中英文翻译—高速带式输送机的设计

带式输送机英文文献翻译原文Transporting machine to press the operation way can is divided into:1:The leather belt type transports machine 2:Is spiral to transport machine 3:The Dou type promotes machine 4:The roller transports machine 5:Calculate to transport machine 6:The plank chain transports machine 7:The net takes to transport machine 8:The chain transports machine.1.ParameterIs general according to various condition of request, material shipping point that the material transports system, relevant of the production craft process and material of characteristic etc. to make sure each main parameter.①Transport ability:The ability oftransporting the transporting of machine means unit for time inside transport of material quantity.While transporting to spread a form material, with the quality or physical volume calculation that the per hour transports a material;At transport into a piece product, with the number of items calculation that the per hour transports.②Transport speed:The exaltation transports speed to improve the ability of transporting.When being making to lead a piece by belt conveyer and transporting length was more big, transport speed to gradually enlarge.But the take type of high-speed operation transports machine to need to notice vibration, Zao voice and start and make etc. problem.For use chain as lead a piece of transport machine,transporting the speed should not lead greatly, in order to prevent the aggrandizement power carry alotus.Carry on transporting of craft operation machine at the same time, transporting the speed should press to produce a craft to request an assurance.③Reach a size:Transport reaching of machine a size to include belt conveyer width, lath width and anticipate Dou capacity, piping diameter and container all of etc.s.These reach a sizes to all directly influence to transport machine of transport ability.④Transport length and QingCape:Transport circuit length and Qing Cape size to directly influence the total resistance of transporting the machine and need of power.2.Transport a machine the spot application wayConstitute to carry on explaining in detail from the take type machine system first:Leather belt's transporting machine is to spread a form material to transport and pack to unload an equipments most importantly, can extensively used for the mineral mountain, metallurgy, building materials, chemical engineering, electric power, industrial realms like food processing,etc, in the coal mine, metal mineral, the steel business enterprise, port, grounds like cement works,etc a great deal of application that can see skin machine, transporting the machine can not only complete to spread a transporting of form material, but also can transport into a piece material, butbasis use location, work environment, transport the dissimilarity of material category, will also have bigger difference in its design and the application;Modernization of transport the machine system has higher request to the dust palliative, is this, in each the device that transfer place and establish and sprinkle water and gather a dust, transport machine and follow line in the tape will establish and defend a breeze cover or block an aerofoil, system from list the machine constitute of, to work in the whole machine system of operate and fix to say, want and have a foothold and divide the single machine of the tube at oneself, and want to understand mutual contact between systems, list machine again is constitute to°from many partses,only work well the daily maintenance of each parts maintains and makes it is placed in good work status so as to ensure the safe movement of equipments;We generally will transport the use place, work environment of machine according to the take type, technique function and transport material category to wait various dissimilarity with satisfy various forms of homework work condition, in addition to in addition to transporting machine, the in general use leather belt of more adoption also various special kind tapes of new structure transport machine and have a mainly having of the representative among them:Big Qing Cape take type machine, deep slot take type machine and press take type machine, take care of the formtake type, the air cushion take type, the flat surface turn take type, the line friction type, wave-like in shape the belt conveyer type blocking a side transport machine etc. and carry on a thin method for turning and canning exist various classifications and make following introduction now:Press the use classification, there is in general use ambulation type, under the well choice type, the strip mine is used a fixed type, special kind structure type, can move a place type and transport machine, load machine appropriation redistribution function type, the big Qing Cape type transports machine etc., generally speaking transport machine inside the short distance factory can complete level, up the luck or bottomcarries, canning go against the wood grain type leather belt machine can be used for double to transport a material, hang arm machine usually install anticipate on board in the heap, and can turn round, line up the function of soil or cloth by realization, but Gao Jia Ji propped up by in the door usually match with other spread and anticipate and handle an equipments common use, for example give or get an electric shock and constuct a medium application in water, can install standard in the center frame, the machine's mounting places on the track Zhen, easy to move and place;Press the category of transporting the material to categorize, have the generally lax material is used of, the strong and tough material is used of and list piece theleather belt used in material transport machine etc. and press the rubber conveyance takes a loading segment of position to categorize, include a leather belt loading segment at top of and loading segment at underneath of and at the same time loading segment at up underneath of double to transport machine three, the use double can distinguish to transporting machine at up branch and bottom branch transport a material, but for keeping material contact noodles don't produce a change and need to bring in to go to the rubber to be periodically inside out.3.CategorizeTransporting machine generally and pressing already didn't lead piece to carry on a classification and had to lead a transporting of piece machine to generallyinclude to lead a piece, loading to reach a piece, drive device, bring to the stretch device and change to accept an etc. to the device and.Lead a piece to in order to deliver to lead dint, can adopt belt conveyer and lead chain or steel wire rope;The loading reaches a piece to in order to accept to put a material and has already anticipated Dou and bracket or mourns to have...etc.;Drive device to transport machine with the power, generally from electric motor, decelerate a machine and make machine(stop a machine) etc. to constitute;Bring to the stretch to equip to generally have the Luo pole the type and heavy hammer type 2 kind, can make to lead a piece to keep certain tension and hang a degree, transport machine by assurance normaloperation;Pay to accept a piece to in order to accept to give to lead piece or loading to reach a piece, can adopt to give Gun and roll an etc..Having the structure characteristics that lead the transporting of piece machine is:Be delivered a material and pack reaching with the loading leading a link together inside the piece, or directly pack in leading a piece(is like belt conveyer), led a piece to once round each roller or the chain round beginning and end and connect with each other, formation include and deliver a having of material carry branch and don't deliver a material of have never carried shutting of branch and match wreath road, make use of lead continuous sport of piece and transport a material.This type ofly transporting model is numerous,there is mainly a take type transporting a machine, plank type and transporting a machine, small car type and transporting machine, escalator, automatic sidewalk, paring off plank and transporting machine, covering up and paring off plank and transporting a machine, Dou type and transporting a machine, Dou type and promoting machine and hanging and transporting machine and build on stilts a cableway...etc..The structure that didn't lead transporting of piece machine constitutes each not same, use to the work of transporting the material to reach a piece as well not same.Their structure characteristicses are:Make use of a work to reach a revolving of piece to exercise or the back and forth exercise, or make useof lie quality to make the material transport forward in the fluxion in the piping.For example, the Gun son transports the work of machine to reach the piece as a series of Gun son, the Gun son makes to revolve sport to transport a material;Is spiral to transport the work of machine to reach a piece for spiral, helix at anticipate and make to revolve sport in the slot with follow anticipate slot to push to send a material;The vibration transports the work of machine to reach piece in order to anticipate slot, anticipate slot to make back and forth sport with transport Be placed to among them of material etc..Install(1)The fixed type transports machine should by rule gearing method gearing atfix of foundation up.The ambulation type transports machine formally before circulating and should live wheel with the wedge Xie or uses to make a machine to stop.So as not to take place to take a stroll in the work, there is the passage that many sets , between machine and machine, there shoulded be one meter between wall and machine while transporting a parallel homework of machine.(2)The beard checks an each operation part, tape to take to button up to equip with loading before using whether normal, whether protection equipments iswell-found.The tape rises a tight degree beard before starting the adjustment is to suitable extent.(3)Leather belt's transporting machine should get empty to carry a start.Waitingto revolve normal rear can go into to anticipate.Drive after forbiding to go into first to anticipate.(4)There are few set that when transport machine to establish to circulate should from unload to anticipate to carry a beginning, the sequence starts.After revolving as usual all, the square can go into to anticipate.(5)Appear in the movement when the tape runs to be partial to a phenomenon should park the car adjustment, can not force an use, so as not to wear away edge and increment burden.(6)Work environment and be sent material temperature not to must be higher than 50 ℃ and be lowerthan-10 ℃ .Can not transport the material of having sour alkaline oil andorganic melting agent composition.(7)Forbid pedestrian or multiply by a person on the belt conveyer.(8)Have to stop going into first to anticipate before parking the car, wait leather belt up save to anticipate to unload to the utmost a square can park the car.(9)Transporting the machine electric motor has to insulate good.The ambulation type transports machine electric cable to pull and drag along indiscriminately.The dynamoelectric confidential credibility connects ground.(10)The leather belt beats slippery strictly forbid to by hand pull leather belt, so as not to take place trouble.5.Adjust to try(1) Each equipments with meticulouscare adjusts to try to transport machine after installing and satisfies a drawing request.(2) Each deceleration machine exercises parts to add to note to correspond lubricant.(3) The gearing after transporting machine to attain to request each single set equipments carries on beginning to work to make run-in, and knot to put together to adjust to try to transport machine to satisfy an operative request. (4) Adjust to try the electricity part of transporting the machine.Include to connect adjusting of line and action to try to the normal regulations electricity, make the equipments have good function, attain the function and status of design.6.Transport machine to block knothole 2kinds of boring crafts(1)Blow up boring:The material after the irradiation of continuous laser and centrally forms one cave pit, then from and laser beam the coaxial oxygen flow to clean meltdown material and form one bore very quickly.The size of general bore is as thick relevant as plank, blow up to bore hole the average diameter as thick plank half, therefore blow up to bore hole bore path bigger to thicker plank, and not circle, should not in requesting higher spare parts use(if the petroleum Shai sews a tube), can be used for a waste up.In addition because of bore hole use of oxygen pressure with incise homology, splash a little bit greatly.(2)Pulse boring:The pulse laser that adopts high peak value power makes alittle amount material melt or vaporizes, in common use air or nitrogen spirit are to lend support to air and oxidize to make bore expand because of putting heat by decrease, the air pressure more incises of the oxygen pressure is small.The particle jet with small creation of each pulse laser gradually goes deep into, therefore slab boring time takes several seconds.Once bore hole completion, immediately change assistance air into oxygen to carry on incising.Boring hole diameter like this is smaller, its boring quality is better than to blow up boring.Not only should have higher exportation power for the laser machine used by this;The time and space characteristic that more important time ties, therefore the general crosscurrent carbon dioxide laser machine can notadapt to the request that the laser incises.In addition the pulse bores hole to also have the more dependable spirit road the control system to carry out cutting over of air category, air pressure and bore hole a horary control.译文：输送机按运作方式可以分为：1：皮带式输送机2：螺旋输送机3：斗式提升机4：滚筒输送机5：计量输送机6：板链输送机7：网带输送机8：链条输送机。

附件A高速带式输送机的设计G. Lodewijks，荷兰摘要本文主要探讨高速带式输送机设计方面的问题。

带式输送机的输送量取决于输送带的速度、传送带宽度和托辊槽形角。

然而输送带速度的选择又受到各种实际条件的限制，在本文有这方面的讨论。

输送带速度也影响传送带的性能，例如它的能源消耗和它连续运行的稳定性。

一种计算输送带的能源消耗的方法就是通过考虑运输过程中的各种能量损耗来进行估算的。

输送带速度的不同使得安全系数的要求也各不相同，这也影响输送带所要求的强度。

一种新的计算输送带速度对安全系数的影响的方法在本文中被介绍。

最后，输送带速度的冲击对各组成部分的选择和对中转站设计的影响也在本文中被讨论。

1 概述过去的研究已经证实使用窄带输送机的经济可行性，输送带的速度变快要求输送带的宽度随之变宽，低速输送机适于长距离输送。

例如图[1] - [5]。

现在，传送带以8 m/s 的速度运行是没有问题的。

无论怎样，输送带速度在10m/s到20 m/s在技术上是(动态地)可行的，并且也许在经济上也是可行的。

本文将输送带速度在10和20 m/s之间的定义为高速。

输送带速度在10m/s之下的定义为低速。

使用高速输送带的目的并不在于它本身。

如果使用高速输送带不是经济上有利，或则，如果安全和可靠的操作没有保证的，那么就应该选择低速输送带。

输送带速度的选择是总的设计过程的一部分。

静态或稳定的设计方法决定了带式输送机的优化设计。

在这些设计方法中输送带被认为是刚性的，静止的。

这增加了输送机稳定运行的质量和也决定了带式输送机各零部件的尺寸。

稳定操作包括传送带稳定运行时的张力、相对各种物料载荷的能量消耗和相关的工作环境情况。

应该体会到找到最优的设计不是一次性的努力，而是一个反复的过程[6]。

优化设计，开始于优化的决心，终于符合要求的确定的控制算法和组成输送机的各零部件确定的位置和尺寸的大小，例如驱动，闸和飞轮，可由动态设计方法确定。

在这些设计方法中，也涉及动态分析，输送带可看作是一个三维的弹性体。

翻译部分英文原文1.1 The take type transports the characteristics and the application of the machineThe take type transports machine since 1795 was disheveled hair and clear,through the development of more than twocenturies,already drive electric power、metallurgy、coal、chemical engineering、mineral mountain、portetc.every trade adopts extensively.Especially the Industrial Revolution brings material,lately technical adoption for the third time lately and makes the take type transport the development of the machine to follow a new era.In now days ,whether appraise from carry、length、economy-effectiveness and so on.It can be the same train,automobile transport to match the situation as it stands,and become the first to the development of industries.The take type transports the characteristics of the machine:The structure is simple.Followed by belt conveyor drive pully to one drum,or idler roller components、drives、conveyors several large components.Only a dozen or more components,production can be standardized and may require portfolio assembly,the structure is very simple;Transport the material scope extensively.Conveyor belt with wear,corrosion resistance ,oil resistance,such as fire-retardant properties,and high-resistance,low temperature,may be required to produce,which will transport all kinds of stuff,block materials,chemicals,the Health clinker and concrete;Transport to have great capacity.V olume per hour from a few kilograms to several thousands of tons,but is uninterrupted deliveryThis is the train,the automobile conveyance is too far behind to catch up;The luck is apart from to grow.Single length of up to 10 kilometers an abroad,is very popular,in the middle reproduced without any points.Cross-countrily the take type transports machine to often use to rub to drive a way in the center,making to transport the restriction that the length is free from thebelt conveyer strength.It is strong to the circuit adaptability.Modern belt conveyor in laying cross-country,from the trough to tube-shaped,it can be horizontal and vertical plane tumed breaking the mold conveyor or not bend the restrictions,which will rely on mountain water,and walk along the terrain,can save a lot of a tunnel,bridge infrastructure investment;Pack to unload very convenient.Under the belt conveyor process needs,may at any point on the equipment and dump;Pipe conveyor as well.Can also pack,unload to anticipate on the return journey segment ,carry on anti-to conveyance;The credibility is high .As simple structure,moving parts light weight ,as long as the belt is not torn,with a life span of 10 years,metal components,as long as antirust good,for the past several decades is not a bad idea;The operation fee is cheap.Wear parts belt conveyor idlers and only roller,conveyor longevity,a high degree of automation,use of the staff is small,per km on average less than one,the consumption of oil and electricity rarely;Can consume low,the efficiency is high.Since moving parts as light weight,low void shipped in all non-continuous and continuous transport,Belt conveyor energy minimum,maximum efficiency;Maintain a fee little .Belt conveyor is the only moving parts and idler pulley,belt wear is very.Compare under,the train,automobile wears away a parts to want many,and replace to wear away a piece also more multifarious;On the other say,the take type transports the superiority of the machine already very obviously,it is the key equipments of the indispensability in the national economy .Moreover,Internet the realization has been greatly shortened the belt conveyor design,development,manufacture,sales cycles,make it more competitive.1.2 The take type transports the present condition and the development of the machineTake type’s transporting machine is the coal mine is the most ideal totransport an equipments efficiently and continuously,compared with other conveyance equipmentses have distance of transport long,the carrying capacity is big and continue to transport etc.advantage,and circulate credibility,be easy to the realization automation and concentrate to turn a control,particularly to high produce efficiently the mineral well,the take type transports the key equipments that the machine has become coal to mine the machine electricity integral whole to turn a technique and equips.Along with the our country is high to produe of mineral well efficiently now,the take type that is originally possessed’s transporting machine is a regardless main parameter to still circulate functions and all have already can’t satisfy a request,have to the long pull,high take soon,big carrying capacity,big power of large turn the direction development,and want improve and raise to circulate function, insure safe credibility.The take type that the our country production make transports the species,type of the machine more.In the”Enghth Five-Year Plan”period,the national one-stop “Nissan 10,000 tons fully mechanized equipment”projects,conveyor technology has-greatly improved,and mine with high power .The key to long-distance belt conveyor technology research and development of new products ,LU has made considerable progress.Such as the big cape long pull take type transport machine to become a set an equipments,high produce to work efficiently noodles fluently slot the flexible take type transport machine ,etc.all filled up local bland ,and transport machine to turn down the key technique to the take type and it main dollar the parts carried on the theories research and the product development,develop successfully variety soft start and make to move equip and take PLC as core of the programmable electricity control device,driving the system adoption to adjust soon type the liquid dint matches the machine and the planet wheel gear to decelerate a machine accidentally.The coal mine take type transports technical development trend of machine .The equipments is large to turn,the exaltation transport an ability:For adapt high produce efficiently intensive turn the demand of the production,the take type transports machine to transport an ability to want enlargement.Long-distance,high beltspeed,large-capacity,high-power future is the inecitable trend of development,as well as transport for the high-technology development direction.Transport quantity and raise to the 3000-4000 ts/h in the 10 as of aftertime also raise to the 4-6 ms/s soon,transport length to transport to the flexible take type confidential attain a 3000ms.For strength steel belt conveyor take longer to 5,000 m above single-driven power demand reached 1,000~1,500 kw,conveyor tensile strength reached 6,000 N/mm (steel cord)and 2500 N/mm (steel cord).By the coal mine well to descend agreeable slot particularly flexible transport a technical development,along with high produce efficiently continuously develop of the emergence and the coal science and technology of work the noodles,the original flexible take type transports machine,is a regardless main parameter,still circulate functions all hard adapt high produce efficiently a request of work the noodles,the coal mine needs main parameter urgently on the scene greater ,the technique is more advanced,function more dependable long pull ,big carrying capacity 、big power fluently slot the flexible take type transport machine ,transporting technical design level of machine by the exaltation our country take type,filling up local bland,near to and catch up the technique level of the international advanced industrial country.It contains seven of the key technologies:(1) belt conveyor dynamic analysis and control technology;(2)soft start with the power balance technology;(3)Intermediate Driver;(4)automatic tensioning technology .(5)new lifetime high technology high-speed roller;(6)rapid shift from the tail;(7)with efficient storage technology.Raise 1 dollar parts function and credibicity :The equipments switch on rate of high and low mainly be decided by the function and the credibility of 1 dollar parts.In addition to further improving and enhancing the existing yuan parts of the performance and reliability,we will continue to research and development of new technologies and metadata components,such as high-performance technical controllable soft start,Dynamic Analysis and Monitoring Technology,and efficient storage devices with rapid shift from the tail,high-speed roller,belt conveyor so that the performance can be further raised.Extend function ,a machine uses to turn much:Expan a luck a person,carry to anticipate or double to conveyance etc.function,attain a machine to use much,make it the exertive and biddest economic performance.Develop a special type a take type to transport machine,if the flection take type transports the machine,big cape or perpend cularity to promote to transport machine etc.The big cape take type transports the extreme limit that the machine broke the last luck cape 25°s,expand,mine for the coal mine and the main and inclined well transported an equipments to choose a type to develop a new path,also transporting the equipments that the system changed an extension to provide economy efficiently for the current inclined well,to raise a yield and decline low cost have important meaning.The level take type transports machine to have amplitude in the our country mineral mountain the production of applied foregroune,especially in the coal mine.My more inclind seam,16~25° tilt seam exist in large numbers.The take type transports the function success to used for the bottom of the well,since can reduce tunnel to expand the quantity and equipments.中文译文1.1带式输送机的的特点与应用带式输送机自1795年被发明以来，经过两个多世纪的发展，已被电力、冶金、煤炭、化工、矿山、港口等各行各业广泛采用，特别是第三次工业革命带来了新材料、新技术的采用使带式输送机的发展步入了一个新纪元。

原文Transporting machine to press the operation way can is divided into:1:The leather belt type transports machine 2:Is spiral to transport machine 3:The Dou type promotes machine 4:The roller transports machine 5:Calculate to transport machine 6:The plank chain transports machine 7:The net takes to transport machine 8:The chain transports machine.1.ParameterIs general according to various condition of request, material shipping point that the material transports system, relevant of the production craft process and material of characteristic etc. to make sure each main parameter.①Transport ability:The ability of transporting the transporting of machine means unit for time inside transport of material quantity.While transporting to spread a form material, with the quality or physical volume calculation that the per hour transports a material;At transport into a piece product, with the number of items calculation that the per hour transports.②Transport speed:The exaltation transports speed to improve the ability of transporting.When being making to lead a piece by belt conveyer and transporting length was more big, transport speed to gradually enlarge.But the take type ofhigh-speed operation transports machine to need to notice vibration, Zao voice and start and make etc. problem.For use chain as lead a piece of transport machine, transporting the speed should not lead greatly, in order to prevent the aggrandizement power carry a lotus.Carry on transporting of craft operation machine at the same time, transporting the speed should press to produce a craft to request an assurance.③Reach a size:Transport reaching of machine a size to include belt conveyer width, lath width and anticipate Dou capacity, piping diameter and container all of etc.s.Thesereach a sizes to all directly influence to transport machine of transport ability.④Transport length and Qing Cape:Transport circuit length and Qing Cape size to directly influence the total resistance of transporting the machine and need of power. 2.Transport a machine the spot application wayConstitute to carry on explaining in detail from the take type machine system first:Leather belt's transporting machine is to spread a form material to transport and pack to unload an equipments most importantly, can extensively used for the mineral mountain, metallurgy, building materials, chemical engineering, electric power, industrial realms like food processing,etc, in the coal mine, metal mineral, the steel business enterprise, port, grounds like cement works,etc a great deal of application that can see skin machine, transporting the machine can not only complete to spread a transporting of form material, but also can transport into a piece material, but basis use location, work environment, transport the dissimilarity of material category, will also have bigger difference in its design and the application;Modernization of transport the machine system has higher request to the dust palliative, is this, in each the device that transfer place and establish and sprinkle water and gather a dust, transport machine and follow line in the tape will establish and defend a breeze cover or block an aerofoil, system from list the machine constitute of, to work in the whole machine system of operate and fix to say, want and have a foothold and divide the single machine of the tube at oneself, and want to understand mutual contact between systems, list machine again is constitute to°from many partses, only work well the daily maintenance of each parts maintains and makes it is placed in good work status so as to ensure the safe movement of equipments;We generally will transport the use place, work environment of machine according to the take type, technique function and transport material category to wait variousdissimilarity with satisfy various forms of homework work condition, in addition to in addition to transporting machine, the in general use leather belt of more adoption also various special kind tapes of new structure transport machine and have a mainly having of the representative among them:Big Qing Cape take type machine, deep slot take type machine and press take type machine, take care of the form take type, the air cushion take type, the flat surface turn take type, the line friction type, wave-like in shape the belt conveyer type blocking a side transport machine etc. and carry on a thin method for turning and canning exist various classifications and make following introduction now: Press the use classification, there is in general use ambulation type, under the well choice type, the strip mine is used a fixed type, special kind structure type, can move a place type and transport machine, load machine appropriation redistribution function type, the big Qing Cape type transports machine etc., generally speaking transport machine inside the short distance factory can complete level, up the luck or bottom carries, canning go against the wood grain type leather belt machine can be used for double to transport a material, hang arm machine usually install anticipate on board in the heap, and can turn round, line up the function of soil or cloth by realization, but Gao Jia Ji propped up by in the door usually match with other spread and anticipate and handle an equipments common use, for example give or get an electric shock and constuct a medium application in water, can install standard in the center frame, the machine's mounting places on the track Zhen, easy to move and place;Press the category of transporting the material to categorize, have the generally lax material is used of, the strong and tough material is used of and list piece the leather belt used in material transport machine etc. and press the rubber conveyance takes a loading segment of position to categorize, include a leather belt loading segment at top of and loading segment at underneath of and at the same time loading segment at upunderneath of double to transport machine three, the use double can distinguish to transporting machine at up branch and bottom branch transport a material, but for keeping material contact noodles don't produce a change and need to bring in to go to the rubber to be periodically inside out.3.CategorizeTransporting machine generally and pressing already didn't lead piece to carry on a classification and had to lead a transporting of piece machine to generally include to lead a piece, loading to reach a piece, drive device, bring to the stretch device and change to accept an etc. to the device and.Lead a piece to in order to deliver to lead dint, can adopt belt conveyer and lead chain or steel wire rope;The loading reaches a piece to in order to accept to put a material and has already anticipated Dou and bracket or mourns to have...etc.;Drive device to transport machine with the power, generally from electric motor, decelerate a machine and make machine(stop a machine) etc. to constitute;Bring to the stretch to equip to generally have the Luo pole the type and heavy hammer type 2 kind, can make to lead a piece to keep certain tension and hang a degree, transport machine by assurance normal operation;Pay to accept a piece to in order to accept to give to lead piece or loading to reach a piece, can adopt to give Gun and roll an etc..Having the structure characteristics that lead the transporting of piece machine is:Be delivered a material and pack reaching with the loading leading a link together inside the piece, or directly pack in leading a piece(is like belt conveyer), led a piece to once round each roller or the chain round beginning and end and connect with each other, formation include and deliver a having of material carry branch and don't deliver a material of have never carried shutting of branch and match wreath road, make use of lead continuous sport of piece and transport a material.This type ofly transporting model is numerous, there is mainly a take type transporting a machine, plank type andtransporting a machine, small car type and transporting machine, escalator, automatic sidewalk, paring off plank and transporting machine, covering up and paring off plank and transporting a machine, Dou type and transporting a machine, Dou type and promoting machine and hanging and transporting machine and build on stilts a cableway...etc..The structure that didn't lead transporting of piece machine constitutes each not same, use to the work of transporting the material to reach a piece as well not same.Their structure characteristicses are:Make use of a work to reach a revolving of piece to exercise or the back and forth exercise, or make use of lie quality to make the material transport forward in the fluxion in the piping.For example, the Gun son transports the work of machine to reach the piece as a series of Gun son, the Gun son makes to revolve sport to transport a material;Is spiral to transport the work of machine to reach a piece for spiral, helix at anticipate and make to revolve sport in the slot with follow anticipate slot to push to send a material;The vibration transports the work of machine to reach piece in order to anticipate slot, anticipate slot to make back and forth sport with transport Be placed to among them of material etc..Install(1)The fixed type transports machine should by rule gearing method gearing at fix of foundation up.The ambulation type transports machine formally before circulating and should live wheel with the wedge Xie or uses to make a machine to stop.So as not to take place to take a stroll in the work, there is the passage that many sets , between machine and machine, there shoulded be one meter between wall and machine while transporting a parallel homework of machine.(2)The beard checks an each operation part, tape to take to button up to equip with loading before using whether normal, whether protection equipments is well-found.Thetape rises a tight degree beard before starting the adjustment is to suitable extent.(3)Leather belt's transporting machine should get empty to carry a start.Waiting to revolve normal rear can go into to anticipate.Drive after forbiding to go into first to anticipate.(4)There are few set that when transport machine to establish to circulate should from unload to anticipate to carry a beginning, the sequence starts.After revolving as usual all, the square can go into to anticipate.(5)Appear in the movement when the tape runs to be partial to a phenomenon should park the car adjustment, can not force an use, so as not to wear away edge and increment burden.(6)Work environment and be sent material temperature not to must be higher than50 ℃ and be lower than-10 ℃ .Can not transport the material of having sour alkaline oil and organic melting agent composition.(7)Forbid pedestrian or multiply by a person on the belt conveyer.(8)Have to stop going into first to anticipate before parking the car, wait leather belt up save to anticipate to unload to the utmost a square can park the car.(9)Transporting the machine electric motor has to insulate good.The ambulation type transports machine electric cable to pull and drag along indiscriminately.The dynamoelectric confidential credibility connects ground.(10)The leather belt beats slippery strictly forbid to by hand pull leather belt, so as not to take place trouble.5.Adjust to try(1) Each equipments with meticulous care adjusts to try to transport machine after installing and satisfies a drawing request.(2) Each deceleration machine exercises parts to add to note to correspond lubricant.(3) The gearing after transporting machine to attain to request each single set equipments carries on beginning to work to make run-in, and knot to put together to adjust to try to transport machine to satisfy an operative request.(4) Adjust to try the electricity part of transporting the machine.Include to connect adjusting of line and action to try to the normal regulations electricity, make the equipments have good function, attain the function and status of design.6.Transport machine to block knothole 2 kinds of boring crafts(1)Blow up boring:The material after the irradiation of continuous laser and centrally forms one cave pit, then from and laser beam the coaxial oxygen flow to clean meltdown material and form one bore very quickly.The size of general bore is as thick relevant as plank, blow up to bore hole the average diameter as thick plank half, therefore blow up to bore hole bore path bigger to thicker plank, and not circle, should not in requesting higher spare parts use(if the petroleum Shai sews a tube), can be used for a waste up.In addition because of bore hole use of oxygen pressure with incise homology, splash a little bit greatly.(2)Pulse boring:The pulse laser that adopts high peak value power makes a little amount material melt or vaporizes, in common use air or nitrogen spirit are to lend support to air and oxidize to make bore expand because of putting heat by decrease, the air pressure more incises of the oxygen pressure is small.The particle jet with small creation of each pulse laser gradually goes deep into, therefore slab boring time takes several seconds.Once bore hole completion, immediately change assistance air into oxygen to carry on incising.Boring hole diameter like this is smaller, its boring quality is better than to blow up boring.Not only should have higher exportation power for the laser machine used by this;The time and space characteristic that more important time ties, therefore the general crosscurrent carbon dioxide laser machine can not adapt to therequest that the laser incises.In addition the pulse bores hole to also have the more dependable spirit road the control system to carry out cutting over of air category, air pressure and bore hole a horary control.译文：输送机按运作方式可以分为：1：皮带式输送机2：螺旋输送机3：斗式提升机4：滚筒输送机5：计量输送机6：板链输送机7：网带输送机8：链条输送机。

皮带机输送机中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译中文:带式输送机及其牵引系统在运送大量的物料时，带式输送机在长距离的运输中起到了非常重要的竞争作用。

输送系统将会变得更大、更复杂，而驱动系统也己经历了一个演变过程，并将继续这样下去。

如今，较大的输送带和多驱动系统需耍更大的功率，比如3驱动系统需耍给输送带750KW(成庄煤矿输送机驱动系统的要求)。

控制驱动力和加速度扭矩是输送机的关键。

一个高效的驱动系统应该能顺利的运行，同时保持输送带张紧力在指定的安全极限负荷内。

为了负载分配在多个驱动上，扭矩和速度控制在驱动系统的设计中也是很重要的因素。

由于输送机驱动系统控制技术的进步，目前更多可靠的低成本和高效驱动的驱动系统可供顾客选择[1]1带式输送机驱动1. 1带式输送机驱动方式全电压启动在全电压启动设计中，带式输送机驱动轴通过齿轮传动直接连接到电机。

直接全压驱动没有为变化的传送负载提供任何控制，根据满载和空载功率需求的比率，空载启动时比满载可能快3-4倍。

此种方式的优点是:免维护，启动系统简单，低成本，可靠性高。

但是，不能控制启动扭矩和最大停止扭矩。

因此，这种方式只用于低功率，结构简单的传送驱动中。

降压启动随着传送驱动功率的增加，在加速期间控制使用的电机扭矩变得越来越重要。

由于电机扭矩是电压的函数，电机电压必须得到控制，一般用可控硅整流器(SCR}构成的降压启动装置，先施加低电压拉紧输送带，然后线性的增加供电电压直到全电压和最大带速。

但是，这种启动方式不会产生稳定的加速度，当加速完成时，控制电机电压的SCR 锁定在全导通，为电机提供全压。

此种控制方式功率可达到750kW。

绕线转子感应电机绕线转子感应电机直接连接到驱动系统减速机上，通过在电机转子绕组中串联电阻控制电机转矩。

在传送装置启动时，把电阻串联进转子产生较低的转矩，当传送带加速时，电阻逐渐减少保持稳定增加转矩。

在多驱动系统中，一个外加的滑差电阻可能将总是串联在转子绕组回路中以帮助均分负载。

外文文献Belt COnVeyOr is a machinery for COnVeying goods WithOUt end COnVeyer belt moving COntinUOUSly ・ It has SimPIe StI e UCtUre , IOW COSt , IOng transportation distance and high PrOdUCtiVity ・With the development Of modern industrial SCienCe and technology , belt COnVeyOr has become more and more important in industrial PrOdUCtiOn ・ With the development Of belt joint technology, belt COnVeyOr has developed to a high level. In the 17th century, the PrOtOtyPe Of modern bucket hoists and SCraPer COnVeyOrS began to USe aerial ropeway to transport IOOSe materials. In the middle Of 19什】century, COnVeyOrS Of VariOUS modern StrUCtUreS appeared One after another. In 1868, Belt COnVeyOr appeared in England, SCreW COnVeyOr in AmeriCa in 1887, Steel belt COnVeyOr in SWitZerland in 1905, inertial COnVeyOr in EngIand and Germany in 1906・ After that, the COnVeyOr receives The impact Of tec hnological PrOgreSS in the mechanical manufacturing, electrical machineιy, ChemiCal and metallurgical industries has been COntinUOUSly improved, gradually from the COnIPletiOn Of the internal transportation Of the WOrkShOP to the COmPIetiOn Of material handling Within the enterprise, between enterprises and even between cities, BeCOme an indispensable Part Of material handling SyStem mechanization and automation ・1.Belt COnVeyOr having a CirCUIating COnVeying belt, COmPrising: Carrying rollers ar ranged between a top Strand and a bottom Strand Of the CirCUlating COnVeying belt; UP Per and IOWer guide rollers acting On UPPer and IOWer beads On the CirCUlating COnVey ing belt and forcing the CirCUlating COnVeying belt radially outward, the UPPer and IOW er beads being formed OPPOSite to each Other On the CirCUlating COnVeying belt; at IeaS t One toothed ring interacting With at IeaSt One toothed belt arranged On the CirCUlating COnVeying belt, Whereby the UPPer bead is neighbored to the toothed belt; and a drive device for moving the CirCUlating COnVeying belt.2.BeIt COnVeyOr according to Claim 1, Wherein the toothed belt is arranged On the U nderside Of the CirCUlating COnVeying belt, in the running CiireCtiOn Of the CirCUIating C OnVeying belt ・3.Belt COnVeyOr according to CIainl 2, Wherein the toothed ring is arranged at the e nd Of the Carrying rollers, and Wherein PrOjeCting from the end Of a first Carrying ro∏e r is a journal for the COnneCtiOn Of the drive device・4.Belt COnVeyOr according to Claim 3, Wherein the toothed belt extends in the regio n Of the Side border Of the CirCUlating COnVeying belt・5.BeIt COnVeyOr according to Claim 1, Wherein the toothed belt and the toothed rin g have InUltiSPIining・6.Belt COnVeyOr according to CIaim 1, Wherein KeVIar filaments are incorporated i n the toothed belt・7.BeIt COnVeyOr according to CIaim 1, Wherein the toothed belt is attached On the C irculating COnVeying belt Via One Of welding, vulcanizing, and adhesively bonding the reto.8.BeIt COnVeyOr having a CirCUIating COnVeying belt, comprising: Carrying rollers a rranged between a top Strand and a bottom Strand Of the CirCUlating COnVeying belt; an d a drive device and a force-transmission device for moving the COnVeying belt, Where in a Pair Of elements WhiCh interact WitIl One another With a form fit is PrOVided for fo rce-transmission purposes, One Of Said elements being assigned to die force-transmissi On device and the Other Of Said elements being assigned to the COnVeying belt, Wherei n the force-transmission CieViCe COnIPriSeS at IeaSt One toothed ring, and Wherein the Ci rculating COnVeying belt has at IeaSt One toothed belt, the toothed ring and toothed belt interacting With a form fit, Wherein the toothed belt is a COnStitUent Part Of a toothed- belt COmPOnent WhiCh is Of essentially U-ShaPed design in the transverse direction Of t he toothed belt and engages around the side-border region Of the COnVeying belt・9.Belt COnVeyOr according to CIaim & Wherein the toothed ring is assigned at IeaSt t o a first belt-conveyor Carrying roller, WhiCh is OPeratiVeIy COnneCted to the drive devi10.BeIt COnVeyOr according to CIaim 8, further COmPriSing a COUnterPreSSUre devic e, WhiCh acts On that region Of the toothed-belt COmPOnent WhiCh extends On the top Si de Of the CirCUIating COnVeying belt・11.BeIt COnVeyOr according to Claim 8, Wherein the free ends Of the essentially U・ ShaPed toothed-belt COmPOnent are designed as a bead・12.BeIt COnVeyOr according to Claim & further COmPriSing guide rollers, WhiCh act On One Of the toothed belt and the toothed-belt COmPOnent.13.Belt COnVeyOr having a CirCUlating COnVeying belt, comprising: Carrying rollers arranged between a top Strand and a bottom Strand Of the CirCulating COnVeying belt; U PPer and IOWer guide rollers acting On UPPer and IOWer beads On the CirCUIating COnVe ying belt and forcing the CirCUIating COnVeying belt radially outward, the UPPer and Io Wer beads being formed OPPOSite to each Other On the CirCUlating COnVeying belt; at Ie ast One toothed ring interacting With at IeaStOne toothed belt formed On the CirCUlating COnVeying belt, Whereby the UPPer bead is neighbored to the toothed belt; and a drive device for moving the CirCUlating COnVeying belt, Wherein a Pair Of Said guide rollers are arranged On angled retaining arms SUCh that the guide rollers act On One Of the toot hed belt and the UPPer and IOWer beads, by Way Of inclined running SUrfaCeS・14.BeIt COnVeyOr according to CIaim 12, Wherein in each CaSe One Pair Of guide rol IerS On the top Strand and On the bottom Strand Of the CirCUlating COnVeying belt act On One Of the toothed belt and the toothed-belt COmPOnent, extending OVer the entire bor der region Of the CirCUIating COnVeying belt.15.Belt COnVeyOr according to CIaim 1, Wherein the Carrying rollers are Of COniCal COnfigUratiOn and form a belt curve, and Wherein the toothed ring UndergOeS a form-fi tting COnneCtiOn in relation to the CirCUlating COnVeying belt at the Iarger-diameter end Of the respective Carrying roller On the OUter radius Of the belt CUrVe.16.The belt driving device Of CIaim 1, Wherein One Of Said toothed ring and Said to Othed belt is releasably fixed to the Carrying rollers.Belt COnVeyOr according to ClaiIn 16, Wherein One Of Said toothed ring and Said toot hed belt is releasably fixed to the force-transmission device by One of.The PreSent invention relates to a belt COnVeyOr having a CirCUIating COnVeying belt ,having Carrying rollers, WhiCh are arranged between the top Strand and the bottom Str and Of the COnVeying belt, and having a drive device and a force-transmission device f Or moving the COnVeying belt・BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIt is known from PraCtiCe for force to be transmitted from the drive device to the CO nveying belt Of a belt COnVeyOr Via friction fitting・ The friction between a driven Carry ing roller and the COnVeying belt, for example, may even be SUffiCient for this PUrPOSe ・ The rest Of the Carrying rollers are mounted in a movable manner and rotate along・DE 42 44 170 C2DiSClOSeS a belt COnVeyOr having an endless COnVeying belt, the Iatter being driven by means Of a force-transmission device WhiCh is PreSent in the form Of a friction Whe el. A drive Shaft extends beneath the bottom Strand Of the COnVeying belt. On the inner radius Of the belt curve, a motor is COnneCted as a drive device to the drive Shaft and, in the region Of the OUter radius, a friction Wheel is Seated On the drive Shaft and is in C OntaCt With the OUter SUrfaCeOf the COnVeying belt. In this case, the friction Wheel inte racts With a Carrying roller functioning as COUnterPreSSUre roller. The drive Shaft is mo Unted SUCh that it Can be InOVed at an angle both in the region Of the OUter radius and i n the region Of the inner radius Of the belt cuι*ve・Theangle mounting Of the drive Shaft allows adaptation Of the exent toWhiCh the friction movablewheel is PreSSed against the COnVeying belt in PrOPOrtiOn t o the actual IOad・ In this way, the Wear is reduced if, in Part-IOad OPeration, the COnVe ying beltis OnIy SUbjeCted to the COntaCt-PreSSUre force WhiCh is necessary for this pur POSe ・AlthOUgh the belt COnVeyOr known from DE 42 44 170 C2 reduces the Wear Of the C OnVeying belt, it CannOt rule it OUt altogether・ The task Of COnVeying foodstuffs Or Othe r goods WhiCh are to be kept CIean involves, in addition to the mechanical damage to t he COnVeying belt, the aspect Of hygiene and Of keeping goods CIean・ The abraded SUrf ace PartiCIeS Of the COnVeying belt COUId have a COnSiderabIe adverse effect On the qua Iity Of the goods WhiCh are to be COnVeyed・ MOreOVer,什w known belt COnVeyOr requir es an extremely high IeVel Of StrUCtUral OUtIay as far as the movable mounting Of the S eparate drive Shaft is COnCerned・Taking as departure POint the belt COnVeyOr known from DE 42 44 170 C2, the Obje Ct Of the invention is to SPeCify a belt COnVeyOr Of the type in question WhiCh Iargely r UleS OUt any adverse effect to the SUrfaCe Of the COCOnVeying belt Of the belt COnVeyOr by the force-transmission device・ ACCOrCling to a PartiCUIarIy Preferred COnfigUration, the belt COnVeyOr is intended to require just a IOvV IeVel Of stιβuctural OUtIay.The above ObjeCt is achieved by the features Of Patent CIaim 1. ACCOrding to the Iatt er, a belt COnVeyOr Of the type in question is COnfigUred SUCh that a Pair Of elements W hich interact With One another With a form fit is PrOVided for force-transmission PUrPO ses, and that One element is assigned to the force-transmission device and the Other ele ment is assigned to the COnVeying belt. ACCOrding to the invention, it has been found t hat the SUrfaCe Of the COnVeying belt is not adversely affected as a result Of the action Of the force-transmission device if a SeParate Pair Of elements is PrOVided in Order to r ealize force transmission. It has also been found that the USe Of a Pair Of nιoveιnent-co nverting elements WhiCh are known Per Se and interact With One another With a form fi t IargeIy eliminates the CliSadVantageS WhiCh are known in the CaSe Of friction-fitting movement COnVerSion, in PartiCUIar Wear and abrasion.ACCOrding to a Preferred exemplary embodiment Of the belt COnVeyOr according to t he invention, the Pair Of elements COUld be PreSent as toothed ring and toothed belt, th e tooth flanks Of the toothed ring and Of the toothed belt interacting With One another. It WOUId be POSSible for the toothed ring to be assigned to the force-transmission devic e and for the toothed belt to be assigned to the COnVeying belt.AS far as a PartiCUIarly IOW IeVel Of StnJCtUral OUtIay is concerned, a Preferred COnfi guration Of the abovementioned exemplary embodiment PrOVideS that the toothed ring is assigned to a Carrying roller, and the Iatter thus SimUltaneOUSIy assumes the role Of the force-transmission device・ Via a journal PrOjeCting from the Carrying roller, the dri Ve takes PlaCe by means Of a motor. The toothed ring COUId be PIUgged OntO the Carryi ng roller and fixed releasably—for example Via a ShaftzhUbCOnneCtiOn Or a feather key —to the Same・In the CaSe Of a PkIgged-On toothed ring, it isadvantageous that it is POSSible to USe Carrying rollers WhiCh are already present. It is PartiCUIarIy advantageous for each Carr ying roller to be assigned at IeaSt One toothed ring. OVer the entire ιβunning Path Of the COnVeying belt, it WOUId then be the CaSe that the toothed belt and the toothed rings int erengage and move the COnVeying belt in a CIimenSiOnany StabIe manner・ COrreSPOndi ng to the toothed ring Or rings WhiCh is/are arranged between the top and bottom Stran ds and belongs/belong to the Preferred COnfigUratiOn mentioned above, the toothed bel t is arranged On the UnderSide Of the COnVeying belt, and extends in the running CiireCti On Of the Same・ Arranging the toothed belt On the UnderSide Of the COnVeying belt OnC e again ensures that the top Side Of the COnVeying belt, WhiCh is Charged if appropriate With goods WhiCh are to be kept clean, is not SUbjeCt to any force transmission, media nical damage Or PrOdUCtiOn Of abrasion PartiCleS Or Other COntanIinantS・An expedient development Of the Preferred COnfigUratiOn Of the belt COnVeyOr acco rding to the invention makes PrOViSiOn for the toothed ring to be arranged at the end o f the Carrying roller. AS a result, On the One hand, Straightfoi e Ward maintenance Of the f orce-transmission device is Inade POSSibIe and, On the Other hand, this arrangement is also more cost-effective than a, for example, Central arrangement. DireCt force transmi SSiOn OVer a ShOrt distance is achieved by a journal for the COnneCtiOn Of the drive dev ice PrOjeCting from that end Of the Carrying roller WhiCh is PrOVided With the toothed r ing.It is PartiCUlarIy advantageous if the toothed belt extends in the region Of the Side bOrder Of the COnVeying belt. AS a result, On the One hand, StraightfOrWard PrOdUCtiOn o f the COnVeying belt With the toothed belt is made POSSible by the direct relationship to the border region and, On the Other hand, a role is also Played here by the accessibilit y to the Pair Of elements for maintenance PUrPOSeS and, Of course, by the COOrdinatiOn between the toothed belt and the arrangement Of the toothed ring.In addition to toothed belts and toothed rings With normal toothing, it WOUld also b e POSSible to realize Inultisplining. ThiS further reduces UndeSired Sliding and thus We ar, heating and noise development. In Order to absorb high tensile forces, it WOUId be POSSible for KeVlar filaments to be incorporated in the toothed belt, WhiCh USUalIy COn SiStS Of PlaStiC. It WOUId be POSSible for the COnVeying belt to be PrOdUCed With the too thed belt by welding, VUICaniZing Or adhesive bonding・ ACCOrding to a PartiCUIarIy Pre ferred COnfigUration, it WOUId be POSSibIe for the toothed belt to be a COnStitUent Part o f a toothed- belt COmPOnent WhiCh is Of essentially U-ShaPed design in the transverse direction Of the toothed belt・The U-ShaPe InakeS it POSSibIe for the toothed- belt COnIPOnent SilnPly to be Pklgge d OntO the border Of the COnVeying belt Until the border region has COme into COntaCt With the base Part between the U-Iegs. The inner SUrfaCe Of the toothed- belt COmPOne nt Inay have been PrOVided With adhesive beforehand・ AS a result Of its ShaPing and Of being PrOdUCed in this way，the toothed- belt COmPOnent engages around the side-bor der region Of the COnVeying belt・While the toothed belt Of the COnVeying belt is SUbjeCted to COmPreSSiVe force by th e toothed ring, and this Iargely rules OUt detachment Of the toothed- belt COmPOnent o n the UnderSide Of the COnVeying belt, a COUnterPreSSUre device COUld be PrOVided in o rder to SeCUre that region Of the toothed- belt COmPOnent WhiCh extends On the top Sid e Of the COnVeying belt. In design terms, the Ieg Of the COUnterPreSSUre device COUId b e PreSent in the form Of an arm WhiCh acts On the U-toothed- belt COInPOnent On the to P Side and thus COnStantIy PreSSeS the Same OntO the top Side Of the COnVeying belt.AS far as reliable guidance is concerned, it WOUId be POSSible for the toothed belt Or the toothed- belt COInPOnent COntaining the toothed belt to form a bead・ A bead ridge is thus PrOdUCed OVer the Iength Of the COnVeying belt. In the CaSe Of a U-ShaPed tooth ed- belt COmPOnent, the bead ridge extends in each CaSe at the free ends Of the U-Iegs, at a distance from the border Ofthe COnVeying belt, the distance depending essentially On the Width Of the toothed belt. AS an alternative to a bead ridge, it WOUId be POSSibIe for the toothed- belt COmPOnent Or for the StraightfOrWard toothed belt also to have at IeaSt One beveled free end・ The guidance measure taken On the toothed belt Or On the S PeCifiC toothed- belt COmPOnent is PrOVided in Order that a guide roller Or a Pair Of gui de rollers acts On the beveled SUrfaCe Or On the bead Or bead ridge ・ The guidance meas Ure explained above COUld be taken equally Well in the CaSe OfbeIt CUrVeS and Straight belt IineS and Of belt S・ShaPeS bridging Clifferent heights・In the CaSe Of belt curves, the force acting On the COnVeying belt is directed toward the inner radius Of the belt curve, With the result that the guide rollers, in an advantage OUS manner WhiCh is known Per se, COUIei have inclined running SUrfaCeS・ COrreSPOndi ngly angled retaining arms as a COnStitUent Part Of retaining StrUCtUreS for the guide ro IIerS COUld be arranged in each CaSe in the region Of a Carrying roller. The guide roller S COUld be arrangedin PairS On the top Strand and On the bottom Strand Of the COnVeyi ng belt.It ShOUld be emphasized at this POint that, With the abovementioned COnfigUratiOn o f thebelt COnVeyOr according to the invention having the bead Or beveled free ends, t WO functionsare COmbined in the Pair Of form-fitting elements. NOt OnIy the force tra nsmission, but alsothe guidance Of the COnVeying belt, takes PIaCe. The dimensional S tability Of the COnVeyingbelt isadvantageously increased by the Pair Of form-fitting el ements With the SPeCifiC COnfigUratiOn Of the toothed belt Or Of the toothed- belt COmP Onent for action Of the guide rollers thereon.In the CaSe Of the already Cited design Of the belt COnVeyOr in the form Of a belt CUrV e,the Carrying rollers are Of COniCal design and the toothed ring is arranged at the Iarg er-diameter end Of the respective Carrying roller, that is to Say On the OUter radius Of th e belt CUrVe・ The CiriVe device is PreSent as a motor and is assigned to the first Carrying roller Of the belt CUrVe. The form-fitting interengagement Of the toothed Wheel and to Otheel belt takes PIaCe in the region Of each Carrying roller, the form fit, in relation to t he first, motor-driven Carrying roller, SerVing for force-transmission PUrPOSeS and, in r elation to the rest Of the rollers, SerVing for guiding the COnVeying belt.The PreViOUSIy explained PrinCiPle Of force transmission Via a Pair Of elements W hich interact With One ano什Ier With a form fit COUld also be USed in the CaSe Of a Strai2 ht beltIine Or in the CaSe Of a height-changing belt S-ShaPe・Here, the Carrying rollers are Of a CylindriCal design and the force transmission takes PlaCe—as With the belt cur Ve—at a first Carrying roller, While the followingcarrying rollers, IikeWiSe equipped W ith the Pair Of form-fitting elements, SerVe for guiding the COnVeying belt. In COntraSt t 0 the belt curve, however, it WOUld be possible, in the CaSe Of the Straight belt Iine Or i n the CaSe Of the belt S-ShaPe, for the Pair Of elements to be arranged at the two free e nds Of the respective Carrying roller and On the two border regions Of the COnVeying b elt. It WOUld thus be POSSible SPeCifiCany for the two border regions Of the COnVeying belt to have a toothed belt Or a toothed- belt COInPOnent WhiCh interacts With the tooth ed rings at the two free ends Ofeac Carrying roller. FUrthermore, it WOUld also be possible, With these types Of COn StrUCtiOn Of the belt COnVeyOr according to the invention, to PrOVide guide rollers・ A further advantage Of the Preferred embodiment Of the belt COnVeyOr according to th e invention, the toothed ring and toothed belt interacting, COnSiStS in the improved CaP acity for COntrOning the belt SPeed in accordance With the CUrrent loading. It WOUId be POSSibIe to PrOVide a COntrOl device WhiCh SenSeS a Change in the SPeed by COrreSPOn ding measuring SenSOrS and adjusts the POWer Of the drive device in Iine With the Safet y regulations・In COmPariSOn With the force transmission realized by friction fitting, the belt COn VeyOr according to the invention not Only has the advantage Of better CaPaCity for COnt rol, but also has the advantage that the COnVeying belt has a high IeVel Of dimensional Stability as a result Of the guidance by means Of the Pair Of form-fitting elements and b y means Of the PairS Ofguide rollers and Can be SUbjeCted to higher torques・ OVeralL it is POSSibIe to achieve an increased IeVel Of CIriVe POWer during Start-UP .In the CaSe Of the belt COnVeyOr according to the invention being designed in the form Of a belt CUrV e With an inner radius Of 400 mm, the Carrying rollers rotate at 230 rpm at a maximum SPeed Of 1.5 n√sec ・There are VariOUS POSSibiIitieS then, Of advantageously COnfigUring and developin g the teaching Of the PreSent invention・ FOr this purpose, reference is made, On the One hand, to the CIaimS SUbOrdinate to Patent CIainl 1 and, On the Other hand, to the follow ing explanation Ofan exemplary embodiment Of the invention With reference to the dr awing. In COnjIInCtiOn Withthe explanation Of the Cited exemplary embodiment Of the invention, generally Preferred COnfigUratiOnS and developments Of the teaching are also explained・中文译文带式输送机是连续运动的无端输送带输送货物的机械。

外文翻译英文原文Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving systemAmong the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors playa very important part in the reliable carrying of material over longdistances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design.Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1].1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies1．1 Direct drivesFull-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they arelimited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drives．Reduced-voltage starters．As conveyor power requirements increase，controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration period becomes increasingly important．Because motor torque 1s a function of voltage，motor voltage must be controlled．This can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employing a silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)．A common starting method with SCR reduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage initially to take up conveyor belt slack．and then to apply a timed linear ramp up to full voltage and belt speed．However, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor belt acceleration．When acceleration is complete．the SCRs, which control the applied voltage to the electric motor． are locked in full conduction, providing fu11-line voltage to the motor．Motors with higher torque and pull—up torque，can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are available in sizes up to 750 KW．Wound rotor induction motors．Wound rotor induction motors are connected directly to the drive system reducer and are a modified configuration of a standard AC induction motor．By inserting resistance in series with the motor’s rotor windings．the modified motor control system controls motor torque．For conveyor starting，resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torque．As the conveyor accelerates，the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constant acceleration torque．On multiple-drive systems．an external slip resistor may be left in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharing．The motor systems have a relatively simple design．However, the control systems for these can be highly complex，because they are based on computer control of the resistance switching．Today，the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet a conveyor system’s particular specifications．Wound rotor motors are appropriate for systems requiring more than 400 kW ．DC motor．DC motors．available from a fraction of thousands of kW ，are designed to deliver constant torque below base speed and constant kW above base speed to the maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)．with the majority of conveyor drives, a DC shunt wound motor is used．Wherein the motor’s rotating armatureis connected externally．The most common technology for controlling DC drives is a SCR device． which allows for continual variable-speed operation．The DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronics to monitor and control the complete system．This system option is expensive in comparison to other soft-start systems．but it is a reliable, cost-effective drive in applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primary considerations．DC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors，including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive systems，booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a wide variable-speed range．1．2 Hydrokinetic couplingHydrokinetic couplings，commonly referred to as fluid couplings．are composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump；the driving hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses the two power components．Hydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to the driving runner, producing torque at the driven shaft．Because circulating hydraulic fluid produces the torque and speed，no mechanical connection is required between the driving and driven shafts．The power produced by this coupling is based on the circulated fluid’s amount and density and the torque in proportion to input speed．Because the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugal forces．the output speed is less than the input speed．Referred to as slip．this normally is between l% and 3%．Basic hydrokinetic couplings are available in configurations from fractional to several thousand kW ．Fixed-fill fluid couplings．Fixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonly used soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limited convex/concave sections．They arerelatively simple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance free devices that provide excellent soft starting results to the majority of belt conveyors in use today．Variable-fill drain couplings．Drainable-fluid couplings work on the same principle as fixed-fill couplings．The coupling’s impellers are mounted on the AC motor and the runners on the driven reducer high-speed shaft．Housing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuit．The coupling’s rotating casingcontains bleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit into a separate hydraulic reservoir．Oil from the reservoir is pumped through a heat exchanger to a solenoid-operated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of the fluid coupling．To control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system，the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid control valve．Variable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systems and are available in sizes up to thousands of kW ．The drives can be mechanically complex and depending on the control parameters．the system can be electronically intricate．The drive system cost is medium to high, depending upon size specified．Hydrokinetic scoop control drive．The scoop control fluid coupling consists of the three standard fluid coupling components：a driven impeller, a driving runner and a casing that encloses the working circuit．The casing is fitted with fixed orifices that bleed a predetermined amount of fluid into a reservoir．When the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, the coupling is l00 percent filled．The scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling，is positioned using an electric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fully engaged position．This control provides reasonably smooth acceleration rates．to but the computer-based control system is very complex．Scoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750 kW.1．3 Variable-frequency control(VFC)Variable frequency control is also one of the direct drive methods．The emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so unique characteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods for belt conveyor． VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltage to the induction motor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and acceleration rate for belt conveyor drives．VFC drives．available from fractional to several thousand(kW ), are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and，through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1．VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torque control(DTC)technology，and can adopt different operatingspeeds according to different loads．VFC drives can make starting or stalling according to any given S-curves．realizing the automatic track for starting or stalling curves．VFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for starting conveyor belts．and can also be designed to provide load sharing for multiple drives．easily VFC controllers are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyor drives，but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the past．the structure of VFC controllers becomes very complicated due to the limitation of voltage rating of power semiconductor devices，the combination of medium-high voltage drives and variable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters using step-up transformer at the output，or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected in series．Three-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently showing increasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications because of easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic quality at the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connection of devices．This kind of VFC system with three 750 kW /2．3kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 2．7-km long belt conveyor driving system in following the principle of three-level inverter will be discussed in detail．2 Neutral point clamped(NPC)three-level inverter using IGBTsThree-level voltage-fed inverters have recently become more and more popular for higher power drive applications because of their easy voltage sharing features．1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices，and superior harmonic quality at the output．The availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of a new range of medium-high voltage inverter using three-level NPC topology．This kind of inverter can realize a whole range with a voltage rating from 2．3 kV to 4．1 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 3．3 kV and 4．1 6 kV devices．The 2．3 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch[2,3].2．1 Power sectionTo meet the demands for medium voltage applications．a three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the power section．In comparison to a two-level inverter．the NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can besupplied to the output terminals，so for the same output current quality，only 1/4 of the switching frequency is necessary．Moreover the voltage ratings of the switches in NPC inverter topology will be reduced to 1/2．and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to that of a two-level inverter．The switching states of a three-level inverter are summarized in Table 1．U．V and W denote each of the three phases respectively；P N and O are the dc bus points．The phase U，for example，is in state P(positive bus voltage)when theswitches S1u and S2uare closed，whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage)when the switches S3u and S4uare closed．At neutral point clamping，the phase isin O state when either S2u or S3uconducts depending on positive or negative phasecurrent polarity，respectively．For neutral point voltage balancing，the average current injected at O should be zero．2．2 Line side converterFor standard applications．a l2-pulse diode rectifier feeds the divided DC-link capacitor．This topology introduces low harmonics on the line side．For even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converter．For more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an active front．end converter can replace the diode rectifier, using the same structure as the inverter．2．3 Inverter controlMotor Contro1．Motor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotor flux．oriented vector controller．Fig．2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive that incorporates both constant torque and high speed field-weakening regions where the PW M modulator was used．In this figure，the command flux is generated as function of speed．The feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip command signal . the resulting frequency signal is integrated and then the unit vectorsignals(cos and sin )are generated．The vector rotator generates the voltage and angle commands for the PW M as shown．PWM Modulator．The demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate PWM modulator．The modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation to the three-level inverter．The operation can be explained by starting from a regularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverter．Instead of using one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switching frequency， the three-level modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms Uandr1and just one triangle．Thus, each switching transition is used in an optimal Ur2way so that several objectives are reached at the same time．Very low harmonics are generated．The switching frequency is low and thus switching losses are minimized．As in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequence component can be added to each set of reference waveform s in order to maximize the fundamental voltage component．As an additional degree of freedom，the position of the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changed．This can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-1ink．3 Testing resultsAfter Successful installation of three 750 kW /2．3 kV three-level inverters for one 2．7 km long belt conveyor driving system in Chengzhuang Mine．The performance of the whole VFC system was tested．Fig．3 is taken from the test，which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system with VFC controller．Fig．3 includes four curves．The curve 1 shows the belt tension．From the curve it can be find that the fluctuation range of the belt tension is very smal1．Curve 2 and curve 3 indicate current and torque separately．Curve 4 shows the velocity of the controlled belt．The belt velocity have the“s”shape characteristic．A1l the results of the test show a very satisfied characteristic for belt driving system．4 ConclusionsAdvances in conveyor drive control technology in recent years have resulted in many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive system choices for users．Among these choices，the Variable frequency control (VFC) method shows promising use in the future for long distance belt conveyor drives due toits excellent performances．The NPC three-level inverter using high voltage IGBTs make the Variable frequency control in medium voltage applications become much more simple because the inverter itself can provide the medium voltage needed at the motor terminals，thus eliminating the step-up transformer in most applications in the past．The testing results taken from the VFC control system with NPC three．1evel inverters used in a 2．7 km long belt conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine indicates that the performance of NPC three-level inverter using HV-IGBTs together with the control strategy of rotor field-oriented vector control for induction motor drive is excellent for belt conveyor driving system．中文译文：带式输送机及其牵引系统在运送大量的物料时，带式输送机在长距离的运输中起到了非常重要的竞争作用。

高速带式输送机的设计_外文翻译（可编辑）附件Aesign of High Speed Belt ConveyorsG. Lodewijks, The Netherlands.SUMMARYThis paper discusses aspects of high-speed belt conveyor design. The capacity of a belt conveyor is determined by the belt speed given a belt width and troughing angle. Belt speed selection however is limited by practical considerations, which are discussed in this paper. The belt speed also affects the performance of the conveyor belt, as for exampleits energy consumption and the stability of it's running behavior. A method is discussed to evaluate the energy consumption of conveyor belts by using the loss factor of transport. With variation of the belt speed the safety factor requirements vary, which will affect the required belt strength. A new method to account for the effect of the belt speed onthe safety factor is presented. Finally, the impact of the belt speed on component selection and on the design of transfer stations is discussed.1 INTRODUCTIONPast research has shown the economical feasibility of using narrower, faster running conveyor belts versus wider, slower running belts forlong overland belt conveyor systems. See for example [I]-[5]. Today, conveyor belts running at speeds around 8 m/s are no exceptions. However,velocities over 10 m/s up to 20 m/s are technically dynamically feasible and may also be economically feasible. In this paper belt speeds between the 10 and 20 m/s are classified as high. Belt speeds below the 10 m/s are classified as low.Using high belt speeds should never be a goal in itself. If using high belt speeds is not economically beneficial or if a safe andreliable operation is not ensured at a high belt speed then a lower belt speed should be selected.Selection of the belt speed is part of the total design process. The optimum belt conveyor design is determined by static or steady state design methods. In these methods the belt is assumed to be a rigid, inelastic body. This enables quantification of the steady-state operation of the belt conveyor and determination of the size of conveyor components. The specification of the steady-state operation includes a quantification of the steady-state running belt tensions and power consumption for all material loading and relevant ambient conditions. It should be realized that finding the optimum design is not a one-time effort but an iterative process [6].Design fine-tuning, determination of the optimum starting and stopping procedures, including determination of the required control algorithms, and determination of the settings and sizes of conveyor components such as drives, brakes and flywheels, are determined by dynamicdesign methods. In these design methods, also referred to as dynamic analyses, the belt is assumed to be a three-dimensional visco- elastic body. A three dimensional wave theory should be used to study time dependent transmission of large local force and displacement disturbances along the belt [7]. In this theory the belt is divided into a series of finite elements. The finite elements incorporate visco- elastic springs and masses. The constitutive characteristics of thefinite elements must represent the rheological characteristics of the belt. Dynamic analysis produces the belt tension and power consumption during non-stationary operation, like starting and stopping, of the belt conveyor.This paper discusses the design of high belt-speed conveyors, in particular the impact of using high belt speeds on the performance of the conveyor belt in terms of energy consumption and safety factor requirements. Using high belt speeds also requires high reliability of conveyor components such as idlers to achieve an acceptable component life. Another important aspect of high-speed belt conveyor design is the design of efficient feeding and discharge arrangements. These aspects will be discussed briefly.2 BELTSPEED2.1 BELT SPEED SELECTIONThe lowest overall belt conveyor cost occur in the range of belt widthsof 0.6 to 1.0 m [2]. The required conveying capacity can be reached by selection of a belt width in this range and selecting whatever belt speed is required to achieve the required flow rate. Figure 1 shows an example of combinations of belt speed and belt width to achieve Specific conveyor capacities. In this example it is assumed that the bulk density is 850 kg/m3 coal and that the trough angle and the surcharge angle are 35' and 20' respectively.Figure 1: Belt width versus belt speed for different capacities.Belt speed selection is however limited by practical considerations.A first aspect is the troughability of the belt. In Figure 1 there is no relation with the required belt strength rating , which partly depends on the conveyor length and elevation. The combination of belt width and strength must be chosen such that good troughability of the belt is ensured. If the troughability is not sufficient then the belt will not track properly. This will result in unstable running behavior of the belt, in particular at high belt speeds, which is not acceptable. Normally, belt manufacturers expect a sufficiently straight run if approximately 40% of the belt width when running empty, makes contact with the carrying idlers. Approximately 10% should make tangential contact with the center idler roll.A second aspect is the speed of the air relative to the speed of the bulk solid material on the belt relative airspeed . If the relative airspeed exceeds certain limits then dust will develop. This is in particular a potential problem in mine shafts where a downward airflowis maintained for ventilation purposes. The limit in relative airspeed depends on ambient conditions and bulk material characteristics.A third aspect is the noise generated by the belt conveyor system. Noise levels generally increase with increasing belt speed. In residential areas noise levels are restricted to for example 65 dB. Although noise levels are greatly affected by the design of the conveyor support structure and conveyor covers, this may be a limiting factor in selecting the belt speed.2.2 BELT SPEED VARIATIONThe energy consumption of belt conveyor systems varies withvariation of the belt speed, as will be shown in Section 3. The belt velocity can be adjusted with bulk material flow supplied at the loading point to save energy. If the belt is operating at full tonnage then it should run at the high design belt speed. The belt speed can be adjusted decreased to the actual material volume flow supplied at the loading point. This will maintain a constant filling of the belt trough and a constant bulk material load on the belt. A constant filling of the belt trough yields an optimum loading-ratio, and lower energy consumption per unit of conveyed material may be expected. The reduction in energy consumption will be at least 10% for systems where the belt speed is varied comparedto systems where the belt speed is kept constant [8].Varying the belt speed with supplied bulk material flow has the following advantages:Less belt wear at the loading areasLower noise emissionImproved operating behavior as a result of better belt alignment and the avoidance of belt lifting in concave curve by reducing belt tensions Drawbacks include:Investment cost for controllability of the drive and brake systems Variation of discharge parabola with belt speed variationControl system required for controlling individual conveyors in a conveyor systemConstant high belt pre-tensionConstant high bulk material load on the idler rollsAn analysis should be made of the expected energy savings to determine whether it is worth the effort of installing a more expensive, more complex conveyor system.3 ENERGY CONSUMPTIONClients may request a specification of the energy consumption of a conveyor system, for example quantified in terms of imum kW-hr/ton/km,to transport the bulk solid material at the design specifications over the projected route. For long overland systems, the energy consumption is mainly determined by the work done to overcome the indentation rolling resistance [9]. This is the resistance that the belt experiences due to the visco-elastic time delayed response of the rubber belt cover to the indentation of the idler roll. For in-plant belt conveyors, work done to overcome side resistances that occur mainly in the loading areaalso affects the energy consumption. Side resistances include the resistance due to friction on the side walls of the chute and resistance that occurs due to acceleration of the material at the loading point.The required drive power of a belt conveyor is determined by the sum of the total frictional resistances and the total material lift. The frictional resistances include hysteresis losses, which can be considered as viscous velocity dependent friction components. It doesnot suffice to look just at the imum required drive power to evaluate whether or not the energy consumption of a conveyor system is reasonable. The best method to compare the energy consumption of different transport systems is to compare their transport efficiencies.3.1 TRANSPORT EFFICIENCYThere are a number of methods to compare transport efficiencies. The first and most widely applied method is to compare equivalent friction factors such as the DIN f factor. An advantage of using an equivalent friction factor is that it can also be determined for an empty belt. A drawback of using an equivalent friction factor is that it is not a'pure'efficiency number. It takes into account the mass of the belt, reduced mass of the rollers and the mass of the transported material. In a pure efficiency number, only the mass of the transported material is taken into account.The second method is to compare transportation cost, either in kW-hr/ton/km or in $/ton/km. The advantage of using the transportation costis that this number is widely used for management purposes. The disadvantage of using the transportation cost is that it does not directly reflect the efficiency of a system.The third and most "pure" method is to compare the loss factor of transport [10]. The loss factor of transport is the ratio between the drive power required to overcome frictional losses neglecting drive efficiency and power loss/gain required to raise/lower the bulk material and the transport work. The transport work is defined as the multiplication of the total transported quantity of bulk material and the average transport velocity. The advantage of using loss factors of transport is that they can be compared to loss factors of transport of other means of transport, like trucks and trains. The disadvantage is that the loss factor of transport depends on the transported quantity of material, which implies that it can not be determined for an empty belt conveyor.The following are loss factors of transport for a number oftransportsystems to illustrate the concept:Continuous transport:Slurry transport around 0.01Belt conveyors between 0.01 and 0.1Vibratory feeders between 0.1 and 1Pneumatic conveyors around 1 0Discontinuous transport:Ship between 0.001 and 0.01Train around 0.01Truck between 0.05 and 0.13.2 INDENTATION ROLLING RESISTANCEFor long overland systems, the energy consumption is mainly determined by the work done to overcome the indentation rolling resistance. Idler rolls are made of a relatively hard material likesteel or aluminum whereas conveyor belt covers are made of much softer materials like rubber or PVC. The rolls therefore indent the belt's bottom-cover when the belt moves over the idler rolls, due to the weight of the belt and bulk material on the belt. The recovery of the compressed parts of the belt's bottom cover will take some time due to its visco-elastic time dependent properties. The time delay in the recovery of the belt's bottom cover results in an asymmetrical stress distribution between the belt and the rolls, see Figure 2. This yields a resultant resistance force called theindentation rolling resistance force. The magnitude of this force depends on the visco-elastic properties of the cover material, the radius of the idler roll, the vertical force due to the weight of the belt and the bulk solid material, and the radius of curvature of thebelt in curves in the vertical plane.Figure 2: Asymmetric stress distribution between belt and roll [7].It is important to know how the indentation rolling resistance depends on the belt velocity to enable selection of a proper belt velocity, [11].Figure 3: Loss factor tanb of typical cover rubber [7]Firstly, the indentation rolling resistance depends on the vertical load on the belt, which is the sum of the belt and the bulk material weight. If the vertical load on the belt decreases with a factor 2 then the indentation rolling resistance decreases with a factor 2.52 2 ^4/3 . The bulk load decreases with increasing belt speed assuming a constant capacity. Therefore, the indentation rolling resistance decreases more than proportionally with increasing belt speed.Secondly, the indentation rolling resistance depends on the size of the idler rolls. If the roll diameter increases with a factor 2 then the indentation rolling resistance decreases with a factor 1.58 2 ^2/3 . In general the idler roll diameter increases with increasing belt speed to limit the bearing rpm's to maintain acceptable idler life. In that case the indentation rolling resistance decreases with increasing belt speed.Thirdly, the indentation rolling resistance depends on the visco-elastic properties of the belt's cover material. These properties depend on the deformation rate, see Figure 3. The deformation rate in its turn depends on the size of the deformation area in the belt's bottom cover depending on belt and bulk load and on the belt speed. In general the indentation rolling resistance increases with increasing deformationrate and thus belt speed , but only to a relatively small account.Fourthly, the indentation rolling resistance depends on the belt's bottom cover thickness. If the bottom cover thickness increases with a factor 2 then the indentation rolling resistance increases with a factor 1.26 2 ^1/3 . if a bottom cover is increased to account for an increase in belt wear with increasing belt speed, then the indentation rolling resistance increases as well.It should be realized that the indentation rolling resistance, although important, is not the only velocity dependent resistance. The rolling resistance of the idler rolls for example depends on thevertical load as well as on their rotational speed. The effect of the vertical load, which directly depends on the belt speed, is large. The effect of the rotational speed is much smaller. Another resistance occurs due to acceleration of the bulk solid material at the loading point. This resistance increases quadratically with an increase in belt speed assuming that the bulk material falls straight onto the belt. This willaffect smaller, in plant belt conveyors in particular.EXAMPLETo illustrate the concept discussed above lets consider a 6 km long conveyor belt with a capacity of 5000 TPH. The trough angle, the surcharge angle and the bulk density are again taken 35', 20' and 850kg/m^3 respectively. Figure 4 shows the required belt speed as afunction of the belt width to achieve the required capacity of 5000 TPH. This figure is somewhat similar to Figure 1.Figure 4The figures 5 and 6 show the required belt strength and the required drive power as a function of the belt speed. The required belt strength decreases and the required drive power slowly increases with increasing belt speed as can be seen in those figures. Figure 7 shows the loss factor of transport and the DIN f factor versus belt speed. The loss factor of transport is always higher than the DIN f factor because the DIN f factor takes the mass of the belt into account in the denominator whereas the loss factor of transport only accounts for the mass of the bulk solid material. Intuitively, it may be expected that there will be an economically optimum belt speed in the high belt speed range. The determination of the optimum belt speed however, requires more information and is beyond the scope of this paper.Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7 3.3 RUBBER COMPOUNDSThe indentation rolling resistance depends on the visco-elastic properties of the belt's bottom cover as discussed in the preceding section. This implies that the rolling resistance can be decreased by selecting a special low indentation rolling resistance rubber compound that is available on the market today. A small premium has to be paidfor this special compound, but costs can be limited by applying it for the bottom cover only and using a normal wear-resistant compound for thecarrying top cover. In that case turnovers are required to fully use the energy saving function of the bottom compound.A Quantitative indication of the level of indentation rolling resistance is the indentation rolling resistance indicator tan/E ^1/3, where tan is the loss angle and E' the storage modulus of the compound. Compounds with a reasonable indentation rolling resistance performance have indicators below 0.1. Figure 8 shows these indicators for typical medium to good performing rubbers. As can be seen in that figure, the choice for a specific rubber compound affects the energy consumption of the belt conveyor, in particular as a function of the ambient temperature.One comment warning must be made. A special belt with lowindentation rolling resistance compound should never be selected if only one conveyor belt manufacturer offers it. In that case the conveyor systemcan only perform in accordance with its design specifications when that specific belt is used. It is much better, also cost wise, to specify the upper limit of the resistance indicator as given above that can be met by more than one conveyor belt manufacturer.Figure 8: Indentation rolling resistance indicators forfour?different rubbers as a function of temperature.4. SAFETY FACTOR REQUIREMENTSFor design purposes, standards like DIN 22101, ISO 5048 and CEMA provide safety factors SF that limit the permissible belt loads. Twotypes of safety factors can be distinguished: safety factors on the steady-state running tensions and safety factors on the non-stationary tensions. In general the safety factor on the steady-state running tension is based on:1 Stationary full and empty, summer and winter andnon-stationary belt tensions2 Belt tensions from extra resistances and deformations inhorizontal and vertical curves, troughing transitions, belt turnovers, on pulleys etc.3 Belt conveyor system maintenance4 Belt conveyor system operational data including hours per day, days per year and years of service5 Belt splice design and fatigue characteristics including those of thebelt tensile carrying member steel cords or fabric and the rubber6 Splice kit storage and handling.All these six items should be taken into account when determiningthe safety factor.standards like the DIN standard base the recommended safety factoron reduction factors. DIN 22101 uses three reduction factors. The first r0 generally accounts for the reduction of the strength of the belt splices due to fatigue. The second r1 accounts for the extra forces that act on the belt in transition zones and on pulleys etc. The third r2 accounts for the extra dynamic stresses in the belt during starting andstopping. The required minimum safety factor can be calculated as follows:SF 1/ 1- r0+r1+r2 1The DIN standard also gives values for the three reduction factors. For example, for a steel cord conveyor belt under "normal" operational conditions the values are as follows: r0 0.665, r1 0.15, r2 0.06, which yields a safety factor SF 8.Although much can be said about the applicability of the safety factor determined with the DIN standard for the design of long belt conveyor systems, the major drawback, keeping the belt speed selection in mind, is that the conveyor system's operational data and the real fatigue properties of the belt are not taken into account.It is possible to account for these factors and to achieve a tailor-made safety factor by taking the belt's operational data into account. The reduction factors r1 and r2 are independent of the fatigue properties of the belt and thus constant with increasing number of load cycles. Let's assume that the reduction factor r0 varies linearly with the log1O of the number of load cycles revolution of the belt through the total belt conveyor from 0 to 0.665 at 10,000 load cycles approximation of DIN standard :r0 0.166 log10 N N 10.000 2where N is the number of load cycles. After 10,000 load cycles r0 hardly increases. Now let's assume that the conveyor under design has a length of 10,000 m, a life expectation of 5 years at 5000 operationalhours per year. The total number of load cycles can be calculated with the following equation:N [ 3600 V / 2L ]HY 3where V is the belt speed, L the conveyor length, H the number of operational hours per year and Y the number of expected years of operation. Equation 3 is visualized in Figure 9.Figure 9: Number of load cycles versus belt speed for given example.The value of the reduction factor ro can be determined with equation 2 and the number of load cycles as given in Figure 9. The result is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10: DIN 22101 reduction factor r0 for given exampleThe safety factor as a function of the belt speed then can be determined with equation 1 and Figure 10. The result is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11: Minimum required safety factor for given exampleFrom Figure 11 it can be learned that for the belt under design the required minimum safety factor on the steady-state running tensions is about 7.5 if the belt is running at 2 m/s, and about 10 in case the belt is running at 20 m/s. Taking the belt speed into account during safety factor determination thus prevents overrating of the belt at low speeds and underrating at high speeds also depends on the length of the conveyor system .The above given figures and numbers are to illustrate the procedure only. This procedure can be fine tuned by taking measured fatigueproperties of the belt tensile-carrying member steel cords or fabric and the rubber into account, as well as the actual load cycle of the belt empty, fully loaded, steady state running, starting and stopping, summer, and winter conditions etc. .5 BELT CONVEYOR DYNAMICSIn essence the dynamics of a belt conveyor does not change with the belt speed. However, with increasing belt speed the rate of changes increases, which will result in a decreasing running stability of the belt.This paper is not intended to fully discuss belt conveyor dynamics.It is referred to [7] where this topic is extensively discussed. However, a number of notes on the dynamics of high belt speed conveyors can be made.When a belt between two idlers is exited by an idler roll in or near a natural frequency of transverse vibration of the belt span, resonance phenomena occur. The amplitude of transverse vibration increases considerably when resonance occurs yielding increased roll/ bearing wear and an increased power consumption of the belt. This increase invibration amplitude, also referred to as belt flap, must be avoided. In high-speed belt systems the effect of resonance on the structure is very destructive, as observed with lower speed belts that resonate anddestroy idler bearings. Care should therefore be taken to design a belt conveyor so that the possibility of resonance in the belt is avoided andat the same time best use is made of current static design methods so that the economics of the design are saved.Belt tracking must be excellent at high speeds. If the belt does not track properly then run off may be expected since, with increasing belt speed, side displacements and the rate of side displacement increase. The combination of belt width and strength must be chosen such that good troughability is ensured, see Section 2.1. Also imum effort must be made by the belt manufacturer to make straight belts and to construct true belt splices. In addition, longer manufactured belt lengths reduce the numberof splices and thus increase the chance of straightness.A similar comment can be made for the design of horizontal belt curves. The position of the belt on the idlers changes with a change in belt tension mainly due to a change in loading degree. The belt will move sideward in particular during large tension variations as occur during aborted starting and emergency stopping. The change in belt tension during starting and stopping will increase with increasing belt speed. For low belt speed conveyors static design methods may be sufficient to determine the imum side displacement. For high belt speed conveyors however, dynamic design methods are required to predict the side displacement to a sufficient level of accuracy.Normal operational starting and stopping procedures will not change for high belt speed conveyors, except that starting and stopping will take more time. The nature of emergency stop procedures however willchange. In general emergency stop procedures are designed to stop the belt in a short period of time without the use of the drive system and so that the belt conveyor is not damaged. A typical emergency stop time f。