2019考研英语翻译练习【五篇】

2019年考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案(九)Gandhi’s pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings. (46)Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definite technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results. Gandhi’s attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, (47)the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolvedin South Africa, was a sort of nonviolent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil disobedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance” as a translation of Satyagraha： in Gujuruti, it seem s the word means “firmness in the truth.” (48)In his early days Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918. Even after he had completely renounced violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides. Since his whole political life centred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, (49)indeed, he did not take the fruitless and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions. In relation to the war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer is：“What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see themexterminated?”(50)I must say that I have never heard, fromany Western pacifist, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “you’re another” type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and his answer was on record in Mr. Louis Fisher’s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fisher, Gandhi’s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have a roused the world and the people of Germany to Hitler’s violence.”答案46.其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧，一种方法，它能够产生预期的政治效果。

2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析 在医学杂志上有很多⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

⼩编为⼤家提供2019年考研英语⼀翻译真题及答案解析，⼀起看看吧！ 2019考研英语⼀翻译真题 It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and probity of the contents of their journals. It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad — inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical — much of the medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being surprised. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at least an objective measure. In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it. The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance. Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no one will, in which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive. 48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题⼈改编为curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这部分被出题⼈删除), to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. 50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science. In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice… 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. 2019考研英语⼀翻译答案解析 【解析】 1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈) 2. which引导定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense，which指代this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语 (1) 则定语从句为“这些⽆稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热” (2) when引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈” 【参考译⽂】 在医学杂志上有很多这样的⽆稽之谈，如果⼲播公司和⾮专业媒体报道这些⽆稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮⻝狂热。

2019考研英语一阅读译文在2019年的考研英语一考试中，阅读理解部分作为英语考试的重要组成部分，其译文对于考生来说具有重要的参考价值。

这部分内容不仅测试了考生的英语阅读能力，还考察了他们对文章深层含义的理解以及对复杂信息的分析能力。

文章首先介绍了当前全球化背景下，跨国公司在全球范围内的运营情况。

随着经济的快速发展，跨国公司在全球经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

这些公司通过在不同国家设立分支机构，实现了资源的优化配置和市场的拓展。

文章指出，尽管全球化带来了许多机遇，但也伴随着挑战，比如文化差异、法律法规的不同以及市场环境的复杂性等。

接着，文章深入探讨了跨国公司如何通过有效的管理策略来应对这些挑战。

首先，公司需要深入了解目标市场的文化和法律环境，以便制定出符合当地实际情况的商业策略。

其次，公司需要建立灵活的组织结构，以适应不同市场的变化。

此外，公司还需要培养具有国际视野的人才，这些人才能够在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通，并推动公司的全球化战略。

文章还提到了技术创新在推动跨国公司发展中的作用。

随着科技的不断进步，许多新兴技术，如大数据、云计算和人工智能等，为公司提供了新的商业机会。

这些技术不仅提高了公司的运营效率，还帮助公司更好地理解客户需求，从而提供更加个性化的产品和服务。

然而，技术创新也带来了新的挑战，比如数据安全和隐私保护等问题。

最后，文章强调了可持续发展在全球化背景下的重要性。

随着环境问题的日益严峻，跨国公司需要承担起更多的社会责任，通过实施环保措施和推广绿色技术，来减少对环境的影响。

这不仅有助于提高公司的品牌形象，还能够促进公司的长期发展。

总的来说，2019年考研英语一的阅读理解部分通过介绍跨国公司的全球化运营、管理策略、技术创新和可持续发展等方面，全面考察了考生的英语阅读和理解能力。

这些内容对于考生了解当前全球经济的发展趋势和挑战具有重要的指导意义。

2019年英语翻译考试初级笔译汉译英精选范文(5)Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?这个切究竟来源于何?仅仅是我们将本能的敏锐感知力推向了荒谬的极致，还是我们不经意间摸索到了扎根于人类思想和苍茫万物间那深刻的一致性?I am persuaded the latter is true. I am convincedthere's more to beauty than biology, more than cultural convention. It flows around and through us in such abundance, and in such myriad forms, as to exceed by a wide margin any mere evolutionary need. Which is not to say that beauty has nothing to do with survival： I think it has everything to do with survival. Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.我相信后者是准确的。

我坚信美不但仅存有于生物学和文化习俗中。

美我们身边流淌，充盈、润泽着我们的心田;而其量之充沛，形态之多变已经远远超越了进化本身的需要。

我这样说并不意味着美和生存毫无干系;恰恰相反，我相信美和生存之间有着千丝万缕的联系。

2019年英语翻译考试笔译高级翻译译文（2）1. 古时候人们都是选择有水的地方定居。

In ancient times，people always located where there was water.2. 我们丰富的资源和稳定的政策为外商投资提供了有利条件.Our abundant resources and stable policy provide foreigners with the advantages they invest here.3. 你完全不了解本保单中你理应承担什么样的责任。

You absolutely don't know what responsibility you should take in the policy.4. 尊老爱幼是中华民族的传统美德，应该发扬光大。

Respecting the old and cherishing the young is a Chinese traditional virtue, which should be carried on and broadened.5. 我们应该学会用一种发展的眼光去看待失败，以避免犯类似的错误。

We should learn to use a development vision to see failure in order to avoid making similar mistakes.6. 中关村是北京的高科技中心，被誉为“中国的硅谷”。

Zhongguancun is the high-tech center in Beijing, known as China's Silicon Valley.7. 长城是中华文明的摇篮，是世界文化遗产之一。

The Great Wall，the cradle of civilizationof China, is one of the world cultural heritage.8. 纵观国内外经济形势，我们正处在一个难得的发展时期。

【导语】在知识海洋的底层，与⽣活海洋的底层⼀样，是⼀⽚⽆⽐神奇的世界。

愿你勇敢地潜到那⼉去，去探求这神秘世界的⽆穷奥秘！以下是为⼤家整理的《2019考研英语翻译练习【31-35】》供您查阅。

【篇⼀：⾼考改⾰】College entrance examination, also known as National Higher Education Entrance Examination, is one of the most influential examinations in mainland China. Qualified senior high school graduates and students with the same educational level can take the exam once a year. The three mandatory subjects are Chinese, Mathematics and foreign language—usually English and the test papers vary from province to province. College entrance examination is so authoritative that almost all the admissions made by the universities are based on students' scores in the exam. Therefore, many Chinese regard it as a critical event in their life. In recent years, people pay more attention to the college entrance examination system and various proposals about its reform have been put forward. Experts claim that the fundamental reform of the examination lies in the university admission system.⾼考，即全国⾼等教育⼊学考试(National Higher Education Entrance Examination)，是中国⼤陆最有影响⼒的考试之⼀。

2019考研英语二阅读译文English:The reading passage for the 2019 English Level 2 postgraduate entrance exam discusses the phenomenon of "nunchi" in Korean culture, which refers to the ability to gauge the mood and intentions of others. The passage examines how this concept is deeply ingrained in Korean society, influencing various aspects of life including social interactions, business dealings, and even politics. It discusses how nunchi is considered an essential skill, often taught from a young age, and how individuals who possess strong nunchi are admired and respected in Korean society. Furthermore, the passage explores the cultural origins of nunchi, tracing its roots back to Confucianism and emphasizing the importance of harmony and social cohesion in Korean culture. Overall, the passage highlights the significance of nunchi in Korean society and its impact on interpersonal relationships and societal dynamics.中文翻译:2019年英语二考研阅读文章讨论了韩国文化中的“nunchi”现象，指的是衡量他人情绪和意图的能力。

2019年英语翻译考试初级笔译汉译英精选范文(15)Through all of our history we have pondered the stars and mused whether humanity is unique or if, somewhere else in the dark of the night sky, there are other beings who contemplate and wonder as we do, fellow thinkers in the cosmos. Such beings might view themselves and the universe differently. There might be very exotic biologies and technologies and societies. In a cosmic setting vast and old beyond ordinary human understanding, we are a little lonely, and we ponderthe ultimate significance, if any, of our tiny but exquisite blue planet. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence is the search for generally acceptable cosmic context for the human species. In the deepest sense, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is a search for ourselves.Along with the growing dedication to a serious search, a slightly negative note has merged which is nevertheless very interesting. A few scientists have lately asked a curious question： if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant, why have we not already seen its manifestations?解析：贯穿我们整个历史，我们一直在考察星星，思考人类是否是的高级生命，还是也许在黑暗的夜空某一处，还有其他生命，宇宙中同辈思想家，也和我们一样在思考，在怀疑。

2019年考研英语一阅读理解全文翻译一、概述在我国，考研英语一是每年很多本科毕业生梦寐以求的考试科目之一。

作为考研英语一的重要部分，阅读理解部分的全文翻译是许多考生备考过程中的难点之一。

本文旨在为考生提供2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，帮助考生更好地准备考试。

二、全文翻译下面，我们将为大家呈现2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

Passage One译文：赫尔曼·梅尔维尔是美国文学的一位杰出代表，他最著名的作品莫过于《白鲸》。

在这部作品中，梅尔维尔运用了丰富的象征手法，讲述了一个普遍而又深刻的故事。

在小说的主角白约翰中尉的身上，梅尔维尔创造了一个充满了复杂矛盾的形象，他不仅代表了美国传统的英雄形象，同时也是神秘和复杂的象征。

这部作品融合了古代和现代的元素，艺术性和象征性都达到了极高的水平。

分析：本文第一篇阅读文章是关于美国文学作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔及其作品《白鲸》的介绍。

通过对这部作品的主要情节和象征手法的分析，读者可以对这部作品有一个初步的了解。

Passage Two译文：文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，它标志着欧洲从中世纪的黑暗走向了文明。

文艺复兴的艺术家们追求真理和美的境界，他们创作出了许多杰出的作品，为欧洲文化的繁荣和发展做出了重要贡献。

文艺复兴艺术在文学、绘画、音乐等方面都有着巨大的成就，受到了后世文化的深刻影响。

分析：本文第二篇阅读文章是关于欧洲文艺复兴的总体介绍，内容包括文艺复兴的历史背景、艺术家们的追求和作品的影响等方面。

这篇文章的翻译对于了解欧洲文艺复兴的重要意义和影响具有重要的参考价值。

Passage Three译文：科技的快速发展给人类社会带来了许多便利和改变，然而，也伴随着一些问题和挑战。

虚拟现实技术是当今科技领域的一个热门话题，它可以带来沉浸式的视听体验，为人们的生活和工作带来了新的可能性。

然而，虚拟现实技术也存在着隐私安全、伦理道德等方面的问题，需要社会和法律的共同关注和规范。

【导语】愿你像那⼩⼩的溪流，将那⾼⾼的⼭峰作为⽣命的起点，⼀路跳跃，⼀路奔腾，勇敢地、勇敢地奔向⽣活的⼤海。

⽆忧考中考频道整理了2019考研英语翻译练习【五篇】，具体如下：【篇⼀：世界杯】⽇历翻到六⽉，四年⼀届的世界杯终于来了。

如果你是球迷，不管是凌晨从床上⼀跃⽽起，独⾃⾯对电视为⼼爱的球队加油助威;还是约上三五好友，备上饮料啤酒，看着新军豪门在球场上快意恩仇，都是莫⼤的享受。

如果你不是球迷，绿茵场上也同样帅哥云集，总有⼀款是你的菜。

下⾯就给⼤家科普⼀下⼋个⼩组中备受关注的豪门新贵及其当家球星，还有32⽀球队的巴⼠标语。

各位“伪球迷”赶快来学习⼀下吧! A组 埃及⼁Egypt世界杯看球（脸）指南：能不能愉快度过这个夏天就靠它了！ ➤标语 When you say Pharaohs, the world must get up and listen 法⽼发声，世界静听 ★核⼼球员：“法⽼王” Mohamed Salah, the Premier League's top player this season. The former Roma star went from a pretty well-known player to a household name with his amazing performances for Liverpool this season, scoring over 40 goals and guiding the team to the Champions League final. 穆罕默德·萨拉赫是本赛季英超联赛的球员。

这位前罗马队球员在本赛季转会到利物浦后，凭借其出⾊的发挥，打进了40余粒联赛进球，从⼀名知名球员蜕变为家喻户晓的球星。

在他的帮助下，利物浦也进⼊了本赛季的欧冠决赛。

⾜球是⼗⼀名球员的运动，然⽽作为埃及现象性的球星，“法⽼王”萨拉赫的发挥状况会很⼤程度上决定埃及会在世界杯上⾛多远，毕竟本赛季他进攻端的表现⾜以在今年的⾦球奖评选中与梅西、C罗⼀较⾼下。

南师大研究生英语翻译考试（2019-2020第一学期回忆版）一、句子翻译（一）英译汉1、Success is often just an idea away. (增词)成功（与否）往往只是一念之差。

2、It is all very well to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether.（引申）有一只老虎在油箱里是很好的，但有一只老虎坐在驾驶座上则完全是另一回事。

思考：在本文中，“tank”是指汽车的“油箱”。

“把老虎放进您的油箱”这一说法是埃索加油站公司的广告标语，声称其汽油的动力类似于用户油箱中的一只强大的老虎。

“老虎”一词在这里被隐喻地暗示着（a）强大而（b）令人恐惧的事物，将老虎放在油箱中可以为汽车提供动力（正如埃索（Esso）口号所宣传的那样），但是将老虎放在汽车的方向盘后面会使人感到恐惧。

3、People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss. （直译加注）人们认为他在那种场合所表演的不过是犹大之吻(居心险恶)。

（二）汉译英1、绝对不许违反这个原则。

（词性转换）No violation of this principle can be tolerated.2、必须指出，有些问题还需要澄清。

（主被动）It must be pointed out that some questions have yet to be clarified.3、当今一些经济大案，立案查处，成绩卓然，群众拍手称快。

（语序调整）Nowadays, the public is clapping their hands in applause for the great achievement we have made in placing cases on file for investigation and prosecution concerning some serious economic cases.4、我们几姐弟和几个小丫头都很喜欢——买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园；过不了几个月，居然收获了!（拆分）That exhilarated us children and our servant girls as well,and soon we started buying seeds, ploughing the land and watering the plants.We gathered in a good harvest just after a couple of months!5、你要先考虑清楚,免得吃后悔药。

【篇一：“特金会”纪念币】Members of the White House Communications Agency, which provides a range of communications support to US presidents, created and issued a commemorative coin featuring Trump and Kim's likeness with the words "PEACE TALKS" above them.白宫通信局成员制作并发布了一款纪念币，印有特朗普和金正恩的头像，上方有“和谈”二字。

白宫通信局为美国总统提供通信支持。

【篇二：逃犯克星】Cheung is known as the “God of Songs,” and one of Hong Kong’s “Four Heavenly Kings,” the singer-actors who rocked the pop culture world in Asia in the 1990s. Now his unwitting involvement with a string of captures has won him a new nickname on China’s internet: “The Nemesis of Fugitives.”张学友被称为“歌神”，在上世纪90年代红遍亚洲流行文化圈，是香港“四大天王”之一。

如今，他的无心之举导致逃犯落网，中国的网友们又送了他一个外号“逃犯克星”。

【篇三：X世代】ut the name Generation X wouldn’t become associated with a wide group of people until 1991. That's the year Douglas Coupland’s Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture was released. The book became a sensation for its ability to capture early '90s culture and, although it didn’t coin the words, helped popularize a range of terms as diverse as McJob and pamphleting —and a name for an entire generation.但直到1991，“X世代”才与一个广泛群体联系到一起。

19年翻译试题及答案一、翻译句子（每题5分，共20分）1. 请将下列中文句子翻译成英文。

- 随着科技的发展，我们的生活变得越来越便利。

- 他不仅是一位杰出的科学家，还是一位伟大的教育家。

2. 请将下列英文句子翻译成中文。

- With the advancement of technology, our lives have become increasingly convenient.- He is not only an outstanding scientist but also a great educator.二、段落翻译（每题10分，共30分）1. 请将下列中文段落翻译成英文。

- 在过去的几十年里，中国经历了翻天覆地的变化。

从农业社会到工业社会，再到信息社会，中国的发展速度令世界瞩目。

2. 请将下列英文段落翻译成中文。

- Over the past few decades, China has undergone tremendous changes. From an agricultural society to an industrial society, and then to an information society, the pace of China's development has caught the world's attention.三、翻译文章（每题20分，共50分）1. 阅读下列文章，并将其翻译成英文。

- 在这个快节奏的时代，我们面临着各种各样的挑战。

为了应对这些挑战，我们需要不断学习新知识，提高自己的能力。

2. 阅读下列文章，并将其翻译成中文。

- In this fast-paced era, we are confronted with a variety of challenges. To tackle these challenges, we need to continuously learn new knowledge and enhance our abilities.四、翻译填空（每空2分，共10分）1. 请在下列句子中填入合适的英文翻译。

【篇一：民营火箭】OneSpace Technology, China's first private rocket producer, declared the maiden launch of the company's OS-X rocket from a testing base in Northwest China a success Thursday.我国首家民营火箭制造商零壹空间宣布，该公司的OS-X火箭17日在我国西北某基地成功进行首次发射。

【篇二：自动驾驶巴士】自动驾驶巴士self-driving bus请看例句：One of China's biggest technology companies has declared it has begun mass production of a self-driving bus. Baidu said the vehicles would initially be put to commercial use within Chinese cities but added it was also targeting foreign markets.中国科技公司之一宣布其自动驾驶巴士已开始量产。

百度称这些无人驾驶巴士将首先在中国城市投入商用，但也将以外国市场为目标。

百度首席执行官李彦宏近日在北京举行的百度AI开发者大会(artificial intelligence developer conference)上宣布，百度和金龙客车合作的全球首款L4级自动驾驶巴士(level-4 self-driving bus)"阿波龙"(Apolong)正式量产下线。

这款8座巴士的大小为普通巴士的1/3，没有驾驶位、方向盘、油门及刹车踏板(It has no driver's seat, steering wheel or pedals)。

【篇一： * 扰电话】China will take strong measures to curb spam and nuisance phone calls, and strengthen the management of customers' telecommunication charges, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said on Wednesday.工信部 11 日表示，要严苛整顿垃圾短信、 * 扰电话等问题，并增强对用户通讯账单的管理。

Spam 就是“垃圾短信” ，spam 这个词在互联网中很常有，就是unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out inbulk) ，即( 出于商业目的批量发送的) 收件人其实不需要的邮件，即“垃圾邮件”。

此外，“发送垃圾邮件” 这个动作也能够直接用spam来表示，比方： This program lets you spam the newspapers.(这个程序能让你向各家报纸发送垃圾邮件。

)Nuisance phone calls就是“ *扰电话”，也能够简写成nuisance calls ，或许用 unwanted calls表达。

其实，上边的垃圾短信也能够用nuisance texts表示。

针对这些问题，工信部已组织有关通讯管理局、各基础电信公司着手展开三方面的工作：一是敦促电信公司立刻纠正错收费行为 (immediately correctmistaken charges) ，并要求基础电信公司从下月起以短信方式按月向用户主动推送通讯账单信息(send detailed billing information tousers through SMS beginning next month)，让用户明理解白花费。

2019Text 1●Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main p urpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long termdecision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.●“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane.He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.●The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades.Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty.This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”●In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets.“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” sai d Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.●In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .”In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds tha t “a substantial part ” of executive pay is now tied to performance .●Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions.In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders.Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the[A]. enhance bankers’ sense of respons ibility[B]. help corporations achieve larger profits[C]. build a new system of financial regulation[D]. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate[A]. the conditions for generating quick profits[B]. governments’ impatience in decision-making[C]. the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]. “short-termism” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be[A]. indirect [B]. adverse[C]. minimal [D]. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate[A]. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.[B]. the significance of long-term thinking.[C]. the approaches to promoting “long-ter mism”.[D]. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]. Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2●Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.●Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.●The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.●College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty.“Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”●That said, there is a way in which grad e forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well.For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.●Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A]. The change of course catalogs.[B]. Students’ indifference to GPAS.[C]. Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.[D]. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]. To increase universities' income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to[A]. obtain more financial support.[B]. boost their student enrollments.[C]. improve their teaching quality.[D]. meet local governments' needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A]. To counterbalance each other.[B]. To complement each other.[C]. To be identical with each other.[D]. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by[A]. assessing its feasibility.[B]. analyzing the causes behind it.[C]. comparing different views on it.[D]. listing its long-run effectsText 3●This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley.Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work ofspeculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.●Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”●What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond likehumans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “West world” and“Humans”.●Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining wh at consciousness actually is and how you cou ld ever build a machine to get there.”●But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand.The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions.Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment.AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticat ed as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.●Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Si ngapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI.Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish theirown guidelines.Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.●On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy Al” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.●While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point.So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.●To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest v alues?Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentio ned because it[A]. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.[B]. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.[C]. involves some concerns raised by Al today.[D]. has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our curren t knowledge of consciousness[A]. helps explain artificial intelligence.[B]. can be misleading to robot making.[C]. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.[D].is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles[A]. can hardly ever be found.[B].is still beyond our capacity.[C]. causes little public concern.[D]. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of[A]. affirmation [B]. skepticism.[C]. contempt [D]. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants[B]. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al[C]. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable[D]. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4●States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.●The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.●The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they wer en’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.●Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant re venue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices.Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited state’' ability to s eek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”●The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.Now, riva ls will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before.Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to., with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.●Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state ora few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide.Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.●Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses.The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws.The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well ser ved at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will[A]. Dette business’ revolutions wit h states[B]. put most online business in a dilemma[C]. make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D]. force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decision[A] . have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] . have cost consumers a lot over the years[C]. were widely criticized by online purchases[D]. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule has[A]. hindered economic development .[B]. brought prosperity to the country[C]. harmed fair market competition[D]. boosted growth in states’ revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling[A]. Internet enterpreneurs [B]. Big-chair owners[C]. Third-party sellers [D]. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author[A]. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B]. describes the long and complicated process of its making[C]. presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D]. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications。