Chapter12_6e独立编译

Answer sheet for test paper of Chapter 12I.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding English or ChineseequivalentsII.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F)1. T 2T 3F 4T 5T 6TIII.Choose the best answer to complete each sentence according to the text. 1D 2C 3B 4A 5AIV.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Sometimes engineering tools can be damaged due to wear and tear, notbecause of misuse. In this case, what shall a technician do?The technician simply fills in Tools Disposal Application Form and asks the relative supervisors to sign it.2.How does Engineering plan for preventive maintenance work?It depends on the situation. For a newly opened hotel, there is no need to make preventive maintenance plans (PMP) in the first year since suppliers or manufacturers usually provide one year warranty on their equipment. However Engineering needs to make plans for the second year. For a hotel running for several years, there are preventive maintenance plans on a weekly, monthly quarterly or yearly basis, depending on how frequently the equipment is used.There is a weekly survey plan for small equipment in guest areas.3.Why does Engineering Department outsource?Some maintenance work requires special technology and the hotel staff doesn’t have the qualifications. Safety is another reason.4.How is preventive maintenance plan implemented?A plan is just a plan until put into action. One Duty Engineer oversees outsourcing projects, is fully responsible for signing a contract, coordination work, inspection and final payment. Supervisors from different sections usually take in charge of maintenance work done by hotel staff and Duty Engineers supervise, spot check the work, keep records of work done for future reference.5.What parts are usually involved in maintaining guest rooms on a yearly basisfor Engineering Department?There are five parts: high voltage, low voltage, air-conditioners, toilet facilities and decoration. Many kinds of technicians and engineers: electricians, air-con engineers, plumbers, painters, carpenters are involved in these maintenance jobs.6.What kind of maintenance belongs to a high voltage category?Technicians or engineers check and maintain the following:●Doorbells, see if they are firmly fixed and check the sound when rung;●Power switches, see if there are any scratches /nicks on the surfaces;●Light fixtures and shades such as closet, mirror, wall, picture, lamps, seeif they are in their original positions and clean;●Power sockets, see if they are firm, burned or damaged;●Hair dryers and stands, see if they are firm, all switches are workingproperly and there are any damages about electrical wires;●All light bulbs, see if they are same model, size and color;●Window openers, see if they are loose, tilted and keys are workingproperly.7.What kind of maintenance belongs to a low voltage category?It involves:●TV pictures, remote controls, sensor heads, cables and wires in goodworking order;●Uniform sockets for TV wires and TV signals;●Wires for in-house music, see if background music is on and soundboxes are properly fixed;●Telephone (bedroom and washroom), properly connected, clear sound,function keys work;●Sufficient cell for magnetic doors;●DVD players and remote controls in apartment building;●Intercoms function properly, including pictures, sound.8.What do air-con engineers check as they do yearly maintenance?They check impellers, filers, magnetic valves, coil pipes on air-conditioners to see if all are working properly and are clean.9.What do engineers check in a guest washroom as they do yearlymaintenance?They check basins, tubs, showers, toilet bowls, toilet buoys in water tank, drainage, water pipes to see if everything works properly or have any damages, leakages or foreign materials inside pipes etc. Conditions of minibar and water kettle in guest room are also noted.V.Critical thinking questions.1.How does Engineering Department manage its tools?All tools are classified and registered and a designated Storekeeper takes care of them. Assistant Chief Engineer and Storekeeper inspects tools monthly.Requests for tools must be authorized by Chief Engineer first. Tools are granted after registration and receiver’s signature. Borrowing tools is usually handled by supervisors.Sometimes technicians are the ones who borrow from the Store.When borrowing, it is up to receivers to check if tools are in good condition, if not, return them within one hour.Tools should be returned at the end of each shift. All often-used tools are listed.Duty Engineer and Storekeeper check that they are complete before issuing. Infrequently-used tools are locked away by Storekeeper. In case of emergency, a spare key is sealed in an envelope and put beside the toolbox.Chief Engineer makes regular checks on tools borrowed by any team or technician. Users must pay for lost tools or get fined. There is an attempt to repair damaged tools but if it can’t be repaired, Chief Engineer is the one who gives approval to buy replacements.Manual and electric safety tools are regularly maintained by designated persons as outlined by hotel safety rules.All devices and meters should be checked and maintained regularly.Tools are forbidden to be taken off hotel premises.2.Describe the job responsibilities and job specifications for a Chief Engineer ina hotel.Because the Chief Engineer is a manager, a typical day is filled with such administrative responsibilities as hiring, firing, training employees, and budgeting. This can account for as much as 60% of the Chief Engineer’s 10-12-hour day. Maintaining communication between departments and with supervisors is also an important function of the Chief Engineer. Most days are spent planning, coordinating, supervising repair and maintenance orders, and dealing with staffing situations, as well as training other departments in how to save utility costs.In addition, the Chief Engineer may also work as a technician, maintaining or upgrading various systems such as heating, venting, cooling, water, and electrical. ( In large facilities, the Chief Engineer will likely delegate such technical duties to a staff member.) Specifically, most chief engineers should:have an electrical license and know how to do wiring;●understand how to install and repair plumbing equipment;●know how motors work and how to repair them or know whom to call torepair them;●be able to offer advice during renovation or construction of facilities.Another responsibility of the Chief Engineer is negotiating contracts with and getting bids from vendors, as well as obtaining insurance certificates. Weekly or daily meetings with people outside of the organization are not uncommon. Again, the Chief Engineer wants to ensure the proper maintenance of the facility while controlling costs.3.What parts do decoration technicians usually check in a guest room in ayearly maintenance job?Technicians check the following in a guest room:●Ceilings, any stains or cracks;●Condition of wall paper;●Wood work, doors, frames, wall skirting, floors, window sills, plus metalfixtures, handles, hinges, slide slot for drawers;●Door stoppers, bolts, cat’s view; wall pictures;●Carpet condition, any cracks, damages, puffs etc.●Wall and floor tiles in washroom, any damages, cracks, loose parts;●Glass door stopper for shower room, firmness of waterproof adhesives,glass door situation;●Glasses in windows, any cracks.。

新编语言学教程Chapter 12答案Applied Linguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)applied linguistics: the study of language and linguistics in relation to practicalissues, e.g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation.More often than not nowadays, it is used in the narrow sense, and refers tolanguage teaching in particular.(2)grammar-translation method: a method of foreign or second languageteaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the mainteaching and learning activities.(3) audiolingual method: the teaching of a second language through imitation,repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking andlistening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in theclassroom is not allowed.(4)communicative language teaching: an approach to foreign or second languageteaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is toachieve communicative competence.(5)testing: the use of tests, or the study of the theory and practice of their use,development, evaluation, etc.(6)achievement test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.(7)validity: (in testing) the degree to which a test measures what it is supposedto measure, or can be used successfully for the purposes for which it is intended.A number of different statistical procedures can be applied to a testto estimate its validity. Such procedures generally seek to determine what thetest measures, and how well it does so.(8)reliability: (in testing) a measure of the degree to which a test gives consistentresults; a test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it isgiven on different occasions or when it is taken by different people.(9)proficiency test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned without considering the syllabus, duration and manner of learning.(10) subjective test: a test which is scored according to the personal judgment ofthe marker, such as essay writing or translation.(11) objective test: a test that can be marked without the use of the examiner’spersonal judgment.(12) language aptitude test: a test which measures a person’s aptitude for secondor foreign language learning and it can be used to identify those learners who are most likely to succeed.(13) diagnostic test: a test which is designed to show what skills or knowledge alearner knows and doesn’t know. For example, a diagnostic pronunciationtest may be used to measure the learner’s pronunciation of English sounds.It would show which sounds a student is and is not able to pronounce. Diagnostictests may be used to find out how much a learner knows or to measure how successful an instruction program has been.(14) backwash effect: Tests strongly affect what actually occurs in the classroomand the effect of tests on classroom L2 teaching and learning is known as thebackwash effect.2. The advantages of grammar-translation method:(1)As the grammars described in this method contain very detailed descriptionsof the correct construction of phrases and sentences of a language, accuracyis stressed and improved.(2)Students’ ability to read and write is encouraged and improved since themethod focuses on the written work.(3)This method is less demanding than some other approaches for a teacherwhose oral proficiency may not be adequate.(4)This method is popular with people who would like to study English independently,especially the adult learners who want to learn grammar rules anduse them to approach new materials by themselves.The disadvantages of grammar-translation method:(1)It emphasizes language at the sentence level regardless of context, so the organizationof language above the sentence level is not so carefully studied.(2)As the focus is on written work, oral fluency and spontaneity is not so welldeveloped and common everyday language is not taught enough.(3)The basic techniques in this method are rote learning of the rules and vocabulary,and grammar rules are taught deductively as general statements tobe applied in particular exercises in translation, so the learners may find itboring to learn.(4)With the emphasis on grammar, students typically know a lot about the languagebut are unable to actually use it. As a result, their use of the new languageoften tends to be literal or unnatural.3.Changes required would include:(1)Change in teacher’s role. The teacher can no longer be the source of knowledgeand trut h about the language. The teacher’s role has more to do withinitiating activities.(2)Change in learner’s role. The learner can no longer be passive. The learnermust actively participate in the activities.(3)Change of materials. These should, as far as possible, preserve the features ofauthentic instances of language use.(4)Change of techniques. These should emphasize the tasks (not drills) to beperformed and identify the skills being practiced.(5)Change in attitude. If the above are to be achieved then we are involved inchanging our attitudes towards teaching and learning in general.4.Achievement tests are based on a particular language syllabus, or part of a syllabus,or chapters in a textbook that learners are known to have studied and theyaim to know how well learners know what they have been taught. For example,the Chinese MET test, which is based on the Middle School English Syllabus andtaken by students leaving Senior Middle School, and Mid-Term tests, designed forUniversity English Majors based on just a few chapters from a textbook.5.The validity of a test relates to what the test claims to measure and how well itdoes so. If we know that a test is valid, then we know what we can confidently sayabout a person who passes or fails it. The two most important aspects of validityare content validity and construct validity. If a test has content validity it meansthat the test questions cover a fair sample of the language structures and skillsthat the test claims to be measuring. If a test has construct validity, it shows that itmeasures only what it claims to measure and nothing else.6.A test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on differentoccasions or when it is taken by different people. There are two aspects to reliability:test reliability and scorer reliability. Test reliability refers to how consistent scoresare on a test. If, for example, there are two versions of a particular test and the sameperson takes them on consecutive days and his scores are almost the same on eachversion, then such a test has test reliability. A test has scorer reliability if there is ahigh level of agreement between different people marking the same test paper.。

ejc编译-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述EJC编译是一种基于编译原理的方法，用于将高级程序语言代码转化为低级的可执行代码。

通过使用EJC编译器，程序员可以将自己编写的代码转化为机器能够理解和执行的形式，从而实现软件开发的目标。

编译器是一个非常重要的工具，它可以将人类可读的高级语言代码转化为机器可执行的底层代码。

在EJC编译过程中，编译器会对源代码进行词法分析、语法分析、语义分析等操作，以保证程序的正确性，并生成等效的目标代码。

EJC编译的核心思想是通过将高级语言代码转化为中间代码，再经过一系列优化处理，最后生成目标代码。

这一过程中，编译器会将源代码中的语法结构和语义关系映射到目标代码中，保证程序的正确和高效运行。

EJC编译器具有很多优点。

首先，它可以将高级语言代码转化为与底层硬件相匹配的目标代码，从而提高程序的执行效率。

其次，EJC编译器可以进行各种优化操作，如常量折叠、无效代码删除、循环展开等，使得程序更加紧凑高效。

另外，编译过程中的错误检查和错误提示功能，可以帮助程序员及时发现和解决问题。

在EJC编译领域中，还存在一些挑战和问题。

其中之一是编译器的可移植性问题。

不同的硬件和操作系统可能需要不同的目标代码格式和运行环境，因此编译器需要针对不同的平台做适配和优化。

另外，高级语言的特性和复杂性也增加了编译器的开发难度。

总之，EJC编译是一项有挑战和潜力的技术，通过将高级语言代码转化为底层目标代码，可以提高程序的执行效率和可靠性。

随着计算机技术的不断发展和进步，EJC编译器将继续发挥着重要的作用，推动着软件行业的发展。

文章结构是指文章的整体组织框架，它有助于读者更好地理解和掌握文章的主题和内容。

一个良好的文章结构应该包括引言、正文和结论三个主要部分，每个部分又可以根据需要细分为更多的子部分。

在本篇文章中，我们将按照以下结构进行撰写：1. 引言1.1 概述- 在这部分我们将对EJC编译进行一个概括性的介绍，阐明其重要性和应用领域。

Chapter12jobhunting课⽂知识点与语法讲解Chapter 12 job hunting课⽂语⾔点1，make mistakes 意为“犯错，出错”= make a mistakemake mistakes in ... 意为“在某⽅⾯犯错误”Did you make mistakes again ？你⼜犯错误了吗?I made a mistake in spelling 我犯了⼀个拼写错误by mistake 错误地I took your book by mistake 我错拿了你的书mistake 还可作动词,意为“弄错，误解”mistake ...for 意为“把...错认为...”she is often mistaken for a teacher 她经常被误认为是个⽼师2,hunt vi 意为“搜寻，寻找”常与for 构成短语hunt for ，意为“寻找，搜寻”He has hunted everywhere for his key 。

他处找他的钥匙She began to hunt for a job after she left school 她毕业后就开始找⼯作3，application 名词，意为“申请，请求”He sent in his application to the company 他向公司提交了申请书。

make an application for = apply for “申请”Who will make an application for the job ？= who will apply for the job ？谁会申请这份⼯作？4，interview v/ n ⾯试，采访do an interview “采访”The boss interviewed the person who applied for the job⽼板⾯试了这个求职的⼈interviewee n 被⾯试者雇员interviewer n ⾯试者，雇主5，require vt 意为“需要，要求”后跟名词、代词作宾语。

Chapter12-Chapter 121). Which feature is not characteristic of the animals?a). multicellular heterotrophsb). sexual reproductionc). embryonic developmentd). cell wallsAnswer: d2). Most of the phyla of the animal kingdom are founda). on land.b). in the ocean.c). burrowing underground.d). in freshwater habitats.Answer: b3). The subkingdom of animals that lack symmetry and have no true tissues or organs is thea). Eumetazoa.b). Radiata.c). Parazoa.d). Bilateria.Answer: c4). Except for the Radiata, the eumetazoansa). lack true tissues and organs.b). are monoblastic.c). are diploblastic.d). are triploblastic.Answer: d5). Cnidarians and ctenophorans differ from other eumetazoans by havinga). radial symmetry.b). bilateral symmetry.c). major organ systems.d). three tissue layers.Answer: a6). The advantage of bilateral symmetry is that it allowed for the evolution ofa). appendages.b). cephalization.c). reproductive structures.d). parasites.Answer: b7). Members of which group are not deuterostomes?a). chordatesb). echinodermsc). arthropodsd). none of these, all are deuterostomesAnswer: c8). The evolution of an internal body cavity offered an advantage in animal body design in all areas excepta). circulation.b). digestion.c). freedom of movement.d). gamete storage.Answer: a9). The segments of annelids area). apparent in the embryo but not in the adult.b). specialized for different functions.c). most obvious in the mesoderm (muscles) but not in the ectoderm.d). repetitive-each able to develop a complete set of adult organs.Answer: d10). Which of the following hypotheses about the origin of metazoans is supported by ribosomal RNA analysis?a). the multinucleate hypothesisb). the colonial flagellate hypothesisc). the polyphyletic origin hypothesisd). None of these; rRNA analysis doesn't support any specific hypothesis.Answer: bChapter131). The traditional animal family tree places more significance on body plan (the presence ofa coelom) while the rRNA tree places more significance ona). embryological development patterns.b). whether or not the animal molts.c). symmetry.d). all of these.Answer: b2). A key evolutionary development seen for the first time in the sponges isa). a complete digestive system.b). tissues.c). body symmetry.d). multicellularity.Answer: d3). All of the following are found in sponges excepta). spicules.b). choanocytes.c). a digestive tract.d). sexual and/or asexual reproduction.Answer: c4). The first animal group to show extracellular digestion was thea). spongesb). cnidarians.c). flatworms.d). roundworms.Answer: b5). Cnidarians project a nematocyst to capture their prey bya). building up a high internal osmotic pressure.b). ejecting it with a jet of water.c). using a springlike apparatus.d). muscle contractions that "throw" the nematocyst.Answer: a6). Which of the following is an example of an organism with the medusa body form?a). a hydrab). a coralc). an anemoned). a jellyfishAnswer: d7). Key evolutionary advances of the flatworms are bilateral symmetry anda). a coelom.b). internal organs.c). a one-way digestive tract.d). a body cavity.Answer: b8). For excretion, flatworms usea). miracidium.b). osmosis.c). flame cells.d). proglottids.Answer: c9). The type of body cavity seen in the roundworms is called a(n)a). coelom.b). acoelom.c). pseudocoelom.d). gastrovascular cavity.Answer: c10). The type of pseudocoelomates found in soil, freshwater and marine environments, and as parasites area). nematodes.b). Trichinella.c). rotifers.d). Cycliophora.Answer: aChapter 141). Of the mollusks, snails are in the class ofa). gastropods.b). bivalves.c). cephalopods.d). chitons.Answer: a2). A mantle isa). present only in bivalves.b). a structure that acts as a lung or contains gills.c). a rasping, tonguelike organ in mollusks.d). necessary for mollusks to be motile.Answer: b3). Segmentation was first apparent in thea). flatworms.b). annelids.c). mollusks.d). arthropods.Answer: b4). Which of the following is not present in polychaetes?a). a coelomb). parapodiac). permanent gonadsd). setaeAnswer: c5). The lophophore, the structure characteristic of lophophorates,a). functions in gas exchange.b). functions in feeding.c). can be withdrawn when the animal is disturbed.d). All of these are correct.Answer: d6). The phylum that shows the greatest diversity, or the greatest number of species, isa). Arthropoda.b). Brachiopoda.c). Echinodermata.d). Mollusca.Answer: a7). Air for respiration enters the insect body through thea). tracheae.b). spiracles.c). tracheoles.d). Malpighian tubules.Answer: b8). Arthropods shed their old exoskeleton as they grow in a process known asa). tagmatization.b). metamorphosis.c). chrysalis.d). ecdysis.Answer: d9). Which animal group has radial symmetry, a water-vascular system, moves with tube feet, and has an endoskeleton?a). arachnidsb). crustaceansc). echinodermsd). cnidariansAnswer: c10). The echinoderms that lack distinct arms are thea). brittle stars.b). sea urchins.c). sea stars.d). Asteroidea.Answer: bTest Your Visual Understanding1). The radula shown in the figure above is a feeding structure found in individuals of the phylum Mollusca but is lacking in one group of mollusks. What group of mollusks does not have a radula? How do individuals in this group eat?Answer: The bivalves, class Bivalvia, do not have radulas. The radula is a rough, tonguelike feeding structure that is scrapped across the substrate or burrowed into prey. The bivalves are filter feeders, meaning that they feed off of small organisms trapped in their mantle cavity as water is passed through.2). Horticultural oils are sometimes used as insecticides to eliminate insect pests from foliage by coating the insect with oil. Referring to the figure above, can you explain how this method of insecticidal control works?Answer: The insect "breathes" through small openings in the surface of the body known as spiracles. Air passes into the spiracle and throughout the body by means of a network of tubules (trachea and tracheoles). By coating the insect body with horticultural oil, the spiracles are plugged up and air cannot pass into the body. Without air coming in through the spiracles, the insect suffocates.Apply Your Knowledge1). Freshwater bivalves are an important ecological resource because they filter freshwater systems. A population of freshwater bivalves located in a meter-squared area of substratum filters 10 m3 of water a day. How many liters of water are filtered per day (1 m3 equals 1000 liters)? How many liters of water are filtered per hour? How many liters of water would be filtered by a population filling a 5 m2 area of substratum?Answer: If 1 m3 equals 1,000 liters, then 10 m3 would be 10,000 liters and so this population of bivalves would filter 10,000 liters per day. At 10,000 liters per day they would filter 10,000 / 24 hours or 416.7 liters per hour. If a 1 m3 population filters 10,000 liters of water a day, a population 5 m3 would filter 50,000 liters of water in a day.2). Scientists believe the ancestral mollusk had a very limited shell, consisting mainly of calcareous plates. The shell became more developed in some groups but was lost in others. What is the evolutionary advantage of having a shell? Of not having one?Answer: A mollusk's shell provides the animal with protection.A snail can pull into its shell and a clam can close its shell when threatened. However, a shell also limits mobility. Mollusks such as the cephalopods have essentially lost their shells over time. The cephalopods are predatory animals and as such, mobility is extremely important. The mobility that comes without a shell allows them to catch prey and escape attack if threatened.3). Although arthropods are very successful in aquatic environments, what are the key adaptations that facilitated the invasion of the land by arthropods?Answer: The arthropods successfully invaded land with the adaptations of an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, a respiratory system, and specialized structures such as compound eyes and wings. The exoskeleton increased mobility over the hydrostatic skeleton of the wormsbecause it allowed a more solid structure for the anchoring of muscles. This allowed for the movement of individual appendages that increased speed and agility. The jointed appendages also increase agility. The respiratory system in insects (spiracles and tubules) and arachnids (book lungs) increased gas exchange in animals that were encased in a gas-impermeable exoskeleton and reduced water loss. The adaptation of specialized structures such as compound eyes and wings allowed terrestrial arthropods to better perceive and respond to changes in their environment.4). Why is it believed that echinoderms and chordates, whichare so dissimilar, are members of the same evolutionary line?Answer:Two key evolutionary adaptations link these two animal lines together: deuterostome embryological development and an endoskeleton. No other animal group has these two features. In fact, a main reason why the echinoderms seem so different from the chordates is the radial symmetry that is present in the echinoderms. The larval stage of the echinoderms is bilaterally symmetrical and it is believed that the radial symmetry is a secondary adaptation to an aquatic environment.Chapter 151). Which of the following is a characteristic of chordates but is not found in otheranimals?a). a notochordb). jointed appendagesc). an exoskeletond). all of theseAnswer: a2). In which animal(s) does the notochord persist in the adult?a). tunicatesb). lampreysc). lanceletsd). all of theseAnswer: c3). The very first vertebrates werea). cartilaginous fish.b). fishes with jaws.c). amphibians.d). jawless fish.Answer: d4). Which of the following is not a characteristic of fishes?a). gillsb). lungsc). single-loop blood circulationd). nutritional deficienciesAnswer: b5). What adaptation of bony fish allows them to detect and orient itself in the upstream direction?a). the swim bladderb). lobed finsc). the operculumd). the lateral line systemAnswer: d6). In order for amphibians to be successful on land, they had to develop which of the following?a). a more efficient swim bladderb). cutaneous respiration and lungsc). more efficient gillsd). shelled eggsAnswer: b7). Amniotic eggs evolved as a means toa). protect the embryo while the parent sits on the egg.b). protect the embryo from predators.c). allow the parent to gather food, rather than sitting on the nest.d). prevent the embryo from drying out.Answer: d8). A group of early reptiles that may have been warm-blooded was thea). pleycosaurs.b). therapsids.c). thecodonts.d). all of these.Answer: b9). Archaeopteryx is believed to be the transition fossil between dinosaurs and birds because, like a bird, Archaeopteryx had feathers anda). a tail similar to modern birds.b). scales.c). a toothless, elongated mouth like a beak.d). a fused collarbone indicating flying ability.Answer: d10). Mammals that have live births incubate newborns in a pouch through the completion of development are:a). monotremes.b). marsupials.c). duck-billed platypuses.d). placental mammals.Answer: bTest Your Visual Understanding1). Based on this figure, predict the type of consumer is a carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore.a). dogb). deerc). beaverd). elephante). humanAnswer:a). carnivoreb). herbivorec). herbivored). herbivoree). omnivoreApply Your Knowledge1). Homeothermic animals use 98% of cellular energy in metabolism and "store" 2% for growth. Poikilotherms have lower metabolisms and so are able to store 44% of cellular energy for growth. For homeotherms, 77.5% of chemical energy is converted into cellular energy with an efficiency of 77.5%. By comparison, poikilotherm efficiency is 41.9%. How much food must be consumed by each type of animal to gain one gram of weight?Answer: For homeotherms the food that needs to be consumed is the unknown—x. This quantity of food must be multiplied by the efficiency (77.5%) and the percent of energy "stored" for growth (2%) to produce one gram of weight such that:(0.775)(0.02)x = 1 gram(0.0155)x = 1 gram(0.0155)x / (0.0155) = 1 / (0.0155)x = 64.5 gramsFor poikilotherms:(0.419)(0.44)x = 1 gram(0.184)x = 1 gram(0.184)x / (0.184) = 1 / (0.184)x = 5.43 grams2). What characteristics allowed vertebrates to attain great sizes?Answer: Several of the characteristics that make a vertebratea vertebrate alsocontributed to its increased size.By forming a vertebral column and endoskeleton, the vertebrate was able to grow larger because internal bones could support additional weight and allowed for improved locomotion of a larger animal.The formation of internal organs allowed compartmentalization of bodily functions (i.e., digestion, respiration, circulation, etc.), which increased efficiency in a larger animal. The localization of neural functions in a "head" centralized the nervous system and allowed it to function more efficiently in a larger animal.3). What limits the ability of amphibians to occupy the full range of terrestrial habitats and allows other terrestrial vertebrates to occupy them successfully?Answer: Amphibians are limited from expanding into all terrestrial habitats by their reliance on water, both to keep their bodies moist for cutaneous respiration and to use for reproduction. If water isn't readily available in a habitat, amphibians will not be able to survive. Reptiles and mammals are able to dominate in habitats where amphibians would die due to dehydration but even reptiles are limited to habitats that have moderate temperatures. Reptiles cannot live in habitats that are too cold and need to modify their behavior to survive in extremely hot climates (such as hiding during the day and only coming out at night when it's cooler).4). List some of the advantages that the early birds, in which flight was not nearly as efficient as it is in most of their modern descendants, might have had as a result of the presence of feathers.Answer: Feathers would have provided an advantage in insulation. Whether the early birds were endothermic or ectothermic, the ability to trap in heat would have been an advantage in cooler climates. Feathers could have also provided a protection from injury or infection. The feathers could have provided a cushion or layer that predator's teeth or claws would have to penetrate or barrier that pathogens would have to penetrate in order to infect the animal.。