of t ra d iati onal Chinese dr u g Hippo ca mpu s.Acta Pharm Sin 1998;33:226.26.Fushimi H ,K omat su K ,Is obe M ,et al.A pplication of PCR 2R 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gene f ragments and PCR identification of “Jinqia n Baihua she ”(Bungar us Parvus)and it s adultera nts.Acta Pharm Sin 1998;33:941.34.WANG YQ ,ZHOU KY,XU LS ,et al.Authentication of the Chinese crude dru g “Wushaoshe ”(Zao cy s dhum 2nades )and its substitutes by DNA seque ncing a nalysis.Acta Pharm Sin 1999;34:6735.Hayashimoto A ,Nishimura N ,K okusenya Y,et al.Studies on “signal ”constit uents for evaluation of animal crude drugs.IV :A pplication of DNA analytical technique to quality evaluation of medicines containing a nimal crude drugs.Natural Med 1998;52:38.36.Mizuka mi H.Amplification and sequence of a 5S 2r RNA ge ne s pacer reg ion f rom the crude dr ug “angelica root ”.Biol Pharm Bu ll 1995;18:1299.37.Mizukami H ,Hao B S ,Ta naka T.Nucleotide se quence of 5S 2rDNA intergenic s pacer regi on in A ng elica acu 2tiloba.Natural Med 1997;51:376.38.Fushimi H ,K omatsu K ,Isobe M ,et al.18S rib osomal RNA gene sequences of three Pa na x s pecies and the corresponding g inseng drugs.Biol Pharm Bull 1996;19:1350.39.W ojciech owski MF ,Sanderson MJ ,Baldwin B G,et al.Mono phyly of aneuploid Astr agal u s (Fabaceae):Evi 2dence f rom nuclear ribos omal DNA internal transcribed s pacer sequences.Am J Bot 1993;80:711.40.FU ZR ,WANG J ,ZHAN G Y B ,et al.Differentiation of medicinal Codonop sis species from adulterants by polymerase c hain reaction 2restriction fragment lengt h polymorp hism.Planta Med 1999;65:648.41.SANG T ,Craw f rod DJ ,Stuess y T.D ocumentation of reticulate ev olution in peonies (Paeonia)using inter nal q f DN I f y N S US 5;63tran scribed s p acer se u ences o nuclear ribo s o mal A :m p licati o n s o r biogeo grap h an d co ncerted evolutio n.Proc atl Acad ci A 19992:81.42.WEN J,Z immer EA.Phylogeny and biogeography of Pa na x L.(the ginseng genus,Aralicaceae):Inferencesf rom I TS sequences of nuclear rib osomal DNA.Mol Phyloge net Evol1996;6:167.43.Sugimoto N,K iuchi F,Mikage M,et al.DNA profiling of Acorus calamus chemotypes differing in 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K ong:The Chinese University of Hong K ong,1999:90.50.HA WY,NG AN FN,SHAW PC,et al.Ex ploration of t he genetic polymorphism in Panax ginseng and P.quinquef o lius by AFL P and DALP.Abstract of Inter national G inseng C onference2’99H ong K ong.Hong K ong:The Chines e Unviersity of H ong K ong,1999:851.原载:《中国中西医结合杂志》英文版2000,6(1):71。

新托福TPO16阅读原文(二)：Development of the Periodic TableTPO16-2：Development of the Periodic TableThe periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). It is a monumental scientific achievement, and its development illustrates the essential interplay between observation, prediction, and testing required for scientific progress. In the 1800's scientists were searching for new elements. By the late 1860's more than 60 chemical elements had been identified, and much was known about their descriptive chemistry. Various proposals were put forth to arrange the elements into groups based on similarities in chemical and physical properties. The next step was to recognize a connection between group properties (physical or chemical similarities) and atomic mass (the measured mass of an individual atom of an element). When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated itself at regular intervals. Thus when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new horizontal row with each alkali metal, elements of the same groups were automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the elements. This table was the forerunner of the modern table.When the German chemist Lothar Meyer and (independently) the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev first introduced the periodic table in 1869-70, one-third of the naturally occurring chemical elements had not yet been discovered. Yet both chemists were sufficiently farsighted to leave gaps where their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties indicated that new elements should be located. Mendeleyev was bolder than Meyer and even assumed that if a measured atomic mass put an element in the wrong place in the table, the atomic mass was wrong. In some cases this was true. Indium, for example, had previously been assigned an atomic mass between those of arsenic and selenium. Because there is no space in the periodic tablebetween these two elements, Mendeleyev suggested that the atomic mass of indium be changed to a completely different value, where it would fill an empty space between cadmium and tin. In fact, subsequent work has shown that in a periodic table, elements should not be ordered strictly by atomic mass. For example, tellurium comes before iodine in the periodic table, even though its atomic mass is slightly greater. Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass. The isotopes of a given element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. We now know that atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), not atomic mass number (the number of protons and neutrons), determines chemical behavior.Mendeleyev went further than Meyer in another respect: he predicted the properties of six elements yet to be discovered. For example, a gap just below aluminum suggested a new element would be found with properties analogous to those of aluminum. Mendeleyev designated this element "eka-aluminum" (eka is the Sanskrit word for "next") and predicted its properties. Just five years later an element with the proper atomic mass was isolated and named gallium by its discoverer. The close correspondence between the observed properties of gallium and Mendeleyev’s predictions for eka-aluminum lent strong support to the periodic law. Additional support came in 1885 when eka-silicon, which had also been described in advance by Mendeleyev, was discovered and named germanium.The structure of the periodic table appeared to limit the number of possible elements. It was therefore quite surprising when John William Strut (Lord Rayleigh, discovered a gaseous element in 1894 that did not fit into the previous classification scheme. A century earlier, Henry Cavendish had noted the existence of a residual gas when oxygen and nitrogen are removed from air, but its importance had not been realized. Together with William Ramsay, Rayleigh isolated the gas (separating it from other substances into its pure state) and named it argon. Ramsay then studied a gasthat was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth. Rayleigh and Ramsay postulated the existence of a new group of elements, and in 1898 other members of the series (neon, krypton, and xenon) were isolated.TPO16-2译文：元素周期表的演进元素周期表是按原子序数(元素原子核中质子的数量)由小到大依次排列，反映化学周期性和元素的物理特征的图表。

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)------------------------------------------------------------------------------| SECTION 1 CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------SEO AN CHEM TEC.93-1, KYUNGSIN-RI, NAM-MYUN, YANGJU-CITY,KYUNGKI-DO, KOREA(82-31-8687077)(82-2-4651511/3)24 hour emergency contact : 82-31-8687077CAS NUMBER:SUBSTANCE: BRASS SALTTRADE NAMES/SYNONYMS:CHEMICAL FAMILY:Inorganic salt ( Cu+Zn )------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 2 COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPONENT : COPPER CYANIDE + ZINC CYANIDECAS NUMBER:PERCENTAGE: 100.0OTHER CONTAMINANTS: NONE------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 3 HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------NFPA RATINGS (SCALE 0-4): HEALTH=U FIRE=0 REACTIVITY=0EMERGENCY OVERVIEW:Colorless crystalline solid.No significant target effects reported.Handle with caution.POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS:INHALATION:SHORT TERM EFFECTS: No information available on significant adverse effects. LONG TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.SKIN CONTACT:SHORT TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.LONG TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.EYE CONTACT:SHORT TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.LONG TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.INGESTION:SHORT TERM EFFECTS: May cause irregular heartbeat, numbness, paralysis and shock.LONG TERM EFFECTS: No information is available.CARCINOGEN STATUS:OSHA: NNTP: NIARC: N------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------INHALATION:FIRST AID- Remove from exposure area to fresh air immediately. Performartificial respiration if necessary. Keep person warm and at rest. Treat symptomatically and supportively. Get medical attention immediately.SKIN CONTACT:FIRST AID- Remove contaminated clothing and shoes immediately. Wash with soap or mild detergent and large amounts of water until no evidence ofchemical remains (at least 15-20 minutes). Get medical attentionimmediately.EYE CONTACT:FIRST AID- Wash eyes immediately with large amounts of water or normal saline, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids, until no evidence of chemicalremains (at least 15-20 minutes). Get medical attention immediately.INGESTION:FIRST AID- If vomiting occurs, keep head lower than hips to help prevent aspiration. Treat symptomatically and supportively. Get medical attentionif needed.NOTE TO PHYSICIANANTIDOTE:No specific antidote. Treat symptomatically and supportively.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 5 FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD:Negligible fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:Extinguish using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.FIREFIGHTING:No acute hazard. Move container from fire area if possible. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; keep upwind.FLASH POINT: no data availableLOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT: no data availableUPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT: no data availableAUTOIGNITION: no data availableHAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:Thermal decomposition may release toxic and/or hazardous gases.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 6 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------ OCCUPATIONAL SPILL:Sweep up and place in suitable clean, dry containers for reclamation or later disposal. Do not flush spilled material into sewer. Keep unnecessary people away.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 7 HANDLING AND STORAGE------------------------------------------------------------------------------Observe all federal, state and local regulations when storing this substance.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 8 EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPOSURE LIMITS:No occupational exposure limits established by OSHA, ACGIH, or NIOSH.VENTILATION:Provide local exhaust or process enclosure ventilation system.EYE PROTECTION:Employee must wear splash-proof or dust-resistant safety goggles to prevent eye contact with this substance.Emergency eye wash: Where there is any possibility that an employee's eyes maybe exposed to this substance, the employer should provide an eye washfountain within the immediate work area for emergency use.CLOTHING:Employee must wear appropriate protective (impervious) clothing and equipmentto prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with this substance.GLOVES:Employee must wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent contact with this substance.RESPIRATOR:The following respirators are recommended based on information found in thephysical data, toxicity and health effects sections. They are ranked inorder from minimum to maximum respiratory protection.The specific respirator selected must be based on contamination levels foundin the work place, must be based on the specific operation, must not exceedthe working limits of the respirator and must be jointly approved by theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (NIOSH-MSHA).Any dust and mist respirator with a full facepiece.Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiencyparticulate filter.Any powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece andhigh-efficiency particulate filter.Any type 'C' supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece,helmet or hood operated in continuous-flow mode.Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.FOR FIREFIGHTING AND OTHER IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH CONDITIONS:Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and isoperated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in apressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SECTION 9 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DESCRIPTION: Colorless crystalline solid.MOLECULAR WEIGHT:MOLECULAR FORMULA: Cu+ZnBOILING POINT: not applicableMELTING POINT: not availableVAPOR PRESSURE: no data availableVAPOR DENSITY: not applicableSPECIFIC GRAVITY: not availableWATER SOLUBILITY: slightly solublePH: not applicableODOR THRESHOLD: no data availableEVAPORATION RATE: not applicable------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SECTION 10 STABILITY AND REACTIVITY------------------------------------------------------------------------------ REACTIVITY:Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.CONDITIONS TO AVOID:May burn but does not ignite readily. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers, excessive heat, sparks, or open flame.INCOMPATIBILITIES:TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:No data available.HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION:Thermal decomposition may release toxic and/or hazardous gases.POLYMERIZATION:Hazardous polymerization has not been reported to occur under normal temperatures and pressures.------------------------------------------------------------------------------ SECTION 11 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:CARCINOGEN STATUS: None.ACUTE TOXICITY LEVEL: No data available. TARGET EFFECTS: No data available.HEALTH EFFECTSINHALATION:TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:ACUTE EXPOSURE- Complex-bound substances do not readily release cyanide. However, certain industrial processes may release cyanide which isa chemical asphyxiant.CHRONIC EXPOSURE- No data available.SKIN CONTACT:TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:ACUTE EXPOSURE- No data available.CHRONIC EXPOSURE- No data available.EYE CONTACT:TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:ACUTE EXPOSURE- No data available.CHRONIC EXPOSURE- No data available.INGESTION:TRIPOTASSIUM TETRACYANOCUPRATE:ACUTE EXPOSURE- No specific data available. Ingestion of large dosesof potassium salts may cause hyperkalemia with mental confusion,numbness and tingling of the extremities, weakness, muscularparalysis, bradycardia, and vascular collapse. There is insufficientdata to determine whether cyanide is released from ingestedcyanocuprates.CHRONIC EXPOSURE- No data available.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 12 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RATING (0-4): no data availableACUTE AQUATIC TOXICITY: no data availableDEGRADABILITY: no data availableLOG BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR (BCF): no data availableLOG OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT: no data available------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 13 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Observe all federal, state and local regulations when disposing of this substance.------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 14 TRANSPORT INFORMATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------No classification currently assigned------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 15 REGULATORY INFORMATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------TSCA INVENTORY STATUS: YCERCLA SECTION 103 (40CFR302.4): NSARA SECTION 302 (40CFR355.30): NSARA SECTION 304 (40CFR355.40): NSARA SECTION 313 (40CFR372.65): NOSHA PROCESS SAFETY (29CFR1910.119): NCALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65: NSARA HAZARD CATEGORIES, SARA SECTIONS 311/312 (40 CFR 370.21) ACUTE HAZARD: NCHRONIC HAZARD: NFIRE HAZARD: NREACTIVITY HAZARD: NSUDDEN RELEASE HAZARD: N------------------------------------------------------------------------------SECTION 16 OTHER INFORMATION------------------------------------------------------------------------------。

常见科室牌中英文对照汇总机关事业单位党办宣传科Propaganda Department组织科Human Resource Dept工会办Labor Union纪检审计科Disciplinary inspection & audit Dept.经营管理科Business Management Dept.生产运行科Operation Dept.安全环保科HSE Dept.财务计划科Finance Dept.市场办Marketing Dept.劳资科Human Resource Dept. Ⅱ设备资产科Equipment Managing Dept.技术发展部Engineering Dept.综合服务大队Comprehensive Dept.生产管理部Production Management Dept.运营品控部Operation and QC Dept.仓库Warehouse接待室Reception Room商务管理部Business Management Dept.市场Sales Dept.工厂内包车间Inner packaging Workshop外包车间Outer packaging Workshop精制车间Refinement Workshop感官审评室Sensory Evaluation Room炒制中心Stir-frying Center总经理General Manager Office董事长President Office副总经理Vice General Manager Office财务部Financial Dept会议室Meeting Room茶水间Drinking Room理化室 Physical and Chemical Laboratory天平室 Balance Room毒麻试剂室 Poisonous and Narcotic Reagents Room 研发部 R&D Department微生物室 Microorganism Room仪器室 Instrument Room质量部 Quality Department灭菌室 Sterilizing Room辅机房 Auxiliary Equipment Room男一更 1st Male Locker Room女一更 1st Female Locker Room男二更 2nd Male Locker Room女二更 2nd Female Locker Room配电室 Power Distribution Room企业董事长办公室The Chairman's Office董事会办公室The Directors Board Office助理办公室Office Assistant's Office财务部Finance Office成本部Cost Office工程部Engineering Office行政办公室Administration Office外联部Public Relations Office人力资源部Human Resource Office会议室(大) Conference Room会议室(小) Meeting Room招投标办公室Tendering Office接待室Reception法务部Legal Office副总经理办公室Deputy General Manager's Office 经理办Office人力行政部HR Dept.档案室Files Room设计室Design Room茶文化体验中心Tea Culture Experience Center生产部 Production Department财务部 Financial Department人事行政部 Human Resources & Administrative Department 销售部 Sales Department总经理室 CEO Office接待室 Reception Room综合办公室General Office会议室 Meeting Room实验室精密仪器室precision instrument laboratory天平室Balance Room普通仪器室General instrument room理化检验室physical and chemical高温室hot room准备室ready room微生物检测室Superclean Microbes Test Laboratory留样室 Sample Room仓库 Warehouse资料室 Reference Room更衣室 Locker Room公安机关证件管理室Document management Room案件审理室Trial Room中队长室Squadron Leader Room队员室Team Room综合管理室Integrated Management Room社会化管理室Socialized management Room卷烟鉴定室Cigarette identification Room支队长室Commander Room科长室Chief Room内部管理监督室Internal management oversight Room幼儿园园长室Kindergarten Headmaster’s Office保健室Clinic隔离室Isolation room；储藏间Storage Room；多媒体Multimedia Classroom厨房Kitchen；阅读室Reading Room,；舞蹈房Dancing Room；财务室Financial Department；科学探索室Science Exploration Room；手工DIY室Handwork Room；幼儿活动室Playroom教师办公室Teachers' office社会实践室Social Practice Classroom保管室Storage Room资料室Reference Room刑警队档案室Archives办案中队Investigation Squadron备勤室Standby Room预审大队长Head of Antecedent Trial Detachment预审教导员Political Instructor of Antecedent Trial Detachment 预审大队Antecedent Trial Detachment器材室Equipment Room熏显影像室Fuming & Imaging Room手印足迹室Fingerprints & Footprints Room痕检室Trace Examination Room法化室Forensic Analysis Room技管室Technological Management Room 研案室Casework Investigation Room大队长Head of Detachment副大队长Deputy Head of Detachment指导员Political Instructor主任室Director’s Office中队长Head of Squadron涉案财物保管室Crime-related Property Store 人体损伤鉴定室Injury Examination Room接待室Reception Room荣誉室Honors Display Room活动室Common Room基础中队Support Squadron女卫浴Female Personnel Bathroom男卫浴Male Personnel Bathroom卫生间Toilet医院病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building 大厅Lobby卫事中心Patient-aid center小卖部Buffet出院病人领取费用清单List of expenses for discharged patients普通病人出院结帐Check-out for common discharged patients住院登记收费Check-in for inpatients医保社保出院结帐Check-out for patients with medical / social insurance 病区药房Ward dispensary输血科Transfusion section急诊化验Emergency lab急诊手术室Emergency operating theatre门诊手术室Clinic operating theatre出入院病人接待处Reception of inpatients重症监护ICU外科示教室Surgery demo room妇科示教室Gynecology demo room仓库Warehouse特殊感染病室Special infection diseases主任办公室Director office治疗室Therapeutic room护士长办公室Head nurse office医生办公室Doctor office护士站Nurse station儿科Pediatrics Dept电脑中心Computer center更衣室Change room儿科教研室Pediatrics teaching & research section婴儿洗澡间Infant bathroom新生婴儿监护室Neonatus wardship新生婴儿室Neonatus room重症室ICU诊疗室Consulting room产科Obstetrical Dept机房Machine room婴儿抚触中心Infant-stroking center产房Obstetrical Ward分娩室Delivery room隔离分娩室Isolation delivery room陪伴分娩室Delivery room with companion陪伴分娩室Delivery room with companion护士值班室Nurse on duty医生值班室Doctor on duty单床间Single-bed room妇科Gynecology妇科教研室Gynecology teaching and research section换药室Dressing room骨科Orthopedics Dept普外（肝、胆、胰、肛肠）科General Surgical Dept (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Anorectum 外科教研室Surgery teaching & research section普外（泌尿）科General Surgical Dept (Urinary system)神经外科Surgical Dept of Neurology麻醉科Anesthesiology dept示教室Demo room麻醉医生办公室Office of anesthesia doctor医生休息室Doctor rest room女更衣室Change room (F)男更衣室Change room (M)有菌手术室Non aseptic operating theatre手术取材室Operation material room麻醉器械储藏室Storeroom of anesthesia instrument非限制区Unrestricted area半限制区Semi-restricted area换鞋处Shoe-changing配电室Distribution room手术室Operating theatre石膏房Gypsum room手术准备室Operation preparation清洗间Cleaning room麻醉准备室Anesthesia preparation麻醉器械室Anesthesia instrument room限制区Restricted area精密仪器室Precision instrument room无菌室Asepsis room护士登记室Nurse registration room复苏室Anabiosis room麻醉清洗消毒室Anesthesia cleaning and sterilizing room 等候室Waiting room存放间Storage room后勤楼楼层分布Layout of Logistic Building病案统计室Medical record statistics room图书室Library后勤服务管理中心Logistic service and management center 设备科Equipment section工程维修部Engineering maintenance dept基建科Capital construction section供应服务部Supply service dept实习生值班室Probationer night shift room门诊楼楼层总索引Layout of Outpatient Building本层科室分布Layout of sections开水间Boiled water检验科Laboratory section抽血化验Blood test门诊药房Clinic dispensary大小便、白带化验Test of stool, urine, leukorrhea 药房Dispensary放射影像科Radio & Image dept放射科登记处X-ray registration放射科X-ray dept摄片2 (X-ray 2)挂号收费Registration charging内科Internal medicine dept门诊办公室Outpatient office老干部门诊Veteran carder clinic老年专科Special section of geriatric diseases糖尿病专科Diabets special section内科专家门诊Expert clinic of internal medicine 专家门诊Expert clinic专科门诊Clinic of special section高血压专科Hypertension special sectionC T 室CT room换药室Dressing room肛肠科Anorectum section肝胆专科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder section骨科Orthopedics dept腰腿痛专科Lumbago & Skelalgia special section脑外科Cerebral surgery疼痛专科Special section of pains普外科General surgical dept皮肤科Dermatology dept性病专科Special section of VD儿科专家门诊Expert clinic of pediatrics儿科Pediatrics dept中药房TCM dispensary耳鼻咽喉专家门诊Expert clinic of E.N.T耳鼻咽喉科E.N.T. dept中医科TCM dept眼科检查室(眼电生理) Ophthalmology check room (EOG)眼科专家门诊Ophthalmologic expert clinic煎药室Herb decocting room眼科治疗室Therapeutic room of ophthalmology眼科检查室（眼压验光视野）Examination room of ophthalmology (intraocular tension, optometry, visual field)声阻抗室Acoustic impedance room电测听室Electrometric hearing test助听器选配室Hearing aid selection眼科诊室(常规诊室) Ophthalmology clinic (Routine clinic) 宣教室Publicizing and education胸外肿瘤专科Special section of thoracic tumor皮肤性病科专家门诊Expert clinic of dermatosis and VD 人流室Induced Abortion Room介入门诊Intervention clinic妇产科专家门诊Expert clinic of gynecology & obstetrics 高危妊娠门诊High-danger pregnancy clinic妇产科Gynecology & obstetrics dept仓库Warehouse心室晚电位Ventricle late potential动态血压Dynamic blood pressure动态心电图室Dynamic ECG心向量Vectorcardiogram心电图室ECG room心电图科ECG section超声科Ultrasonographic section彩色B超Color B-Ultrasonography理疗推拿科Physical therapy & manipulation section儿科示教室Demo room of pediatrics盆腔炎治疗室Therapeutic room of PID儿童生长发育门诊Children growth clinic急诊B超Emergency B-Ultrasonography胃镜肠镜预约窗口Reservation of gastroscope and enteroscope examination 脑电图Electroemcephalogram (缩写EEG)脑地形图Emcepholo topography红外线乳腺诊断室Infrared light diagnosis of glandula mammaria颅脑超声Craniocerebral Ultrasonographic examination消化科Digestion section心理测验室Psychological test room专家门诊Expert clinic心理咨询科Psychological consult section中西医结合Combination of TCM and Western medicine病理科Pathologic section细胞学室Cytology room技术室Technical room 免疫组化室Immunohistochemistry room档案室Archives room巨检室Gross examination room诊断室Diagnosis room口腔科Stomatology dept胃镜肠镜检查室Gastroscope and enteroscope examination康复科Rehabilitation section碎石科Lithotriptic section输液室Infusion room化液室Infusion preparation泌尿外科Urologic surgery dept肌注皮试Intracutaneous test of intramuscular injection 小儿输液室Children's infusion room成人输液室Adults' infusion room针灸推拿Acupuncture & manipulation生活皮肤美容Skin beauty腰突症Protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩Healthcare massage针炙减肥Acupuncture weight-reducing医保办Medical insurance office放免实验室Radioimmunoassay room防保科Prophylactic section院感科Section of inner infection prevention医学美容Medical cosmetology微生物实验室Microbioloy Laboratory room检验医学中心Clinical laboratory medicine centerHIV实验室HIV Laboratory room血液学实验室Haematology Laboratory room主任办公室The office director免疫学实验室Lmmunology Laboratory room生物化学实验室Biochemistry Laboratory room档案库房Archives storeroom信息科Information section综合档案室Comprehensive archives room临床系办公室Clinic dept office文印室typing and printing room护理部Nursing department科教科Scientific education section院办公室Hospital office书记室Secretary office人事科Personnel section院长室President office副院长室Vice president office会议室Meeting room医务科Section of medical affairs保安部Security dept顾问室Consultant office医疗服务质量监控办公室Medical service supervision office 教室Class room出纳室Paybox会计室Accounting house核算办Accounting office工会Trade union医疗纠纷接侍室Reception of medical disputes财务科长室Finance section chief外科病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building of Internal Medicine Dept 发热呼吸道门诊Fever and Respiratory tract clinic体检中心Physical examination center跟车医师Ambulance doctor肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic值班室（内科）Night shift room (Dept of internal medicine)值班室（外科）Night shift room (Surgical dept)急诊外科Emergency surgical dept急诊内科Emergency internal medicine dept值班室（驾驶员）Night shift room (Driver)急诊输液室Emergency infusion room肠道门诊Intestinal tract clinic急诊分诊台Guide to emergency急诊儿科Emergency pediatrics污物间Feculence room清创室Trauma cleaning room输液台Infusion table急诊挂号收费Emergency registration charging肠道门诊观察室Observation ward of intestinal tract clinic 急诊指挥中心Emergency command center夜间药房Night dispensary主任办公室Director office监护室ICU治疗室Therapeutic room护士办公室Nurse office观察室2 Observation ward 2抢救室Salvaging room观察室1 Observation ward 1肝炎门诊观察室Observation ward of Hepatitis clinic干部病房Cardre Ward心内科Cardiac internal medicine dept医生办公室Doctor office诊疗室Consulting room心血管Cardiovascular (怎么没有科或室?)呼吸内科Respiration internal medicine心脏介入中心Cardio intervention center内分泌内科Incretion internal medicine血液Blood (怎么没有科或室?)消化Digestion (怎么没有科或室?)肾内科Kidney internal medicine血液层流病房Aseptic ward介入治疗中心Intervention therapy center水处理间Water treatment room手术室Operating theatre准备室Preparation room仓库更衣室Warehouse change room病人更衣室Patient change room家属接待室Reception room of patients' relative内科示教室Demo room of internal medicine操作室Operating theatre透析室( 1) Dialysis room (1)透析室(2) Dialysis room (2)药剂科Medicament Section腰突症专科Special section of protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci 保健按摩专科Special section of healthcare massage针灸推拿专科Special section of acupuncture and manipulation老年病专科Special section of geriatric diseases针灸（中医）减肥专科Special section of acupuncture weight-reducing (TCM) 生活皮肤护理美容室Skin care and cosmetology心电图检查室ECG examination脑电图检查室EEG examination脑地形图检查室Encephalo topography examination颅脑超声检查室Craniocerebral Ultrasonographic examination红外线检查室Infrared ray examination精神、心理咨询科Mental and psychological consultation彩色B超检查室Color B- Ultrasonographic examination肝病专家门诊Expert clinic of hepatitis diseases中西医结合专科Special section in combination of TCM and western medicine 理疗推拿专科Special section of physical therapy & manipulation皮肤、性病科Skin and VD section肝胆外科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder surgery放射介入治疗专科Special section of X-ray intervention therapy高血压专科Hypertension special section碎石治疗中心Lithotriptic therapy center肾病专家门诊Expert clinic of kidney diseases糖尿病专科Diabetes special section康复、理疗科Rehabilitation and physical therapy section医学美容专科Special section of medical cosmetology医学影像中心Medical image center放射介入治疗室X-ray intervention therapeutic room心血管专科急诊Cardiovascular emergency肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic肌电图检查室Electromyogram examination呼吸道感染门诊Respiratory tract infection clinic血透室Blood dialysis胫镜中心Anticnemion endoscope center中内科TCM internal medicine西内科Western internal medicine乳房外科Breast surgery手外科Hand surgery骨伤科Bone injuries中医妇科TCM gynecology dept.中西药库Drug storeroom血库Blood bank骨髓室Marrow room留观室Observation room临床药学室Clinical pharmacy room社区卫生服务工作办公室Community Health Service Office信息资料室Information Archives计划生育技术指导室Family Planning Technique Consultation Office 全科门诊General Clinic肿瘤科Tumor dept母婴健康中心Mother & Baby health center婴儿游泳抚触Baby swimming-stroking生活用品代办处Service for daily-use articles待产室Delivery waiting room配奶间Milk preparation room驾驶班Driver team住院部药房Inpatient dispensary医疗质量管理科Medical Quality Management Department病理贮片室Pathological Section Storeroom颈肩腰腿痛专科Department for Neck, Shoulder, Waist and Leg Pains 儿童活动室Children's Playing Room电透室TV Examination Room谈话间Conversation Room衣帽发放处Coats and Caps Issuing Office器械打包间Medical Devices Packing Room小孩洗涤室Children’s Washing Room样品接收Sample Receipt结核菌Tubercle Bacillus发放厅Issuing Hall敷料打包间Dressing-Packing Room污染区Polluted Area灭菌区Sterilized Area切洗室Cutting and Washing Room人工肝室Artificial Liver Room消控中心Control Center for Fire Prevention冷冻机房Freezing Machine Room物流传输机房Logistical Transmission Machine Room 职工自行车库Employees' Bicycle Storeroom高低配电室High/Low Voltage Switchouse服务台Information Desk导医导诊A Guide to Clinic方便门诊Simple Clinic健康宣教Health Education便民服务Service for the Public取报告单Examination Report预约审批Appointment Approval行政后勤区Administrative Logistic Area预防保健区Prevention and Healthcare Area医疗康复区Medical Rehabilitation Area祝您健康May you a good health后勤保障部Logistics Guarantee Dept社区卫生服务科Community Health Service Section 全科（24小时门诊）General Clinic (Around the Clock) 高电位治疗室High Potential Therapeutic Room健康教育室Health Education Room探视制度Visit Rules挂号须知Notes for Registration农村合作医疗住院报销窗口Reimbursement for Inpatients of Rural Cooperative Medical Service医保投诉咨询接待室Complaint & Consultation of Medical Insurance腰腿疼痛科Lumbago and Skelalgia Clinic心理咨询室Psychological Consultation高危门诊Hazard-Disease Clinic严禁胎儿性别鉴定Fetus sex identifying strictly prohibited卡介苗专室BCG Vaccine Room合作医疗门诊报销窗口Reimbursement for outpatients of cooperative medical service医务人员通道Passage for Medical Personnel小儿体检Infant Physical Examination电透析Electrodialyzing Room电透照镜检查Electrodiaphanoscopy中草药配方Prescription of Chinese herb medicine西药、中成药配方Prescription of Western medicine and Chinese patent drugs麻醉药品专用窗口Special window for anaesthetic药事咨询窗口Consultation of medicine administration老、弱、病重专区Special area for the old and weaker, and severely sick persons. 请保持室内清洁Keep Clean病理贮片室Pathologic film store room细胞室Cell Puncture Room牵引室Traction Room腰、腿、疼痛科Lumbago, Skelalgia and Pains Clinic配餐室Assorted Meal Preparation陪客休息室Rest Room for Guests医疗固体处置室Medical Solid Waste Disposal麻醉恢复室Anaesthesia Recovery Room材料室Material Room引产清宫室Induced Labor Room大厅Lobby卫事中心Patient-aid center小卖部Buffet出院病人领取费用清单List of expenses for discharged patients普通病人出院结帐Check-out for common discharged patients住院登记收费Check-in for inpatients医保社保出院结帐Check-out for patients with medical / social insurance 病区药房Ward dispensary输血科Transfusion section急诊化验Emergency lab急诊手术室Emergency operating theatre门诊手术室Clinic operating theatre出入院病人接待处Reception of inpatients（二病区）重症监护ICU ( Area 2 )外科示教室Surgery demo room妇科示教室Gynecology demo room仓库Warehouse特殊感染病室Special infection diseases主任办公室Director office治疗室Therapeutic room护士长办公室Head nurse office医生办公室Doctor office护士站Nurse station（三病区）儿科Pediatrics Dept (Area 3)电脑中心Computer center更衣室Change room儿科教研室Pediatrics teaching & research section 婴儿洗澡间Infant bathroom新生婴儿监护室Neonatus wardship新生婴儿室Neonatus room重症室ICU诊疗室Consulting room（四病区）产科Obstetrical Dept (Area 4)机房Machine room婴儿抚触中心Infant-stroking center（五病区）产房Obstetrical Ward (Area 5)分娩室Delivery room隔离分娩室Isolation delivery room陪伴分娩室（一）Delivery room with companion (1)陪伴分娩室（二）Delivery room with companion (2)护士值班室Nurse on duty医生值班室Doctor on duty单床间Single-bed room（六病区）妇科Gynecology ( Area 6)妇科教研室Gynecology teaching and research section换药室Dressing room（七病区）骨科Orthopedics Dept ( Area 7)（八病区）普外（肝、胆、胰、肛肠）科General Surgical Dept (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Anorectum (Area 8)外科教研室Surgery teaching & research section（九病区）心胸（肿瘤）外科Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tumor) ( Area 9)（十病区）普外（泌尿）科General Surgical Dept (Urinary system) (Area 10)（十一病区）耳鼻咽喉科、眼科、口腔科(Area 11)E.N.T. Dept, Ophthalmology Dept, Stomatology Dept眼科暗房Ophthalmological dark room（十二病区）神经外科Surgical Dept of Neurology (Area 12) 麻醉科Anesthesiology dept示教室Demo room麻醉医生办公室Office of anesthesia doctor医生休息室Doctor rest room女更衣室Change room (F)男更衣室Change room (M)有菌手术室Non aseptic operating theatre手术取材室Operation material room麻醉器械储藏室Storeroom of anesthesia instrument非限制区Unrestricted area半限制区Semi-restricted area换鞋处Shoe-changing配电室Distribution room手术室Operating theatre石膏房Gypsum room手术准备室Operation preparation清洗间Cleaning room麻醉准备室Anesthesia preparation麻醉器械室Anesthesia instrument room限制区Restricted area精密仪器室Precision instrument room无菌室Asepsis room护士登记室Nurse registration room复苏室Anabiosis room麻醉清洗消毒室Anesthesia cleaning and sterilizing room 等候室Waiting room存放间Storage room后勤楼楼层分布Layout of Logistic Building病案统计室Medical record statistics room图书室Library后勤服务管理中心Logistic service and management center 设备科Equipment section工程维修部Engineering maintenance dept基建科Capital construction section供应服务部Supply service dept实习生值班室（1）Probationer night shift room (1)门诊楼楼层总索引Layout of Outpatient Building本层科室分布Layout of sections开水间Boiled water检验科Laboratory section抽血化验Blood test门诊药房Clinic dispensary大小便、白带化验Test of stool, urine, leukorrhea药房Dispensary体液实验室Humoral lab放射影像科Radio & Image dept放射科登记处X-ray registration放射科X-ray dept摄片2 (X-ray 2)挂号收费Registration charging内科（二）Internal medicine dept ( 2 )门诊办公室Outpatient office老干部门诊Veteran carder clinic老年专科Special section of geriatric diseases糖尿病专科Diabets special section内科专家门诊1 Expert clinic of internal medicine ( 1 )专家门诊Expert clinic专科门诊Clinic of special section高血压专科Hypertension special sectionC T 室CT room换药室Dressing room肛肠科Anorectum section肝胆专科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder section 骨科Orthopedics dept腰腿痛专科Lumbago & Skelalgia special section脑外科Cerebral surgery疼痛专科Special section of pains普外科General surgical dept皮肤科Dermatology dept性病专科Special section of VD儿科专家门诊Expert clinic of pediatrics儿科Pediatrics dept中药房TCM dispensary耳鼻咽喉专家门诊Expert clinic of E.N.T耳鼻咽喉科E.N.T. dept中医科TCM dept眼科检查室(眼电生理) Ophthalmology check room (EOG)眼科专家门诊Ophthalmologic expert clinic煎药室Herb decocting room眼科治疗室Therapeutic room of ophthalmology眼科检查室（眼压验光视野）Examination room of ophthalmology (intraocular tension, optometry, visual field)声阻抗室Acoustic impedance room电测听室Electrometric hearing test助听器选配室Hearing aid selection眼科诊室(常规诊室) Ophthalmology clinic (Routine clinic) 宣教室Publicizing and education胸外肿瘤专科Special section of thoracic tumor皮肤性病科专家门诊Expert clinic of dermatosis and VD 人流室Induced Abortion Room介入门诊Intervention clinic妇产科专家门诊Expert clinic of gynecology & obstetrics 高危妊娠门诊High-danger pregnancy clinic妇产科Gynecology & obstetrics dept仓库Warehouse心室晚电位Ventricle late potential动态血压Dynamic blood pressure动态心电图室Dynamic ECG心向量Vectorcardiogram心电图室ECG room心电图科ECG section超声科Ultrasonographic section彩色B超Color B-Ultrasonography理疗推拿科Physical therapy & manipulation section儿科示教室Demo room of pediatrics盆腔炎治疗室Therapeutic room of PID儿童生长发育门诊Children growth clinic急诊B超Emergency B-Ultrasonography胃镜肠镜预约窗口Reservation of gastroscope and enteroscope examination 脑电图Electroemcephalogram (缩写EEG)脑地形图Emcepholo topography红外线乳腺诊断室Infrared light diagnosis of glandula mammaria颅脑超声Craniocerebral Ultrasonographic examination消化科Digestion section心理测验室Psychological test room专家门诊Expert clinic心理咨询科Psychological consult section中西医结合Combination of TCM and Western medicine病理科Pathologic section细胞学室Cytology room技术室Technical room免疫组化室Immunohistochemistry room档案室Archives room巨检室Gross examination room诊断室Diagnosis room口腔科Stomatology dept胃镜肠镜检查室Gastroscope and enteroscope examination康复科Rehabilitation section碎石科Lithotriptic section输液室Infusion room化液室Infusion preparation泌尿外科Urologic surgery dept肌注皮试Intracutaneous test of intramuscular injection 小儿输液室Children's infusion room成人输液室Adults' infusion room针灸推拿Acupuncture & manipulation生活皮肤美容Skin beauty腰突症Protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩Healthcare massage针炙减肥Acupuncture weight-reducing医保办Medical insurance office放免实验室Radioimmunoassay room防保科Prophylactic section院感科Section of inner infection prevention医学美容Medical cosmetology微生物实验室Microbioloy Laboratory room检验医学中心Clinical laboratory medicine centerHIV实验室HIV Laboratory room血液学实验室Haematology Laboratory room主任办公室The office director免疫学实验室Lmmunology Laboratory room生物化学实验室Biochemistry Laboratory room档案库房Archives storeroom信息科Information section综合档案室Comprehensive archives room临床系办公室Clinic dept office文印室typing and printing room护理部Nursing department科教科Scientific education section院办公室Hospital office书记室Secretary office人事科Personnel section院长室President office副院长室Vice president office会议室Meeting room医务科Section of medical affairs保安部Security dept顾问室Consultant office医疗服务质量监控办公室Medical service supervision office 教室Class room出纳室Paybox会计室Accounting house行风办Trade Service Normalization office核算办Accounting office工会Trade union医疗纠纷接侍室Reception of medical disputes财务科长室Finance section chief外科病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building of Internal Medicine Dept 发热呼吸道门诊Fever and Respiratory tract clinic体检中心Physical examination center跟车医师Ambulance doctor肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic值班室（内科）Night shift room (Dept of internal medicine)值班室（外科）Night shift room (Surgical dept)急诊外科Emergency surgical dept急诊内科Emergency internal medicine dept值班室（驾驶员）Night shift room (Driver)急诊输液室Emergency infusion room肠道门诊Intestinal tract clinic急诊分诊台Guide to emergency急诊儿科Emergency pediatrics污物间Feculence room清创室Trauma cleaning room输液台Infusion table急诊挂号收费Emergency registration charging肠道门诊观察室Observation ward of intestinal tract clinic 急诊指挥中心Emergency command center夜间药房Night dispensary主任办公室Director office监护室ICU治疗室Therapeutic room护士办公室Nurse office观察室2 Observation ward 2抢救室Salvaging room观察室1 Observation ward 1肝炎门诊观察室Observation ward of Hepatitis clinic干部病房Cardre Ward心内科Cardiac internal medicine dept医生办公室Doctor office诊疗室Consulting room呼吸内科Respiration internal medicine心脏介入中心Cardio intervention center内分泌内科Incretion internal medicine肾内科Kidney internal medicine血液层流病房Aseptic ward介入治疗中心Intervention therapy center水处理间Water treatment room手术室Operating theatre准备室Preparation room仓库更衣室Warehouse change room病人更衣室Patient change room家属接待室Reception room of patients' relative内科示教室Demo room of internal medicine操作室Operating theatre透析室( 1) Dialysis room (1)透析室(2) Dialysis room (2)药剂科Medicament Section腰突症专科Special section of protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci 保健按摩专科Special section of healthcare massage针灸推拿专科Special section of acupuncture and manipulation老年病专科Special section of geriatric diseases针灸（中医）减肥专科Special section of acupuncture weight-reducing (TCM) 生活皮肤护理美容室Skin care and cosmetology心电图检查室ECG examination脑电图检查室EEG examination脑地形图检查室Encephalo topography examination颅脑超声检查室Craniocerebral Ultrasonographic examination红外线检查室Infrared ray examination精神、心理咨询科Mental and psychological consultation彩色B超检查室Color B- Ultrasonographic examination肝病专家门诊Expert clinic of hepatitis diseases中西医结合专科Special section in combination of TCM and western medicine 理疗推拿专科Special section of physical therapy & manipulation皮肤、性病科Skin and VD section肝胆外科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder surgery放射介入治疗专科Special section of X-ray intervention therapy高血压专科Hypertension special section碎石治疗中心Lithotriptic therapy center肾病专家门诊Expert clinic of kidney diseases糖尿病专科Diabetes special section康复、理疗科Rehabilitation and physical therapy section医学美容专科Special section of medical cosmetology医学影像中心Medical image center放射介入治疗室X-ray intervention therapeutic room心血管专科急诊Cardiovascular emergency肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic肌电图检查室Electromyogram examination呼吸道感染门诊Respiratory tract infection clinic血透室Blood dialysis胫镜中心Anticnemion endoscope center中内科TCM internal medicine西内科Western internal medicine乳房外科Breast surgery手外科Hand surgery骨伤科Bone injuries中医妇科TCM gynecology dept.中西药库Drug storeroom血库Blood bank骨髓室Marrow room留观室Observation room临床药学室Clinical pharmacy room社区卫生服务工作办公室Community Health Service Office信息资料室Information Archives计划生育技术指导室Family Planning Technique Consultation Office 全科门诊General Clinic肿瘤科Tumor dept母婴健康中心Mother & Baby health center婴儿游泳抚触Baby swimming-stroking生活用品代办处Service for daily-use articles待产室Delivery waiting room配奶间Milk preparation room驾驶班Driver team住院部药房Inpatient dispensary医疗质量管理科Medical Quality Management Department病理贮片室Pathological Section Storeroom颈肩腰腿痛专科Department for Neck, Shoulder, Waist and Leg Pains 儿童活动室Children's Playing Room电透室TV Examination Room谈话间Conversation Room衣帽发放处Coats and Caps Issuing Office器械打包间Medical Devices Packing Room小孩洗涤室Children’s Washing Room样品接收Sample Receipt结核菌Tubercle Bacillus发放厅Issuing Hall敷料打包间Dressing-Packing Room污染区Polluted Area灭菌区Sterilized Area切洗室Cutting and Washing Room人工肝室Artificial Liver Room。

Chemical Safety Data Sheet Abbreviation Guide IntroductionThe use of chemicals is an integral part of various industries and applications. Chemical safety is of utmost importance to prevent accidents and minimize the risk of harm to human health and the environment. To ensure clear and concise communication, abbreviations are often used in the field of chemical safety. In this document, we will provide a guide to the commonly used abbreviations in Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS).General Abbreviations•CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service•MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet•NFPA: National Fire Protection Association•OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration•PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit•TLV: Threshold Limit ValuePhysical Hazards Abbreviations•FLAMM: Flammable•EXPLO: Explosive•REACT: Reactive•PRSSR: Pressure•CORR: Corrosive•PHYS: PhysicalHealth Hazards Abbreviations•ACUTE: Acute Toxicity•CHRON: Chronic Health Hazard•CARC: Carcinogenicity•IRRIT: Irritant•SENS: Sensitizer•RESPIR: RespiratoryEnvironmental Hazards Abbreviations•AQUA: Aquatic Hazards•AERO: Aerosol Hazards•SOIL: Soil Hazards•WASTE: Waste Hazards•ENVIR: Environmental HazardPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) Abbreviations•EYE: Eye Protection•RES: Respiratory Protection•SKIN: Skin Protection•HAND: Hand Protection•GLOV: Gloves•PROT: ProtectiveFirst Aid Measures Abbreviations•INHAL: Inhalation•INGEST: Ingestion•EYE: Eye Contact•SKIN: Skin Contact•NOT: Not Applicable•MED: MedicalFirefighting Measures Abbreviations•EXT: Extinguishing•HLTH: Health Hazards•PHYS: Physical Hazards•NFPA: National Fire Protection Association•OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration•CNTC: ControlStorage and Handling Abbreviations•STOR: Storage•DISP: Disposal•HNDL: Handling•EXPOS: Exposure•SPILLS: Spills•CONT: ContainersIt is important to note that these abbreviations are not exhaustive, and there may be additional abbreviations specific to certain chemicals or industries. Familiarity with these abbreviations will aid in understanding and interpreting Chemical Safety Data Sheets effectively.ConclusionAbbreviations play a crucial role in conveying information concisely and efficiently in the field of chemical safety. This guide provides a comprehensive list of commonly used abbreviations in Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS). By understanding and utilizing these abbreviations, individuals can better assess thehazards associated with specific chemicals and implement appropriate safety measures.。