Word Derivation

Unit 6 / P92 Word derivation1.As he thought he was unpardonably(pardon)guilty of revealing my secret, he was greatlydiscomposed(compose).2.I’ll never allow you to take the journey ofseventy miles alone and unattended(attend).3.The room, which had tormented her on her firstarrival, was again the scene of agitated spiritsand unquiet(quiet) slumbers.4.Catherine, wrapped up in thecontemplation(contemplate)of her ownunutterable(utter)happiness, scarcely openedher lips.5.From there, at an upper window, when hespotted a(n) unmistakable(mistake)shorn head,he yelled to me,“Get back!”.6.Appeals are made to stop the production oftranscontinental(continent) ballistic missilesthat will be used to aim at many importantcities.7.Do you believe in the myth of the village whichwas submerged(merge)in the sea as a result ofa curse made by witch?8.It was found some years ago that theapplication of chlorophyII paste to thisparticular type of lesion would decrease theunpleasantness(please)of the odour associatedwith them.9.The full benefits of science can only be gainedwith the co-operation of the people in need ofassistance. That co-operation isregrettably(regret)ineffective unless the peoplealso have some understanding(understand)ofthe means used.10.Anne had no appetite, and could not swallowmany mouthfuls(mouth)when she sat at tablethat evening.11.If her parents should think of the newgoverness unfavourably (favour)on her account,it would cut her to the heart.12.“You have acted neither honourably norfeelingly(feel), neither as a gentleman nor asparent, as far as your attitudes toward mydaughter are concerned,” Mrs. Smith said tothee general sharply.13.The fact that his son had been deceiving her allalong dealt a sickening(sick) blow to Mrs.Dunsmore.14.Fred was severely punished for hisdisobedience(obey) to his mother’s orderswhen he came home from school that day.15.Lord Johnson was admired as a respectableeconomist, independent of hispeerage(peer)and his wealth.16.I enjoyed the French film in the original verymuch on Saturday evening because there wereEnglish subtitles(title)for it.17.The peasants are busy transplanting(plant)therice seedlings in the fields near the school.18.Since some enemy formations hadundoubtedly(doubt)been annihilated by ourattach, new ones had been brought up asreplacements(replace).Uint 8/ P1251.Some of the employees have not beensufficiently aware of the need to consider thesocial implications(imply) of office planning.2.It is not reasonable for the managers to adopt apolicy of secrecy(secret),and not to tell theiremployees anything about their plans.3.The fact that Mr. Hendersonrepeatedly(repeat)forgot the name of an oldacquaintance and business associate showedthat his old age had resulted in lapses ofmemory.4.What personal qualities are desirable(desire)ina good policeman?5.We must learn to have the capacity to betolerant(tolerate) of the frailties(frail)of humannature.6.Michael’s mistakes may be simply due to hisimmaturity(mature).7.Catherine was sure that wanton cruelty was yetto be uncovered(cover)in this big mansion.8.I think a teacher should, every now and then,be able to act a little in order to enliven(live )alesson.9.The mischievous(mischief)children in hisneighbourhood have given Andrewunreliable(rely) information so often that hehas come to distrust(trust)what they say.tin and Sanskrit possessmemorable(memory)recorded literatures andliturgies which are constantly read and recitedin acts of religious devotion and worship.11.When we learn a foreign language, it is oftennecessary(necessity)to memorize(memory)some poetry in that language.12.Helen Has demonstrated to us that the road tosuccess and happiness was not blocked byinsurmountable(surmount)obstacles to thedisabled if one kept on workingindefatigably(fatigue).13.As writing developed, pictorial(picture)symbolscame to stand for various words that were thatnames of concrete objects.14.In this picturesque(picture) village, despite themodern inventions, many of the rural traditionsare still preserved.15.Barbara behaved thoughtlessly(thought)whenshe did not trouble to reply to our invitation.16.If deforestation(forest)goes on at the presentrate, animals of this kind in the wild will be onthe verge of extinction(extinct).17.I don’t know why the lecturer refused toanswer him; his question seemed to be aperfectly justifiable(justify)one.18.Clarence actually saw what had happened butwhen asked about it, he replieduntruthfully(truth)that he had not beenpresent.Unit 13 / P1991.We rapidly told each other the complete storyof our lives, wherein I at least achieved anunprecedented(precede)frankness.2.Pasteur proved that unsterilized(sterile)air maycontain bacteria in his next experiment.3.I think proper measures willundoubtedly(doubt)be taken by the localgovernment to prevent the air pollutionproblem from becoming more critical.4.The silence of the students proved my catchyquestion to be unanswerable(answer).5.The people who speak the language haveimplicitly(imply)agreed that words match upwith the objects or concepts they represent. 6.With an abstract word, however, nothingtangible can be produced to reach a(n)agreement(agree) and the potential formisunderstanding(understand) is infinitelygreater.7.Many college students tend to write inabstractions(abstract).8.The denotative(denote) meaning of a word isgained from the dictionary; theconnotative(connote) meaning is ultimatelydeduced from one’s experience.9.Your own good judgment andsensistivity(sense)to connotation and contextwill guide you to good writing.10.Whenever you use an adjective you shouldmake sure that either you need it in order toconvey your meaning or else that it adds atouch of genuine enrichment(rich) to yourwriting.11.What the college students should guard againstconstantly(constancy)is allowing their writingto become cluttered with adjectives whichmerely add feeble comments.12.It hurts me to speak disrespectfully(respect)ofa brother of yours, but I must say I cannot thinkof anyone else who is quite so insolent.13.It was clear that his compliments could notmake amends for the thoughtlessness(thought)of his sister.14.Pavlov had found that the mere sight of foodproduced a plentiful(plenty) flow of digestivejuice, but that if the food werer taken away, theflow stopped.15.Freud’s theory of the meaningfulness(meaning)of dreams is directly connected with his generaltheory that all our acts aremeaningfully(meaning)determined.16.It may seem paradoxical(paradox) to lay suchstress on being conventional in the use ofEnglish when we may well feel that the bigprizes go to people who are original andunconventional(convention) in their English.17.In the late eighteenth and early nineteenthcenturies so many people were attracted by theapparent simplicity(simple) of banking and thehigh profits, that banks mushroomed andbankruptcies(bankrupt)were frequent.18.It was found some years ago that theapplication of chlorophy11 pastes to thisparticular type of lesion would decrease theunpleasantness(please) of the odour associatedwith them.19.My grandmother, excessively(excess)conderned that I should have good manners,was greatly upset the other day when I blurtedout something rude quiteunintentionally(intention).20.Mrs. Hawkins kenw so little of the side effectsof the medicine that she was whollyunsuspicious(suspicion) of the danger to herdaughter.Sentence Rewriting1.Peter does not know for sure what RSVP on theinvitation to dinner means. (stands)Peter does not know for sure what RSVP on theinvitation to dinner stands for.2.To the writer the happiness was not in eating atoffee but in gazing at it. (rather)The writer would rather gaze at a toffee than eatit.3.You can’t prevent children from getting stomachtrouble if they fast deliberately in themorning.(susceptible)Children are susceptible to stomach trouble ifthey fast deliberately in the morning.4.One of the patients in the hospital for the agedsuffered from food poisoning. (diagnosed)A case of food poisoning had been diagnosed inthe hopital for the aged.5.The guests have been very much delighted bythe bride a nd brdegroom’s duet.(by storm)The bride and bridegroom’s duet has taken theguests by storm.6.By on means are you to leave the party earlybeacuase you are the guest of honour. (account)On no account may/must you/are you (to) leavethe party early because you are the guest ofhonour.7.Nancy wasn’t fit to work after two days offasting in order to be slim. (condition)Nancy was in no condition to work after twodays of fasting in order to be slim.8.The gourmet club does not admit membersbelow the age of 18 years. (membership)Membership of the gourmet club is restricted topeople over 18.P20 / L2 Parapharaze1.Moses pleaded a speech….Moses justified his unwillingness to pass Jehovah”s order to Pharaoh,saying that he was “slow of speech”2.Yet fo r all the trouble procrastination….Delay leads to problems.However, in many cases, it can often stimulate the creativity in an artist.3.He notes that speedy action can…..He points out that hastiness may give rise to decisions which turn out to be humiliating or expensive.4. …many of my friends go through…..…many of my friends have a hard time the moment they attempt to put pen to paper.P35/L35 If a building”s design made it appear…If a building was made to look sturdy, it would be accordingly regarded as reliable,and the significance of the thick walls would be measured not by their artistic value,but by their seeming ability to provide a safe location for money.6.In a primitive society,for example…People in a primitive society, for example, saw the world as an enormous planet full of fear,hatred and disorder7.The principal function of today”s wall is toseparate possibly undesirable …Today a wall serves mainly as a physical means to protect the desired atmosphere inside from being disturbed by anything unwelcome outside8.To repeat, it is not our advanced…Again,the decisive factor that can influence the design of a wall is not the advancement of science and technology,but our ever-changing attitude towards our place in this world.P81/L69.There seems to be a general assumption thatbrilliant ….It is generally believed that a colourless life can freeze a creative mind,and that only a colourful life can inspire a man to creative work.10.The outstanding characteristic of man…One of the wonders human creativity works is that man can make full use of even insignificant feelings to produce far-reaching results.11.An evenful life exhausts…A life full of diversions stops man”s creativity instead of activating it.12. It is usually the mediocre poets,…Only literaty artists of an average type rely on excitements in life as a source for their creative work.12.People who find dull job unendurable…People who are unable to see how to be patient with repetitious work are usually those who are unable to see where to find fun in life when it comes to relaxation.。

英语基本构词法英语最基本的构词法（word formation）有三种：派生（derivation）、合成（compounding）和转化（conversion）。

利用构词法记忆单词，可以记忆成串，举一反三。

Ⅰ.派生法派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，叫做派生法(derivation)，也称作缀词法。

用派生法构成的词叫做派生词（derivative）。

派生词的词缀法是英语构词法中最活跃的一种,在英语构词的历史上发挥极其重要的作用。

另外,这种构词法也是我们可以发挥能动性借以扩大词汇量的一种构词法。

词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。

A.前缀1．表示“否定”、“相反”意义的前缀：de- decrease减少；decentralize分散；degrade降级，降低,,的地位；dis- dislike不喜欢；disagree不同意；distrust不信任；disappear消失；il- illegal不合法的；illogical不合逻辑的；illegalize宣布,,为非法；im- impossible不可能的；immoral不道德的；impractical不现实的；un- unwilling 不情愿的；unbelievable 难以置信的；unnecessary 不必要的等等。

2．表示时间先后的前缀ex- ex-husband前夫；ex-president前总统；fore- foretell语言；foresight先见之明，预见；foresee预见，预知；mid- midterm其中的；midnight午夜；post- postwar战后的；postgraduate研究生；postdoctoral博士后的等等。

3．表示方向位置的前缀ex- export出口；exclude把,,排斥在外；external外部的；in- input输入；indoor室内的；inrush涌入；incoming进来的等等。

单词的形成方式单词的形成方式有以下几种：1. 构词法（derivation/word formation）：通过添加前缀、后缀、词缀或派生词来改变词的意义和词类。

例如，添加前缀 "un-"可以将形容词变为相反意义的词，如 "happy"（快乐的）变为"unhappy"（不快乐的）。

2. 合成法（compounding）：通过将两个或多个词组合成一个新的词。

例如，"black"（黑色的）和 "board"（板）组合成"blackboard"（黑板）。

3. 转化法（conversion）：通过改变词的词类而不改变词的形式。

例如，"cook"（动词，烹饪）可以转化为 "cook"（名词，厨师）。

4. 缩略法（abbreviation）：通过缩短单词或词组来形成简化的词。

例如，"information"（信息）可以缩写为 "info"。

5. 借词法（borrowing）：从其他语言中引入新词。

例如，英语中借用了许多法语、拉丁语、希腊语和其他语言的词和短语。

6. 高频率使用词法（back formation）：通过从一个较复杂的词中移除看似是后缀的部分来形成一个新的词。

例如，"editor"（编辑者）被认为是从 "edit"（编辑）中移除了后缀 "-or" 形成的。

除了上述方式外，还有一些其他形成单词的方式，如吸收外来词（loanwords）、混合词（blending）、模仿声音词（onomatopoeia）等。

单词的形成方式的多样性使得语言能够不断发展和适应社会的需求。

英文构词法（Word-formation）按照语言一定的规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。

英语构词法主要有转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法六种，一、转化法(Conversion)英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。

1.动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。

例如：①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

2.名词转化为动词很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。

例如：①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。

③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。

④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

3.形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。

例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。

例如：Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

5.形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。

浅谈构词法摘要：每一种语言都是随其外部社会环境的变化而演变的，这种演变是通过其基本单位——单词的变化来实现的。

新的单词的产生如同单词的构成一样是有一定规律的, 即构词法。

本文旨在分析英语构词法的san 种形式：转化法，合成法及派生法.关键词：转化法合成法派生法●词是什么？“词”的英语是“Word”。

依据词典“Word”可译为“语言、言、话、字、文字、词”等。

人类在学习一种语言时最基本的两件事就是认识词和使用词来表达思想。

●那么“Word”是什么？我们先从表达思想来说。

大凡人要把心中所感觉到的和所想的表达出来时，一个共通的表达模式就是“举出主题并说明它”。

这种表达模式我们叫做“一句话”，在语言学上称为句子（Sentence）。

例如：例A：Your book is on the desk．（你的书在书桌上。

）例B：Tom goes to school by bicycle every day．（汤姆每天骑自行车上学。

）例C：The lady who has just passed by is our English teacher．（刚经过的那位女士是我们的英语老师。

）解说：上面各例都是句子。

例A是表示我们生活中周边的静态事物，例B是表达事物的动态现象，例C所表达的是两者都有。

那么句子是由什么来组成的呢？由上面各例可以了解句子的组成要素如下：●由上面的解说我们可以了解：定义：词、短语、从句等称为句子组成的要素（Element）。

词是句子的组成要素中不能再细分的最小表意单位（Sense unit）。

●为何在学构词法？我们认为，对于普通人员来说，学点英语的构词方式，有以下几方面的益处：（1）了解词的结构，扩大巩固所学的词汇。

在阅读科技文章和专业资料时，碰到生字可以由已知的成分去分析未知词的含义，甚至可以"猜字"。

比如说，如果我们知道了词根anthropo-[man]（人）的意思，就有难理解下面几个词的含义：anthropolgy（人类学）、anthropid （类人的）、anthropologist（人类学家）、anthropolgical（人类学的）、philanthropist（慈善家）、misanthropist（厌世者）。