On Tess' Tragedy of the D'Urbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧

《德伯维尔家的苔丝》苔丝的人物性格分析英语毕业论文Character Analysis of Tess in "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" - English Graduation ThesisIntroduction:Written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" unfolds the tragic life of Tess, a beautiful and innocent girl who faces destitution, hardship, and betrayal. This thesis aimsto analyze the character of Tess, focusing on her personality traits, development, and conflicts, highlighting her strength, vulnerability, and the impact of society on her life.1. Pure and Innocent:Tess is introduced as a pure and innocent girl from a humble background. Her beauty captivates others, symbolizing her purity. Her innocence is evident in her encounter with Alec, which leads to her downfall. She is unaware of his intentions and struggles with the consequences of this encounter throughout the novel. Tess's pure and innocent nature is her defining quality, which sets her apart from the corrupt and shallow society she lives in.2. Strong and Resilient:Despite the challenges she faces, Tess demonstrates great strength and resilience. She takes responsibility for herfamily's welfare after her father's death, showing herdetermination to provide for them. Tess's strength is also seen in her decision to leave Alec and search for a new life. She endures physical and emotional hardships, yet she never loses her will to survive. Her resilience allows her to carry on, even in the face of despair.3. Vulnerability and Victimhood:4. Internal Conflict:Throughout the novel, Tess experiences profound internal conflicts. Her conflict with herself is particularly evident in her relationships with Angel and Alec. She feels torn between her desire for love and her fear of losing her innocence. Tess's internal conflict intensifies as she grapples with guilt and societal condemnation. She questions her worthiness and struggles with her perceived status as a fallen woman. This internal battle adds depth to her character and highlights the moral dilemmas she faces.5. Influence of Society:Conclusion:。

Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析Abstract Thomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England; Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all his works. This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. The article describes the society environment, then begins to analysis of characters’ personality and religion factors open out at that time. Tess’s tragic life is caused by that society and it’s the result of that time. Except this, it can’t be separated from her own weakness in character, because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character---resistance and compromise. As a common person, Tess fought with the society helplessly. In the end, she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethic.Key Words Tess’s Tragedy; Social Environment; Family Environment; Moral ethic; Character摘要托马斯．哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家，《德伯家的苔丝》是他最为有影响力的一部巨著。

论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神On the Development of Shylock’s Character论夏洛克的性格发展Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones评《汤姆•琼斯》中的道德观与批评观On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象Burns’View on Love and Friendship论彭斯的爱情友谊观The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照The Womanism in "The Color Purple"On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献On American Black English浅谈美国黑人英语On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays论培根散文的思想性Women's Movement in 1960s in American美国六十年代的妇女运动Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning汉语环境对英语学习的影响A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello爱情叙写与人性魅力--论《红与黑》中两位女主角Love Account and Human Fascination-- On the Two Heroines in "The Red and the Black"风暴之女--艾米莉·勃朗特--评析作家经历和性格对作品的影响《荒野的呼唤》中"巴克"的多重性格分析Analysis of the Complicated Nature of Buck in ″The Call of the Wild″《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫扭曲性格分析《裸者与死者》中的受虐性格分析Analysis of the Masochistic Character Portrayed in The Naked and the Dead压抑与扭曲的灵魂——霍桑《红字》主人公人物性格分析The Constrained and Distorted Soul ——the Analysis of the Protagonists Disposition of "The Scarlet Letter"财经类院校英语专业"体验英美文学"教学模式探究On the Teaching Strategy of Experiencing British and American Literature英美文学虚拟教学课堂的架构设计The Architecture Designing of Virtual Classroom of British and American Literature高校英语专业英美文学课程的现代教学思路增强英美文学意识促进英语语言教学当代英美文学的存在主义解读Interpreting Contemporary British and American Literature From the Angle of Existentialism奈保尔的旁观者写作视角与象征写作手法Onlooker's Perspective and Symbolism ofV.S .Naipaul's Writing福克纳小说中象征隐喻手法微探On the Skill of Symbolic Metaphor in Faulkner' Novels詹姆斯·乔伊斯作品中象征主义手法的运用有组织的混乱,制度化了的疯狂——透视《第二十二条军规》的写作手法Organized disorder and the systemized chaotic society试析《这里的黎明静悄悄》小说的写作手法中国象征派诗歌与西方象征主义之关系浅探Relation between Chinese Symbolic Poetry and the Western Symbolism战争的棋子——茨威格笔下受战争戕害的人物分析The Chess of the War——The Analysis of the Victim in the War from Zweig沉重的背叛——《生命中不能承受之轻》主人公萨宾娜人物分析The oppressive betrayal——The character analysis of the heroine, Sabina, in The Unbearable Lightness of Being Hester and Dimmesdale’s Attitudes towards Love and life in The Scarlet Letter论《红字》中海斯特和丁梅斯代尔对爱情、罪恶、生活的态度On Sister Carrie’s Criticism upon American SocietyOn Scarlett’s Attitude towards Life关于斯佳丽的生活观On the Characterization of Picaresque Huck论哈克的流浪汉形象On the Moral Spirit in the Great Gatsby.论《了不起的盖茨比》中的道德观Thomas Hardy’s Pessimism in Tess of the D’urbervellesA Study of Tom Joad in the Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》的中汤姆•约德研究Mark Twain’s Linguistic Style in The Adventures of Tom SawyerOn the Characteristics of Uncle Tom汤姆叔叔的性格分析A Study of the Themes in a Farewell to ArmsThe Tragic Fate of “a Pure Woman”in the Conflict of the Individual and the Society“一个纯洁女人”在人与社会发展冲突中的悲剧命运On the Language Style of a Midsummer-Night's Dream论《仲夏夜之梦》的语言风格The Social Significance of Swift's Gulliver's TravelsThe Psychological Analysis in Macbeth论莎士比亚《麦克白》的心理刻画Inflexible Ada in Cold Mountain《冷山》中执著的艾达On the Romanticism and Realism of Alice in Wonderland论爱丽丝梦游仙境的童话性与现实性On the Tragicomedy of Rebecca in Vanity Fair论《名利场》中利蓓加的悲喜一生On the Humour of Oliver Twist英美文学论文题目1. A Study of The Gift of Magi2. A Brief Comment on An American Tragedy3.On Motif of The Call of the World4.Love Tragedy and War—An Analysis of A Farewell to Arms5. A Study of Sister Carrie6.The Evil of Mankind Portrayed in Moby Dick7.On Henry Heming in The Red Badge of Courage8.Emily Dickinson and her Poems9.Analysis of A Rose of Emily10.Analysis of the theme of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn11.On the symbolism of The Old Men and the Sea12.The Language of Shakespeare’s Sonnets13.Deep Love And Deep Hatred—A Brief Analysis of Wuthering Heights14.Psychological Descriptions In Hemingway’s The Snows Of Kilimajaro15.On Ernest Hemingway And His Novel The Sun Also Rises16.The Literature Characteristics in A Tale of Two Cities17.On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow18.Love and Loss in Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s Poetry19.How Emily Dickinson’s Lyrics Resemble Hymn20.The Humor of Robert Frost21.Folk Elements in the Poetry of Langston Hughes22.John Keats’s Sensuous Imagery23.The Vocabulary of Music in Poems of Wallace Stevens24.Non-free Verse: Patterns of Sound in three Poems of William Carlos Williamsngston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Dudley Randall as Prophets of Social Chang26.What It Is to Be a Woman: The Special Knowledge of Sylvia Plath,Anne Sexton, andAdrienne Rich27.Popular Culture as Reflected in the Poetry of Wendy Cope, Michael B. Stillman, Gene Fehler,and Charles Martin28.The Complex Relations Between Fathers and Sons in the Poetry of Robert Hayden, AndrewHudgins, and Robert Philips29.Making up New Words for New Meanings: Neologisms in Lewis Carroli and Kay Ryan30. A Brief Analysis of the Heroine Personality in Jane Eyre 《简爱》的主人翁个性分析31. A Brief Comment on O’Henry Short Stories 亨利的短篇小说述评32. A Comment on Hardy’s Fatalism 评哈代的宿命论33. A Comparison between the Themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrim’s Progress 《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较34. A Probe into the Feminist Idea of Jane Eyre 《简爱》男女平等思想的探索35. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究36. About the Breaking of American Dream from the Great Gatsby 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的破碎37. Humor and Satire in Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》的幽默与讽刺38.Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的作品在中国的影响39.Love Tragedy and War—An Analysis of A Farewell to Arms40.Sister Carrie and Jennie Gerhardt41.The Evil of Mankind Portayed in Moby Dick42.On Henry Heming in The Red Badge of Courage43.Emily Dickingson and her Poems44.Analy sis of “A Rose of Emily”45.The Aesthetic Interpretation of Ezra Pound's Poetry46.Symbolism in The Great Gatsby47.an Analysis of the theme of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn48.On the symbolism of The Old Men and the Sea49.Cultural Shocks in the English Language Textbooks50.Deep Love And Deep Hate—A Brief Analysis On Wuthering Heights51.Psychological Descriptions In Hemingway’s The Snows Of Kilimajaro52.On Ernest Hemingway And His Novel The Sun Also Rises53.Difference Between China And The West Reflected In Social Manners54.First Love, Lost Love in George Eliot’s Adam Bede55.鸟的赞歌--------评英国浪漫派诗歌56.《呼啸山庄》的悲剧分析57.海明威英汉形象和冰山风格58.《名利场》的现实意义59.苔丝的形象分析60.哈姆雷特的犹豫再探讨61.爱伦坡小说的艺术创作成就62.爱伦坡小说人物塑造63.O Neill剧作对美国戏剧的影响64.华兹华斯的语言风格65.华兹华斯的自然观66.诗人哈代67.简述哈代的悲剧性叙事艺术On Hardy's tragedy narrative art68.奥斯丁与勃朗特写作风格异同The comparison between Austen and Bronte in writing style69.杰克·伦敦(或某作家)《》(某作品)评述On Farewell to Arms of Hemingway70.浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造71.《还乡》的悲剧艺术特色72.蓓基形象再解读73.蘩漪与伯莎梅森的比较研究74.爱玛形象的魅力75.海明威研究——浅析海明威笔下的女硬汉子76.《苔丝》的悲剧性与现代性Tragedy and Modernity in Tess of D’Urbervilles77.华兹华斯诗歌的和谐观On the View of Harmony in Wordsworth’s Poetry78.海明威小说的悲剧意识79.从《老人与海》看海明威的创作特点80.《红色英勇勋章》的叙述技巧分析81.论《白鲸》的象征含义82.论吴尔夫的《1间自己的房间》中的女权主义83.论简。

The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。

越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。

悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。

西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。

悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。

英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。

他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。

小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。

哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。

小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。

本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。

关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More an d more scholars have begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creati on, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writer Thomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides prov iding the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succeeded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psycho logy.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the histor y of a country’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because thr ough different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow a nd various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a s etback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die tho ugh they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or suc cess. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certai n philosophy of life. There are lots of tragedies in western literature such as Oedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publi shing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragi c spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortun e deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and m orals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many pa pers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few sch olars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he w as bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s trag edy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tra gedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before th e writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their prima ry material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a soci ety. In many cases, the social background of the novel is the writer’s background. Before an alyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this novel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which w e can see the background of this novel.。

tess of the d'urbervilles写作风格-回复“tess of the d'urbervilles”是英国作家托马斯·哈代的一部著名小说，这部小说以其独特的写作风格而闻名于世。

下面将一步一步回答关于“tess of the d'urbervilles”写作风格的问题。

问题1：哈代在“tess of the d'urbervilles”中采用了哪种写作风格？回答：哈代在“tess of the d'urbervilles”中采用了现实主义的写作风格。

现实主义是19世纪末20世纪初流行的文学运动，旨在以客观、真实的方式描绘社会现实和人物形象。

哈代以真实感的描写展示了来自农村的女主角蒂丝·德伯尔身上的社会不公与苦难，以及她周围人物的性格和态度。

哈代通过刻画现实生活中的琐事和细节，呈现出了强烈的真实感，使读者能够更好地理解和共鸣。

问题2：哈代在“tess of the d'urbervilles”中的描写风格如何？回答：哈代的描写风格以浪漫主义色彩为主，他精心细腻地描绘了角色的外貌、心理和环境。

他用富有感情色彩的语言，揭示了角色内心的痛苦、渴望和希望。

同时，哈代通过对细节的丰富描写和夸张手法来给读者留下深刻印象。

他常常使用自然景观来烘托情绪，例如，在小说中，他用描绘美丽的农田和鲜花来表现蒂丝的天真和纯真。

问题3：哈代在“tess of the d'urbervilles”中如何利用叙述者的身份创造有力的叙述效果？回答：哈代在“tess of the d'urbervilles”中采用了第三人称叙事的方式，并通过叙述者的身份创造了强烈的叙述效果。

叙述者对事件的观点和态度通常以客观中立的方式呈现，但有时也会流露出对角色命运的同情或辛酸。

这种叙述方式使读者能够更好地了解角色的内心世界，并且能够更全面地理解故事中复杂的情节和社会背景。

tess of the d'urbervilles简介《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代创作的一部小说，被认为是哈代最伟大的作品之一。

本文将对《德伯家的苔丝》进行简要介绍。

《德伯家的苔丝》以19世纪末英国乡村为背景，讲述了一个名叫苔丝的女主人公苔丝·达伯维尔的命运。

苔丝出生在一个贫困的农家，家庭生活十分艰辛。

然而，她具有出色的容貌和勇敢的性格，这使她有机会改变自己的命运。

故事开始时，苔丝因家庭的贫困而被送往亲戚家打工。

在那里，她遭遇了一个叫亚历克斯·德伯维尔的年轻绅士，他被苔丝的美貌所吸引，并迅速展开了追求。

然而，苔丝的不幸并没有停止。

由于一系列的不幸事件，她失去了工作，被迫转而寻找其他的生计。

在她的漂泊中，苔丝遇到了另一个男子，名叫安杰洛·克莱尔。

安杰洛是一个理想主义者，他憧憬着崇高的爱情和道德准则。

他被苔丝的纯洁和善良所吸引，二人开始了一段纯美的爱情。

然而，在他们即将结婚的时候，苔丝被迫向安杰洛坦白她过去的秘密，包括她和亚历克斯之间的关系以及她曾经遭受的悲惨命运。

安杰洛的理想主义在得知苔丝的过去后遭到了严重的考验，他无法接受苔丝的过去，并决定与她分手。

苔丝因此经历了巨大的痛苦和打击，她对这个伤害她心灵的世界感到绝望。

最终，她在追求自由和快乐的道路上选择了一种悲剧的结局。

《德伯家的苔丝》通过苔丝的故事刻画了19世纪英国社会的社会阶级和性别不平等问题。

苔丝是一个强大的女性形象，她经历了社会的不公正对待、男性的压迫和社会舆论的谩骂，但她依然坚持自己的尊严和信念。

她的命运成为了一种象征，揭示了当时社会对于女性的苛刻和对于道德标准的双重标准。

此外，《德伯家的苔丝》还以其深情的描写和刻画著称。

哈代通过细致入微的叙述，清晰地展现了英国乡村的风土人情和人与人之间的情感纠葛。

他以其独特的文笔，构建了一个真实而感人的故事，使读者深受感动和共鸣。

总体而言，《德伯家的苔丝》是一部兼具社会批判与感情描写的经典小说。

The tragedy of Tess（苔丝的悲剧）“Tess of the d'Urbervilles ” is generally regarded as Hardy's finest novel. A brilliant tale of seduction, love, betrayal, and murder, Tess of the d'Ubervilles yields to narrative convention by punishing Tess's sin, but boldly exposes this standard denouement of unforgiving morality as cruelly unjust. Throughout, Hardy characterizes Tess as a daughter of nature who endures the brutality of industrialism through the people and circumstances in her life. Using specific language, character depiction, and story development, Hardy provides a strong argument against the urban movement by showing the reader its harsh effects on the agrarian lifestyle. The novel centers around a young woman who struggles to find her place in society.Tess is a beautiful,intelligent and distinguished woman.But those advantages do not take her happiness or good lucky. It didn't like Jane Eyrea good ending the satisfaction of all with the help of oversea colony's money. In her life is full of Suffering and Unfortunate.Who and what couse the tragedy of Tess? I think there are four factors.At first of all, Tess is the tragedy of the times. Tess was living in the late nineteenth century .At that time, British capitalism begin invading rural. This Phenomenon sets conflicting betweeting country and city. In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. Hardy shows that life as a maiden begins in the natural country and ends in the brutal city. Tess's life begins in the rural secluded town of Marlott where the country atmosphere allows her to grow into a virtuous caring young girl. In contrast, Tess's downfall occurs in the city. Towards the end of the tale, when Tess is once again in Alec's possession, negative consequences ensue. She murders Alec in the city of Sandbourne that was like a "fairy place suddenly created by the stroke of a wand." (Pg. 296) The suddenness with which the city is created parallels the quick actions of Tess in murdering Alec d'Urberville. In both scenarios it seems like there was no thought before the action was orchestrated. Once Tess is put to death in the city, the harsh realities of justice and punishment remind the reader of Hardy's pessimistic view of industrialism. Hardy purposely begins and ends Tess's life in such a manner to show her as a sacrifice of rural landscape to the urban movement. Through his portrayal of Tess, Hardy is able to use her entire being to make his negative attitude towards urbanity known.Many people in England were forced to make sacrifices during the industrial revolution. Through language, character depiction, and specific scenes in the novel, Hardy illustrates the harsh effects of industrialism on certain agrarian lifestyles. He shows the reader that the commercialism and emphasis on modernistic ways of life did not fall well with all the people in the land. The substitute of machinery to manual labor came at a heavy price for the beautiful English land and the families who inhabited it. Hardy allows his readers to see that progress may not always be a positive occurrence and good intentions may cause dire consequences.At the beginning of stoy,Tess is a naive country girl. She is primarily a daughter of nature upon whom urbanity will leave its lasting marks. but one day , When her fathe discovere that the low-class Durbeyfield family is in reality the d'Urbervilles,he want Tess to recognizes the relative. Because the family circumstances are poor.tess complies by unvoluntary,even if she feels very ashamed.In there she meets master’s son Alec d’Urberville,who plays a character as chief criminal in her tragic life.An insouciant twenty-four-year-old man, heir to a fortune, and bearer of a name that his fatherpurchased, Alec is the nemesis and downfall of Tess’s life. His first name, Alexander, suggests the conqueror—as in Alexander the GreatZ，who seizes what he wants regardless of moral propriety. His full last name, Stoke-d’Urberville, symbolizes the split character of his family, whose origins are simpler than their pretensions to grandeur. After all, Stokes is a blunt and inelegant name.At the very end of the novel,he becomes a reverent Christian On surface.But when he remeeting Tess, he quickly abandons his newfound Christian faith. It is hard to believe Alec holds his religion, or anything else, sincerely. His supposed conversion may only be a new role he is playing. Indeed Alec is diabolical. Alec creeps up on Tess in the darkness of the Chase and lies with her without her knowing it.He deco nstructed the tess’s chastity and pure.At last,he forces tess to be his lover.Not aslo he really love tess,but only regards tess as his toy. It can be said,he is the immediate cause of tess’s tragedy.Angel Clare is also one of the important factors, caused more serious and terrible harm on tess psychological. Angel Clare is a complex art image. On the one hand,he is Bourgeois intellectuals , having Open minds and independent thinking.He hope depend on his own labor to survive and do not want to inherit his father's mantle..He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Indeed Angel Clare is a fascinating and good-hearted man. When he was working on the Pasture,a lot of girls admired him. But his love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all the milkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays.But on the other hand, Angel Clare aslo is one of the male chauvinist supporters. In his heart, he is still difficult to get rid of controling by feudal morals.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.”. Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. So Angel deserts Tess when he finds the innocent country girl he fell in love with is not so pure.On their wedding night, tess confesses that she is not a virgin and explains what happened with Alec d'Urberville. Even though he himself has also had an affair out of wedlock, he becomes upset and is unable to reconcile his real affection for Tess, his wounded pride, and his image of Tess as a pure and virginal figure. He can’t forgive her for having another man’s child even though she forgives him everything. Angel abandons Tess and tells her she cannot contact him; he will contact her. But he has not divorced with tess, because of Men's dignity.At last, after his failure in Brazil, and only then Angel realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. But to his sorrow, when returning to England to find Tess, he discovers tess living in a hotel with Alec d'Urberville.Everthing is too late.In addition, Tess’s character is also an important reason for the tragedy.Although Tess has great courage to against social injustice,she can’t get rid of astrology from her own moral traditions. She understood herself is a victim of the social violence and ethics morals victim. But in while receives which the native place person’s censures, she also consider herselves guilty. To forget the past ,she is Far away her family and home to Tabou Lei. Falls in love with Angel Clare makes her happiness,howere,her heart still fell suffered.Facing Angel Clare’s abandon,she think that is her own crime. Thus she silently endures the unjust fate.In herthingking, strong moral consciousness and religious sense is very obvious. The intense moral sensitivity and psychological atonement causes her to fall into the mire of suffering and tragedy. Tess has a lot of advantages, for instance saidindustriously, selfless, simple. Among them, her most Prominent advantages is pure, as the author described in subheading-“A pure woman”.But the such commendable moral excellence makes her go to the Abyss of tragedy. She is unable to live with Alec for the matter to enjoy ,while she can’t deceive Angel for Own happiness. If Tess is willing, she can request Alec to marry with her,when she was pregnant with his child, and does not have to endure other people's criticism.On wedding night, Listening to the advice of her mother,she can chooses to Hide her busband the matter happened with Alec d'Urberville,like any other women who have suffered simila matter as her.but her pure don’t allow her to do such “simple” matter.Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.In a word, Tess is a really pure woman. She has many valuable advantages.But because of Personal reasons, soc ial reasons and time reasons,she didn’t have a good end. Her tragedy is inevitable.摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学的瑰宝。

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。

An Analysis of Tess of the D’Urbervilles from the Perspective ofAristotle’s PoeticsThomas Hardy is one of the greatest novelists in literary history. He has created many literary classics for human beings, such as Far from the Madding Crowd, t he Major of Casterbridge,Jude the Obscure, the Return of the Native,Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Karl Weber once made the comment that “nobody would doubt that it’s his greatest novel” on Tess of the D’Urbervilles (qtd.in Zhang 2). W.P. Trent also commented that“[Tess’s] story is a tragedy-and in our opinion, is the greatest tragedy since Elizabethan area”(ibid 2).As a tragedy story,Tess of the D’Urbervilles is worthwhile to read and study.Since Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the classics in literary history, many scholars has made a variety of studies on it. Some researchers explain Tess’s tragedy from the feminist perspective. Some focus on Hardy’s fatalism, the tragic conflict, the characteristics of the language and features of scenes. Some try to study it from archetype criticism based on Bible. Some analyze the plot and structure as well as the narrative techniques. Some make efforts to find out Hardy’s value orientation and religious consciousness from studying the book.Although researchers has done many researches on the book, few bowfin analyze the work by applying Aristotle’s The Poetics which is concerning the techniques of writing a tragedy. Therefore, the author wants to applyThe Poetics to excavating the techniques used in Tess of the D’Urbervilles producing catharsis on readers.In The Poetics，Aristotle defines tragedy as “[T]ragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude” (25). He also claims tragedy can have a proper purgation for human emotions through pity and fear (25). There are six elements for a tragedy which are Plot, Character, Diction, Thought, Spectacle and Song (Aristotle,Poetics25). According to Aristotle, Plot means “the arrangements of incidents” (ibid 25), and Plot holds the first place because it is “the soul of a tragedy” (ibid 26). Character ranks at the second place and its definition is that “in virtue of which we ascribe certain qualities to agents” (ibid 25).In order to understand the catharsis brought by Tess of the D’Urbervilles, it is necessary to comprehend several conceptions. Aristotle defines catharsis as “purging of the spirit of morbid and base ideas or emotions by witnessing the playing out of such emotions or ideas on stage”(Aristotle, Works 1458). Others add that catharsis is “a release of feeling, or a kind of pleasure” (qtd.in Galgut 13). Some scholars expresses that “[K]atharsis is not an experience of the audience but a property of the play”(ibid 13). In order to make the effect of catharsis, Aristotle thinks the emotions of pity and fear are crucial for a tragedy (Poetics 25). As for the concept of pity, Aristotle in The Poetics writesthat “[P]ity is aroused by unmerited misfortune”(30). In his another work named The Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle expounds more about it. He writes that pity is a kind of emotion caused by audiences when watching that unmerited individuals suffer from destructive or poignant misfortune and imagining such misfortune may immediately happen to themselves or their relatives (97). Moreover, Aristotle adds that the emotion of pity can be aroused if the characters in the play should have a prosperity but instead they encounter adversity or the characters never have felicities in their life (Rhetoric 98). In regard to the notion of fear, according to The Poetics, fear is evoked by “the misfortune of a man like ourselves”(Aristotle 30). In The Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle details that fear is a grievous or apprehensive emotion produced by spectators when imagining that devastating or painful misfortune will soon happen to themselves (Aristotle 88). Some people add that the emotion of pity is given to the protagonists in the tragedy whereas the fear is to the audiences themselves (Zhu and Yuan 117). Thus it can be judged that pity and fear are closely related and cannot be separated from each other. Moreover, pity and fear can produce the feeling of pleasure on the condition that the spectators understand the plights in the tragedy happen to the protagonists not to themselves (Zhu 12). Such understanding “enables the distance necessary for aesthetic pleasure” (Galgut 23).According to Aristotle, a good Plot and Character can stir up theemotions of pity and fear among audiences. As the first principle, “Plot is thus central to the main function of tragedy-Katharsis” (Galgut 23). Plot, the arrangements of incidents, should obey “the law of probability or necessity”(Aristotle, Poetics27). Moreover, “Peripeteia or Reversal of the Situation, and Recognition scenes” in the plot are “the most powerful elements of emotional”(ibid 26). Furthermore, Aristotle expounds that a virtuous man should not pass from prosperity to adversity because it only shocks audience. A bad man should not experience from adversity to prosperity since it neither satisfies moral sense nor evokes pity and fear. Moreover, that an utter villain experiencing from good fortune to misfortune cannot arouse pity and fear and it merely satisfies the moral sense (ibid 30). Aristotle suggests the Peripeteia should be from prosperity to adversity and the character plays an important role in stirring up pity and fear. Aristotle in The Poetics explains that: There remains, then, the character between these two extremes,-that of a man who is not eminently good and just,-yetwhose misfortune is brought about not by vice or depravity, butby some error or frailty. He must be one who is highly renownedand prosperous,-a personage like Oedipus, Thyestes, or otherillustrious men of such families. (30)Furthermore, Aristotle details more on characters. He expounds that the protagonist should be good, proper, “true to life” and consistent (32).During the time when Tess of the D’Urbervilles was being published in instalments on a magazine, some readers wrote letters to Hardy to ask for a glad ending for Tess and expressed they would financially support Hardy (Zhang 14). These readers are deeply touched by the work and feel pitiful for Tess and fearful for themselves.Since many readers report that they have cried for Tess when reading the novel, it is necessary to have a comprehensive study on its Plot and Character according to The Poetics.A girl who is originally from a noble family and who is beautiful, hard-working and filial suffers the loss of her virginity in the Victorian age. The girl is Tess. As Hardy writes in the book, Tess originally is the offspring of “the ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles, that renowned knight who came from Normandy with William the Conqueror”(3). But Tess is born in a poor family. Her father is a drunkard, her mother is a narrow-minded village woman, and her sisters and brothers are little kids. When reading at the point, most readers feel sympathetic for Tess for the daughter of a noble family changes into a country girl. Due to an accident, the old horse named Prince dies (Hardy 38). Tess shoulders the responsibility and decides to visit the fake d’Urbervilles to find a job (Hardy 39-43). Her tragedy begins at the visit. During the Victorian period, women are strictly required to preserve their chastity for men. Losing virginity equals to losing social recognition. Therefore, whenTess loses her virginity, no matter what reason she is doomed to be discriminated by the whole society. Such misfortune is not caused by her “vice or depravity”(Aristotle, Poetics30), but by her ignorance as she complains to her mother:[H]ow could I be expected to know? I was a child when I left thishouse four months ago. Why didn’t you tell me there was danger in men-folk? Why didn’t you warn me? Ladies know what to fend hands against, because they read novels that tell them of these tricks;but I never had the chance o’learning in that way, and you didn’t help me!(Hardy 114)After coming back home, Tess is condemned by the villagers in Marllot and is alienated by both men and women. Moreover, her baby dies soon after its birth. It is pitiful since a beautiful and pure-hearted girl once from the noble family is caught in the predicament due to her ignorance. Simultaneously it is fearful because such misfortune is not far away from the real life. Tess’s story is originated from Wessex, so the story can reflect the real life in society and become genuine and believable to some extent. Moreover, in daily life, it can be heard about that some maidens or ladies are forced to lose their virginity owing to their incaution or ignorance and thus they are marginalized by the society. Therefore, when readers especially women feel sympathetic for Tess, they also fear such tragedy may immediately happen to themselves or their relatives.Nevertheless, since such misfortune occurs in the novel, readers can securely appreciate the aesthetic techniques of the novel and have a feeling of pleasure, the effect of catharsis. Through the process of releasing the morbid and base emotions, audiences will finally feel relaxed.Tess leaves her hometown to a daisy which is far away from her home. Without being known of her past, Tess has a peaceful life and gradually moves to her prosperity. In the dairy, the son of a respectable parson Angel falls in love with Tess. Angel expresses his love to Tess so fiercely that spectators expect Tess will live a carefree and cheerful life with Angel. Tess finally marries to Angel, in contrast to readers’expectations, Tess does not have an envious life and she is still a Cinderella in society or even worse than her previous life. Angel cruelly abandons Tess because of Tess’s past. In fact if Tess does not confess her past to Angel, at least she can enjoy a content life for some time or forever. Stubborn as Tess is, she does not listen to her mother but chooses to be honest to Angel. Accordingly, her felicity has gone with the wind. Reading at this section, most readers bemoan Tess’s misery for her deserved happiness vanishes so quickly. Audiences wonder that had Tess not be so sincere to her husband, she would belong to a member of the first class. Except pity, fear also concurrently comes in readers’ minds. Spectators also feel terrified because they are afraid of the thing that good times do not lastlong. One of the most mournful thing is the lost felicities. Therefore, readers worry about they will lose their content life because of an accident. Nevertheless, for they are not the protagonists in Tess of the D’Urbervilles, audience can continue their appreciation of the novel and obtain the kind of pleasure brought by catharsis.Due to the disasters Tess has encountered, Tess is driven to become Alec’s lover. At the same time, Angel goes back to find Tess. When Angel asks for Tess’s forgiveness, Tess says: “It is too late” (Hardy 525). At this point, audiences suppose Tess will not stay with Angel anymore since he once was too merciless for his wife Tess. Nevertheless, another peripeteia turns out. Tess kills Alec and stays with Angel again. Such plot is surprising, but it is reasonable. Some readers express that they may should have known Tess’s final choice after all she loves Angel so deeply and hates Alec so fiercely. According to the law in Victorian time, Tess will be sentenced to death since she kills Alec. Owing to her sudden impulsion, Tess kills Alec. Because of the impulse, she has to pay for her young life. When reading at the final section, readers feel extremely grievous and even cry for Tess’s death since the good girl never enjoys her life and her life is filled with misfortune and adversities. Sudden impulsion is frightening because many individuals in daily life has done many regrettable things under their impulse. Readers thus are also terrified they may do something illegal because of their impulsion. Butsince it is Tess who is sentenced to death, readers can securely cry for Tess to release their morbid and base emotions to obtain a feeling of pleasure brought by catharsis.Aristotle originally proposes the concept of catharsis and he suggests tragedy can make the effect on readers. By an appropriate plot and character, the emotions of pity and fear can come to readers which will help to produce the effect of catharsis. With a well-constructed and single plot as well as a proper heroine in Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the tragedy has successfully make the catharsis effect. Such effect contributes to the greatness of the book..Work CitedAristotle. The Art of Rhetoric. Trans. Luo Niansheng. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House. 2005.---. The Basic Works of Aristotle. Ed. McKeon R. New York: Modern Library.2001.---. “The Poetics”. Western Literary Criticism. Ed. Robert Tindol. Galgut, Elisa. “Tragic Katharsis and Reparation: A Perspective on Aristotle’s Poetics”South African Journal of Philosophy28 (2013):13-23.Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Beijing: Central Compilation & Translation Press.2008.Zhang, Min. A Feminist Reading of Tess’s Tragedy in“Tess of the D’Urbervilles”. Diss. U of Sichuan Normal, Chengdu, 2013. Zhang, Ruogu, trans. Tess of the D’Urbervilles. By Thomas Hardy. Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House. 1984.Zhu, Guangqian. The Psychology of Tragedy. Hefei: Anhui Education Publishing House.1996.Zhu, Liyuan, and Yuan Xiaolin. “A Modern Analysis of Aristotle’s Catharsis”. Tianjin Social Sciences 2 (2008):117.. ..。

tess of the d'urbervilles简介-回复【Tess of the d'Urbervilles简介】《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代于1891年出版的小说，被认为是哈代最伟大和最具影响力的作品之一。

这部小说通过描述主角苔丝·德伯维尔的悲惨经历，揭示了社会对性别和阶级的歧视，以及命运对个人的摆布。

本文将按照以下几个主要方面逐步回答《德伯家的苔丝》的简介。

一、主人公与背景《德伯家的苔丝》的主人公是苔丝·德伯维尔，一个年轻美丽的乡村女子。

她生活在19世纪英国乡村的女性角色被严格束缚，却致力于摆脱自身命运。

故事背景设置在英国乡村，其中包括托马斯·哈代熟悉的多塞特郡，该地区的自然景观与社会环境为故事的发展提供了重要的背景。

二、命运与阶级苔丝命运的起伏是《德伯家的苔丝》的核心主题之一。

她出身于贫穷的农民家庭，但通过一个相对富裕的亲戚的介绍，她进入了德伯家族，一位古老的贵族家族。

然而，这个家族并没有给她带来幸福，而是发现了她的血统有着卑微的农民血统。

命运对苔丝的残酷摧残使她陷入无尽的苦难和困境，这反映了时代对阶级地位的枷锁和限制。

三、性别歧视与社会压力《德伯家的苔丝》探讨了19世纪社会对女性的性别歧视和极端压力。

苔丝成为性别歧视的牺牲品，她的美丽和纯洁引发了男性的欲望，但却受到了社会的指责。

她被迫承受男权社会的角色标准，被视为一个堕落的女子。

尽管苔丝试图为自己的权力和自由权利辩护，但她仍然被社会深深地定型，并最终付出了沉重的代价。

四、爱情与悲剧小说中的爱情线索一直是故事的重要组成部分。

苔丝经历了三次感情经历，分别是与初恋男友安吉尔、富家子弟阿利克和再次遇见安吉尔。

她经历了爱情的欢乐和痛苦，但最终却没有找到真正的幸福。

这部小说通过展示苔丝爱情的复杂性和破坏性，表达了作者对爱情的深刻思考和对社会限制的批判。

五、宗教与道德观念《德伯家的苔丝》还探讨了宗教和道德观念在社会中的作用。

The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all Thomas Hardy’s works. The novel tells a tragic life about a beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. This thesis analyzes the personal character and society tragedy open out at that time. The author, Hardy, revealed a common girl, Tess, fought with the society helplessly. Finally, Tess’s tragic life can not be separated from her own weakness in character. Key Words:Tess; Tragic Life; Victim of Society摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代最为有影响力的一部巨著。

该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。

论文通过对小说中社会环境的描写，从分析人物性格和社会悲剧着手。

苔丝的悲剧生活于其自身的弱点是分不开的。

作者哈代揭示了一个普通女孩，苔丝无助地与当时社会抗争，最终苔丝成为社会的牺牲品。

关键词：苔丝；悲惨的命运；社会的牺牲品ContentsAbstract (i)摘要................................................................................................................................ i i I. Introduction . (1)II. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedy (3)A. Family Background (3)B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy (3)1. Her Father to Tess’s Tragedy (3)2. Her Mother for Tess’s Tragedy (3)III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s Tragedy (5)A. Her Sacrifice for the family (5)B. Her sacrifice for love (5)IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s Tragedy (7)A. Character Element for Her Tragedy (7)1. Facing Alec (7)2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and Brave (7)B. Dual Nature of Character for Her Tragedy (7)1. Resistance (8)2. Uncompromise (8)C. Social Element for Her Tragedy (8)1. Capitalism of social background (8)2. Male Consciousness Leading to Tess’s Tragedy (9)V. Conclusion (10)Acknowledgements (11)Bibliography (12)I. IntroductionTess was born in a poor family. One day, her father was told that he was the lineal descendants of ancient family of the D’Urbervilles, then he turned his head up. He and his vain and vulgar wife decided to sent Tess to a rich family also called D’Urbervilles’s descendant. In order to get support their society status, Tess went to the rich family, after that being raped and pregnant. The child was born, then died soon. Several years later, she left home to a milk factory to work. There did she meet her true love Angel Clare. They fell in love and engaged. She greatly admired Angel Clare and loved him. But Angel did not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night.On the wedding night, Tess told all about it to his husband, but she did not get his understanding. After that Angel abandoned her then he went to Brazil to develop his business alone. When Tess and Alec met again, because of the hard life, she lived with Alec again. Several years later, Angel returned from abroad. He was very sorry for what he did. And he told Tess his thought. For Tess loved him so addicted, she wanted to back to Angel. So Tess murdered Alec.After she spent a few days of happiness with Angel, Tess was arrested and then died.Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages, an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are.Victorian literature in general truthfully represents the reality and spirit of this age long—realistic, thickly plotted, and crowded with characters. Hard y’s expression of the truth of this age which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being also had a high place in Western literature.The tragic idea in Hardy’s novels spring and develop in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragicpath of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.When he was young, he derived a love of music from his father and a devotion to literature from his mother. He grew up in the Dorset shire, of which the environment there became the main backdrop of his writings. Thomas Hardy was afamous critical realistic wreter at the turn of the 19th century in England, His writings often reflected the change after capitalism intruded the countries in England and the people’s hard life. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village.Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published in the year of 1891, which was one of his most famous novels. This novel explosed women’s tragic life in that time.The thesis discribs two reasons, one is Tess’s personality character, another one is so ci ety reasonsII. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedyA. Family BackgroundAt the beginning of the novel, Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent .She was a dairymaid, who lived in the country, as a daisy on the village roadside, beautiful but humble, and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began. And as the writer express emotion, “Norman's descent, not for the support of Victoria 1800, the wealth, a very inconsequential!” Distinguished background doesn’t bring any benefits to Tess, but her tragic life was begun..B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy1. Her Father to Tess’s TragedyTess’s father, a carter in Marlott, who is a lazy alcoholic. He hated to work hard when he learned that his family is descended from nobility. In order to get some porfits When pastor said “D’Urbeyfield, that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly”He became excited and walked in a profound reverie. He began to make his noble dream: “tell them to send a horse and carriage to me immediately, tocarry me home” Even more, D’Urbeyfield put his hand in his pocket, and produced a shilling, one of the chronically few that he possessed. He sent it to the lad with the lavish expression.As if a pedigree can change his poverty, he became complacent and full of the unlimited dream. The unrealistic illusion changed Tess’s tragedy fate.2. Her Mother for Tess’s TragedyTess’s mother, whose ambitions were much simpler. She wanted Tess to rise in the world by making a successful marriage. Tess returned to home after having been raped by Alec, and she told her mother what had happpened in the forest with Alec. Her mother told her “You ought to be more careful if you did not mean to get him to make you his wife”. Tess answered, “Oh, mother, my mother! How could I be expected to know? I was a child, when I left this house for months ago. Why did you tell me there was danger in man folk?” Tess did not have the knowlwdge about men,because of her lower education. Tess’s mother was frustrated with the reasons why Tess did not marry Alec. Her mother believed that if Tess married Alec, her family’s situation would be changed greatly.The attitudes of her parents determined Tess’s tragic end in a large property. If Tess was not born in this poor family or her family was also a noble one. If she was not so responsible for her duty, and she was not so kind, her life would not end up in this way.III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s TragedyA. Her Sacrifice for the familyTess sacrificed herself for her family. As a rural girl from a peasant family, she maintained the simple innocent qualities of peasant. Her family was very poor. All they lived on was a weak horse，Furthermore, Tess’s parents would not work to support themselves. The family lived a hard life, because there were seven younger sisters and brothers. Poverty forced Tess at the age of 17 to take her parents’ duty of financial burden of the whole family. Tess was too young! At that age most people are still in school!Tess’s father, John Durbeyfield is a plain haggler in the village of Marlott, when he learned that he is the lineal representatives of ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles. He is very proud of his aristocratic ancestry and celebrates in a tavern. There, he decides to send Tess to claim kinship with the d’Urbervilles. He is hypocritical and ignorant. He thinks Tess should marry a rich man, through which will give his family we alth and fame. Besides, Tess’s mother is also a selfish and hypocritical rural woman; she is attracted by her husband’s noble blood. When she learns that old lady d’Urbervilles is blind and his son, Alec is still unmarried, she should and could realize the risk sending Tess there, for her chastity. And she can’t accept and understand Tess’s refuse to Alec’s proposal. Her parents even can’t meet their ends meet. Then, we come to Tess’s seven younger brothers and sisters. They are all very young, and can’t sh are the burden of the family. Thus, the heavy burden of supporting the family falls on Tess’s family. She is willing to work hard and share the burden, and sacrifice her own happiness. It’s all out of her responsibility for the family. Alec to him is a devil, a destroyer, she never loves him, but she still subjects to him for his material aid to her family. That is a great spirit and love for the family.B. Her sacrifice for loveIn Tess’s life, she encountered with two men, namely, Alec and Angel. Hercredulity to Alec and infatuation to Angel.How uncompromising she was in life. But she was not a successor in love. She was a slavery of love. Tess’s physically was injured by Alec, and mentally was affected by Angel. Alec is portrayed as a spoiled; almost evil person and a high class snob. From the first time, she met Alec, Tess can not escape from his palm. While, working on the dairy farm, Tess met Angel. They fell in love. Tess was very admire Angel Clare, and loved him. Unfortunately, when Tess told him what happened to her past, Angel abandoned her. Because he had an idea of egoism, which is deeply affected by the traditional society morals and conventions. Even though he , himself, was not a pure man, he could not accept Tess who was not a really pure bride. Tess’s love made her to death. After Angel left, due to the pressure of life, Tess had to return to Alec.After that, Angel came back from Brazil, he told Tess that he forgave her past. By the reason of her love to him, Tess murdered Alec. “To her su blime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be… knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know she thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer. The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her life up her heart to him in devotion.” Her love was so cheap that Tess lost herself, and her own dignity. This blind and unequal love made Tess lose some rights of a true wife who could seek happiness. This directly led to Tess’s tragic.IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s TragedyA. Character Element for Her TragedyTess’s personal characteristics were also the cause of her tragedy. Towards life, Tess is never surrendered. No matter life is difficult, she tried her best to overcome the hardships.1. Facing AlecFacing Alec, she always resisted the temptation. She gave up enjoying the comfort of life, raised children alone. She was not knocked downed by the discrimination around, and she kept silently, endured the injustice of life. Although her life was full of combat and disaster, but she endured, and never made excessive demands of life. When she met Alec again, which were also the most difficult times of her life, however she was unmoved upon temptation. As it is said in the book 〝Passionately swung the love by the gauntlet directly in his face…A scarlet oozing appeared where her blow and alighted, and in a moment the blood began dropping from his mouth upon the straw〞2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and BraveTess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer. Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave, is refracting the quality of human nature’s brave benevolence. Tess’s beauty and temperament was harmony with the nature, she was “the nature’s daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy, she never even a fly, worms were not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage could make she cry. Tess this own character decided she had no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedy’s happen ed only the problem of time or might different in form.B. Dual Nature of Character for Her TragedyTess experienced major changes in human relationships. She obviously has the dual nature of the social character---- resistance and compromise.1. ResistanceTess was in a difficult position, but she never spiritless. Tess was only her parents’ tool, and this field confirmed blood relation's transaction has ruined her pure and chaste, and also made Tess doubt her own nature. From then on, “Almost at a leap Te ss thus changed from simple girl to complex woman.” Marries the tentative plan wa s disillusioned; Tess’s inner asked “Woman's chastity, really time has lost, forever has lost? All organisms have the ability to restore the source, why shouldn't the sole mai den's chastity have this kind of ability?” (Thomas Hardy,)“why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alike？”Treat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly (Thomas Hardy, 145, 164, 184).2. UncompromisedAlthough she became a disgraceful woman, she always held an inviolable attitude to Alec. She fostered the child lonely, although without it she might have enjoy easy and comfortable life,. Periphery discriminated the judgment had not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster，she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time, Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remained unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.C. Social Element for Her Tragedy1. Capitalism of social backgroundThis story happened in the late of Britain's Victorian era，in this time, Capitalist class controlled all right, and the law were serviced for them. Farmers were at the bottle of the society, they had never equal right as the capitalist class. Tess as a woman in the Victorian era，she cannot avoided the “Hegemony”father right consciousness to “woman”nature understanding and severe social etiquette。

从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝专业：英语学号：学生姓名：指导老师：摘要托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。

本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。

生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。

在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。

同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。

因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。

通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。

关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会Analysis of Tess of the D’urbervilles in the Light of EcofeminismAbstractThomas Hardy’s novel Tess of the D’urbervilles is a great classic work in England as well as in the world. This thesis will analysis Tess of the D’urbervilles in the light of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argues that nature and feminist are the origin of human being’s existence and development ,the two are incompatible to men .Moreover, are the victims in the process of capitalistic industrialization and expansive male intrusion. In the novel ,Tess is a heroine created by Hardy, who was set to live in the times of industrialization approach to rural area., and bullied and oppressed by masculine. Besides ,the nature surrounding her and the modify of production style also can reflect the expansion as well as the invasion endowed by male centered world .Therefore ,this thesis will read Tess of the D’urbervilles by angel of ecofeminism. Through Analysis of Hardy’s view of nature and women in the light of ecofeminism as well as Tess’s close relationship with nature and the emergency of feminism among male chauvinism, which will give reader a new angel to understand the novel. Meanwhile ,we can have a good understanding of ecofeminism .Key Words: Tess of the D’urbervilles; Ecofeminism; Women; Nature; IndusrtilizationCONTENTS摘要 (I)Abstract (I)Chapter 1 Introduction (2)1．1 The writing background (2)1．2 The main content of Tess of the D’ubervilles (3)1．3 Literature review (4)1. 4What is new in my studyChapter 2 Ecofeminism and Its Development (5)2. 1 Definiation of specialized terms (5)2. 2 The Development of Ecofeminism (6)2. 3 Differences of social psychology ...................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

1. An Analysis of Hardy’s Comparisons in Tess of the d'Urbervilles浅析哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中对比手法的运用2. The Use of Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory in The Old Man and the Sea海明威“冰山原理”在《老人与海》中的运用3. An Analysis of Alec’s Personalities in Tess of the d'Urbervilles解读《德伯家的苔丝》中阿雷克的性格4. An Interpretation of the Female Character Estella in Great Expectations《远大前程》中女性形象艾丝黛拉解读5. An Interpretation of the Female Character Miss Havisham in Great Expectations《远大前程》中女性形象郝维辛小姐解读6. The Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs. Dalloway浅析《达洛维夫人》中的意识流运用7. Fatalism in Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现8. An Analysis of Thomas Hardy’s Attitudes towards the Heroine in Tess of the d'Urbervilles哈代对《德伯家的苔丝》中女主人公的态度解读9. An Interpretation on the Themes of the Poems Written by Emily Dickenson艾米莉·狄金森诗歌主题解读10. A Comparative Study between the Heroines’ Personalities in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公性格对比研究11. An Analysis on the Causes of Tess's Tragedy苔丝悲剧人生的成因分析12. An Interpretation of the 18th-cen tury English Female’s Choice of Husbands from Jane Austen’s Novels从简·奥斯丁作品解读十八世纪英国女性择偶观14. A Comparative Study of Three Chinese Versions of “Of Studies”《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究15. Translation Strategies and Techniques of Long Sentences in TEM 8英语专业八级中长句的翻译策略与技巧16. A Survey on the Status of English and American Literary Classics’ Reading of English Majors英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查17. A Survey on the Current Teaching Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China关于我国高校英美文学教学现状的调查报告18. A Survey on the English Majors’ Current Learning Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China高校英语专业学生英美文学学习现状调查报告19. A Survey on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of the Course of English and American Literatures’ Marginalizatio n英美文学课程“边缘化”现状调查与对策研究20. A Survey on the English Majors’ Use of Electronic Dictionaries in Learning English and American Literatures英语专业学生在英美文学学习中使用电子辞典情况调查分析21. An Analysis of the Writing Features of the Short Stories by O. Henry欧亨利短篇小说写作手法分析22. An Interpretation on the Themes of the Poems Written by Edgar Allan Poe爱伦坡诗歌主题解读23. An Interpretation on the Views of Nature from the Poems Written by William Wordsworth浅析华兹华斯诗歌中的自然观24. An Interpretation of the Female’s Images in Hamlet《哈姆雷特》中的女性形象解读25. An Analysis of the Male Protagonist’s Personality Development from Great Expectations《远大前程》男主人公性格发展分析26. A Comparative Study between the Two Heroines of Vanity Fair《名利场》两位女主人公比较研究27. An Analysis on the Causes of Heathcliif's Tragedy from Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》男主人公悲剧人生原因分析28. A Survey on the Status of English and American Literary Classics’ Reading of English Majors驻保高校英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查29. A Survey on the English Majors’ Current Learning Situation of English and American Literatures in Universities of China驻保高校英语专业学生英美文学学习现状调查报告30. A Survey on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of the Course of English and American Literatures’ Marginalization英美文学课程“边缘化”现状调查与对策研究31. A Survey on the Influence of Movies Adapted from Literary Works on the Current Learning Situation of English and American Literatures文学名著改编电影对改善英美文学学习现状的调研报告32. An Analysis of Symbolism in “A Rose for Emily”浅析《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰》中的象征意义33. A Comparative Study of Three Chinese Versions of “Of Studies”《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究本文档部分内容来源于网络，如有内容侵权请告知删除，感谢您的配合！。

The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of t he D’Urbervilles外国语学院 09级英教5班103012009157【Abstract】Thomas Hardy was a distinguished critical realistic writer in 19th century in England. And Tess of t he D’Urbervilles is the most influenced and monumental one of his works, which describes the tragedy life about a rustic and pure women called Tess. The subheading of this noble is “a pure woman” for she was innocent and pure although she had lost virginity and killed someone. She struggled against the fate with her tenacious vitality. However, she was finally ruined. What are the main factors that make Tess’s tragedy? In this paper, I would like to have a detailed discussion and make a further analysis of Tess’s tragedy.【Key Words】Tess’s tragedy; external causes; internal causes; the irony of fateThe Women’s Liberation reaches its climax in the end of 19th century. Hardy’s works reflect the thought of women emancipation which is in line with the zeitgeist. Besides, females in his works array themselves vehemently against the traditional mores and society. Hardy set his sight audaciously on countryside and paid close attention to the tragedies of common families. He is good at depicting the tragic fate of females, to expose the damages brought to females by patriarchal society and to criticize the Androcentrism.Tess of t he D’Urbervilles describes a virtuous, tough, self-respected and tolerant woman--- Tess. In quest of the family genealogy, the girl comes in contact with Alec D’Urberville, whose claim to the ancient family name is dubious. Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant. She gives birth to a child, who dies soon. Out of financial need, Tess goes out to find work on a dairy farm [1]. She didn’t give herself up as hopeless and blame everyone and everything but herself. She chooses to face setbacks valorously and undertake the heavy burden of the family without complaint. Later, in the farm she meets Angel Claire and they fall in love with each other and become engaged. At the wedding night, Tess makes a confession about Alec’s sexual trap and begs Angel’s pardon. However, Angel leaves her in disgust. After Angle’s departure, Alec continues to harass Tess. Out of financial need, Tess has to gives in and living with him. Then the joke goes on with redoubled intensity when the remorseful Angel Claire resurfaces and throws Tess into the abyss of despair. She stabs Alec for hurting her so, and runs away with Angel. They manage to hide in a wood where she is arrested. She is hanged later [2].There is no doubt that Tess is wretched but brave. She has subverted the traditional moreswhich Hardy tries to knock out. What kind of evil things convert the angelical girl to a murderer? What kind of evil things that push an elegant and gracious woman to death? What are the roots of Tess’s tragedy? As far as I am concerned, there are four main factors.1.External causesIt is the society that brings about Tess’s tragedy. She is the victim of social compression which not only comes from the bourgeoisie, but also comes from the bourgeois ethics and religion. Tess is a lugubrious girl who has been suffering privation and hardship since young. When she comes to the Durbeyfields, she was seduced by the guileful Alec. Surely Tess is an innocent victim, and she deserves people’s sympathy and help. But instead of sympathy and compassion, she is persecuted relentlessly by the bourgeois apologists. They regard her as a representative of shame and decadence.Later, bowing to pressure, Tess leaves her hometown for a faraway dairy to do casual labor. She falls in love and come together with Claire who recalls her hope of life and love. Claire is liberal-minded and he loves Tess very much not only because of her beauty and kindness, but also because of her diligence. He proposes to her, “I shall soon want to marry, and, being a farmer, you see I shall require for my wife a woman who knows all about the management of farms. Will you be that woman, Tess? [3]” We can say that his willing to marry her is partly based on the bourgeois egoism. Besides, at the wedding night, when he is informed of Tess’s tragic experience, he discards her ruthlessly, which reflects his hypocritical essence of the bourgeoisie. Tess’s dream of living with Claire blissfully is completely broken. Once again, she suffers the spiritual persecution of the bourgeois society.Her family becomes insolvent after her father’s death. Their life becomes more difficult and they are unable to make ends meet. At the moment, Alec takes advantage of the Durbeyfields’poverty and becomes a churchman. He reappears in Tess’s life and continues to harass her. In the hypocritical appearance of bourgeois religion, he dispossesses Tess inhumanly once again and makes her turn into a complete toy and sacrificial lamb of the bourgeois society.Claire’s return directly pushes Tess under the butcher’s knife of bourgeois criminal law. It is the capitalist society that finally ruins Tess. The society which Tess lives in is full of evils and crimes. And the evils are indulged by the society, while kindness and justice are against existence. Because of the injustice of the society, the pure Tess becomes a sacrificial lamb. Therefore, Tess’s tragedy is mainly caused by the capitalist society. It is the external cause of her tragedy. 2.Internal causes2.1 Lake of educationJuliet Mitchell, the feminist ideologist in England, once indicated in her book Women: the Longest Revolution that “The whole pyramid of discrimination rests on a solid extra-economic foundation—education. The demand for equal work, in Britain, should above all take the form of a demand for an equal educational system, since this is at present the main single filter selecting women for inferior work-roles. [4]” Based on this theory, we can say that lake of education is one of the factors that lead to Tess’s tragedy.At the first beginning, Tess dreams to become a teacher, but things didn’t work out. Due to privation, she has to step into the society and do many manual labors which reward a low income. She cannot get a decent high-paid job because she hasn’t got enough education. Therefore her life becomes more and more difficult and she has to turn to Alec for help. Another important influence education brings to women is that it can improve women’s intelligence and awareness. Beingcheated and seduced, Tess accuses bitterly that “How could I be expected to know? I was a child when I left this house four months ago. Why didn’t you tell me there was danger in men-folk? Why didn’t you warn me? Ladies know what to fend hands against, because they read novels, that tell them of these tricks; but I never had the chance of learning in that way, and you did not help me! [5]” There is an old saying in china that “Innocence is the virtue for women” which equally explains the social exclusion to women’s education. Under the control of such a traditional conception, Tess’s dream cannot ever come true.2.2Compromising characterTess has the courage to react against the traditional mores and concentrate on the pursuit of her own happiness. There is no doubt that she is an uncompromising mutineer. However, she cannot thoroughly break away from the fetter of traditional morality. There still exit some conservative and unenlightened ethics in her character. Of course she knows that she is an innocent victim of violence. However, when facing to the censure of villagers, she also regards herself as guilty.Her relationship with Claire also shows another kind of compromising in her character. The relationship between lovers should be equal. But Tess constantly raises Claire while blindly belittles herself as it is said in the novel: “She loves he extremely, she looks he as the god. [6]” What ardent but hangdog love! Her miserable past does not receive Claire’s forgiveness but relentless discard. Even so, her love to Claire never reduces. Letters after letters, she doesn’t regain Claire’s love. She loses her self-conscious and dignity in front of love. It is the blind and unequal love that deepens Tess’s tragedy for she gives up her right as a wife to strive for happiness.2.3InferiorityTess suffers great pain and pressure after losing her virginity. But we must point out that it is her inferiority that intensifies her pain.For Tess, most of her pains are psychological. She judges her own past on traditional customs and public opinion as well as religions thoughts. This kind of judgment not only warps her normal psychological states, but also brings her a heavy burden that cannot be evaded. It is because of the secular fallacy that this kind of inferiority comes into being on Tess, which explains that Tess develops an extremely deviant mentality in that social environment. In this way, she spins an invisible ethical net to tie herself. Her consciousness of self fettering is based on a extremely profound history and it has been a specific performance of the consciousness of the whole society.2.4 Lake of self-awarenessTess’s lake of self-awareness is distinctly reflected on her attitude towards love.As we all know, at the first sight, Tess is immediately attracted by the distinctive look of Claire. From Hardy’s pen, Tess is described as a perfect individual who represents the ideal consummate woman. However, there also exits a little bit of weakness in Tess’s characteristics. She falls into the love affair and paces up and down between two men all the time. Meanwhile, she constantly takes other’s needs into account while she always loses sight of her own needs and happiness. In a male-privileged society, Tess always places herself in an indifferent position as well as in the edge of the society. The image of Tess in Hardy’s pen contains his deep sympathy to the humble women in his society, and his furious lash to the so-called profane civilization, as well as his intense accuse to the traditional male-privileged society. Besides, it also reflects the most popular female image under the control of a male chauvinism in 19th, which is self-sacrifice,tolerant and compliant, as well as tough and unpretending. It is to say that women have to place themselves behind men all the time. Women that the patriarchal society praise and honor are those who are lake of self-awareness. The whole society requires women to sacrifice themselves and to take good care of the families and husbands. Tess is just one of the women who are hurt deeply and ruined completely. It is the complicated and ruthless society that Tess loses her virginity firstly and then goes into a painful abyss, which in some way directly pushes Tess into a tragedy.3.The irony of fateThere is no doubt that Tess is a paragon of innocence. She possesses simplicity, nobility and devotion so that she deserves of happiness and other s’ love. However, the fate plays a cruel joke on her and finally pushes her into a tragedy.If her father hadn’t met the Parson at the first beginning who told him that they were the descendants of the D’Urbervilles, Tess would not force to contact with the D’Urbervilles in quest of the family genealogy; if the horse had not died, Tess would not have to go and look for Alec; if Tess had not fallen into Alec’s sexual trap, she would not need to confess on her wedding night about it; if Alec had read her letter of confession and appeal, there might be no wedding and Tess would not be abandoned by Alec. But all of these coincidences did happen which become an important reason for Tess’s tragedy.After Angel’s leaving, Tess must decide to succumb to Alec’s pressure. Angel must wake up from his hypocritical dream of romance and come to his senses and return to look for a Tess now already spoken for. Tess must still love Angel and have no choice but to stab Alec—“the curse of her life’’----in the back. Alec is not worthy of Tess’ life, but “the President of the Immortals” must have his way with the mortals before he decides that it is high time now she went back to whence she came[7]. What a tragic life!4.ConclusionWhen reading Tess of t he D’Urbervilles, we can draw a conclusion that this novel holds up a mirror for the spirit of the time. The indifference and ruthless of the capitalist society is one of the main reason for Tess’s tragedy. Besides, there are also some internal reasons, such as lake of education, compromising character, inferiority, lake of self-awareness, which in some way lead to her tragedy. Meanwhile, we can not ignore the irony of fate playing a cruel joke on the poor girl. All of these factors lead to her tragedy and death.References[1][2] 常耀信, A Survey of English Literature. 南开大学出版社, 2009, 289[3] Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles. 上海世界图书出版公司, 2003[4] Juliet Mitchell, Women: the Longest Revolution. Pantheon, 2008[5] [6] Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles. 上海世界图书出版公司, 2003[7] 常耀信, A Survey of English Literature. 南开大学出版社, 2009, 290。

《论苔丝悲剧的成因》On Causes of Tess’sTragedy摘要：《德伯家的的苔丝》被认为是哈代的悲剧剧作品的代表作，这也是他的的最著名的悲剧小说。

这部部以副标题为“一个纯洁的女女人”的长篇小说于18999年出版，对于这部小说读者者的反应不一。

这部小说讲的的是一个乡村女孩苔丝的爱情情故事，她是怎样由一个单纯纯的女孩变成一个杀人犯。

爱爱情在苔丝的生活之中扮演十十分重要的角色，虽然爱情使使她幸福但同时也给她带来灾灾难。

一系列的不幸构成了苔苔丝的生活且慢慢地毁灭了她她的人性。

苔丝家的马的死去去是她的首先的不幸，这意味味着苔丝命运的转变。

丧失了了家庭的依靠苔丝非常自责，，苔丝对她的家庭的强烈的责责任意识是这部小说的最重要要的部分。

自始至终苔丝都是是受害者，她的悲剧是由内外外因素造成的。

她被动，屈服服，单纯，缺少怀疑的精神，，所以最容易成为环境，社会会和男性唯心主义的俘虏。

尽尽管她一生都在苦苦挣扎与命命运较量，但最终她还是被她她的负罪的自我毁灭意识，对对生命的否定意识和两个残忍忍的男人所击垮。

关键词：：哈代苔丝爱情悲剧纯洁贫穷资本主义社会会Abstrac t: Tess of the D‟Urber v v illes is ge n n erally rega r ded as Hard y y‟s tragic m a a sterpiece, a a nd certainl y y it is his m m ost ambitio u u s tragic no v v el. This no v v el, subtitl e e d …A Pure W o o man‟ was fi r st publishe d d in 1891to a mixed rec e e ption. For H H ardy himsel f, the haunt i ng and trag i c figure of Tess was th e e character w w ho meant th e e most to hi m m. This nove l is basical l y the story of a countr y y girl, Tess whose fate i s tragic an d d in the end she becomes a …tragic h e e roine‟. The book reveal s s Tess‟s lif e e, how the f i rst-present e e d innocent g g irl turns i n n to a tragic heroine. Lo v v e plays an i mportant ro l e in Tess‟s life becaus e e love does n n ot mean hap p p iness to he r but it cau s s es her trag e e dy. Her lif e e is a serie s s of misfort u u nes which s l owly destro y y s her perso n n ality. The f irst misfor t une is of T e e ss‟s family when their h h orse dies i n n a fatal ac c c ident. The d d eath of the horse can b e e interprete d d as the sym b b ol of …chan g g e‟, her lif e e changes in t o a series o o f tragedy. T T ess blames h h erself for l oosing the f amily‟s mea n n s of liveli h h ood. Tess‟s sense of re s s ponsibility for her fam i ly is one o f the book‟s most import a a nt elements.Tess Durbey f ield is a v i ctim of ext e e rnal and un c c omprehended forces. Pas s s ive and yie l ding, unsus p p icious and f undamentall y y pure, she s s uffers a w e e akness of w i ll and reas o o n, struggli n n g against a fate that i s s too strong for her. Te s s s is the ea s s iest victim of circumst a a nce, societ y y and male i d d ealism, who fights the h h ardest figh t yet is des t royed by he r ravaging s e e lf-destruct i ve sense of guilt, life denial and t he cruelty o o f two men.Key Words:Hardy Te s s s Love T T ragedy pu r e poor c c apitalist s o o cietyC O O NTENTSI.I n n troduction (1)II. Anal y y sis of the C C auses of Te s s s‟s Tragedy (2)2.1Capita l istSociety (2)2.1.1EconomicPov e e rty (2)2.11.2 The Unju s s t Law Syste m m (2)2.1.3 The Hyp o o critical Re l igion and S u u perstition (33)2.1.4 The H H ypocritical Morality (3)2.1.5 The C C apitalist E x x ploitation (3)2.2 The P P oor Family (3)2.2.1 The D i sintegratio n n of Peasant r y (3)2.2.2 Th e e Old Wessex......................................................... .. (44)2.3 Tess Hers e e lf (4)2.3.1 Te s s s‟s Beauty (4)2.3.2 Tess‟s s Purity (4)2.3.3 Tess‟s Ch a a racter (5)2.3.44Tess‟s Opi n n ion on Love (6)2.44Other Pers o o n (7)2.4.1 A l ec D‟Urberv i lle (77)2.4.2 Ange l Clare (8)2.5 Coincidents (99)III.Con c c lusion (10)《论苔苔丝悲剧的成因》On C C auses of Te s s s‟s TragedyI Introduc t ionThomas H H ardy(1840-19928)the repr e e sentative o f critical r e e alism was b o o rn and brou g g ht up in Do r set, an agr i cultural di s s trict in th e e south ofE n n gland. Son o o f an archit e e ct, he star t ed out to f o o llow his fa t her‟s profe s s sion. After studying in Dorset and t hen in Lond o o n, he retur n n ed to settl e e down in hi s s native pla c c e. Architec t ure did not really inte r est him so h h e turned to literature.When Tess o o f the d‟Urb e e rvilles app e e ared in 18911, Thomas Ha r dy was one o o f England‟s leading men of letters.He had alre a a dy authored several wel l known nove l s, includin g g The Return of the Nati v v e, Jude the Obscure, Un d d er the Gree n n wood Tree, T T he Mayor of Casterbridg e e, The Woodl a a nders and n u u merous shor t stories.D e e spite this s s uccess, the novel was o n n e of Hardy‟s s last. Tess brought him notoriety, i t was consi d d ered quite s s candalous. H H e was deepl y y wounded by some of the particularl y y personal a t tacks he re c c eived from r eviewers of the book. I n n 1892, he w r ote in one o o f his noteb o o oks, quoted in The Late r Y ears of T h h omas Hardy,1892-1928, c c ompiled by F F lorence Emi l y Hardy, “W e e ll, if this sort of thi n n g continues no more nov e e l-writing f o o r me. A man must be a f o o ol to delib e e rately stan d d up to be s h h ot at.”In s s pite of his reputation,Hardy had d i fficulty fi n n ding a peri o o dical willi n n g to publis h h the book w h h en he offer e e d it for se r ialization t o London‟s l eading revi e e ws. The sub j ect matters a milkmaid T T ess, who is seduced by A A lec Clare, m m arried and r ejected by A A ngel Clare a a nd eventual l y murdered t he first on e e. It was co n n sidered unf i t for publi c c ationswhic h h young peop l e might rea d d. To appeas e e potential p p ublishers, H H ardy took t h h e novel apa r t, re-wrote some scenes and added o t hers. In du e e course, a p p ublisher wa s s secured. W h h en it came t ime to publ i sh the nove l in book fo r m, Hardy re a a ssembled it as it was o r iginally co n n ceived.Har d d y is a Vict o o rian writer,and while t he evils of the Industr i al Revoluti o o n surround h h im, so do t h h e wonders o f science an d d progress s u u ch as the s t eam engine.Rather than hide from E n n gland‟s new industrial s s ociety, the Victorians,and Hardy, b b elieved tha t the ills o f society co u u ld be fixed if, instead of running a a way, we fac e e d the probl e e ms head on.Such as his description s s of the Tal b b othay‟s Dai r y, it encom p p asses a rou n n der perspec t ive. Hardy does not ta l k about a r e e turn to chi l dhood innoc e e nce; he tal k k s about a g i rl getting p p regnant out of wedlock w w ith a baby w w ho dies sho r tly after b e e ing born. H a a rdy‟s Natur e e is idyllic in that it i s free from social conv e e ntion, but i t is filled with life a n n d death. Ha r dy‟s Nature is more pra c c tical and u s s eful. Hardy does not ru n n away to Na t ure to esca p p e; he sets u u p his Natur e e as a model to explore t he idea tha t middle cla s s s Victorian values caus e e many of th e e ills of so c c iety.Tess o o f th e d‟Urb e e rvilles dea l s with seve r al signific a a nt contempo r ary subject s s for Hardy,including t h h e struggles of religiou s s belief tha t occurred d u u ring Hardy‟s s lifetime. H H ardy was la r gely influe n n ced by the O O xford movem e e nt, a spiri t ual movemen t involving e e xtremely de v v outthinkin g g and action s s. Hardy‟s f a a mily member s s were prima r ily orthodo x x Christians and Hardy h i mself consi d d ered enteri n n g the clerg y y, as did ma n n y of his re l atives. Y et Hardy event u u ally abando n n ed his devo u u t faith in G G od based on the scienti f ic advances of his cont e e mporaries, i ncluding mo s s t prominent l y Darwin‟s O O n the Origi n n of Species.Hardy‟s ow n n religious e e xperiences c c an thus be s s een in the c c haracter of Angel Clare, who resist s s the conser v v ative relig i ous beliefs of his pare n n ts to take a a more relig i ous and sec u u lar view of philosophy.The novel a a lso reflect s s Hardy‟s pr e e occupation w w ith social c c lass that c o o ntinues thr o o ugh his nov e e ls. Hardy h a a d connectio n n s to both t h h e working a n n d the upper class, but f elt that he belonged to neither. Th i s is reflec t ed in the p e e ssimism con t ained in Te s s s of the d‟U U rbervilles t oward the c h h ances for T e e ss to ascen d d in society and Angel‟s precarious p p osition as n n either a me m m ber of the u u pper class n n or a workin g g person equ i valent to h i s fellow mi l kmen at Tal b b othays. Aga i n, like Ang e e l Clare, Th o o mas Hardy f o o und himself torn betwee n n different s s ocial spher e e s with whic h h he could n o o t fully ali g g n himself. T T ess of the d d‟Urber ville s s reflects t h h at The fac t that Tess‟s s fate moves the readers so directly and profoun d d ly somehow o o bscures the beauty of t h h e book, its aesthetic d e e pth and sub t lety. Donal d d Davidson o n n ce wrote, “A A ction, not d d escription,is always f o o remost; the event domin a a tes, rather than motive, or psychol o o gy, or comm e e nt.” But th e e descriptio n n and psycho l ogy are ver y y important i nthe novel; from these we could kn o o w what caus e e s Tess‟s tr a a gedy.As En s s tice points out, “two o p p posing elem e e nts struggl e e for domina n n ce with Tes s s: the law o f nature and the law of V V ictorian mo r ality”. Har d d y asserts i n n the subtit l e that Tess is a faithf u u lly present e e d pure woma n n instead of a morally l o o ose woman a s s many Victo r ian critics believed. T h h ough Tess l o o oses her ch a a stity she i s s pathetic. W W e should kn o o w Tess‟s tr a a gedy is cau s s ed by socie t y, family, t wo men, her s s elf. Among t hese societ y y is the sou r ce of her t r agedy; Hard y y criticized the bourgeo i s society r e e lentlessly.From this t h h esis we wil l get some k n n owledge abo u u t the cause s s of Tess‟s t ragedy, esp e e cially the c c apitalist s o o ciety in Vi c c torian time s s.II Anal y y sis of the C C auses of Te s s s‟s Tragedy2.1 Capita l ist SocietyIt is obviou s s that Hardy tried to sh o o w how all t h h e supposedl y y criminal o r immoral ac t ions commit t ed by Tess----from her i mproper rel a a tions once a a nd again wi t h Alec to h e e r final act of murder----are the co n n sequences o f economic c o o nditions as well as the legal, mora l and the re l igious stan d d ards of bou r geois socie t y, for only the utter p o o verty of Te s s s‟s family,the double m m oral standa r d for man a n n d woman and the religio u u s concept o f sin made i t inevitable for her to g g o to work o n n the farms a a nd to fall i nto the tra p p s of Alec a n n d the accus a a tions of An g g el untilhe r remorse an d d her bitter n n ess over he r fate led u p p to the mur d d er. She is a a victim of e e conomic opp r ession and s s ocial injus t ice. Though much of the story has t o o do with lo v v e and marri a a ge, the rea l theme of t h h e novel has a much wide r significan c c e, it is th e e social tra g g edy of Tess from the la b b ouring mass placed agai s s t the moral and religio u u s prejudice s s as well as the legal a n n d education a a l systems o f a class so c c iety. To Ha r dy the conf l ict seems t o o be one bet w w een an indi v v idual and t h h e society, a a ctually it i s the confl i ct between a a n individua l of the opp r essed and t h h e society o f bourgeois o o ppression. H H ardy‟s defi a a nce against the status q q uo of Victo r ian England is both fie r ce and unre l enting and t hat is why t he novel me t with terri f ic accusati o o ns from the bourgeois a u u thorities a n n d the criti c c s.2.1.1 E E conomic Pov e e rty本科毕业论文，Q Q Q583301131。

tess of the d'urbervilles原文《Tess of the d'Urbervilles》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的一部名著。

这是一部关于一位纯洁无暇，却被命运捉弄的乡村少女苔丝的悲剧性的人生故事。

以下是这本书的一段英语原文：“Phase the First: The Maiden”“I”“On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man was walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott, in the adjoining Vale of Blakemore or Blackmoor. The pair of legs that carried him were rickety, and there was a bias in his gait which inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line. He occasionally gave a smart nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in particular. An empty egg-basket was slung upon his arm, the nap of his hat was ruffled, a patch being quite worn away at its brim where his thumb came in taking it off. Presently he was met by an elderly parson astride on a gray mare, who, as he rode, hummed a wandering tune.”这段描绘了一位中年男子在五月的一个晚上从Shaston回到Marlott村的情景。

摘要托马斯·哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。

他用史诗般的文字描绘了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生。

苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿，她的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家徳伯家的嫡系子孙，于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户徳伯家认本家，从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱，而失身。

苔丝回家后生下一个孩子，不久后夭折。

在农场做工的时候，他遇到了安吉尔——一个牧师的儿子，两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚，新婚之夜，苔丝向安吉尔坦白了自己的遭遇，可是，安吉尔却未能原谅她，反而离开了她。

后来，贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到亚力克身边。

于是悲剧发生了。

苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧，同时也是性格的悲剧，她的悲剧不仅是客观的，更是主观的。

苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者。

导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的，如家庭、社会、宗教、不公平的法律、传统的伦理道德及自身弱点。

关键词:《徳伯家的苔丝》；悲剧；原因；性格AbstractThomas Hardy was once called ―Shakespeare in British novel.‖He described poor Tess short and unfortunate life in an epic way. Tess, a daughter of villager who discovered that he was the descendant of an ancient family D‘Urbervilles, was persuaded by her parents to claim kindred with a more prosperous D‘Urbervilles and was seduced by the master Alec. Then she had to return home in disgrace. After back home, she delieved a child who died soon after born. Then she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, and she falls in love with him and married him. On their wedding night Tess and Angel tell each other about their own past. Angel who gets the hypocritical morality deserts her seduction by Alec; then poverty makes her come back to Alec again and the tragedy happens. The tragedy of Tess is an individual one as well as a social one. Tess is the victim of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the English peasantry.Key W ords:Tess of D’Urbervilles; tragedy; cause; characterContents摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Contents (iii)1 Introduction (1)2 Analysis of the Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (2)2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (3)2.1.1 Analysis of Tess‘s Family (4)2.1.2 Analysis of Tess‘s Resistance (7)2.1.3 Analysis of Tess‘s Com promise (7)2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare‘s Character Causes of Tess‘s Tragedy (8)2.2.1 Analysis of Alec‘s Character (8)2.2.2 Analysis of Clare‘s Character (9)3 Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes in Tess‘s Tragedy (11)3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral‘s View and Unequal Legal System (11)3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers (11)3.3 The Male Factor in Tess‘s Tragedy (12)4 Conclusion (14)References (15)Acknowledgements (16)1 IntroductionTess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) describes the misfortunate life of a poor peasant girl Tess.Hardy is famous for novels of character and environment. His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland; this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardy‘s writes. His father was a stonecutter, but like music. His parents paid more attention on Hardy‘s education. In his childhood, he received the education for theology but when he grew up, he turned to learn the literature. Hardy left school became an architect apprentice in 1856. And then he went to London and became a post of the building draftsman in 1862, also in this time he took advanced courses for language in London University and began literature creation. His literature career began with poetry. His first long novel was published in 1871, the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in the 1874. From then on and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creation.From the late nineteen century, Thomas Hardy and his works have always been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Thomas Hardy‘s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins wit h a discussion of Hardy‘s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy‘s war against man‘s inhumanit y, While Amold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him, the subject of Tess of the D’Urb ervilles is not the tragedy of a ―pure woman‖ but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle considers it as a complete as a social novel.Tess of D’Urbervilles describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. Tess was a poor peasant girl. At the beginning of the works we know Tess replaces her father to take the load of beehives herself to the retailers in Casterbridge for the Saturday market. On the way, a mail cart runs into her wagon and kills the horse. The encounter gets her family into the trap. For the benefit to her family, Tess tries to struggle with the bitter fate,Feeling guilty of indulgence in the outside pleasure without helping her mother. After May-Day dance, Tess hurries home to deal with the homework. Though Tess does things for her family and makes sacrifices. She still can‘t escape the tie of fate. Sent by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the D‘Urbervilles family, she was seduced by the young master of the house, Alec and had to return home in disgrace. After giving birth to a child who died in infancy, she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm Talbothays. There she met Angel Clare, a son of clergyman and he felled in love with her and married her.On the wedding night, Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts, and Clare, after hearing Tess‘s confession left her abruptly for Brazil. Poverty forced Tess to seek for work for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master. Then the news of her father‘s death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drive her to seek for assistance from Alec, and the latter, now a preacher, soon resumes his former illicit relation with her. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She hated Alec because one again he had been the cause of her husband‘s reputation of her, Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She stabbed him as he slept. Then she ran out of the houses and followed Angel. They had a few happy days together. Living with the husband she truly loved, she was ready for her punishment.In this novel, we can see that Tess resisted her unjust fate again and again, yet still to be destroyed. We cannot help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of the Victoria times, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In the paper, I try to show the various causes of Tess‘s tra gedy on the base of some early researches and to prove the inevitability of Tess‘s tragedy.2 Analysis of the Character Causes of T ess’s T ragedyThis story describes the miserable experience of a rural girl. But too unfortunate to overthrow this girl who calls Tess, she relies on her own hands to work, moving people with her own sincerity. She is ―a pure woman‖. Finally she winds up with the tragedy, which is why people often discuss her as the source of the tragedy. She was fighting against the society, the hypocritical religion. She has shown in front of common people her own practical action that she is insulted, which indicates a resisting powerful woman‘s images.2.1 Analysis of Self-factor in T ess’s TragedyTess‘s tragedy not only results from t he external causes but also from the internal ones. And only through the internal causes, the external causes become operative. The tragedy that results from the conflict between man and her self is the tragedy of character. Tess‘s tragedy is the tragedy of character. On one hand, Tess struggles bravely against her destiny and the conventional morality. She desires for happiness and true love. On the other hand, she cannot completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards of the day, which makes her believe that she has to pay for what she has sinned. She yields to the arrangement of the fate (Ackerman, 1996: 49). The latter is the weakness in her character.When Tess falls in love with angel Clare, she still cannot get rid of her sense of guilt. ―Her love for him acts to blot out the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is only temporary, that the doubts, fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves just outside the light. One night, when the two of them were sitting indoor, she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him.‖ (Hardy, 1993: 189) After their wedding ceremony, Tess is sad by the time they come back to the farm. She is tortured by guilt. She asks herself, if she has any right to be Mrs. Angel C lare. Tess‘s deep sense of guilt makes her submit to Angel‘s maltreatment without resistance, thinking she deserves it. Undoubtedly, this kind of character helps to make external causes operative (Xu, 2007: 80).This is the first point about her character. The second is her purity which can be reflected in two aspects.First, there is not any trace of vanity in her behavior. Although her parents are benighted and her family is poor, Tess still keeps the working people‘s virtue. She detects her parent‘commonplace words and deeds, despises noble origin and considers herself the daughter of villager, she says:“Pooh-I have much of mother as father in! All my prettiness comes and I was only a dairymaid .‖ (Chapter , 103)The second aspect is Tess‘s honesty. Al though she is seduced by Alec, she is not willing to become his plaything and leaves him resolutely. When Alec lures her with money, Tess is describe like that:Her lips lifted slightly, though there was little scorn as a rule in her large and impulsive na ture. ―I have said I will not take anything more from you, and I will not-I can not! I should be your creature to go on doing that: and I won‘t!‖ (chapter12. 78)Although in the bourgeois society, the moral standard for man and woman is very different; Tes s‘s faithful love to Angel and her honesty still make her confess her relation with Alec to Angel:“Tess, say it is not true? No, it is not true!‖“It‘s true..“Every word ?‖“Every word‖(chapter36, 239)In the novel, Tess is portrayed as a brave girl, hard –working and sweet- natured and innocent, yet she is free from the influence of social conventions and moral standards of the day. Her purity obviously is not welcomed by the bourgeois society.2.1.1 Analysis of Tess’s FamilyTess is the daughter of a very poor villager. Her parents are very benighted. When her father finds he is the descendent of an ancient aristocratic family, D‘Urbervilles, he is immensely proud of himself although there is nothing valuable left in his hand. He even goes to hotel and drinks very much until Tess and her mother come to look for him. When Tess and her mother support his arms to go back home, there is such description:On reaching the fresh air he was sufficiently unsteady to incline the row if three at one moment as if they were marching to London and at another as if they were marching to Bath-with produced a comical effect, frequent enough in families on nocturnal home goings;and, like most comical effects, not quite so comic after all. The two women valiantly disguised there forced excursions and countermarches as well as they could from themselves: and so they approached by degrees their own door the head of the family bursting suddenly into his former refrain as he drew near; as if to fortify his soul at sight of the smallness of his present residence: (Liu, 2007: 103)“I‘ve got a family vault at Kings beer!‖ (chapter4,23)“Hush-don‘t be so silly, Jack,‖ Said his wife, ―Yours is not the only family that was of count in world days. Look at the Anktells, and Horseys, and the Thringhams themselves gone to seed almost as much as you-though you was bigger folks than they, that‘s true. Thank God, I was never of no family, and have nothing to be ashamed of in that way!‖“Don‘t you be so sure of that. From your father ‗tis my belief you‘ve disgraced yourselves more than any of us, and week kings and queens outright at one time.‖Tess turned the subject by saying what was far more prominent in her own mind at the moment than thoughts of her ancestry-“I‘m afraid father won‘t be a ble to take the journey with the beehives tomorrow so early.‖“I? I shall be all right in an hour or two.‖ said Durbeyfield (chapter4, 24).From their conversation and the description of Durbeyfield‘s drunkenness, we can see the foolishness of Tess‘s paren ts, and of course, which is mainly caused by poverty. The author Hardy takes some very humorous words to describe their bitterness caused by poverty.All these young souls were passengers in the Durbeyfield ship-entirely dependent on the judgment of the Durbeyfield adults for their pleasures, their necessities, their health, their existence. If the heads of the Durbeyfield‘s household chose to sail into difficulty, disaster, starvation, disease, degradation, death, thither were these half dozen little captives under hatches compelled to sail with them-six helpless creatures who had never been asked if they wished for life on any terms, much less if they wished for it on such hard conditions as were involved being of the shiftless house of Durbeyfield (Chapter3, 18)Under the great poverty, Tess‘s parents become more and more apathetic and vulgar. When they have a more prosperous relative, what they have in mind is to ask Tess to claim kindred with Alec. Tess isn‘t willing to go, but she has no idea about her family‘s poverty. Onthe day when she is going to visit Alec there‘s such a conversation in her family;Her mother expostulated, ―Y ou will never set out to; see your folks without dressing up more than dand that?‖ (chapter7,44)“But, I am going to work!‖ s aid Tess.“Well, yes,‖ said Mrs. Durbeyfield, and in a private tone, ―at first there mid be a little pretence, but I think it will be wiser of‘ee to put your best side outward,‖ she added.“V ery well; I suppose you know best,‖ replied Tess with calm abando nment.And to please her parents the girl put herself quite in Joan hands, saying serenely ―Do what you like with me, mother.‖ (chapter7, 44)Along these lines, we can see a very apathetic father and a vulgar mother, and also a pure girl who is weak and in competent. Why Tess‘s family, but also in many families, especially peasants.Her family, started early in the story broken broken up by six or seven years ago. As writers and issued by emotion in the book as ―Norman‘s blood, not Victoria-dynasty‘s wealth as an aid, and what of it!‖ dignitaries of origin did not bring any benefits to Tess, her tragedy is Thus began. They are farmers and the general difficulties of life Bitter. Her father is a lazy hearts softened, and he not only own, ignoring the others, and too alcoholic. Her mother is just a superficial of the laity, not so much a mother as she said she is a bog boy. However, the parents of these two incompetent but has seven children. Therefore, the heavy burden of the family will keep pressure on the shoulders of Tess. Tess is so in love with her sisters and brothers that she could not bear to see them live in destitution among. As a result, her has been decided that-sooner or later tragedy, but it may be in a different way. In order to show off their so-called ―elite‖status and to meet the humble vanity, delusion by Tess‘s parents, ―claiming kin,‖―marriage‖approach to enhance their own status. Although Tess hate the hypocrisy of their parents, despised noble origin, insisting that they are women and farmers. She is to live on their own work, but she is the boss at home, Her parents can make a heavy family burden without premature drop on shoulder. Tess reluctantly ordered the mother to comply with the counterfeit money to defect to his family. Vices o f the victim and the ritual became a sinner. Later ,she uprooted from their homes for their families, everywhere scoop Park, suffered a lot, when in the dead end. Or for the family, go back to Alec side.2.1.2 Analysis of Tess’s ResistanceTreat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly. Although she became a disgrace woman, she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec. She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life, fostered the child lonely. Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster, she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remains unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.However, disaster arrived. Tess‘s father died and her family was expelled from the village. Tess entrusted the body once again to Alec in order to get her mother and little brother and sisters a place to live, but anti-makes in light of this had not ended, submits is only temporary. In the end, when Clare finally came to tell her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her. Feeling that she played a most inglorious part and she would be happy if Alec was dead, in addition, Alec said many bad words to satirize her. She used a knife killed Alec; this is inevitable result of her innermost feelings revolt. Tess had the ending of violent resistance to evil just her character to a higher level.2.1.3 Analysis of Tess’s CompromiseThe other side of Tess‘s social character is resigned to bad conditions. Tess adopts completely another kind of manner to treat Clare. The relationship between lovers should be equal, but Tess constantly disparages herself and raises Clare. At the beginning of love ―she loves he e xtremely, she looks he as the god.‖ (Thomas Hard, 261)“To her sublime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be – knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know. She thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of mascul ine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer……The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her lift up her heart to him in devotion.‖ (Thomas Hardy, 276)This is a love which how strong is blazing actually acts sterilely. In front of love, Tesshas lost herself, has lost the dignity. Just this kind of blind, unequal love make Tess dropped the happy right as a wife, deepened her tragedy.Tess write a confession letter to Clare before married, and then tell her ―crime‖, bu t Clare is the traditional morals defender of traditional moral principles, his ―new mind‖ demand Tess gives forgiveness and tolerant for his profligate behavior in the past. Tess has done, but the tragic past of Tess, actually cannot obtain Clare repays-like the intolerance. Tess has not done revolts slightly face Clare heartless abandonment. Oppositely, she said: ―I certainly like a low pitiful slave of yours, absolute obeys you. If you ask me not to be able to fall to the ground, suicide killed, and I do not violate you.‖ (Thomas Hardy,352) Clare cruel-heartedly leaves; Tess never reduces her love to Clare. A passionate letter actually cannot call Clare‘s ice-cold heart. In the end, when Clare finally came to her that he had forgiven her and he still loved her. Tess was bitterly unhappy. She now hated Alec because once again he had been the cause of her husband‘s repudiation of her.2.2 Analysis of Alec and Clare’s Character Causes of T ess’s TragedyIn this novel to male leading character‘s description ha s reflected at that time the capitalist society darkness and false capitalism morals view. People‘s character also takes a very important part. In this novel, the writer though the environment to describe Tess‘s tragic fate, but the other reasons caused th is result is people‘s character, Alec and Clare are very closely to Tess fate.2.2.1 Analysis of Alec’s CharacterAlec is the emerging bourgeoisie‘s representatives; he is representing the bourgeois society‘s authority, the wealth and the evil, Tess‘s tra gic life reason to him. His father is a rich merchant, but after crown by aristocrat D‘Urbervilles surname. This young man lay on his father‘s money and power dominates the native place. When he meets Tess, the dissolute lascivious countenance is completely unmasked; he supposes the snare that destroyed young girl‘s pure and chaste and the life happiness. Harmed others to benefit him, resorts to all means to satisfy own absurd fleshly desires, and not only displayed the countryside landlord class‘s essentia l characteristic, but also manifested the property realistic characteristic.Although afterwards he changed in old pastor Clare help next evilly reforms, however, several dozens years abuse eradicates by no means. When he meets Tess‘s family is in has no h ome. It can be said, Tess‘s life is the might and the violence victim which the Alec thunder represents.2.2.2 Analysis of Clare’s CharacterIf someone says Alec representative‘s evil force is the direct reason to cause Tess‘s tragedy, then the traditional ethics morality survives on Angel Clare devastates to Tess is one kind invisible, the more fearful spirit injures. Angel Clare is a complex artistic image. On his body, not only has the certain enlightened thought, but also is retaining the traditional moral prejudice. Although he born in a pastor family, not willing to be a pastor ―serves for God‖, he is willing to work at farming, ―serves for the metropolis lively life, he wants to go the country to do the arduous physical labor as those farmers, tries hard to grasp each kind of class the agricultural technology. In nature bosom, he feels the village life is simple and in the love question, he mild-mannered and cultivate, serious and earnest, pay more attention on emotion, all of these are different with Alec. This explanations he was the Bourgeois intellectuals who has the free thought at that time, but he departs from to this social class also is extremely limited, He will be engaged in the agricultural production the goal is for later to be a large landed estate. He not only as soon as starts to recognize Tess could be a good steward in the future, the most important is he love Tess not like her to love his such selfless and sincere. In his eyes, Tess is ―nature ‗s new born daughter‖, however, once she confessed the insult to him which receive, then on his body preserves the inherent morals have strangled in his heart the real sentiment. Although he also have had the profligate behavior, and obtained Tess ‗s forgiving, but actually is not willing to for give originally innocent Tess. This indicated his heart‘s core traditional morals ethics idea ingrained , he regards a woman from traditional chastity view to be chaste or not, this has given Tess by devastating attack. If we say because the Alec thunder ferocious adversary caused the desire and the future hope of her live.Then, Clare to her abandonment, said in some kind of degree, then has destroyed her spiritual prop (because Tess really loves him).Thus, his return caused her to feel the humiliation which own received, thus caused its pain, the lamentation; to despair has achievedthe apex. Her finally killed Alec, not only must prove own helpless, simultaneously also are must to the person which loves prove own innocent.From this, I may say that, is pr ecisely by Alec representative‘s evil force and Clare himself preserves the traditional ethics morality, together pushed Tess to the tragic abyss.3Analysis of the Social and Environmental Causes inTess’s TragedyIn this novel, Hardy emphasizes the real istic cause of Tess‘s tragedy, including the disintergration of English peasantry and the hypocritical morality of bourgeois society. Throughout the novel, we get the impression that the tragedy of Tess is made by the imposed fate, including the hypocritical morality of that time, rather than Fate and Chance. Tess cannot escape her tragic fate unless she escapes from the society. In fact, Tess‘s tragedy is shared by most of the poor peasants.3.1 Hypocritical Capitalism Moral View and Unequal Legal SystemTess was lived in the Victorian era when capitalism invaded the rural England. She was a hardworking, kind-hearted, intelligent and beautiful girl; but regarded as a laborer, a man of poor agricultural workers, she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist society. By analyzing this novel we can know that in Victoria time, Tess‘s tragedy was due to social morals root. In the capitalist society, legal regime and moral outlook all maintains the exploiting class oppresses people‘s authority as the township, did all kinds of evil things, but they was protected by the law. Tess actually is condemned the death penalty. This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary and indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society. We may see in the novel, such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatus and the religious morals protection.3.2 Impoverishment and Decay of Small FarmersThis story has happened in the southern countries of England. Small famer‘s impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.Let us see the economic crisis took place in bourgeois world and led to the social change. The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers. Large quantities of peasant were bankrupt. It is the s ame with the D‘Urbervilles. Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled. The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children. Tests was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman. Her father drinks a lot and doesn‘t work hard. Her mother herself is like a child and never thinks about the future. There are many children in their family. Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble D‘Urbervilles family in the hope of her fa mily was worse, that means the bankrupt of the family. Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy; the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess to return home in dis grace. Her tragic life was begun.3.3 The Male F actor in T ess’s TragedyThis section mainly refers to Alec and Angel.Alec is an upstart on behalf of the bourgeoisie, a typical playboy. His image is a symbol of Western civilization hiding under the cloak of barbaric cruelty of sex desire. He also bel ieves that the beauty of Tess is negative, because a woman‘s beauty is the bait to lure men‘s desire. From his view of male point, this seems to imply that his possession of Tess is due to the temptation of her beauty. The first time that Tess went to claim kindred is very reluctant to Tess. With the feelings of shyness and shame, Tess went to D‘Urbervilles and starts her acquaintance with Alec. Later Alec threatened to Tess in every possible way, but Tess would prefer to remain in the poor cave, to endure the cruel exploitation and oppressed, to bear the heavy manual work overload, but unwilling to yield to Alec, or accepts his help. However, her father dies, her mother is ill, her brothers and sisters are out of school, their house lease is expired, the fa mily have no place to shelter. For the whole family‘s life, Tess had to refer to Alec, becomes his mistress and accepts his help (Jiang, 2007:96). Since then, she completely ruined her happiness of life. The whole life of Tess is the victim of Alec‘s power and violence.As to Angel, he is the incarnation of traditional ethical concepts. Angel and Alec are completely different. He is an intellectual and has liberal thinking; He despises class prejudice and hierarchy; He dislikes bustling city life and is longing to the countryside farming; He is。