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造成苔丝悲剧的原因 《德伯家的苔丝》中的⼥主⼈公苔丝在她短暂的⼀⽣中追求幸福和爱,但是接连不断的不幸最终导致了她悲剧的结果。
今天店铺⼩编整理了导致苔丝悲剧的原因，希望对⼤家有所帮助！ 造成苔丝悲剧的原因1、⽗亲与家庭环境 她⽗亲是⼀个⼩⼈物，同时也是个⼩⼈。
孔⼦说君⼦固穷，⼩⼈穷斯滥矣。
⽤在他⾝上真是⼀点错也没有。
酗酒、⽆责任⼼、虚荣、懒惰导致原本贫困的家庭愈发贫困，得知⾃⼰有⼀个贵族的姓⽒之后变本加厉开始做起⽩⽇梦，逼迫苔丝去“远房亲戚”亚雷家做⼯希望能得到帮助。
母亲的软弱、弟妹的幼⼩⽆依都是将她推⼊“⽕坑”的推⼿。
贫穷是很⽆奈的事情。
她的⽗母不爱他吗?爱的。
只是因为⽣存环境、个⼈见识等原因导致他们见识短浅，且他们总要⽣存，她的家⼈也指望着她去做⼯挣来的钱⽣活，她没有任何别的办法，真是⼀点办法都没有。
所以即使明知那是⽕坑，她都不得不跳，更何况不知道。
这是她去亚雷家遇上亚雷的必然。
造成苔丝悲剧的原因2 、亚雷德伯 亚雷德伯是⼀个典型的恶⼈形象。
因有钱⽽有权，知道⾃⼰不会受到惩罚因⽽有恃⽆恐，从他第⼀次见苔丝他就没有隐藏⾃⼰的欲望和本性。
他的不择⼿段和有权有势以及不负责任是苔丝的第⼀次悲剧的必然。
⽽他的第⼆次出现更是导致了苔丝的悲剧性结局。
造成苔丝悲剧的原因3 、安吉尔克莱尔 克莱尔，牧师的⼩⼉⼦，热情、理想主义、绅⼠，使所有⼈⼼中的理想丈夫。
但是在我眼⾥，他才是导致苔丝悲剧的最重要的原因。
苔丝虽然受过⼀次伤害，可是她的内⼼依旧纯洁，并且在新的、友好的环境中，内⼼的创伤已经在慢慢愈合。
这个时候克莱尔出现了。
并对她展开了猛烈的攻势。
克莱尔对苔丝来说像是另⼀个世界上的⼈。
会关注她的想法，会为她吟诵诗歌，会为了扶她过河等在河边，甚⾄会不介意她以前的事情(她以为)。
她不可避免地爱上了他。
以为⾃⼰终于得到了神的眷顾。
然⽽打击来的快且彻底。
他在新婚之夜离她⽽去，以再不相见的架势去往巴西。
我若是苔丝，⼤概会想：“啊，我果然是不能得到幸福的。
论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲惨命运的根源一、本文概述《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代笔下的一部深刻描绘社会悲剧与个体命运纠缠的杰作。
作品以女主角苔丝为中心，细腻展现了她在维多利亚时代英国社会大背景下所经历的种种磨难与不幸。
本文旨在探讨苔丝悲惨命运的根源，通过对小说文本的细致解读，结合社会历史背景，深入剖析导致苔丝悲剧命运的多重因素。
文章将从家庭背景、社会环境、个人性格以及道德观念等多个维度展开论述，以期对苔丝的命运有更全面、深入的理解。
通过对苔丝悲剧命运的探讨，本文旨在引发对个体命运与社会环境之间复杂关系的思考，以及对维多利亚时代社会道德观念的反思。
二、苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境在《德伯家的苔丝》这部小说中，苔丝的命运之源可以追溯至她的家庭背景与成长环境。
苔丝出生于一个贫穷的小贩家庭，这样的家庭环境使她在物质和精神层面都面临着巨大的压力。
她的父母，尽管深爱着女儿，但却无力为她提供一个更为优越的生活环境。
在生活的压力下，他们只能寄希望于苔丝能够借助婚姻改变家庭的困境，这无形中为苔丝的未来铺设了一条布满荆棘的道路。
在这样的家庭背景下，苔丝的成长环境也充满了挑战。
她不仅要面对生活的艰辛，还要应对社会对贫困家庭的偏见和歧视。
她的纯真和善良在这样的环境中显得格格不入，这也为她日后遭遇的种种不幸埋下了伏笔。
在苔丝的成长过程中，她缺乏足够的关爱和引导，这使得她在面对人生的重大抉择时，常常显得无所适从。
在这样的家庭与成长环境下，苔丝的命运似乎早已注定。
她的纯真和善良成为了她最大的软肋，使她在面对世俗的丑恶时，无力抵抗。
而她的家庭背景则成为了她无法摆脱的枷锁，使她在追求幸福的道路上步履维艰。
因此，可以说苔丝的家庭背景与成长环境是她悲惨命运的根源之一。
然而，尽管苔丝的命运充满了悲剧色彩，但她的坚韧和勇敢却让人深感敬佩。
她在面对生活的种种不幸时，从未放弃过对美好未来的向往和追求。
她的故事让我们深刻认识到，家庭背景与成长环境虽然对个体的命运有着深远的影响，但个体的坚韧和勇气同样能够创造出属于自己的未来。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的代表作之一，小说通过叙述主人公苔丝的悲剧命运，展现了19世纪英国乡村生活中的阶级观念、宗教信仰和道德伦理等问题。
苔丝的悲剧成因涉及到社会制度的不公、个人性格的局限和命运的无情等多重因素，下面让我们一起来探讨一下《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因。
苔丝的家庭背景和社会地位是她悲剧命运的重要原因之一。
在小说开篇，我们了解到苔丝出身于一个贫穷的农民家庭，她的父亲是一个贫困的小农，母亲在她还很小的时候就去世了。
苔丝的家庭没有任何背景和地位可以支持她进入更高的社会阶层，她注定只能在贫困和无力改变自己命运的家庭环境中生活。
在当时的英国社会，阶级制度严格，贫穷的家庭很难改变他们的社会地位，这使得苔丝注定要受到社会的不公对待。
苔丝的个人性格也是造成她悲剧命运的原因之一。
苔丝是一个善良而纯洁的少女，她对待生活充满着乐观和善良，但同时她也有一种敏感和纯真的天性。
她对自己的命运充满希望，希望通过自己的努力和勤奋，改变自己的命运。
但她的纯真与社会现实的无情形成鲜明的对比，使她的内心承受了沉重的打击。
在小说中，苔丝经历了一系列的不幸遭遇，但她依然保持着自己的善良和乐观，这也是她的个人性格使她更容易受到伤害的原因之一。
苔丝的爱情经历也是造成她悲剧命运的原因之一。
在小说中，苔丝爱上了徳伯家的少爷安吉尔，她将所有的爱和希望都寄托在了对方身上。
但是由于她的贫穷和社会地位的差距，使得她和安吉尔之间的爱情注定是无法成真的。
安吉尔最终选择了另一个高贵的女性作为妻子，而苔丝只能独自一人面对社会的嘲讽和压力。
苔丝的爱情经历使她的内心受到了巨大的创伤，这也使她更加迷茫和无助。
社会道德和宗教伦理观念的约束也是造成苔丝悲剧命运的原因之一。
在19世纪的英国社会，宗教信仰和道德伦理观念对人们的行为和选择起着重要的影响。
苔丝是一个虔诚的基督教徒，她无法违背自己的宗教信仰和对道德的坚守，她选择保守自己的贞操和清白，而这也成为了她放弃和安吉尔之间爱情的决定。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的代表作之一，它描写了19世纪英国乡村的生活和社会问题。
主人公苔丝·埃弗德是一个普通的农村女孩，她的悲剧成因在于社会的偏见、性别歧视、以及她自身的软弱和无助。
本文将从这几个方面来分析苔丝悲剧的成因。
社会的偏见是苔丝悲剧的重要成因之一。
在19世纪的英国社会，阶级观念严重，贫穷的农村女孩根本没有得到应有的尊重和尊贵。
苔丝出生在一个贫苦的家庭，她的父亲是一个酒鬼，家境非常贫困。
由于家庭的贫困，苔丝在社会上没有任何地位和尊严，被视为低下的劳动阶级。
在当时的社会中，贵族和富人们对贫穷的人和低下阶层的人持有歧视的态度，他们认为这些人注定是悲剧的命运，是注定要被社会所边缘化的。
社会的偏见使得苔丝从小就背负着巨大的压力和负担，她被剥夺了应有的幸福和尊严。
性别歧视也是苔丝悲剧的成因之一。
在19世纪的英国社会，女性的地位非常低下，她们几乎没有任何权利和地位。
苔丝在小的时候就失去了父亲和朋友的支持，她不得不去寻找工作来维持家庭的生活。
在当时的社会中，女性的工作选择非常有限，尤其是对于一个没有文化和技能的女孩来说更加困难。
苔丝找了很多工作，但都因为一些外部条件而不得不辞职。
她始终没有找到合适的工作，这使得她的生活更加困难和无助。
苔丝自身的软弱和无助也是导致她悲剧的重要因素之一。
苔丝是一个善良和乐于助人的女孩，但她内心却缺乏坚强和勇气。
她对自己的生活没有明确的目标和规划，总是依赖他人的帮助和支持。
在遭遇困难和挫折的时候，她没有坚强的意志和毅力去克服困难，而是选择了逃避和放弃。
她在与天真的安吉拉和富家子弟阿雷克斯之间的感情纠葛中，迷失了自己，最终导致了她的悲剧结局。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因主要包括社会的偏见、性别歧视，以及她自身的软弱和无助。
这些因素相互作用，最终导致了苔丝的悲剧结局。
苔丝的悲剧命运反映了当时英国社会的黑暗一面，更让人们意识到了社会的偏见和歧视对一个人的生活和命运所带来的巨大影响。
浅析苔丝悲剧的成因托马斯·哈代擅长以悲剧的眼光来审视人生, 以悲剧性的感悟及独特的方式来描绘人生的苦难，因此被评论家誉为“英国小说界的莎士比亚”。
其代表名作《德伯家的苔丝》讲述了农村姑娘苔丝的悲剧命运。
任何悲剧的产生都不是孤立或偶然的，而是由许多因素共同作用的结果。
关键词：苔丝；人为因素；社会因素；作家因素正文部分：一、苔丝是19 世纪末英国著名作家托马斯·哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中，用现实主义的笔触鲜明生动地塑造的一个美丽纯朴的农村姑娘。
《德伯家的苔丝》描述了发生在19 世纪的英国的一个悲惨的故事，5 月的一个夜晚，农村赶车汉约翰·德伯菲尔在回家途中，听一位牧师说他是名门贵族德伯维尔家的后裔。
他兴奋异常，信以为真，一心想借此摆脱贫贱家地位，便要女儿苔丝到特冉特瑞齐去，向一家冒名德伯维尔姓氏的富户认亲戚。
17 岁的苔丝姑娘，纯朴美丽，毫无人生经验，终于去那个“本家”帮佣，结果被恶少亚历克诱骗失身。
苔丝悲愤回家，抑郁度日，生下的孩子也未能保住。
后来，她来到一个牛奶场当挤奶工，在日常的劳动和生活中结识了一个青年安吉尔·克莱尔，两个人产生了爱情。
然而苔丝内心矛盾：缠绵的爱情常常让她忘却往事;清醒的理智却又让她记起往事。
悲痛的历史好似沉重的十字架压在她的身上，她多次欲言又止。
在克莱强烈的追求下，两人终于结婚。
新婚之夜，苔丝决心把自己的“罪过”都告诉克莱。
不料克莱首先开口，向苔丝吐露了他自己过去的一段荒唐情事，苔丝当即真诚大度地宽恕了他。
然而，当苔丝向他倾诉自己的不幸之时，却没有得到同样的饶恕。
克莱尔以“身份不一样，道德观念就不同”，“乡下女人不懂什么叫体面”为由，冷酷地离开了她。
之后为了养活全家，满足父母的虚荣心，维护所谓“丈夫”的尊严，苔丝又不得不饱受无尽的屈辱到一家农场干着跟男工同样繁重的劳动，并苦苦等候远走巴西的丈夫归来。
可没过多久，亚历克又来纠缠她，而这时她的父亲不幸死亡，母亲又重病，房主逼租，全家沦落街头。
试论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源试论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯?哈代的代表作。
女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。
本文以女性主义的角度为出发点，从两个方面分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源，即：教育和苔丝自身因素。
关键词：哈代;苔丝;悲剧命运;女性主义一、引言19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次高潮。
而哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想,而且在作品中,女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的。
托马斯?哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的关注普通农家的悲剧命运。
他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运,旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害,批判男性中心主义。
二、托马斯.哈代及苔丝简介托马斯.哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的着名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师。
其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴。
以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。
《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象苔丝。
由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。
但她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折;为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口;对待爱情，她自尊又执着。
她被认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人，颠覆了传统的伦理道德。
哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。
他对堕落女性的处境给予了极大的关注，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。
三、从女性主义角度分析苔丝悲剧命运的根源苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这有自我意志，完整个性的女性?，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被压迫的`血泪史,剥下男权中心主义这张丑陋的外皮。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的代表作之一，讲述了主人公苔丝·德比菲尔德从小到大的悲剧人生。
苔丝的悲剧成因在小说中得到了淋漓尽致的描写，主要包括社会环境的限制、家庭的束缚、爱情的挫折和命运的无情。
本文将从这四个方面来分析苔丝的悲剧成因。
家庭的束缚也是苔丝悲剧的一大成因。
苔丝出生在一个贫困的家庭，她没有父母的关爱，甚至没有人教她读写。
在这样的环境下，苔丝的成长受到了很大的影响，她没有得到正常的教育和家庭照料，从小就要独自面对困难和挑战。
在她迷失自己的道路上，她的家庭没有给予她足够的支持和关爱，甚至在关键时刻对她的决定不予支持，这对苔丝的心理造成了极大的伤害。
爱情的挫折是苔丝悲剧的又一个成因。
苔丝是一个追求真爱的女孩，她对爱情抱有美好的期待，但是现实的打击使她陷入了深深的挫折之中。
在小说中，苔丝经历了对安吉尔的爱情和对阿雷巴德的短暂婚姻，但是最终都没有得到幸福的结局。
安吉尔对苔丝的爱情是一种理想化的崇拜，他要求苔丝对他的忠诚和纯洁，但是却不能理解苔丝的处境和内心的真实情感。
而阿雷巴德只是想要利用苔丝来满足他的欲望和得到金钱，他对苔丝的感情是虚伪和自私的。
苔丝的爱情遭遇了很多的困难和挫折，最终使她陷入了孤独和绝望之中。
命运的无情也是苔丝悲剧的重要成因。
在小说中，苔丝的命运是多灾多难的，她从小就没有得到应有的关爱和保护，自己要努力奋斗才能生存。
遭受多种磨难和打击后，苔丝所受的伤害和痛苦是非常沉重的，她的人生充满了挣扎和不公平。
即使在当她终于找到了真爱和幸福的时候，命运的无情还是夺走了她的一切，使她最终走上了绝路。
在这个过程中，苔丝对命运的抗争以及最终的妥协，成为了她悲剧的最终注定。
苔丝的悲剧成因是多方面的，社会环境的限制、家庭的束缚、爱情的挫折和命运的无情都在不同程度上影响了苔丝的命运。
在这些因素的作用下，苔丝的人生悲剧最终成为了一种无法挽回的悲剧，给人留下了深刻的印象。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运形成的原因摘要：在托马斯"哈代的“性格和环境”小说《德伯家的苔丝》中，悲剧形成的原因主要是苔丝个人的性格与命运、环境、社会的冲突，从而造成了个性的毁灭。
关键词：命运悲剧；社会悲剧；性格悲剧托马斯"哈代是19世纪现实主义小说家，对资本主义文明的发展采取了坚决批判的立场，因此获得了“悲观主义者”的绰号。
作为一位人道主义作家，他认为人民的生活是悲惨的，民间人物的命运也是悲剧，而主人公的命运是人类命运的缩影。
他在作品中广泛使用的表现手法是对比描写法，这种方法具有种种不同的具体形式。
他的对比是多种层次和范围的：人和社会环境、人和大自然，人的粗暴的感情因素和理智因素，人的外貌和他的内心世界等。
特别是突出地反映了人物性格与自然环境的冲突以及人物与命运抗争的无奈和弱小，因此，他把自己的作品称为“性格与环境小说”，他认为性格和环境的冲突造成个性的毁灭。
这一特点集中体现在《德伯家的苔丝》（下称《苔丝》）中，它作为哈代悲剧小说中的典范，奠定了哈代悲剧作家的地位，为哈代赢得了杰出小说家的声誉。
《苔丝》中的悲剧原因主要有命运悲剧、社会悲剧和性格悲剧三个方面，三者融为一体，呈现出强大的立体感和层次感。
一、命运悲剧苔丝的悲剧首先是命运的悲剧。
苔丝是在一个贫穷的农民家庭出生，并且是在一个没落的贵族家庭里，家庭拮据的经济状况和不负责任的父母注定了她的悲剧命运；同时，作为一个美丽但是身份低下的女性，在维多利亚时代，性别与出身给这个纯洁而勇敢地追求幸福的姑娘带来的只能是厄运。
而作者似乎要为了突出这种命运的不可违抗性，在他的作品中总是穿插了大量的偶然性因素。
在《苔丝》中，哈代作为一个农家孩子，她是朴质、善良、能干的小姑娘，从小就帮助家里干活并且干得比别家的孩子都不赖。
同时她也是一个负责任的人，作为家中的长女，她打小就挑起了家中的重担，并且觉得自己有责任去承担这一切。
这样的一个女孩的生活本应是幸福而美满的，但是命运却和她开了很大的玩笑。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代的著名小说，讲述了主人公苔丝从一个乡村女孩成长为一个经历种种挫折的女性的故事。
苔丝的悲剧成因深深触动着读者的心，下面我们就来探讨一下《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因。
苔丝的出身就决定了她的命运。
苔丝出身于农村贫苦家庭，她的父亲是一个喜欢酗酒、爱赌博的农民，母亲则是一个柔弱无助的女人。
这样的家庭环境决定了苔丝从小便要承受很大的生活压力，她要照顾家务，照料家人，过着贫困困苦的生活。
这种贫困生活使得苔丝从小就缺乏了良好的教育和正常的成长环境，她的心灵和情感发展受到了很大的阻碍。
苔丝的纯真天性也成为她悲剧的原因之一。
苔丝自小在福利委员会的幼儿园长大，长大后成为给哈代家族做女佣的女仆。
她天真纯洁，善良善解人意，然而这样的性格却遭到了很多人的伤害。
她对世界的无邪与美好的向往和追求在酸雨一般的现实面前显得太过玻璃般脆弱，她最后因为对爱情的迷蒙与追求而陷入了深渊，最终走向了悲剧的终点。
苔丝的仁慈和善良也成为她悲剧的原因之一。
在故事中，苔丝对待他人总是满怀善意和同情心，她对家里的老大人失去了现实的希望，她对父亲的深情孝心，她对爱情的全部投入，她慈爱的对待哈代家族的儿童，都体现了她的善良与仁慈。
这样的善良和仁慈在那个物欲横流的年代却被人利用和践踏，她最终遭受的伤害也正是因为她过分的信任和仁慈。
苔丝的不甘沦为命运的牺牲品也使她走向了悲剧。
苔丝一直都对自己的命运抱有不甘，她并不愿意沦为一个普通的农村女孩，她对爱情有着美好的向往，对未来有着美好的憧憬，然而命运却对她一直并不友好，她不得不承受种种的被动和伤害，最终导致了她的身心崩溃。
苔丝身上的女性特质也成为她悲剧的原因之一。
在《德伯家的苔丝》中，苔丝展现出了女性的纯真、温柔、坚韧和牺牲，但这些美丽的品质却未能得到应有的尊重和保护。
在一个男权至上的社会，苔丝的女性身份注定了她只能成为被动的牺牲品，她的命运被男人的利益所左右，最终导致了她沦为悲剧的结局。
浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因托马斯·哈代是英国十九世纪现实主义作家，小说《德伯家的苔丝》是他的代表作品。
哈代在小说中塑造了一位深受广大读者同情的悲剧人物——苔丝。
这个美丽、纯洁、善良的姑娘的一生可以说是充满了悲剧，而她人生的悲剧是其性格与环境错综复杂的矛盾冲突的结果，是由多重因素造成的，本文将从主客观多个角度分析苔丝悲剧的成因。
标签：苔丝;悲剧;社会;性格;家庭《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的“性格与环境”小说的代表作。
小说讲述了美丽善良、勤劳淳朴、坚强勇敢、纯洁而又富有反抗精神的农村女孩苔丝短暂而悲惨的一生：为减轻家庭负担去富贵家庭做工，被富家无赖诱奸、回家后丧子、新婚之夜因旧事遭丈夫抛弃、将又来纠缠她的恶棍刺死，最终自己也走上断头台。
整本书读下来的感觉就是苔丝的一生是由悲劇构成的，但任何悲剧的形成都是有原因的，苔丝悲剧的成因并不是单方面的，是由主客观多重因素共同造成的。
主观因素便是苔丝的性格;客观因素是家庭，社会，传统观念，种种因素共同造成了苔丝的命运悲剧，下面便从这几个角度对苔丝的悲剧成因进行分析。
一、性格因素苔丝是一个单纯善良的姑娘，在家中唯一的劳力性动物老马死后，因为觉得老马的死与自己有关，出于愧疚和对家庭收入的担忧，就答应了父母让她去德伯家认亲的要求。
对亚雷，她从一开始就有排斥但还是继续待在他们家中干活。
她对亚雷缺少戒备心，在亚雷让她和自己一起回去的时候，她虽然没有多信任但还是依赖着他，和他一起回去，这也造成了她被亚雷诱奸的结果。
因为她的善良不忍心，她生下了自己和亚雷的孩子，可是孩子也因病夭折。
同样也是因为她的真诚，她认为自己不应该隐瞒自己的丈夫克莱尔，于是在婚前选择告诉克莱尔自己的过去，可她没想到克莱尔完全不能接受，两个人还是在新婚之夜分开了。
之后在父亲去世后，一家人无家可归的时候，她又因为自己的对家庭的那种责任感而答应了与亚雷同居。
可不能忽视的是，苔丝自始至终都是一个勇于反抗的女孩，于是在克莱尔回来之后，她杀死了亚雷，将自己送上了断头台。
从生态女性主义角度重读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因一、本文概述《德伯家的苔丝》是哈代的一部重要小说，它以深刻的人文关怀和细腻的心理描绘，呈现了主人公苔丝充满悲剧色彩的一生。
苔丝，这位生活在维多利亚时代英国乡村的女性，她的命运似乎总是被环境和社会所左右，而她自身的选择又使得她在道德和伦理的困境中挣扎。
然而，当我们从生态女性主义的角度重新审视这部小说时，会发现苔丝的悲剧成因远非表面看来的那么简单。
生态女性主义是一种将女性主义与生态学相结合的理论视角，它认为女性与自然之间存在着一种天然的联系，女性的命运与自然的命运紧密相连。
在《德伯家的苔丝》中，苔丝的成长和生活环境充分体现了这种生态女性观。
苔丝从小生活在自然环境中，她对自然界的熟悉和热爱，以及她对生态平衡的理解和维护，都使得她成为了生态女性观的典型代表。
然而，正是在这样的背景下，苔丝的悲剧命运显得更为深刻和引人深思。
本文将从生态女性主义的角度出发，重新解读《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因。
我们将分析苔丝与自然环境的紧密联系，以及她如何在社会和道德的双重压迫下挣扎求生。
我们也将探讨导致苔丝悲剧的经济和政治因素，以及苔丝自身在道德和伦理困境中的选择。
通过这样的分析，我们希望能够更深入地理解苔丝悲剧的成因，以及生态女性主义对于理解和解决这一悲剧的重要性。
二、苔丝与自然的和谐共生苔丝，这位《德伯家的苔丝》中的主人公，她的生活与自然环境紧密相连，她的命运与大自然的律动息息相关。
从生态女性主义的角度审视，苔丝与自然的和谐共生不仅体现了她作为生态女性的独特魅力，更揭示了她的悲剧成因中隐含的生态女性主义视角。
苔丝从小生活在自然环境中，这使得她对自然有着一种特殊的感情和认知。
她熟悉草木花卉的生长和变化，了解它们与土地、水源、气候等自然条件的相互关系。
这种对自然的深刻理解和热爱，使得苔丝的行为和决策都充满了生态女性的智慧和关怀。
苔丝对生态的关注不仅停留在对自然景观的欣赏上，她更理解到生态平衡的重要性。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代创作的一部著名小说，讲述了苔丝的悲剧人生。
苔丝是一个可怜的女孩，她的悲剧成因主要包括社会地位、爱情和命运三个方面。
苔丝的社会地位造成了她的悲剧。
在19世纪的英国社会，贵族与平民之间的鸿沟非常明显，社会地位是人们命运的决定因素。
苔丝出生在一个贫困的家庭，她的父母没有多少社会地位，所以她从小就被注定了是一个社会底层的人。
由于家境贫困，她只能通过自己的努力和勤奋来改变自己的命运。
在当时的社会中，一个女性想要脱离贫困，并不是一件容易的事情。
苔丝凭借自己的聪明才智和勤奋，在一个大家族的农场工作，但最终仍无法脱离贫困的命运。
社会地位的局限性让她无法得到更好的生活，这也是她悲剧的一个重要原因。
爱情也是苔丝悲剧的原因之一。
在小说中，苔丝经历了三段爱情，每一段爱情都给她带来了不幸。
首先是她对安吉丽卡的爱慕，但由于自卑感和社会地位的差距，她并没有勇气表达自己的爱意。
接着是她与亨德利的婚姻，亨德利虽然对她表示出爱意，但最终却因为社会地位的不同而抛弃了她。
最后是她与亚历克斯·德伯的婚姻，亚历克斯的虚伪和自私，使苔丝陷入了更深的痛苦之中。
爱情的不顺和挫折，让苔丝陷入了绝望和痛苦之中，也成为她不幸的原因之一。
命运也是苔丝悲剧的原因之一。
在小说中，苔丝所面对的命运始终是不公平的。
她努力工作，勤奋学习，但最终还是被社会对她的偏见和对女性的不公平对待所限制。
她的一生中遭遇了太多的不公平和挫折，最终导致了她的悲剧命运。
在当时的社会中，一个普通女子很难摆脱社会对她的束缚，这也是苔丝命运不幸的原因之一。
苔丝的悲剧成因主要包括社会地位的限制、爱情的挫折和命运的不公平。
这些因素交织在一起，构成了她的悲剧命运。
《德伯家的苔丝》通过苔丝的悲剧故事，揭露了19世纪英国社会的黑暗面和对女性的不公平对待，也使得读者对于社会的不公和人性的冷酷有了更深刻的认识。
希望通过对这部小说的分析，我们能够更加珍惜现在的生活，并且在面对困难的时候坚定自己的信念和勇气，不让自己成为另一个苔丝。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因与哈代的悲剧意识1《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的成因1.1 当时社会环境和制度的因素首先是当时社会传统观念的偏见以及社会道德的不公，苔丝因为受到亚雷的凌辱就被认定是没有节操的，不纯洁的女人，导致安吉在知道苔丝有过一个孩子的时候，由于传统道德观念和偏见的根深蒂固，在新婚之夜抛弃苔丝，使苔丝痛苦绝望，失去了生活的希望，这也是苔丝的悲惨命运的开始，与亚雷对苔丝肉体上的伤害相比，安吉对苔丝的抛弃又何尝不是更大的精神上的摧残呢？其次就是由于当时的社会制度和资本主义的经济制度所造成的各个阶级之间的地位和经济的悬殊，这也是引发苔丝悲惨命运的关键因素。
当时的农村被资本主义的经济势力侵袭，使当时农村的个体经济受到严重的影响，在资本主义的经济制度影响下，贫富差距非常大，穷人的地位是非常低的，如果不是这样的话，苔丝也不会受到亚雷的凌辱，心爱的丈夫也不会抛弃她，更不会在走投无路的时候杀了亚雷，受到资产阶级法律的不公平待遇，悲惨的命运也就不会开始。
最后就是法律的不公，这是导致苔丝悲惨命运的直接的社会因素。
亚雷就是当时的恶势力和暴力的代表，苔丝的一生都在受着强权和暴力的侵害，产生这种现象的一个重要原因就是当时的恶势力有资产阶级的法律做后台，所以才会导致亚雷的为非作歹。
当时的资产阶级法律的不公主要表现在，苔丝杀掉亚雷就是杀人犯，就要受到法律的制裁，赔上性命。
但是苔丝受到亚雷的侮辱和迫害就被认定是正当的，难道亚雷就不应该受到法律的严厉制裁吗？无辜的苔丝最终成为了资产阶级文明发展的牺牲品，苔丝的悲惨命运以及社会对她的不公平待遇，都间接表明了当时社会法律的虚伪性和不人道。
1.2 苔丝自身性格的原因首先苔丝拥有着勤劳善良的美德，但就是由于这一点使得她为了全家的生活，被迫去认亲打工，却受到了侮辱，迫于生活的无奈，再一次到牛奶厂去打工，在那里遇见了安吉，苔丝认为找到了人生的归宿，但是安吉却在知道苔丝的遭遇后离她而去，为了家庭，苔丝不得不再去打工，但再一次遇见了亚雷，苔丝的勤劳和善良没有得到应有的回报，却一次又一次的将她推入无底深渊。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因1. 引言1.1 苔丝的贫困家世苔丝生长在一个贫困的家庭中，家中经济拮据，生活困苦。
她的父亲鲍勃·斯特德利克是个酒精成瘾者，经常酗酒，无力扶养家庭。
苔丝的母亲也早逝，她从小就没有母爱的关怀。
贫困的家庭环境使得苔丝从小就学会独立生活，她不得不操劳家务，同时还要努力在贫困的环境下求学。
这种早熟的生活让苔丝在孩提时代就背负着沉重的责任，缺乏童年的快乐和无忧无虑。
贫困的家世让苔丝在成长过程中缺乏物质上的保障和精神上的支持，使得她心灵受到伤害，无法得到适当的疼爱和教育。
这种贫困家庭的环境让苔丝注定了一个不幸的命运，她没有选择权和足够的资源去改变自己的命运。
家庭的贫困成为了苔丝悲剧命运的开端，她在艰难的环境下成长，从小就背负着沉重的生活压力，这种贫困家世对于苔丝的悲剧命运产生了重大的影响。
1.2 苔丝的孤独成长苔丝的孤独成长始于她的童年时期。
她在一个贫困的家庭中长大，父母早逝，没有兄弟姐妹，更没有其他亲人照料。
这种家庭背景使得苔丝从小就学会了独立和坚强，但同时也埋下了她内心深处的孤独和无助之情。
在没有父母的指导下，苔丝不得不自己承担起家庭的重担，照顾家中的大小事务。
由于家庭的贫困，苔丝经常要去做农活来挣取微薄的饭食，这让她无法像其他同龄人一样接受正规的教育。
孤独的成长经历让苔丝无法体验到像样的童年时光，缺乏亲情的陪伴和指导，使得她的心灵长期处于空虚和孤独之中。
苔丝在孤独中长大，没有得到足够的关爱和教导，也没有人能够给予她温暖和安慰。
这种孤独成长的经历，成为了苔丝悲剧的导火索，使得她后来在生活中面对各种挫折和困难时，更加无助和无助。
苔丝的孤独成长是她悲剧成因中至关重要的一环。
2. 正文2.1 父亲的酗酒苔丝的父亲约翰·德伯是一个酗酒的人。
他是一个沉溺于酒精的农民，经常在醉酒后对家人施暴，给家庭带来了巨大的痛苦和困扰。
这种家庭环境使得苔丝从小就饱受父亲的虐待和家庭暴力的折磨。
浅析苔丝悲剧成因德伯家的苔丝中苔丝悲剧命运分析《德伯家的苔丝》是英国作家托马斯·哈代的长篇小说，讲述了一个苔丝从农村妇女晋升到富有绅士夫人再到堕入困境的悲剧命运。
苔丝的悲剧命运是由多重因素共同导致的，包括社会环境、家庭因素、个人选择等原因。
首先，社会环境是苔丝悲剧命运的重要因素之一、小说所描绘的时代背景是19世纪末的英国乡村社会，以农业为主导的封建社会仍然占主导地位。
在这个社会中，贫富悬殊极大，社会地位固化，阶级观念深入人心。
苔丝从小生活在贫困的农村环境中，没有机会上升到更高的社会阶层。
她自小就懂得读书，渴望通过知识改变自己的命运，但社会环境限制了她的发展空间，使她很难摆脱贫困窘境。
其次，家庭因素也对苔丝的命运产生了重要影响。
苔丝生活在一个家境贫寒的家庭中，父亲是一个喜欢饮酒的懒散农民，母亲早逝，家庭缺乏温暖和支持。
父亲对苔丝的关心不够，甚至觉得她是家庭的负担。
在这样的家庭环境中，苔丝从小就缺乏爱和安全感，导致她内心孤独、渴望得到他人的关注和认可。
此外，苔丝自身的个人选择也是她悲剧命运的重要原因。
小说中，苔丝为了改变自己的命运，勇敢地离开了家乡，寻找更好的生活。
然而，在她寻求幸福的过程中，她犯了几个致命的错误。
首先，她的纯真和孤独使她容易受到他人的诱惑和欺骗。
她先后爱上了两个男子-亚历克斯和安吉尔，但两者都不能给她真正的幸福。
苔丝对于自己的爱情选择没有足够的明智，很容易被情感左右，导致了她在这段感情中的痛苦和破碎。
总之，苔丝悲剧命运的成因是多方面的。
社会环境的限制、家庭的贫困和个人的选择错误都为她的悲剧埋下了伏笔。
苔丝的命运警示我们，社会环境和家庭因素对个人的发展和幸福有着重要的影响，但个人选择和决策也是至关重要的，我们应该警惕自己在人生的道路上的选择，并尽力避免重蹈苔丝的覆辙。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧性格分析河北北方学院外国语学院马勇康丽英苔丝的悲惨命运及其原因《苔丝》是一部悲剧作品。
小说女主角苔丝是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘。
由于家境贫寒．她不得不听从母亲的劝说。
跑到地主庄园去做工。
被地主少爷亚历克奸污。
怀着身孕回到家乡。
孩子夭折后．她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工．在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪克莱尔．两人产生了爱情。
新婚之夜。
苔丝出于一片忠诚．向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇，不想却为丈夫所不容。
克莱尔立即丢下妻子。
独自去了巴西。
苔丝被遗弃后．又跑到一家农场做苦工。
恰在这时亚历克又突然出现．一再跑来纠缠苔丝。
后来在父亲去世．母亲患病，弟妹失学，一家人沦落街头，而克莱尔又杏无音讯的情况下．苔丝只好舍身救家，答应与亚历克同居。
谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难，终于回心转意。
从巴西回来寻找苔丝。
苔丝悔恨交加，怒不可遏地刺死了亚历克。
她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活，最后被捕，并被判处死刑。
苔丝的命运是悲惨的．她悲惨命运的产生有其一定的偶然因素．但这悲剧本身又是不可避免的。
究其原因，可归结为以下两点：1．外在因素1．1苔丝所处时代男性对女性的支配这部小说反复提到的主题之一是男人支配女人的方式，他们主要是用男性强权向女性发挥威力。
这种男人的支配可以说是苔丝和苔丝那个时代所有女性的悲剧。
1．2家庭因素家庭的破败贫穷是导致苔丝悲剧命运的最开始也是最直接的因素!如果不是家庭贫困．苔丝就不必连夜去赶集：如不是贫困。
父母也就不会逼迫她去认亲：如果不是贫困．在克莱尔没回来的期间也就不会受到那么多屈辱。
更不会下嫁给亚历克。
由此可见．贫穷确实是导致苔丝悲剧命运的最重要条件之一。
2．内在因素：苔丝的性格特征苔丝是哈代作品中最具悲观色彩的女主角。
作者形象地描绘了这样一个既可爱又可悲的角色。
在哈代心中．苔丝拥有一个劳动者应有的各种优秀品质．更优异于那些所谓的贵族与资产阶级。
她孝顺、温柔、坚毅、真诚、勇敢、反叛的性格是我们所称道的．但也正是这些性格特点，才使她自己走向命运的终结。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家托马斯·哈代的代表作之一，讲述了一个贫苦家庭的女孩苔丝在追寻自由和幸福的过程中遭遇的一系列悲剧。
苔丝的悲剧成因可以从多个方面来分析。
一是社会背景。
小说所描写的时代是十九世纪末的英国，当时的社会阶级分化非常严重，贫富的差距极大。
贫苦的苔丝身处于社会的最底层，受到社会的歧视和压迫，无法改变自己的命运。
她的出生就注定了她只能在社会的边缘挣扎生存，而且在如此恶劣的生存环境中，她的个性更加沉稳，容易忍耐，这又使得她更加容易受到他人的欺负和摆布。
二是家庭环境。
苔丝出生在一个贫困的家庭中，家庭的经济状况极度不稳定。
尤其是她的父亲常常沉溺于酒精中难以自拔，无力承担家庭的生活开支，这使得苔丝一家人的生活非常艰难。
而苔丝的母亲则是个痴心妄想的人，她希望通过苔丝的美貌可以让她改善家庭的经济状况，不断推销她去打工，甚至连婚姻都可以拿出去买卖。
这种家庭环境使苔丝倍感无助和无奈，无论走到哪里都感觉像是处于一个囚笼之中。
三是感情生活。
苔丝在感情生活中的悲剧也是非常显著的。
虽然她在德伯府度过了一段幸福的时光，看到了希望，但她还是无法迎来自己真正的幸福。
原因在于，苔丝爱上了犹太人阿伯拉罕·西姆童子，而这种跨越阶级和文化的恋情在当时的社会是不被允许的。
阿伯拉罕·西姆童子身为犹太人，他的身份和传统经历使得这场恋情注定不会成功。
而苔丝的自尊心又使得她不愿意妥协，最终导致她失去了爱情和自由。
总之，苔丝的悲剧成因来源复杂且多方面，反映了十九世纪英国社会阶级分化的严重现状，也反映了当时社会对于自由和平等的缺乏认知。
托马斯·哈代通过塑造苔丝这一角色，揭示了当时社会的阴暗面，同时也引起了人们对于社会公正和人权的思考和关注。
《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧成因《德伯家的苔丝》是著名莎士比亚戏剧作品之一，是一部讲述苔丝的悲剧。
苔丝，全名苔丝·德伯家，是一位意大利门萨邦少女。
她生长在一个有着传统尊严的家庭，受到严格而优良的教育，但仍被抛弃，悲剧性地在西西里结束了她的生命。
从情节上分析，苔丝的悲剧的根源很多，但其主要原因在于她的政治状况不稳定，引发了家族的矛盾和围绕她的爱情的水脉灌注。
首先，在当时的政治状况下，家族的命运受到诸多不可预知的影响，而苔丝也是其中的一员。
苔丝的父亲登喀尔王室是领土家族，但和家族最大的敌人-二百条派联盟发生了冲突，导致苔丝的父亲被抓入狱，全家人都感到万分焦虑。
苔丝作为家族的最小女儿，担心父亲会被处以死刑，不得不在西西里甘蓝下承受沉重的压力，这也是她最终悲剧结局的原因之一。
其次，家庭内部矛盾也对苔丝的命运有着深远的影响。
登喀尔王室是一个高度传统的家庭，要求全家成员把理想放在非常重要的位置。
家里有三个结婚的女儿，被安排去嫁给更有权势的男子，但苔丝的父母却没有对苔丝这个最小的女儿做出安排，这给苔丝带来了外界的穷追猛打，甚至被认为是一个无价值的存在。
她既不能去嫁给她所爱的人，也不能像其他女儿那样有幸迎娶到有权势的男子，这给她带来了无以言表的苦楚，令少女痛苦不已。
再次，爱情的水脉也造就了苔丝的悲剧命运。
苔丝少女有不可阻挡的爱情主义情感，但父母却不许她爱情自由，苔丝只好把自己的爱情情感封装在心里，向他人隐藏她的爱情归属，最终将自己锁在西西里的家中，无法自主地支配自己的爱情。
由于爱情受到抑制，苔丝不能拥有真正的满足，无路可走，她只能沉溺于痛苦中。
正是这种抑制，使她最终在西西里沉没了，成为有着悲剧性结局的悲剧典型人物。
总的来说，苔丝的悲剧性的结局是多种原因造成的，政治上的状况不稳定、家族内部的矛盾以及爱情的水脉酝酿了苔丝的悲剧结局，使苔丝最终被迫结束了自己的生命，凝炼成史书上不可磨灭的一页。
论《德伯家的苔丝》中的悲剧性及其形成悲剧命运的根源内容摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯〃哈代的代表作。
女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。
本文以个性、家庭、社会及宗教的角度为出发点，分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源。
关键词：个人性格悲剧，伦理道德悲剧，社会家庭悲剧一．引言托马斯?哈代是19世纪现实主义小说家，对资本主义文明的发展采取了坚决批判的立场，因此获得了“悲观主义者”的绰号。
作为一位人道主义作家，他认为人民的生活是悲惨的，民间人物的命运也是悲剧，而主人公的命运是人类命运的缩影。
《德伯家的苔丝》作为哈代悲剧小说中的典范，奠定了哈代悲剧作家的地位，为哈代赢得了杰出小说家的声誉。
作品中的悲剧性主要有性格悲剧、伦理道作者通过讲述美丽，纯洁，善良的女孩——苔丝悲惨的一生，从而表达了对英国下层阶级，特别是农村妇女在道义上的深切同情。
善良的苔丝本应该享受甜蜜的爱情和幸福的婚姻，可是事与愿违，她的人生之路充满了崎岖与坎坷。
《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。
由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。
但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折；为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口；对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。
她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”，颠覆了传统的伦理道德。
哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。
二．《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧性苔丝是大自然之女，具有大地般朴实的本性，本是一位纯洁美丽又非常勤劳的农村姑娘，向往人生的真和善，却遭到伪恶势力的打击。
她有着顽强的生命力，以独有的方式和命运抗争，但个人性格、伦理道德、社会家庭等多重因素终使这位纯真的女人走向了毁灭。
1.个人性格悲剧“女人之为女人是因为她们的身体缺少亚里士多德曾不无歧视地为女人下了这样的定义：某些性质，也因为这些天然的缺陷而遭受痛苦。
淮北师范大学信息学院2014 届学士学位论文《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因分析系别:外语系专业:英语学号: 20101843021姓名:指导教师: 张立友指导教师职称: 讲师2014年 5 月 15 日Information College, Huaibei Normal UniversityA Study on the Causes of Tess’ Tragedy inTess of the D’UrbervillesbyUnderthe Supervision ofLecturer Zhang LiyouSubmitted to the Foreign Language Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor ofArtsinEnglish Language and LiteratureHuaibei, P. R. ChinaMay, 2014淮北师范大学信息学院本科生毕业论文（设计）诚信承诺书本人郑重承诺所呈交的毕业论文（设计）《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧成因分析，是在指导教师张立友的指导下严格按照学校和学院有关规定完成的。
本人在毕业论文（设计）中引用他人的观点和参考资料均加以注释和说明。
本人承诺在毕业论文（设计）选题和研究内容过程中没有抄袭他人的研究成果和伪造相关数据等行为，若有抄袭行为，由本人承担一切责任。
承诺人：2010 年级英语专业签名：2014 年6 月 6 日AbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is regarded as a masterpiece of Thomas Hardy, one of the greatest English novelists and poetrys.In this novel, Hardy exposes the hypocritical social morals and capitalism’s destruction to country civilization, after the capitalism invading the British villages in Victorian age.The thesis intends to analysis the causes of Tess’ tragedy from three perspectives: firstly, it analyses that Tess’ tragedy is a reflection of Hardy’s fatalism. He arranged a series of coincidences to reflect his fatalism, and this implies that Tess’tragedy is inevitable; secondly, it analyses the social factors’influence on Tess’tragic fate. The capitalism’ invasion leads to the plight of the poor peasants and the hypocritical traditional morals lead to her tragedy; and thirdly, it analyses her lackness of Tess’character, her comprise, too high sense of responsibility for her family and innocence,sincerity,all these cause her tragedy, and her conservative moral values is also one cause of the tragedy.Through analyzing Tess’ tragedy from the three perspectives of fatalism, social factors and her character, the thesis reveals woman’s real emotion and tragic fate after the British countryside has been invaded by the capitalism in Victorian age.Key Words: Thomas Hardy, Tragedy, Causes, Tess摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国伟大的小说家、诗人托马斯·哈代的代表作。
在这篇小说中，哈代通过描写农村姑娘苔丝的悲惨命运，揭示了维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德观和资本主义对于乡村文明的破坏。
这篇论文从三个方面分析苔丝悲剧的成因，首先分析了苔丝的悲惨命运是哈代宿命论的体现，哈代安排了一系列的巧合事件来体现他的宿命论，揭示了苔丝的悲剧的不可避免性;其次分析了苔丝悲剧的社会因素，资本主义入侵英国农村，导致农民们生活贫困，以及传统的社会道德观导致了苔丝的悲惨命运；论文最后分析了苔丝的性格缺陷，苔丝的妥协，以及她对家庭过高的责任心，天真、幼稚的性格导致了苔丝的悲惨命运。
论文通过哈代的宿命论，社会因素，苔丝性格三个方面分析苔丝悲惨命运的成因，揭示了维多利亚时期的资本主义入侵后，农村女性的真实情感和悲剧命运。
关键词：托马斯·哈代；悲剧；成因；苔丝ContentsAbstract (I)Chapter One Introduction (1)Chapter Two Hardy’s Fatalism in Tess’ Tragedy (3)I. The Formation of Hardy’s Fatalism (3)II.Hardy’s Fatalism Reflected in Tess’ Tragedy (4)Chapter Three The Social Factors to Tess’ Tragedy (6)I. The Invasion of Capitalism (6)II.The Social Morality and Its Influences on Tess (7)A. The Hypocritical Social Morality (7)B. The Influences of Moralism on Tess (8)Chapter Four Tess’ Character Leading to Her Tragedy (10)I.Tess’ Compromise (10)II.Tess’ Conservative Moral Values (11)III.Tess’ High Sense of Responsibility for Her Family (12)IV.Tess’ Innocence and Sincerity (12)Chapter Five Conclusion (14)Works Cited (15)Chapter One IntroductionThomas Hardy (1840-1928), “is last one of the greatest of Victorian novelists. He was born in the center of the Wessex which later figured in his works.”（吴伟仁312）.He started writing long novels at the beginning of 1870 when the British capitalism had invaded the villages. He is a cold, serious realistic writer, as to the responsibility, he devoted to the thought of religion,ethics,life,society,love,marriage and many other problems in his novels. Hardy’s novels have been divided into three categories and one kind is novel of character and environment, this kind of novel mainly reflects the relationship between characters and society . It is great and represents the highest achievement of Hardy’s realism novels.” His novels set against the bleak and forbidding Dorset landscape, whose physical harshness echoes that of an indifferent, if not malolent,universe.”(赵文薇柏云彩125）.His literature career began with poetry, but did not have chances to publish and started creating novels. His first long novel was published in 1871, the celebrated work his fourth novel Far From Madding Crowd in 1874, and from then on, he devoted himself to the novel creation. There were 20 long novels in Hardy’s early life, the most famous novels are Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891),Jude the Obscure(1895),The Mayor of Cascetbridge (1901). His works exposed the change of the social economy, political, morality and tradition.When the hypocritical invaded the countries in England, especially reflected women’s miserable life and hypocritical morals in Victorian age.In the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the author focuses on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, a beautiful, brave and innocent peasant girl who lives in a poor family, however, she leads a happy life. One day, her father learns that he is a descendant of a prosperous family; Tess’tragedy begins, because her parents persuade her to visit the family and bring wealth to her family. As her parents expects, she meets Alec-the son of the family, who is attracted by her beautiful appearance, so he tries his best to persuade her to stay here. After a short time, she is raped by Alec, and is not a virgin any more. She is sorrow, goes home, and hopes that her motherwould comfort her, but her mother does not only worry her. What is worse, she is pregnant, from then on, her life totally changes, people look down upon her, so Tess goes to a dairy farm work as a dairy maid. Here she meets Angel, who is a son of a clergyman, and they fall in love with each other quickly, but she rejects his love. Finally, Tess is encouraged by his courage and accepts his love. Tess is always tortured by her past so she decides to tell him about her past, he can not accept. In fact, he abandons her and she has to work in the field again. At this time, Alec appears again , she has no choice to be his mistress again.Unexpectedly.at this time ,Angel returns from Brazil and shows he still love her , but when he knows that she is living with Alec again, he turns away. His leaving deepen her hate to Alec,so she kills Alec.After his death, she lives together with him, but she is arrested by the authorities, their happy life ended ,her tragedy ended too.In my mind, Hardy shows us a real condition in Victorian age. This thesis intends to analyze the causes of Tess’tragedy from three aspects：Hardy’s fatalism, social factors and Tess’ character lackness. At that time, people can not decide their fates, but God can. Through this thesis, we can see the real emotion life of woman in Victorian age, and also we can realize that the poor peasants’ lives after capitalism invading the British countryside. This reflects the capitalism invades the countryside bring great destroys to the peasants, and, Tess is a typical represent of the peasants, so this explains the inevitability of her tragedy.Chapter Two Hardy’s Fatalism in the Tragedy of TessI. The Formation of Hardy’s FatalismAt the beginning of the 1870’s, Hardy started writing full-length novel, at that time; capitalism invaded the British and changed the condition of the religion and society.“In condition, Hardy can not accept the destroys of the countryside but in ration, he knew that it is necessary for the developing of society, the frication between emotion and ration make him sad and despair. He focuses on the poor’s fate and animadverts the world, reaveld the evil of society, because the limitation of the age, Hardy tries his best to solve the society, problems but failed .His thoughts also experienced a complicated course.”(韩丽英19)Hardy lived in the Victorian Age, during which tremendous changes occurred in the history of western civilization. It was well-known that a great social reformation happened in Britain. His idea of fatalism was influenced by the environment he lived in. During that period, the poor families can not change their miserable lives no matter what they had done. He witnessed the farmers’ difficulties, and felt regretted for their sufferings.At first, he believes in God as other people, but all the tragic and terrible realities tell him that God can not do anything to save the peasants’suffering, he even contempts God, just he wrote in the novel, so he began to believe Darwin’s Evolutionism, then was influenced by Schopenhauer Arthur’s tragic sense. Finally, he formed his theory that is called fatalism.This series of changes of his thoughts, he did not find suitable way to solve the social problems, but the course caused him to be a pessimist and his novel is full of pessimistic thought and fatalism. As a humanism novelist, Hardy considered that human’s life is terrible, the destiny of the heroin in the novel id just the epitome of the great laboring people’s life.II. Hardy’s Fatalism Reflected in Tess’ TragedyFatalism is that view of life which says all actions is decided by the nature of thing or by fate which is a great impersonal, primitive force existing through all eternity completely independent of human will and superior to any good created by man. Fatalists think that everything in the life is doomed, human’s tragedy is arranged by the God, therefore, however people try their best to avoid the tragedies, but they can not change the inevitable results. In the novel, the heroine-Tess is always going to live a happy life, but accidental misfortune happens just at that time, this is coincidence, and used to show the inevitability of her tragedy. All the things seem happen accidentally, however, it is them caused her tragedy. And this is the reflect of Hardy’s fatalism.At first, Tess is living in a poor family, and this decides her tragic fate. As the oldest daughter of the family, she must help her father to do business, but the destiny teases her, the horse which can bring income for her family dies. The death of the horse seems to be a coincidence, but this implies a inevitable result that Tess has to do something that she is reluctant to do. This is just the one cause which leads to her tragedy, and at the same time, this also reflects that Hardy can not find a bright future for the people who live in a poor countryside, and has to blame this misfortunes to these coincidences.Tess wants to live a quiet life when she goes to dairy as a maid, but she meets Angel and falls in love with him. She makes her mind to restrain her love towards him, rejects his pay court to her, but finally she accepts his love because of destiny and emotion. Tess does not want to deceive him, so she writes a letter to him to tell about her past before the wedding night. Unfortunately, the letter is displaced, the destiny makes fun of her again, he does not see it. It seems that she is going to own her happiness, but in fact, this deepens her tragic life. What is worse, this directly leads to Angel abandoning her in the wedding night. Although Hardy has mercy on hertragedy, due to the limitation of era, he can also not accept her these suffering in his mind, therefore, he arranges these coincidences, also he can show his thoughts through this events. Tess is innocent, but her tragedy is inevitable.When Tess’ father dies, she has no choice to seek help from Angel’s family, but she does not meet his parents. What is worse, she can not find suitable job to earn enough money to support family. However, she meets Alec on the way home. It is he that causes her tragedy .Facing the poverty of her family; she is deceived by his sweet words again, and drops in his trap again. Hardy’s description and this series of coincidences imply that Tess’ tragic life has been doomed already by the fate.Angel realizes that he is not correct and goes back to England, soon he understands Tess’ current situation. It seems that her tragic life is going to change, and she will lead a happy life, but when Tess realizes that Angel is back, so she wants to get rid of Alec, kill him. Then she gets together with him, but Tess can not escape from the punishment of law and destiny. Finally, she is arrested; her tragic life completely ends.Chapter Three The Social Factors to Tess’ TragedyFrom a series of coincidences, on the surface, as if her tragedy escapes from the arrangement of the fate, but from a deeper perspective, is Hardy’s fatalism philosophy due to the environment.Throughout the story, Tess’ life would be rather terrible and miserable, which makes reader deeply feel sympathy for her. From the truthful description of the living conditions in the novel, we can get a full understand of every social stage in the Victorian Age.Tess, a pretty, intelligent and pure girl, is the victim of society. In this paper, it is thought that the bourgeois society should take responsibility for Tess’ miserable sufferings.I. The Invasion of CapitalismAt the end of nineteenth century, it is the most developed time of Britain bourgeoisie .With the booming of industrial economy, the most areas of countryside developed industry, individual economy broke up. The farms and pastures were owned by the minority of the capitalists in that age. It is the reason that deepens the gap between the rich and the poor in Britain countryside, and also the lives of peasants are miserable. They can support only by helping them do the labor as a laborer. Tess is a representative of the poor peasants. The indignities, pains and exploitations Tess has suffered is the tragic epitome of the employee under British capitalism system. Although they are diligent, simple and kind, the pressure from life and economic burden always go with them. As regard of social status, they are at he bottom of the society, they can not protect themselves and even if they can be bullied by anyone, and Tess is a typical victim of Britain capital reform.Tess’ father is a businessman who is doing small scale business; he supports his wife and 7 children who depend on the money he makes from his business. Under theimpact of the bourgeoisie, Alec’s family enjoys the benefits that bourgeois economic monopoly brings, lives a prosperous life. At the time of bourgeois monopoly economy develops, small business of the peasants dismantles, and this brings fatal blow to them. Due to the lack of money, they do not have the ability to buy farms and pasture, so they have to be a farm laborer to help the bourgeoisie to do the farm work and so that they can make some money to support their family. Tess wants to support her family, and then she goes to Alec’s family to earn money. Tess, a girl who has never experienced bad things, so when she meets him, does not guess his bad thoughts; finally she is seduced by him, because Tess is a girl who lives in the bottom of the society, so she does not have ability to resist against Alec who is the symbol of crafty bourgeois. Therefore, she does not want to be manipulated by Alec, goes away. And this implies farmer class’weakness fully. But because of the bourgeois industrial economy instead of the small-scale peasant economy of the countryside and it compels Tess to work hard to support her family. At the same time, it lays a foundation for her tragedy. Tess changes several jobs, faces different kinds of employees; she has no choice to bear their torments.The social status in that time decides Tess’ destiny that Tess must suffer suppress and exploitation. Facing the great development of bourgeois industrial economy, the people like Tess works an a farm worker is doomed to be exploited, so the capitalism invades the countryside is one main cause of Tess’ tragedy.II .The Social Morality and Its Influences on TessA.The Hypocritical Social MoralityThe key virtue of women is sexual purity in that time, while adultery is the worst of all sins. At that time, even exposing an ankle or a shoulder is considered “improper”(Kramer 136）.In everybody’s eyes, women must be a virgin beforemarriage. In addition, a woman should be loyal to her husband all her life. The sexual morality is deeply rooted in their minds, but it is not equal for females. If men were engaged in sexual lapses, they would be forgiven, but women would be abused, even if a woman is the victim in fact in the story of Tess and Alec, people do not condemn him whereas Tess, who is pregnant because of a wicked man’s rape. It is true of the affair between Tess and Angel, Angel is forgiven, while Tess is abused even if he is the real victim. At the beginning, he loves Tess though she is born in a poor family. In his eyes, Tess is a pretty, intelligent and pure girl, Tess is “what a fresh and pure daughter of nature that dairy-maid is”(Hardy 291).It seems that his love to her is true.However,he is a representative of the traditional moral concepts. When they are getting married, he also cares about her social status. In his heart, he has never abandoned the Christian moral concepts; he can not forgive her because of her past experiences. He judges her from the aspects of traditional social morality. And he dies not consider whether it is fair to her or not to judge her like this, and at last leaves her alone. The whole society is deeply rooted in traditional social morality, and this gives rise to her tragic fate.B.The Influences of Morality on TessIt is very natural to judge a woman’s purity in line with the tradition conception. Tess is controlled by the social morality, but he has tried to resist against it ,when her mother wanted her to marry Alec,she refuses it with “perhaps any woman will, but I am the exception”(Hardy 156).Tess is a victim of the society where is full of hypocritical social morality .She has a strong desire to begin a new life but she could not get rid of her past.After she is raped by Alec, she feels guilty of losing her chastity, when Tess meets Angel and falls in love with him, but she can not still shake off the sense of guilty. At first, she is afraid of telling Angel her past experiences, but it is the fear that let her have the courage to accept his love.” Her love for him acts to blot the memories of the past in her, but she is always aware that her forgetfulness is onlytemporary, that the doubts ,fears, and shame were only waiting like wolves sitting indoors, she suddenly exclaims that she is not worthy of him.”(Hardy 234).However, this makes her life much worse than before, because Angel deserts her and goes to other countries. This deepens her hate to Alec,because of the past, she does not have the qualification to own his love. And it is her responsibility to leads to Angel to leave her. It can be obviously that Tess’ tragedy is made by the social morality.Chapter Four Tess’ Character Leading to Her TragedyTess’ tragedy not only results from the social factors and environment he lived in, but also the character of herself. Her tragedy is the tragedy of personality. Firstly, She is influenced by the social conventions and moral standards of that time, and this makes her believes that she is deserted for what she has experienced, she has a strong desire to fight against the arrangement of the fate ,but she does not have enough power to do it, so she has to give up her rebellion;secondly,her conservative moral values, she thinks that she is sinful because she is raped, so she can not own Angel’s love, and his too high sense of responsibility for her family, innocence and sincerity all cause her tragedy.I. Tess’ compromiseFrom the whole society, we can get the information that Tess has compromised with her parents, Alec, Angel and fate. At the beginning of the novel, she is forced to claim kinship to the D’Urbervilles. This is her first compromise. The horse in her home dies and this cuts off their income and can not support her whole family. In order to live a better life, she goes to the D’Urbervilles, and hopes that she can get a good job, through her own efforts to get the family condition become better than ever.However, she is seduced by Alec, in her parents’ eyes, she should have married Alec to live a rich life and then get them some money and reputation. She does not marry him. What is worse, her father dies the conditions of her family become worse than ever in this time, Alec appears again. The only way to change their situations for her is to turn to him for help. Facing the bad conditions, she compromises, and becomes his mistress again.Tess’compromising with him is her tragedy’s real beginning. And then her compromising with Angel, they get married; she tells Angel everything about her past honestly. Angel’s conservative and traditional socialmorality overcame his love of Tess, he leaves for Brazil. Tess is hurt again. In my opinion, if Tess loved Angel, she should try her best to persuade him to accept her past and show her love to him. She should spare every effort to get his heart, and let him come back. After Angel’s leaving, she does nothing except to write letter to him. At the same time, in order to support her family, she begins to work again. At last, he comes back, and shows his regrets about leaving her alone, but just she is living with Alec, she wants to get together with Angel, she kills Alec and lives a happy life for a short time, and then is arrested by the police. And this is the end of the novel. Tess’tragedy life ends, she compromised to the fate.II .Tess’ Conservative Morals ValuesTess is brave enough to resist against the unfair social morality with the purpose of pursuing happiness. She is struggling for happy life and also she is fighting against traditional social morality. On the other hand, there are some weak points in Tess’character: her attitudes toward old moral values are conservative. The social conventional morality was deeply rooted in her heart, so she becomes the victim of the society.She understands that she is the real victim of the society, and does nothing wrong, but meanwhile she still thinks that she herself is sinful and she deserves the ill words of the public. What is worse, she considers, that she has destroyed the purity of the nature and the pure society. Tess is tortured and suppressed by the idea that losing virginity is an evil for a long time. She is Alec’s life physically in her mind, she can not accept Angel’s love and she is not worthy of his love because she is not a virgin any more, she is not equal to Angel. Although she loves Angel, she can not own his love selfishly. This causes her mental suffering, as is evident in her conversation with Angel.`“But, if you love me you would to be your husband?”“Yes, yes ,yes!But,I sometimes wish I have never been born!”Tess should hate Angel about his crucial treatment to her ,however, she just respects decision and loves him even if he leaves her alone. In order to get his forgive, and goes on living with him, she is unreluctant to be his slave, as is referred to in the following conversation;“And if i order you to do anything？”“I will obey as your wretched slave, even if it is to lie down and die.”( Hardy 384)After his leaving, she lives a unhappy life, but she does not hate him, however, she is always hoping Angel can forgive her and return. She insists on writing to him with the hope in the mind. These have fully reflected her moral conservative character. To some extent, she is also one of the causes of her own tragedy because of her weak personality.III.Tess’ High Sense of Responsibility for Her FamilyIt is no denying that Tess is a filial girl. She is always following her parents’order, never violates. After her father’s death, she takes the responsibility to support her family; this behavior shows her responsibility for her family. She is always take the responsibility to feed her family members initiatively when her family in a difficult situation. The first time is that she claims to be the kinship with the D’Urbervilles family, and then after her father’s death, she was forced to seek help from the Angel’s family, but she does not meet them. Once Alec reappears again, she chooses to be his mistress. Through these events, we realize that Tess is forced by the misery of life. She was reluctant to do this. Responsibility is a good virtue for a people, but for Tess, Therefore,” it is the homeless despair of a family which has lost its rights and independence in the village community that gives Tess finally into the invader’s power.”(Albert 327).This is one important cause of her tragedy.IV.Tess’ Innocence and SincerityInnocence and sincerity are good virtues that people should have, but this good virtue change the guider of tragedy on a pure woman, because of her innocence, she chooses to believe Alec.He first meeting with Alec is good example to prove this. When Alec appears as a preacher, she believes him and gets together with him. This also proves her innocence and purity. And second is her sincerity, because of it, during the wedding night, she wants to tell Angel about her past. At then, she forgets her mother’s advice, she feels that her love towards him is sincere, feels that he can forgive her, so she tells him about her tragic past sincerely, but he does not accept her confession and abandons her. It is just her sincerity and innocence causes her tragedy.Chapter Five ConclusionThomas Hardy, one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the nineteenth century. He is famous novel of character and environment. Realism is the main theme of that age. In his works, Hardy bravely and loyally described the cruelty of capitalism and the hypocrisy of traditional morals. And this thesis focuses on the causes of Tess’ tragedy.The causes of Tess’Tragedy are complex .In Victorian age, Tess’tragedy is inevitable. Her tragedy is a reflection of Hardy’s fatalism. Although Hardy wants to resist against the reality, he does not change the people’s lives, so he arranged a series of coincidences to show his fatalism; the formation of the fatalism is influenced by the turbulent environment;also,the capitalism invaded the British countryside, the peasants lives changes, their business breaks up, they have to work on the farmland for the capitalists, and she is a represent of them; the traditional moral values, at that time, purity is a very important factor to judge a woman.Tess,is seduced, she thinks that she is guilt, so she does not qualification to own Angel’s love; And thirdly, her tragedy is the tragedy of character, her compromise, and her responsibility. When her family is in a poor condition, she always try her best to support them, and her innocence makes her believe Alec and her parents, finally she is seduced, her sincerity makes her believe him and understand and forgive her. All these factors cause her tragedy.Through this thesis, we can realize the social reality of the Victorian age, and Hardy wants to fight against the invasion of the capitalism, but it does nothing good to the peasants so he tries to show this motion through his works. Through the novel of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Hardy shows us a girl who is living in the Victorian age experiences terrible life and love story; she fails during fighting against fate, environment and society. This kind of tragedy in not accidental, and it in not only happens to Tess, from the tragedy itself, we should have a deeper think of that age .Works CitedAlbert, Levelly. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Tess of the d’Urbervilles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D’Urbervilles. New York: Dover Publications Inc,1992. Kramer, Dale. Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Thomas Hardy. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan ,1979.韩丽英.“《德伯家的苔丝》中的宿命主义和对比手法的运用”.《开封教学学报》4（2009）：18-20.李华田.《托马斯·哈代作品赏析》. 武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社，1999.吴伟仁.《英国文学史及选读》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1988.吴伟仁.《英国文学史及选读学习指南》. 北京：中央民族大学出版社，2002.赵文薇柏云彩.《英国文学作品选读》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2010.。
