当前位置：文档之家 › 戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

  • 格式：ppt
  • 大小：939.50 KB
  • 文档页数：32

下载文档原格式

  / 32

合集下载

语言学第三章chapter3 PPT

语言学第三章chapter3 PPT
▪ English has only eight inflectional morphemes: ▪ -’s: possessive ▪ -s: plural ▪ -s: 3rd person present singular ▪ -ing: present participle ▪ -ed: past tense and past participle ▪ -en: past participle ▪ -er: comparative ▪ -est: superlative
andbutbecauseifwhenonaboveinitthethat大家应该也有点累了稍作休息大家有疑问的可以询问和交流322boundmorpheme?boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemeseitherfreeorboundtoformaword
▪ Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
▪ Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme

语言学课件Chapter three Morphology 2

语言学课件Chapter three Morphology 2
Pens, pend
字根分布
“近取诸身，远取诸物” 近取诸身：人体各种组织器官，生理活动 远取诸物：自然界日月星辰，风雨雷电，山 水天地， 花草树木，鱼虫鸟兽

汉字的产生和发展同样是以“人”为中心的。
特别是从其部首就可看到首先记录的是人体 自身及人的衣食住行。文字学史上的不朽名 著《说文解字》540个部首中与人体相关的 就有197个，其中与“人“有关的83个，与 “脸、面、头等”相关的18个，与“目”有 关的10个，与“口”有关31个，与“手”相 关29个，与“足”相关26个。
英语词根分布
身体体验 2.自然体验 3.心理体验 4.社会体验
1.
身体体验
手，上肢
足，下肢 语言 组织器官及其它
手、上肢
足、下肢
语言
组织器官及其它
自然体验
位置方向变化
性质状态变化 数量变化 自然万物
位置方向变化

《现在汉语通用字表》7000个通用汉字中，以“口” 为部首（或偏旁）的字有300多个，以“手”为部 首（或偏旁）的字有250多个，以“心”为部首 （或偏旁）的字有190多个，以“女”为部首（或 偏旁）的字有130多个，以“言”为部首（或偏旁） 的字有150多个。汉字中表现人的身体以及人的衣 食住行的部首（或偏旁）所
自然万物
心理体验
情感
体验 认知体验
情感 体验
认知体验
社会体验
社会关系
生产生活及其它
社会关系
生产生活及其它
Word Formation
Compounding: armchair/rainbow Derivation: careless/ foolish Conversion: change of part of speech Backformation: television televise Clipping: refrigerator fridge Blending: motel Acronym: AIDS Initialization: CD, GDP, GNP

Chapter 3新编语言学教程 Morphology

Chapter 3新编语言学教程 Morphology

the classification of morphemes 1
A. free morpheme自由语素 Morphemes may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorphemeic单语素词 words are free morphemes.
Free morphemes can be divided into two categories: Lexical morphemes(词汇语素)：ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives which carry the content of messages we convey. E.g. book, desk Functional morphemes(功能语素)：conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. E.g. if, when, because.
2. The smallest unit of morphology & the classification of morphemes
Morpheme(语素): A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. It cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
1.4 Definition of morphology P52
Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件

英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件
Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
1
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
16
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
17
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
18
1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter

戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter

戴炜栋英语语言学概论ChapterChapter 1: Introduction to English Linguistics1.1 The Scope of English LinguisticsEnglish linguistics, as a branch of linguistics, focuses on the study of the English language. It encompasses various aspects of the language, including its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Through the examination of these linguistic components, linguists aim to understand how English is structured, how it functions, and how it is used for communication.1.2 The Historical Development of EnglishEnglish has a rich history that can be traced back to the Germanic languages spoken by the Anglo-Saxons in England during the 5th and 6th centuries. Over time, it evolved and absorbed influences from other languages, such as Latin, French, and Norse, due to political, cultural, and social interactions. This resulted in the Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, each characterized by distinct linguistic features and changes.1.3 English Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics is concerned with the physical aspects of speech sounds, while phonology examines the patterns and rules governing the organization of these sounds in a particular language. In English phonetics, the sounds are classified into vowels and consonants and further divided into various articulatory features, such as place and manner of articulation. Englishphonology, on the other hand, investigates sound patterns, such as stress, intonation, and phonotactics, which affect the pronunciation of words and sentences.1.4 English MorphologyMorphology is the study of word formation and structure. In English morphology, linguists analyze the internal structure of words and identify morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units. English words can be divided into free morphemes, which can stand alone as single words, and bound morphemes, which can only be attached to other morphemes. Moreover, word formation processes, such as affixation, compounding, and derivation, are examined to understand how new words are created in English.1.5 English SyntaxSyntax investigates the rules and principles governing the arrangementof words to form grammatically correct sentences. In English syntax, linguists analyze sentence structures, constituents, and grammatical relationships, such as subject-verb agreement, word order, and sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, etc.). The analysis of syntactic structures allows us to comprehend how sentences are constructed and how different meanings are conveyed through sentence formation.1.6 English SemanticsSemantics studies the meaning of linguistic expressions, including words, phrases, and sentences. In English semantics, linguists explore how meaning is conveyed through lexical and grammatical devices, such as synonyms,antonyms, hyponyms, and collocations. Additionally, pragmatic aspects, such as implicature, speech acts, and context, play a crucial role in understanding the intended meaning of utterances in different communicative situations.1.7 English PragmaticsPragmatics involves the study of how context influences the interpretation and use of language. In English pragmatics, linguists examine various pragmatic phenomena, such as politeness strategies, discourse analysis, speech acts, and conversational implicature. Understanding pragmatics helps us interpret utterances and understand the intended meanings beyond the literal level, as well as navigate the social and cultural aspects of communication.1.8 ConclusionEnglish linguistics provides us with a comprehensive understanding of the English language's structure, function, and usage. Through the examination of its phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, linguists gain valuable insights into the complexities of English and its role as a global language. By continuing to explore and analyze these linguistic aspects, we can further enhance our knowledge and proficiency in English communication.。

Chapter 3. Morphology 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋

Chapter 3. Morphology 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋
Inflections and derivational affixes are productive . e.g subsidize>subsidizes>subsidization Over time the full value of morpheme may be lost. e.g recount tell again recover cover again recoil coil again
Roots(词根) A root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. That means it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. E.g international disheartened
2.2 Types of morphemes Free morpheme(自由词素) A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself. E.g bed, tree, sing, dance Bound morpheme(粘附词素) A bound morpheme is one that cannot appear alone. It may appear with at least one other morpheme. E.g “-s” in “dogs” “-al” in “national”

Words have Structure The simplest way to form new words out of old elements is by compounding V N V baby sit N N N church yard

chapter_3__morphology ppt课件

look back • Auxiliaries • Pro-form • determiners
ppt课件
14
Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
ppt课件
19
• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
ppt课件
17
• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
ppt课件
it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
ppt课件
22
The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》课件讲义


Chapter 1. Introduction
1. What is language?
Language can mean
o what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions)
o the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language, Luxun’s language)
linguistics; o To understand the applications of the
linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication……; o To prepare for the future research work.
Hall’s definition (1968)
o Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”
Language can be generally defined as
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Language is a system
o Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology


Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",

chapter_3__morphology ppt课件

• (c) Lexicography, an related branch, is mainly concerned with the inclusion of words and the science of compling dictionaries, dictionary-making.
ppt课件
探讨词的意义及语义关系，阐述词汇变化 过程，涉及相关的词典知识。学习词汇学 就是学习有关词汇的系统知识， 了解词汇
的现状及其历史演变过程，能够对现代词 汇发展中出现的各种现象做出分析和解释。 ----《英语词汇学》，汪榕培
ppt课件
3
• Lexicology, a branch of linguistics, is the study of lexemes or vocabulary of a langauge, including nature, history, formation, (morphological) structure, meaning, collocation, uses and usages of words.
C
L Close class words
A
S
Grammatical/
----- H. Jackson & E. Z. Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexiocology, 2000
ppt课件
2
• 词汇学是研究词汇背后的规律性和系统性 以及词汇的结构关系和类别的科学，它运 用语言学的相关理论，研究语言中有关词 汇的问题， 讨论词的形态结构及构成方式，
• The essential difference is a matter of emphasis: morpholgy is word grammar with meaning, while lexicology is word semantics with form.
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat
Generation), hacker, email, internet,
“做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.
Closed class words----grammatical or
functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the "e"as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).
2) Allomorphs语素（词素）变体
---any of the different form of a morpheme
语素的任何不同形式
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc.
-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
called inflectional morphemes.
English has only several inflectional morphemes.
1) noun inflections: -s boys, boy’s The form is also used for verb 3rd-
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
friend+ -ly > friendly.
Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g plural, tense, comparative, etc. e.g
Besides the suffixes, which are used to derive words, there are other suffixes, which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence
2) verb inflections: -(e)d ( past tense) wanted -en (past participle) -ing ( present participle) wanting -s (third person singular) wants
3)adjective and adverb inflections: -er (comparative) smaller, -est (superlative) smallest
The plural morpheme may be represented by:
map---maps[s] dog---dogs[z] watch---watches [iz]
The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:
friendship=friend(stem)+ship
friendships=friendship(stem)+s
3.5 Derivational and Inflectional morphemes
Derivation: comБайду номын сангаасination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g
e.g write v. --- rewrite v.
Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
e.g help v. --- helpful adj.
3.3 Morphemes
Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g
The boys left.
In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language.
identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness.
Roots may be
free: those that can stand by themselves,
e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or
bound: those that cannot stand by
3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion
--- the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g
un+ADJECTIVE = not ---ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptable…
themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
prefix (dis-, un-)
---- morphemes that occur only before others,
e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. suffix (-en, -ify) morphemes that
occur only after others, e.g.
a building an orange;
Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.
Here are special forms:
mouse----mice[ai] ox----oxen[n] tooth----teeth [i:]
(Exceptions: sad --- *unsad brave --- *unbrave)
3.2 Open class and closed class
Open class words---content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs,
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
1) Free vs. Bound morphemes:
Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",
"ed" in "recorded".
word are friend and ship.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,