Paradox_Oxymoron1(矛盾分析法)

ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。

oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。

比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。

这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。

2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。

例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。

词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。

合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。

3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。

龙源期刊网 Oxymoron矛盾修辞法作者：来源：《学生导报·高中版》2017年第29期oxymoron来源于希臘语，是oxys（尖锐）和moros（迟钝）的组合体。

尖锐和迟钝互相矛盾，所以把它们合在一起的oxymoron即“矛盾组合”，是一种常见的修辞手法。

有趣的是，oxymoron的复数形式也比较“矛盾”：oxymora和oxymorons都正确（前者为推荐拼法）。

英语中最经典的oxymoron应该是sweet sorrow（甜蜜的悲伤），它出自莎士比亚名著《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的一句——“Parting is such sweet sorrow.”朱丽叶与罗密欧说晚安的时候总免不了伤感，但道别的同时他们又可以期待下一次的碰面，所以每次分手都是sweet sorrow。

在日常生活里，oxymora其实无所不在。

大部分的人天天都在用，只是没有意识到罢了。

最常见的例子包括：◆only choice如果只有一条路可以走，就不叫选择；是选择的话，至少要有两个候选方案。

这对组合显然矛盾，但人们常用它来强调做某事的必要性。

比如：If you want to land a great job these days， you must know English and computer reasonably well. That’s your only choice.（如今这年头，想找到一份好工作的话，必须懂点英文和电脑。

没有其他的选择。

）◆taped livetaped表示“录制的”，live却是“直播”，两者似乎格格不入。

但熟悉电视运作的朋友一定知道，很多节目都采用taped live的方式。

它们在拍摄的时候一次性录制完成，即使有错也不进行编辑和删改，录完的成品留到日后某一时间再播出。

这相当于延时的直播，一来可以增加趣味性（观众喜欢看出错和笑场等花絮），二来可以降低成本（不用花额外的人力和物力对节目进行编辑）。

6、矛盾修饰法（Oxymoron）矛盾修饰法是一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在“震耳欲聋的沉默”和“悲伤的乐观”。

例：There was in her face，when she returned to her husband，look of radiant melancholy that he was not familiar with.此处的短语radiant melancholy 采用了矛盾修饰法，意为“快乐的忧郁”。

这种修辞格的使用很好地描述了艾琳的心态：她既为这个充满奸诈、虚伪的社会感到忧郁，又为自己刚做的一件善事而感到高兴。

这两种情感形成了鲜明的对比，发人深省。

9、反语（Irony）反语是用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法。

它是一种以对比达到幽默效果的修辞方式。

例：You dirty dog，you！First a surprise party-which I abhor …这个例子中存在两个反语即you dirty dog和abhor。

全意是：你这个坏小子，真有你的！先是出其不意地搞一个宴会——这我可不喜欢……句中第一个反语you dirty boy通常用作侮辱性语言，但此处确相反，是对对方的一种昵称，言语中透露出喜爱的意味；abhor原意是“憎恶”，用在此处医生激动不已的心情及其感谢露与其表，不言而喻。

用反语表达其感情比平铺直叙要强烈的多。

反语可分为词语反语、情景反语和戏剧性反语三大类,它的作用在于讽刺挖苦、幽默俏皮,有时也可表亲昵之情.电影《肖申克的救赎》运用了多种反讽方式，影片中一些语言“言在此而意在彼”，表达的是否定语言能指的含义，构成了最常见的语言反讽。

如典狱长诺顿引用圣经语言教导囚犯：“我是世界之光，跟随我的人不会行于黑暗，还会拥有生命之光。

”而实际上，在他管理之下的肖申克监狱罪恶累累，他加给狱犯的只有更深的黑暗。

在实行狱外计划时，诺顿口口声声自称这是“一个真正的、有进步意义的服刑和改造。