challenges of the informal economy for the field of management

研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献在研究中小企业融资问题时，寻找相关的英文文献是获取国际经验和最佳实践的重要途径。

以下是一些值得参考的英文文献，涵盖了中小企业融资的理论背景、现状分析、政策建议以及案例研究等方面。

“Financing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Global Perspective”, by P.K. Agarwal, A.K. Dixit, and J.C. Garmaise. This book provides an comprehensive overview of the issues and challenges related to financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world. It presents an analytical framework for understanding the different dimensions of SME financing and outlines best practices and policy recommendations for improving access to finance for these businesses.“The Financing of SMEs: A Review of the Literature and Empirical Evidence”, by R. E. Cull, L. P. Ciccantelli, and J. Valentin. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the financing challenges faced by SMEs, exploring the various factors that influence their access to finance,including information asymmetries, lack of collateral, and limited access to formal financial markets. The paper also presents empirical evidence on the impact of different financing strategies on SME performance and outlines policy recommendations for addressing these challenges.“The Role of Microfinance in SME Finance: A Review of the Literature”, by S. Hossain, M.A. Iftekhar, and N. Choudhury. This paper focuses on the role of microfinance in financing SMEs and explores the advantages and disadvantages of microfinance as a financing option for SMEs. It also outlines the potential for microfinance to play a greater role in supporting SME development in emerging markets and provides policy recommendations for achieving this objective.“The Political Economy of SME Finance: Evidence fromCross-Country Data”, by D.J. Mullen and J.R. Roberts. This paper examines the political economy of SME finance, exploring the relationship between government policies, market institutions, and SME financing constraints. Usingcross-country data, the paper finds evidence that government policies can have a significant impact on SME access to finance and that countries with better market institutions are more successful in supporting SME development. The paper provides policy recommendations for improving SME financing in different political and institutional settings.“Financing SMEs in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India”, by S. Bhattacharya, S. Ghosh, and R. Panda. This case study explores the financing challenges faced by SMEs in India and identifies the factors that limit their access to finance, including government policies, market institutions, and cultural traditions. It also presents an in-depth analysis of the various financing options available to SMEs in India, such as informal credit markets, microfinance institutions, and banks, and outlines policy recommendations for enhancing access to finance for these businesses.这些文献提供了对中小企业融资问题的多维度理解，并提供了实用的政策建议和案例研究，有助于更好地解决中小企业的融资需求。

Economic development, a complex and dynamic process characterized by advancements in technology, industrialization, urbanization, and globalization, has profound implications on societies across the globe. It is a powerful force that shapes nations' economic structures, influences social dynamics, transforms environments, and ultimately determines the quality of life for millions. This essay provides an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted impacts of economic development, examining its effects on various dimensions, including economic growth, social welfare, environmental sustainability, and international relations.I. Economic Growth and ProsperityAt the core of economic development lies the sustained increase in a nation's productivity and per capita income, which translates into higher living standards and greater economic prosperity. As economies develop, they typically experience structural shifts from agriculture-based to manufacturing and service-oriented sectors, leading to increased efficiency, specialization, and innovation. This transition generates employment opportunities, reduces poverty, and enhances overall economic resilience.Firstly, economic development stimulates job creation, particularly in non-agricultural sectors. The expansion of industries and services not only absorbs surplus labor from rural areas but also creates new, higher-skilled jobs, fostering a more diverse and dynamic labor market. This, in turn, reduces unemployment rates, increases household incomes, and contributes to poverty alleviation.Secondly, economic development fosters technological advancement and innovation. The pursuit of competitiveness drives firms to invest in research and development, leading to the creation of new products, processes, and business models. Technological progress enhances productivity, reduces production costs, and fosters further economic growth. Moreover, it accelerates the diffusion of knowledge and skills, promoting human capital development and enhancing a country's long-term growth potential.Lastly, economic development enhances a nation's fiscal capacity, enabling governments to invest in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and social protection programs. These investments further boost economic growth by improving the investment climate, enhancing workforce skills, and reducing inequality. Additionally, a stronger fiscal position enables governments to better manage economic downturns and external shocks, ensuring macroeconomic stability.II. Social Welfare and EquityEconomic development has significant implications for social welfare and equity, both positively and negatively. On one hand, it can lead to substantial improvements in health, education, and living conditions, thereby enhancing overall well-being.Firstly, economic development often leads to improved access to healthcare services. Increased government revenues enable investment in healthcare infrastructure, medical research, and the training of healthcare professionals. Furthermore, as incomes rise, individuals can afford better healthcare services, leading to improved health outcomes and longer life expectancy.Secondly, economic development is closely linked to educational attainment. Rising incomes allow families to invest more in their children's education, while governments can expand access to education and improve its quality. Education is a key driver of social mobility, as it equips individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to participate fully in the economy and society.However, economic development can also exacerbate social inequalities if its benefits are unevenly distributed. Income disparities may widen due to factors such as unequal access to education, discrimination, or the concentration of wealth in certain sectors or regions. Moreover, rapid urbanization accompanying economic development can lead to the marginalization of certain groups, such as informal workers and slum dwellers, who may lack access to basic services and social protections.III. Environmental SustainabilityThe process of economic development has profound environmental consequences, both locally and globally. While it can drive advancements in green technologies and sustainable practices, unchecked economic growth often results in resource depletion, pollution, and biodiversity loss.On one hand, economic development can stimulate investment in environmentally friendly technologies and practices. As awareness of environmental issues grows and markets for eco-friendly products expand, firms are incentivized to adopt cleaner production methods and invest in renewable energy sources. Moreover, economic development can facilitate the transfer of green technologies from developed to developing countries, promoting global environmental sustainability.However, rapid economic growth often comes at the expense of the environment. Industrialization, deforestation, and intensive agriculture contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Moreover, the consumption patterns associated with rising incomes can exacerbate these problems, as demand for resource-intensive goods and services increases.To ensure that economic development proceeds along a sustainable path, policymakers must integrate environmental considerations into economic decision-making, promote resource efficiency, and enforce stringent environmental regulations. International cooperation is also crucial in addressing transboundary environmental challenges and facilitating the transfer of green technologies to developing countries.IV. International Relations and Global GovernanceEconomic development influences a nation's role in the global community and shapes the contours of international relations. Developing countries, as they grow economically, gain greater influence in global affairs, altering power dynamics and necessitating adjustments in international institutions and governance mechanisms.Firstly, economic development enhances a country's geopolitical clout. Aseconomies grow, they become more attractive partners for trade and investment, and their perspectives and interests carry greater weight in international negotiations. This can lead to shifts in regional and global alliances, as emerging economies seek to assert their interests and challenge the dominance of traditional powers.Secondly, economic development contributes to the evolution of global governance. As new economic powers emerge, there is increasing pressure to reform international institutions, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, to better reflect the changing global landscape. This can result in more inclusive and representative decision-making processes, potentially leading to more effective global responses to shared challenges like climate change, financial instability, and pandemics.In conclusion, economic development has far-reaching impacts on various aspects of society, including economic growth, social welfare, environmental sustainability, and international relations. While it brings about numerous benefits, such as increased prosperity, improved living standards, and enhanced geopolitical influence, it also presents challenges, including social inequality, environmental degradation, and the need for global governance reforms. To harness the full potential of economic development while mitigating its negative consequences, policymakers must pursue balanced, inclusive, and sustainable growth strategies, supported by robust institutions and international cooperation.。

Living in an era of rapid change, Ive witnessed firsthand the transformative power of technology and globalization. The world is moving at a breakneck pace, and with it, the English language has become an indispensable tool for communication, business, and education. As a high school student, Ive embraced this reality and have found myself immersed in a world where English is not just a subject, but a gateway to endless opportunities.Growing up, I was always fascinated by the way English could connect people from different cultures and backgrounds. My journey with the language began in elementary school, where I was introduced to the basics of grammar and vocabulary. However, it was in high school that I truly began to appreciate the depth and versatility of English. With the advent of the internet and social media, I found myself communicating with peers from around the globe, sharing ideas and experiences that would have been unimaginable a few decades ago.One of the most significant aspects of living in a rapidly changing world is the constant influx of new information. As a student, I am expected to keep up with the latest developments in various fields, from science and technology to politics and culture. English has become the lingua franca for disseminating this knowledge, and mastering it has been crucial for my academic success. Ive found that being proficient in English allows me to access a wealth of resources, from online courses and educational videos to research papers and articles.Moreover, the global economy has made English an essential skill foranyone looking to pursue a career in the international market. Companies are increasingly seeking employees who can communicate effectively in English, as it is the primary language of business. This has motivated me to not only excel in my English classes but also to develop my language skills through extracurricular activities, such as participating in debate clubs and language exchange programs.The rapid pace of change has also brought about a greater appreciation for cultural diversity. As English becomes more widespread, it has also absorbed elements from various languages and cultures, enriching its vocabulary and expressions. This has made learning English a more dynamic and engaging experience, as I am not only learning a language but also gaining insights into different cultures and ways of life.However, the rapid evolution of English has also presented its challenges. With the rise of slang and colloquialisms, it can sometimes be difficult to keep up with the latest trends and expressions. Additionally, the increasing reliance on technology for communication has led to the proliferation of abbreviations and informal language, which can be confusing for those trying to learn English as a second language.Despite these challenges, I believe that the benefits of mastering English in a fastpaced world far outweigh the drawbacks. The ability to communicate effectively in English opens doors to new opportunities, whether it be for further education, career advancement, or personal growth. It allows me to connect with people from all walks of life and to broaden my horizons.In conclusion, living in an era of rapid change has made English an essential skill for anyone looking to succeed in todays globalized world. It has become a bridge between cultures, a tool for knowledge dissemination, and a key to unlocking opportunities. As a high school student, I am grateful for the chance to learn and grow with this everevolving language, and I look forward to the many ways it will continue to shape my future.。

世界经济危机对社会的影响英语作文The Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on SocietyIntroductionThe global economic crisis of 2008-2009 had far-reaching consequences on societies around the world. The collapse of financial markets, rising unemployment, and weakened consumer confidence led to widespread social unrest and upheaval. This essay will explore the various ways in which the economic crisis affected different aspects of society.Impact on EmploymentOne of the most immediate effects of the economic crisis was the massive spike in unemployment rates. As businesses struggled to stay afloat and consumer demand plummeted, companies were forced to lay off workers in order to cut costs. This resulted in millions of people losing their jobs, leading to a sharp increase in poverty and homelessness.The impact of unemployment was particularly severe in developing countries, where the majority of the workforce is engaged in informal, low-paying jobs. The lack of social safety nets in these countries meant that many people were left withoutany means of support, leading to a rise in crime and social unrest.Impact on Mental HealthThe economic crisis also had a significant impact on the mental health of individuals. The stress of losing a job, being unable to pay bills, and facing an uncertain future took a toll on many people's mental well-being. Rates of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse soared in the wake of the crisis, as people struggled to cope with the financial and emotional strain.Moreover, the stigma associated with mental health issues meant that many people were reluctant to seek help, exacerbating the problem further. The lack of access to affordable mental health services only served to compound the issue, leading to a vicious cycle of poor mental health and economic hardship.Impact on EducationThe economic crisis also had a profound impact on the education sector. As governments slashed budgets in response to falling tax revenues, schools and universities were forced to make cutbacks in order to stay afloat. This led to a decline in thequality of education, as resources were stretched thin and class sizes increased.Furthermore, the economic downturn meant that fewer students were able to afford higher education, leading to a decline in the number of people pursuing advanced degrees. This had long-term implications for society, as a less educated workforce is less able to compete in the global economy and contribute to technological innovation.Impact on Social CohesionPerhaps the most insidious impact of the economic crisis was the erosion of social cohesion. As people faced financial hardship and uncertainty, trust in institutions and in each other began to wane. This led to increased polarization, as people sought to scapegoat others for their problems and retreat into echo chambers of opinion.The erosion of social cohesion had far-reaching consequences for society, as it hindered the ability of people to come together and address common challenges. This was particularly evident in the political realm, where the rise of populism and nationalism threatened to tear societies apart and undermine democratic norms.ConclusionIn conclusion, the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 had a profound impact on society, affecting everything from employment and mental health to education and social cohesion. The long-term consequences of the crisis are still being felt today, as societies around the world continue to grapple with the fallout from the recession. It is clear that in order to prevent a similar crisis from happening again, policymakers must take steps to address the underlying structural issues that led to the crash in the first place. Only by learning from the mistakes of the past can we hope to build a more resilient and equitable society for the future.。

Challenges of GlobalizationGlobalization has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits to the world, such as increased economic growth, technological advancements, and cultural exchange. However, it has also posed several challenges that have had significant impacts on various aspects of society. One of the most pressing challenges of globalization is the widening economic inequality between and within countries. As the global economy becomes increasingly interconnected, the gap between the rich and the poor continues to grow, leading to social unrest and instability. This issue has sparked debates on the ethical implications of globalization and the need for more equitable distribution of wealth and resources.Another major challenge of globalization is the threat it poses to the environment. The increased interconnectedness of economies has led to a surge in industrialization and consumerism, resulting in higher levels of pollution and environmental degradation. This has raised concerns about the sustainability of our planet and the need for more responsible and sustainable practices in global trade and production. The issue of climate change, in particular, has become a focal point in discussions about the negative impacts of globalization on the environment.Furthermore, globalization has also given rise to cultural homogenization, as the dominance of Western values and consumer culture has led to the erosion of traditional customs and practices in many parts of the world. This has sparked fears about the loss of cultural diversity and the preservation of indigenous knowledge and heritage. The commodification of culture has also raised concerns about cultural appropriation and the exploitation of marginalized communities for commercial gain.In addition, the rapid pace of technological advancement driven by globalization has led to significant disruptions in the labor market, resulting in job displacement and unemployment. The outsourcing of labor to countries with lower wages and fewer labor regulations has led to the decline of manufacturing industries in many developed countries, leaving many workers without viable employment opportunities. This has fueled resentment and protectionist sentiments, as people seek to protect their livelihoods from the negative impacts of globalization.Moreover, the interconnectedness of the global economy has also made it more vulnerable to financial crises and economic downturns. The 2008 global financial crisis highlighted the systemic risks and vulnerabilities inherent in the global financial system, leading to widespread economic turmoil and hardship for millions of people around the world. This has raised questions about the need for more effective regulation and oversight of global financial markets to prevent future crises.Finally, the rapid spread of infectious diseases and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, has underscored the interconnected nature of the world and the need for more coordinated global responses to health crises. The lack of preparedness and cooperation among countries in addressing global health challenges has exposed the vulnerabilities of the global health system and the need for more robust and inclusive healthcare infrastructure.In conclusion, while globalization has brought about numerous benefits, it has also presented several challenges that have had profound impacts on various aspects of society. From widening economic inequality and environmental degradation to cultural homogenization and labor market disruptions, the challenges of globalization are complex and multifaceted. Addressing these challenges will require concerted efforts and cooperation among countries to ensure that the benefits of globalization are more equitably distributed and that its negative impacts are mitigated. Only through a more inclusive and sustainable approach to globalization can we hope to create a more just and prosperous world for all.。

英语作文共享经济利弊分析英文回答：The sharing economy has rapidly emerged as a transformative force, reshaping industries and offering numerous benefits to consumers. However, it also presents certain challenges and potential drawbacks that warrant careful consideration.Benefits of the Sharing Economy:Increased accessibility and affordability: Sharing platforms connect users with idle resources, making it possible for individuals to access goods and services that may otherwise be too expensive or difficult to obtain. For example, ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft offer an affordable alternative to traditional taxis, and Airbnb allows travelers to find unique and budget-friendly accommodations.Convenience and efficiency: Sharing services are often designed to be user-friendly and convenient. They enable users to find and book resources on demand, eliminating the need for lengthy searches or appointments. Rental services such as Zipcar and Bird allow users to accesstransportation options without the hassle of ownership responsibilities.Sustainability and reduced waste: By promoting the sharing and reuse of resources, the sharing economy can contribute to reduced consumption and waste. Shared assets like cars, bicycles, and power tools are used more efficiently, decreasing the need for individuals to purchase and dispose of their own items.Challenges and Drawbacks of the Sharing Economy:Quality and safety concerns: While sharing platforms provide a framework for user reviews and ratings, it's crucial to note that the quality and safety of shared resources can vary greatly. Users may encounterinconsistent experiences, especially when dealing withprivate individuals or informal sharing arrangements.Job displacement and labor issues: The growth of the sharing economy has sparked concerns about job displacement, particularly in industries like transportation and accommodation. Independent contractors and gig workers may face uncertain income and lack access to benefits traditionally provided by employers.Data privacy and security: Sharing platforms collect vast amounts of user data, including personal information, location tracking, and communication records. Balancing the need for data transparency and user privacy is essential to ensure that individuals are not exploited or their personal information compromised.Conclusion:The sharing economy offers a range of benefits,including increased accessibility, convenience, and sustainability. However, it also presents challengesrelated to quality, labor issues, and data privacy. Byaddressing these concerns and implementing appropriate regulations, policymakers and industry leaders can harness the potential of the sharing economy while mitigating its potential drawbacks.中文回答：共享经济的迅速崛起成为了一股变革力量，重塑了各行各业并为消费者提供了众多好处。

Helicopter Moms vs. Free-Range KidsWould you let your fourth-grader ride public transportation without an adult? Probably not. Still, when Lenore Skenazy, a columnist for the New York Sun, wrote about letting her son take the subway alone to get back to "Long story short:my son got home from a department store on the Upper East Side, she didn't expect to get hit with a wave of criticism from readers.1.When Lenore Skenazy's son was allowed to take the subway alone, he ________.b.enjoyed having the independence2. Lenore Skenazy believes that keeping kids under careful watcha.hinders their healthy growth3.Skenazy's decision to let her son take the Subway alone has net with________.d.protect children's rights4.Skenazy started her own blog to ________.a.promote sensible parenting5.According to the author, New York City ________.b.is much safe than before6.Parents today are more nervous about their kids' safety than previous generations because________.c.their fear is amplified by media exposure of crime7. According to child experts, how and when kids may be allowed more freedom depends on ________.d.their maturity and personal qualities8. According to Gallagher and Skenazy, children who are watchful will be better able to stay away from _unsafe situation____.9. Being able to find out where a child is anytime helps lessen parents' _anxiety____.10. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can ___track their children's movements__ from a distance.For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water's edge11.We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.b.efforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out12.What does the author mean by "Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness" (Line 1, Para. 2)?d.The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.13.What constitutes a major threat to the survival of turtles according to Elizabeth Griffin?b.Unregulated commercial fishing.14.How does global warming affect the survival of turtles?a.It threatens the sandy beaches on which they lay eggs.15.The last sentence of the passage is meant to ________.c.call for effective measures to ensure sea turtles' survivalThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.16.What's the opinion of economists about going to college?c.College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.17. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________.d.the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed18. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.a.save more on tuition19. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.d.consider college education a consumer product20. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?b.A satisfying experience within their budgets.Bosses Say "Yes" to Home WorkRising costs of office space, time lost to stressful commuting, and a slow recognition that workers have lives beyond the office-all are strong arguments for letting staff work from home.1. What is the main topic of this passage?b.Relations between employers and employees.2. From the research conducted by the communications provider Inter-Tel, we learn that .c.more businesses have adopted remote working solutions3. What development has made flexible working practices possible according to Andy Poulton?c.Availability of the VoIP service.4. What is Neil Stephenson's advice to firms contracting internet services?b.They contact providers located nearest to them.5. Internet-based telecoms facilitates remote working by __________.a.offering sophisticated voice services6. The accountancy firm Wright Vigar promoted teleworking initially in order to __________.d.reduce operational expenses of a second office7. According to marketing director Jack O'Hern, teleworking enabled the company to __________.b.reduce recruitment costs8. Wright Vigar's practice of allowing for more flexible working hours not only benefits the company but helps improve employees' _home life____ .9. With fast, wireless internet connections, employees can still be____productive_____ while traveling.10. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to __increase her own productivity________.There is nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to scare a parent, especially one of the over-educated, eco-conscious type. So you can imagine the reaction when a recent USA Today investigation of air quality around the nation's schools singled out those in the smugly（自鸣得意的）green village of Berkeley,11. What does a recent investigation by USA Today reveal?d.Parents in Berkeley are over-sensitive to cancer risks their kids face.12. What response did USA Today's report draw?c.Widespread panic.13.How did parents feel in the face of the experts' studies?a.They felt very much relieved.14. What is the view of the 2004 report in the journal Pediatrics?b.Daily accidents pose a more serious threat to children.15. Of the dangers in everyday life, the author thinks that people have most to fear from __________.d.unhealthy foodCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.16. The author's chief concern about the current U.S. health care system is __________.b.the declining number of doctors17. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.c.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health18. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to __________ .d.see more patients at the expense of quality19. Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?d.They think working in emergency rooms tedious.20. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?a.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians. Obama's success isn't all good news for black AmericansAs Erin White watched the election results head towards victory for Barack Obama, she felt a burden lifting from her shoulders. "In that one second, it was a validation for my whole race," she recalls.1. How did Erin White feel upon seeing Barack Obama's victory in the election?b.Victorious.2. Before the election, Erin White has been haunted by the question of whether ______.b.she could go as far as she wanted in life3. What is the focus of Ashby Plant's study?d.The dual character of African Americans.4. In their experiments, Ray Friedman and his colleagues found that ______.a.blacks and whites behaved differently during the election5. What do Brian Nosek's preliminary results suggest?c.Website visitor's opinions are far from being reliable.6. A negative side of the Obama effect is that ______.c.people are now less ready to support policies addressing racial inequality7. Cheryl Kaiser holds that people should be constantly reminded that ______.c.racial inequality still persists in American society8. According to Effron, if Hillary Clinton or Sarah Palin had been elected, there would also have been a negative effect on __our views of women____.9. It is possible that the Obama effect will be short-lived if there is a change in people's __political sentiment____.10. The worst possible aspect of the Obama effect is that people could ignore his race altogether and continue to hold on to their old racial __stereotypes____.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.11. What do we learn about paid family leave from the first paragraph?a.America is now the only developed country without the policy.12. What has prevented the passing of work-family balance laws in the United States?d.The opposition from business circles.13. What is Professor Anne Alstott's argument for parental support?d.Children need continuous care.14. What does the author think of America's large body of family laws governing children's welfare?b.The fail to provide enough support for parents15. Why does the author object to classifying parenting as a personal choice?d.It is basically a social undertaking.A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that today's youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activistssupport traditionally liberal causes.16. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?a.More young voters are going to the polls than before.17. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?c.Whether young people will continue to support Obama's policy.18. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?d.Their lives in relation to Obama's presidency.19. What accounts for the younger generation's political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?c.Their utilization of the Internet.20. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?d.They are indifferent to politics.Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it.1. What is the passage mainly about?c.New explanations for the obesity epidemic2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.a.gained the least weight3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.b.it causes sleep loss4. How does indoor heating affect our life?d.it contributes to our weight gain5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?c.it suppresses their appetite6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study?d.those who quit smoking7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a result of_______.b.the rising proportion of minorities in its population8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ children tend to be obese remains _not entirely clear_________.9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of ___family size________.10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is ____partly genetic_________.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult toquestion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.11. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?b.By its sustainability12. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.d.the decrease of biodiversity13.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?c.They are not necessarily sustainable14.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centurya.It will go through radical changes15. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?d.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture isThe percentage of immigrants(including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s16.How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days?a.They were of inferior races.17.What does the author think of the new immigrants?b.They can do just as well as their predecessors.18.What does Edward Tellers’ research say about Mexican-Americans?d.They may forever remain poor and underachieving.19.What should be done to help the new immigrants?c.prevent them from being marginalized.20.According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigrating is_______.b.how to help immigrants to better fit into American societyMinority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.1.What is the author's main concern about American higher education?b.The low graduation rates of minority students.2. What was the pride of President Barry Mills of Bowdoin College?d.Its increased enrollment of minority students.3. What is the risk facing America?b.The rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one.4. How many African-American students earned their degrees in California community colleges according to a recent review?c.Fifteen percent.5. Harvard, Yale, and Princeton show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates mainly because _____.b.they recruit the best students6. How does Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust view minority students' failure to get a degree?a.Universities are to blame.7. Why do some students drop out after a year or two according to the author?b.They cannot afford the high tuition.8. To tackle the problem of graduation gap, the University of Wisconsin-Madison helps minority students get over the stereotype that ___that they are less qualified__.9. For years, private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have provided minority students with_some preparatory cources____ during the summer before freshman year.10. Washington and Lee University is cited as an example to show that the gap of graduation rates between whites and minorities ca n __be closed___.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they're bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy.11.What can we learn from the first paragraph?d.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.12. In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?b.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.13. Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?c.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.14. What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?d.It may place a great strain on the state budget.15. What is the irony about the debate over immigration?c.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact. opinions.Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll geta completely different impression.16. What characterises the business school student population of today?a.Greater diversity.17. What is the author's concern about current business school education?b.It will produce business leaders of a uniform style.18. What aspect of diversity does Valerie Gauthier think is most important?c.Attitude and approach to business.19. What applicants does the author think MBA programmes should consider recruiting?c.Applicants from outside the traditional sectors.20. What does Mannaz say about the current management style?d.It is shifting towards more collaborative models.Google's Plan for World's Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books.1.Google claims its plan for the world's biggest online library is _____.b.to encourage reading around the world2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google's book-scanning project will _____.b.help the broad masses of readers3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world's books should be controlled by _____.C) multinational companies4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _____.d.the differences of in-print and out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _____.b.it is willing to compensate the copyright holders6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?b.It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?d.The commercial provisions of the settlement.8. While __Providing information for free___, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _orphan works____.10. Google's entrance into digital bookselling will tremendously _change the world’s book market____ in the future.What's the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China! India! Brazil! How about trade!When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.11. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?d.It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.12. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?a.It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.13. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?c.Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.14. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?C) Slack trade activities.15. What is the author's advice to U.S. companies and individuals?b.To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.A recurring criticism of the UK's university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.16. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?a.They fail to convert knowledge into money.17. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities' performance in commercialisation?b.It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.18. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that "policy interventions" (Line 1, Para.4) refers to _____.ernment aid to non-research-oriented universities19. What does the author suggest research-led universities do?a.Publicise their research to win international recognition.20. How can the university sector play a key role in the UK's economic growth?c.By promoting technology transfer and graduate school education.The Three-Year SolutionHartwick College, a small liberal-arts school in upstate New York, makes New York, makes this offer to well prepared students: earn your undergraduate degree in three years instead of four, and save about 543,000—the amount of one year’s tuition and fees. A number of innovative colleges are making the same offer to students anxious about saving time and money. That’s both an opportunity anda warning for the best higher-education system in the world.1. Why did Hartwick College start three-year degree programs?a.To create chances for the poor.2. By quoting Stephen Trachtenberg the author wants to say that .b.the summer vacation contributes to student growth3. The author thinks the tenure system in American universities .c.guarantees academic freedom4. What is said about the new three-year degree program at Hartwick?a.Its students have to earn more credits each year.5. What do we learn about Judson College’s three-year degree program?b.It is open to the brightest students only.6. What changes in high schools help students earn undergraduate degrees in three years?b.More students have Advanced Placement credits.7. What is said to be a drawback of the three-year college program? Students have to cope with too heavy a workload.8. College faculty members are afraid that the pretext of moving students into the workforce might pose a threat to __the core curriculum____.9. Universities are increasingly aware that they must adapt to a rapidly changing world in order to __stay competitive and relevant____.10. Convenient academic schedules with more-focused, less-expensive degrees will be more attractive to _bright, motivated students_____.As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That's partially because it appears people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and exert more effort, to achieve those goals.11. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting?d.The goals most people set are unrealistic.12. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?a.Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success.13. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?b.They competed with one another to attract more customers.14. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research?b.It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting.15. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study.For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia?16. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India?d.Free market plus government intervention.17. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?b.Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency.18. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007?b.Cooperation between the government and businesses.19. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?d.They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.20. What’s the problem with the European Un ion?d.Excessive borrowing.Welcome,Freshmen. Have an iPod.Taking a step that many professors may view as a bit counterproductive, some colleges and universities are doling out Apple iPhones and Internet-capable iPods to their students.1. Many professors think that giving out Apple iPhones or Internet-capable iPods to students a.updates teaching facilities in universitiesd.may not benefit education as intended2. In the author’s view, being equipped with IT products may help colleges and universitiesa.build an innovative image3. The distribution of iPhones among students has raised concerns that they will_________ .c.further distract students from class participation4. Naomi Pugh at Freed-Hardeman University speculated that professors would_________ .b.have to work harder to enliven their classes5. Experts like Dr. Kyle Dickson at Abilene Christian University think that________ .a.mobile technology will be more widely used in education6. What do we learn about the University of Maryland at College Park concerning the use of iPhones and iPods?d.It is proceeding with caution.7. University officials claim that they dole out iPhones and iPods so as to_________ .c.facilitate students’ learning outside of class8. Ellen Millender at Reed College in Portland is concerned that technology will take the place of___teaching or analysis______9.Professor Robert Summers at Cornell Law School banned laptop computers from his class because he thinks qualified lawyers need to possess a broad array of__complex reasoning abilities required of good lawyers___.The experience at Duke University may ease some concerns because the students have used iPods for active__interaction___.'Depression'' is more than a serious economic downturn. What distinguishes a depression from a harsh recession is paralyzing fear--fear of the unknown so great that it causes consumers, businesses, and investors to retreat and panic. They save up cash and desperately cut spending.11. Why do consumers, businesses and investors retreat and panic in times of depression?d.They don't know what is going to happen in the future.12. What does Christina Romer say about the current economic recession?b.Its initial blow to confidence far exceeded that of 1929.13. Why didn’t the current recessi on turn into a depression according toChristina Romer?a.The government intervened effectively.14. What is the chief purpose of all the countermeasures taken?b.To curb the fear of a lasting free fall.15. What does the author think of today’s economic sit uation?c.It has not gone from bad to worse.Usually when we walk through the rain forest we hear a soft sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor,” says ecologist Daniel Nepstad. “Now we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That’s the sound of a dying forest.”16. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.d.the sound of a forest signifies its health condition17. In the second paragraph, the author challenges the view that _______.a.the collapse of rain forests is caused by direct human interference18. The author argues that the rising carbon levels in rain forests may _______.a.turn them into a major source of greenhouse gases19. What has made it easier to turn some rain forests into farmland?ck of rainfall resulting from global warming.20. What makes Brazil one of the world’s top five contributors to greenhouse gases?b.Its practice of burning forests for settlement and development,。

现金支付的坏处英语作文The Drawbacks of Cash PaymentsIn the modern age, the use of cash as a payment method has become increasingly outdated and problematic. While cash transactions have been the predominant form of payment for centuries, the rise of digital payment solutions and the increasing need for efficiency and security in financial transactions have highlighted the drawbacks of relying solely on cash. In this essay, we will explore the various disadvantages of cash payments and why a shift towards alternative payment methods is necessary.One of the primary drawbacks of cash payments is the risk of theft and loss. Cash, being a physical form of currency, is vulnerable to theft, robbery, and misplacement. When individuals carry large sums of cash, they are at a higher risk of becoming victims of criminal activities, leading to financial losses and potential personal harm. This concern is particularly prevalent in areas with high crime rates or during situations where individuals may be targeted, such as when traveling or conducting business transactions.Moreover, the handling and storage of cash can be cumbersome andinconvenient. Carrying large amounts of cash can be physically burdensome, and the need to constantly replenish one's cash supply can be time-consuming and inefficient. Additionally, the storage of cash, whether in a personal safe or a financial institution, requires additional measures to ensure its security, adding to the overall cost and effort required.Another significant drawback of cash payments is the lack of transparency and traceability. Cash transactions, by their very nature, are often difficult to track and record, making it challenging to monitor financial activities and prevent illicit or fraudulent behavior. This lack of transparency can enable money laundering, tax evasion, and other financial crimes, which can have far-reaching economic and social consequences.Furthermore, the use of cash can contribute to the perpetuation of the informal economy, where transactions are conducted outside the formal financial system. This informal economy, often associated with the underground or black market, can lead to the evasion of taxes, the exploitation of workers, and the circumvention of important regulations and safeguards. The prevalence of cash payments in the informal economy can hinder economic development, limit government revenue, and undermine the effectiveness of economic policies.In addition to the security and transparency concerns, cash payments can also be less efficient and convenient compared to digital payment methods. The need to physically transport, count, and deposit cash can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially for businesses that handle large volumes of transactions. This inefficiency can lead to delays, errors, and increased operational costs, ultimately impacting the overall productivity and profitability of organizations.Moreover, the use of cash can limit the ability of individuals and businesses to take advantage of the benefits offered by digital payment solutions. Digital payments, such as credit cards, mobile wallets, and online banking, provide a range of features and benefits, including the ability to track and monitor transactions, access credit and financing options, and take advantage of rewards and loyalty programs. By relying solely on cash, individuals and businesses may miss out on these valuable opportunities.Finally, the environmental impact of cash payments should not be overlooked. The production, distribution, and disposal of physical currency can have a significant carbon footprint, contributing to the overall environmental burden. In contrast, digital payment methods often have a lower environmental impact, as they eliminate the need for physical currency and reduce the resources required for its production and distribution.In conclusion, the drawbacks of cash payments are numerous and significant. The risks of theft and loss, the lack of transparency and traceability, the perpetuation of the informal economy, the inefficiency and inconvenience, and the environmental impact all point to the need for a shift towards alternative payment methods. As technology continues to advance and digital payment solutions become more widely adopted, it is clear that the future of financial transactions lies beyond the limitations of cash. By embracing these new payment options, individuals, businesses, and society as a whole can benefit from increased security, efficiency, and sustainability.。

电大1379《人文英语3》开放大学期末考试试题2023年7月(含答案)一、交际用语(每题 2 分，共 10 分)1-5 题：选择正确的语句完成下面对话，并将答案序号写在答题纸上。

1. ―Ok, I' ll fix your puter right now.―Oh, _____________. I' m in no hurry.A. Li Mei has done itB. that' s a great ideaC. take your time[答案] C2. ―It' s raining so heavily outside. I' m terribly anxious about my son' s safety.―___________________A. Well. I totally agree with you. He is a good boy.B. Don' t worry. He will e back safe and sound.C. Yes, it is, and it is very likely to rain tomorrow.[答案] B3. ―How do you feel about your family life?―___________________A. Good. It' s a good choice to work there.B. Not bad. I have visited their family a lot of times.C. Not bad. I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother.[答案] C4. ―Must I finis h the report today?―_________You can finish it tomorrow.A. Yes, you must.B. No, you mustn' t.C. No, you don' t have to.[答案] C5. ―Don' t you agree that our society has changeda lot and people' s life has bee more colorful?―_________Education is one of the driving forces in …A. I couldn' t agree more.B. What do you mean by that?C. It' s very easy for people to reach an agreement[答案] A二、词汇与构造(每题 2 分，共 30 分)6-20 题：阅读下面的句子，从三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确选项，井将答案序号写在答题纸上。

就业挑战英语作文120In today's globalized and competitive world, the challenge of employment is a pressing issue that affects individuals, communities, and entire nations. The ability to secure gainful employment is not only essential for personal financial stability but also for social and economic development. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted nature of the employment challenge, delving into its historical background, analyzing different perspectives, presenting case studies, and offering a critical evaluation while also considering future implications and recommendations.The historical background of the employment challenge can be traced back to the industrial revolution, which brought about significant changes in the way goods were produced and led to the mass migration of people from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities. This period marked the beginning of the modern labor market, with its own set of challenges and opportunities. Over time, the nature of employment has evolved, influenced by technological advancements, globalization, and changing economic landscapes.From a macro perspective, the employment challenge can be viewed through the lens of economic theories and policies. Neoclassical economists argue that the labor market operates based on the principles of supply and demand, where the equilibrium wage and employment levels are determined by the intersection of labor supply and demand curves. On the other hand, Keynesian economists emphasize the role of government intervention through fiscal and monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand and reduce unemployment during economic downturns.At the micro level, individuals face their own set of challenges in securing employment. Factors such as education, skills, experience, and personal networks play a crucial role in determining an individual's employability. The mismatch between the skills demanded by employers and those possessed by job seekers is a common issue in many economies, leading to structural unemployment.Case studies from different countries can provide valuable insights into the employment challenge. For example, the Scandinavian countries have implemented active labor market policies that focus on retraining and upskilling workers, providing subsidies to employers for hiring unemployed individuals, and offering unemployment benefits coupled with support for job search and reintegration. These policies have contributed to low unemployment rates and a high level of social protection.On the other hand, some developing countries face the challenge of informal employment, where a significant portion of the workforce is engaged in low-paying and insecure jobs without social protection or labor rights. The informal sector often coexists with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, posing a challenge for policymakers in terms of formalizing the economy and providingdecent work opportunities.In evaluating the employment challenge, it is important to consider both its benefits and drawbacks. On the positive side, gainful employment contributes to individual well-being, social cohesion, and economic growth. It providesindividuals with a sense of purpose, dignity, and financial independence. Moreover, productive employment can lead to poverty reduction, social stability, and human development.However, the employment challenge also has its drawbacks, particularly in the form of inequality, exploitation, and social exclusion. In many societies, certain groups such as women, youth, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities face barriers to accessing decent work opportunities. Moreover, the rise of precarious forms of employment, such as gig work and temporary contracts, has led to concerns about job security, income volatility, and the erosion of labor rights.Looking ahead, the employment challenge is likely to be exacerbated by technological disruptions, demographic changes, and environmental pressures. The rise of automation and artificial intelligence is expected to transform the nature of work, leading to job displacement in some sectors while creating newopportunities in others. Moreover, the aging population in many countries poses challenges in terms of labor force participation and pension sustainability. The imperative to transition to a more sustainable and inclusive economy also calls for rethinking the way we approach employment and work.In conclusion, the employment challenge is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive and nuanced approach. By understanding its historical background, analyzing different perspectives, and considering case studies, we can gain valuable insights into the nature of the challenge and the potential solutions. It is imperative for policymakers, businesses, and civil society to work together in addressing the employment challenge, ensuring that everyone has access to decent and productive work. This requires investments in education, skills development, social protection, and labor market institutions, as well as a commitment to promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Only by tackling the employment challenge in a holistic manner can we create a future where everyone has the opportunity to thrive and contribute to society.。