名师指津高考总复习英语(配人教)教师课件:第一部分根据语义衔接判断指代内容
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代词在阅读理解中的两种考法在阅读语篇中我们常常遇as, so等,其到一些代词,如it,they,that,this, which, 中it,that, this等代词在语篇中出现的频率较高,它们不仅能起指代作用,用来代替上下文涉及到的人、事或物,同时还能起到承上启下,体现语篇中各个句子之间的衔接关亲。
代词一般是“回指”前面提到过的某一事物或内容。
如:Our curtains look dirty. They need a good wash・仃hey 回指our curtains)但有时也“预指”后面出现的某一事物或内容。
如:I shall say this to you: he is an honest man, (this预指冒号后面的he is an honest man)高考的阅读理解题中有关代词的指代关系的考查,主要有两类:1 •直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容[例1](2013广东)However,to succeedin life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practicaL And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicinge11In Paragraph 2, the underlined word "th*' refers to ___________ .A. being good at somethingB・ setting a practical goalC.putting in more timeD.succeeding in life解析:选B。
巧采蘑菇巧解信息匹配
信息匹配采用的题材来自于外国的报刊与
广告,里面有大量的生僻词,且省略句、短句多,专有名词、缩略语多,而根据考试说明该题型在高考答题中所花的时间应为5分钟,考生应如籍蠶聖森林里花尽可能少的时间釆到自己需
1 •谁短先读谁
假如我们把应用文(或称选项)与题目都看成信息森林,林子大了,关键词(蘑菇)自然多,而
根据记忆的特点,我们更容易记住短或少的信息
因此,在选项和题目中,哪部分更简短,就先读
哪部分。
若应用文更简短,就采用先文后题法;若题目更简短,就采用先题后文法。
若用先文后题法,就先跳读完A〜F,并圈出关键词,再寻读题目找对应信息;若用先题后文法,就将5个题目跳读完,并逐一圈出关键词,再寻读选项A〜F找对应信息。
忌一次只看一个选项,再看5个题目中有哪
些信息匹配,因为这不仅浪费时间,而且效率不高,干扰性强。
2 •圈出排他性的词语(蘑菇)
解题时不宜从头读到尾,而要跳读,读到关键词
(蘑菇)时要圈出或画出来,不用圈出太多的词,因为若圈太多的词会增加干扰,降低匹配速度,但一定要圈出排他性的信息点,尤其注意标题、时间或价格等数词、大写词、斜体词、书名或人名等专有名词, 以及图片反映的内容。
即学即用
/1・F因选项F中与1题中都有raising cats and dogSo
/ 2・A因选项A中与2题中都有watching birds o
/ 3. C因选项C中与3题中都有role-playingo
丁 4. B因选项B中与4题中都有singing, traveling o / 5. E因选项E中和5题中都有western pop music o。
基本句型的扩展(1)前面所讲英语的六种基本句型只是英语句子的最基本框架,要表达千差万别、丰富多彩的思想内容,仅仅依靠这样几个简单的句子框架显然是不够的。
如果我们以这些基本句型为基础,对句子加以句子表达手段得更加丰富,从而满足我们对各神瘦杂内容襄达的扁要。
英语句型扩展的手段主要有三种:(1)增加并列成分;(2)增加修饰成分;(3)使用各类从句O增加并列成分英语句子中的任何一个成分都可以增臨鐸多蛊蛊列成分’从而使句子变得John visited a farm.这是一个典型的SVO(主谓宾)句型,通过增加并列成分可扩展为:John, Mike and their classmates went to the countryside and visited a farm and a nursing home・句中Mike and their classmates 是John的并列主语,went to the countryside 是visited 的并列谓语,a nursing home是a farm的并歹j 長语。
并列的成分也可以是句子,构成并列句。
即:简单句+并列连词+简单句如:I help her and she helps me ・我帮助她,她帮助我。
[简单句(主+谓+宾)+并列连词and+简单句(主+谓+宾)]I bought her a birthday present but she doesift like it •我给她买了份生日礼物但她不喜欢。
[简单句(主+谓+宾+宾补) +并列连词but+简单句(主+宾+宾)]常用并列连词有and9 or, so,but, not only ・..but also, both...and, either...or, neither …not,rather than, as well as等。
即学即用A下列句子只给出了主干句型,请依据所给中文和括弧里的英语提示扩展下列句子。
词义推测的六条线索在阅读中我们常常会遇到生词或虽是熟词但用原来学过的意思去理解却不通,这时就需要根据上下文,也就是语境,去理解,有的也可以根据构词法去理解。
高考阅读理解题中也常常要求考生推测词义O这里着重谈谈根据语境理解时的几条具体线索。
1.根据转折对比关系根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接性词语来推测词义。
如表示转折的词有but, however, otherwise, or, though 等,表示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等;另外,分号也可以奏示转卅、对比或不相干的意义。
[例1] Time is something from which we caift escape・ Even if we ignore it, ifs still goingby,ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is,66Who9s in charge?99 We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy・Or we can take control of it and make it our allv・■ The underlined word 66ally^ most likely means somebody or something that is __________ •A.your slave and serves youBe your supporter and helps youunder your control and obeys youDe under your influence and follows you/解析:B本句由or引出,与前句意义相对,要隶猪的ally显然与前旬的enemy相瓶即为“朋友”,朋友是支持和帮助我们的,故选B。
根据语义衔接判断指代内容
代词除了替代前面(大多)或后面(有时)的人、物或事之外,在语义上起着衔接作用。
因此,代词的使用,既避免了表达上的重复,又使上下文衔接得更加紧密。
高考阅读理解题中,常要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them ,one输,或代动词
(do, does, did, do that等)究竟指代什么。
题干中通常含有refer to。
一般说来,代词的指代内容大多在这一句的前、后句中(有时),但也可能在前
几个句子中,甚至指代前一段话中的某个内容。
找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上,看一看这句话是否合理,前后的语义是否连贯,然后再判定它是否为正确答案。
经典例题
A阅读下列文段,选择正确答案。
1、替代内容在上句
[例1](2013广东)Twain5s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传)about how much he loved what were called 66nigger shows" in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face―and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.
Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
■What does the underlined word "they" refer to?
A. The attacks B・ Slavery and prejudice
C. White men
D. The shows
/解析:Do结合前句理解,可知they替代the shows,代入they,全句意为“施对奴隶制和偏见
的不断攻击表明深知这些表演并不代表现实”,上下连贯,故选D。
2、替代内容在上上句
[例2] (2013四川)Two 12-year-old boys,Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a football. Once they,d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.
What does “it" refer to?
A. The beach
B. The water
C. The boat
D. The wind
/解析:Do句中it应是替代上上句中的the wind,将其替决it,看看句意是否连贯,“他们划到了静水之外,绑在船上的沙滩伞遇到了风,把他们的船牵引到开阔的水面。
他们惊慌失措,想划回岸边。
但是他们敌不过风,船失去控制”,上下贯通,语意衔接,故选D。
即学即用
A阅读下列短文的节选,从每题所给的A、B、C 和D项中,选出最佳选项。
■ 1. What does the underlined word "them" refer to?
A. Customers of Sparrow restaurants
B・ Sparrow restaurants
C.Customers of other fast-food chains
D.other fast-food chains
/解析:D 代词指代题。
由表示对比的while可
知,麻雀餐馆的顾客对连锁店持非常肯定的态度,而别的快餐连锁店的顾
客也不愿意离开“它们”。
这个“它们”
应是指“别的快餐连锁店” o
■ 2. The underlined part “it" refers to __________ A. a taxi the money
C. a bomb
D. public transport
代替前句中的public transport,将其/解析:D
代入it的位置,理解上下文,看语意是否连贯 :现在到了晚上10点钟后宁愿花一大笔钱搭的也不坐公交车了。
我过去常坐公交车,但现在害怕了。
上下文语意贯通,故选D。
■ 3.The underlined word “they” refers to
_______ •
A. the dogs B・ the trainers
C. the systems
D. the researchers
"解析:B句中that引导定语从句并代表先行词dogs作approach的宾语;从句主语they指什么 ?
即需要接近狗的是谁?当然是“驯狗师”,故选
Bo
■ 4. The underlined word "one" in the third paragraph refers to __________ .
A> the President B. the director
C. an actor
D. a look-alike
"解析:D联系上句可知答案。
前句说总统开始
在公共场合使用替身(look-alikes),后来Dave有机会成为了其中的一员,可以猜测出one应该是
a look-alike。