2000字的英译汉

三级笔译注意事项一、语序（英译汉）解决表达问题有4个技巧，就是断结构、换主语、动词化和调顺序，基本上是在维护顺翻的情况下，做微小的调整，这样产生的一个错误倾向是，一些同学在考试时一味顺翻，不顾中文的表达习惯，造成失分。

比如2006年11月真题里面的一个句子："This new fast recovery of tourism we are observing is kind of strange," said John Koldowski, director for the Strategic Intelligence Center of the Bangkok-based Pacific Asia Travel Association. 如果是纯粹的"视译"，也就是某种同传式的译文是这样的：“旅游业最近快速回升，我们观察到的这种现象有点奇怪。

”约翰-考尔多斯基说道，他是战略情报中心主任，来自总部设在曼谷的太平洋亚洲旅行协会。

这样的翻译是以6-9个单词为一个单位，在主句、从句、分词和小词处断句，按照英文的顺序做做动词，换换主语的结果。

但是，这样的中文说说尚可，但是是很不规范的书面语，在笔译的时候必须耐心地调整顺序：“我们注意到旅游业最近快速回升，这种情况是有一点奇怪。

”总部设在曼谷的太平洋亚洲旅游协会战略情报中心主任约翰－考尔多斯基说道。

因为考试的时候没有草稿纸，也根本没有时间打草稿，所以落笔时脑子里面想好在下笔，可以拿铅笔在原题目上断结构后，标明一下该调整的位置。

二、选词（英译汉）翻译的时候要尽量地贴近原文，追求最接近于直译的意译，不要太近，也不要太远。

不追求词藻，原文美，译文就尽量美；原文朴素，译文就别穿花衣服。

而在实际操作里，我发现一些同学把不追求用词变成了大概就行，没有意识到选词用词是笔译考试的一个重要采分点，例如在2005年5月的真题：The importance of agriculture cannot be overstated. More than 50% of the world labor force is employed in agriculture. The distribution in the early 1980s ranged from 67% of those employed in Africa to less than 5% in North America. In Western Europe, the figure was about 16%; in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, about 32%; and in Asia, about 68%. 划线两处必须翻译成“从事”和“比例”，不能翻成“被雇佣”（因为中文被动句少，而且这里显然不是强调谁雇谁做某事），以及“分布”（因为利用我们的并联，下文的几个百分比已经非常明确地指明了distribution的含义了）。

在从前的农业社会里，中国人最重要的节日就是过年。

对过去的一年来说，这是结束；对未来的一年来说，这是开始。

一进入腊月，街头巷尾就充满了过年的气氛，这种气氛要持续一个半月之久。

大家通过各种游乐节目来调剂一年来的辛劳，在游乐中流露着一种乐观进取的精神。

过年时，每家门上都贴上了春联，耀眼的红纸给人们带来了喜气，优美的字句提供了勉励。

In previous/former agricultural society, the Spring Festival was the most important holiday in China. It is the end of the past year and the beginning of the next. As soon as the twelfth month of the lunar year begins, streets are filled with an atmosphere of celebrating the Spring Festival for a month and a half. People relax and get rid of the past year’s hard work by a variety of entertainment with a sense of optimism and enterprise. During the holiday, Spring Festival couplets are put on the door of every household. The shining red paper brings happiness to people, and the elegant/graceful words offers encouragement.上海是一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际化大都市。

英译汉短文翻译1. Job security is extremely hard to come by these days, no matter what profession you choose. It isn't enough to pursue a field with perceived stability, say the experts. You'll want to find something you feel passionate about, can make a living doing and that involves using skills you can easily apply to other fields.在当前的经济形势下，无论你从事何种职业，就业稳定都很难找到稳定的就业机会。

专家们表示，光是追求预计能够带来稳定就业的领域是不够的。

你希望追求的方向应该是你所热爱的、能够借以维持生计的职业，并且能够运用到一些你可以轻松转换到其它领域的技能。

2. Love plays a pivotal role on out life. Love makes you feel wanted. Without love a person could go hayward and also become cruel and ferocious. In the early stage of our life, our parents are the ones who shower us with unconditional love and care, they teach us about what is right and wrong, good and bad. But we always tend to take this for granted. It is only after marriage and having kids that a person understands and becomes sensitive to others feelings. Kids make a person responsible and mature and help us to understand life better.爱在生活之外扮演了一个关键的角色。

英译汉短文翻译1. Job security is extremely hard to come by these days, no matter what profession you choose. It isn't enough to pursue a field with perceived stability, say the experts. You'll want to find something you feel passionate about, can make a living doing and that involves using skills you can easily apply to other fields.2. Love plays a pivotal role on out life. Love makes you feel wanted. Without love a person could go hayward and also become cruel and ferocious. In the early stage of our life, our parents are the ones who shower us with unconditional love and care, they teach us about what is right and wrong, good and bad. But we always tend to take this for granted. It is only after marriage and having kids that a person understands and becomes sensitive to others feelings. Kids make a person responsible and mature and help us to understand life better.3. When companies have different employees on the same job and one of them is paid differently, many unfairness issues surface. "It can happen in any 'open shop' that differentiates pay for any reason (seniority, performance, etc.)," says Dauphinais. You could run the risk of alienating valued colleagues if they learn you earn more for what they perceive to be the same job.4. Spouses are a bigger source of stress than bosses, research shows. There may be no place like home, but if you want to relax then you might be better off at work, according to the survey.The poll of 3,000 men and women also found that husbands are more likely to send their wives' blood pressure soaring than the other way round. Overall, 58 percent of those surveyed said their spouse or partner was among those who put them under pressure.Just 43 percent said the same of their manager. And 18 per cent of women said their partner added a lot of stress to their life – compared with just 12 per cent of men.Cary Cooper, professor of health psychology at Lancaster University, said it appeared that people were taking their work troubles home with them.Fears about job losses during the recession are likely to be making matters worse. He said: 'One coping strategy people have when they are feeling insecure is to take it out on their spouses.''One of the causes of stress is the long hours culture. If you consistently put in long hours, it will damage your health and also your relationship at home.'The professor added that juggling family duties and a career can mean that women are under more stress than men. However, they cope with it better, mainly because they find it easier to talk to others about their feelings.5. Before you look for an overseas job, you should determine whether you would even want to work in another culture, and if so, how "foreign" are you willing to go? Do you enjoy change? Do you mind learning new and sometimes odd protocolfor everything from conducting a meeting to buying tomatoes?If you are sure overseas work is for you, Hachey and other career experts recommendseveral steps.The vast majority of professionals working overseas landed their job stateside, and it's much easier to land a job overseas before hopping on the plane. If you want to work abroad, look for international employers in your line of work. While some companies with a worldwide presence offer no mobility between countries, others encourage their employees to go all over the world. If you're the right fit, the company will handle your Visa and workpermit, and will do their best to convincethe local authorities that only you -- over anyone in their country -- could do the job in question.汉译英短文翻译1近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。

太极拳(Taijiquan)是中华民族的宝贵财富，组成部分。

作为中国古老的武术(maritialarts)之一。

其主要功能是武术攻防、锻炼身体和修身养性(self-cultivation )。

太极拳在演练时，动作柔缓，但能以突然爆发的力量将对手击退。

经过几个世纪的发展，太极拳已发展为多个分支，每个分支都有自己的特点。

如今，太极拳在中国乃至世界受到越来越多人欢迎。

1.第1句可译为并列结构Taijiquan is precious wealth...and an important part...,系动词“是”(is)只需译出一个。

2.第2句中的“其主要功能是”可直译为its main functionsare to...，但稍显生硬，宜转述为“它通常用于”(it is usuallyused for...)。

“攻防”在中文里是一个词，但实际包含了两层意思，故分译为attacking and defending;同理，第3句的“柔缓”译为gentle and slow。

3.第3句中的“太极拳在演练时”实为被动句，“太极拳”为受动者，故译作When Taijiquan is beingpractice...。

“但能以突然爆发的力量......”处理为which引导的非限制性定语从句which，however, candefeat。

“突然爆发的力量”可译为sudden strength或sudden force，因为sudden已包含有“突然爆发”的意思，故“爆发”一词不需再译。

4.最后一句中的“在中国乃至世界受到越来越多人欢迎”，除译文外，还可以有多种译法，如is welcomed bymore and more people both in China and overseas;is accepted by more and more people inChina and the world as well。

英语翻译对英语学习的帮助摘要：作为一种跨语言、跨文化的交际方式，翻译是英语学习的一项重要手段，对于我们英语学习具有重大影响，既有积极影响，也不可避免的存在一定的负面作用。

翻译能够帮助学生在英语学习的过程中进行英汉两种语言的比较和互译，不仅能够加深对应于的理解，而且有利于汉语本身的深入研究。

本文通过查找相关文献资料，探讨了英语翻译和英语学习之间的关系，从三个方面研究了英语翻译对英语学习的积极促进作用，有助于我们更好的利用翻译这一手段进行英语学习。

关键词：英语翻译；英语学习；学习策略；词汇一、引言作为一个交流工具,英语和汉语在许多方面有相似之处,尽管受到风俗习惯,文化背景差异等因素的影响,英语和汉语之间有一定差异,所以很多人认为要学好英语，最好是直接用英语去思考，从翻译中学习英语会受到母语思维的影响。

英语教学中老师也会鼓励学习直接用英语思维思考，跳过英汉翻译的过程，这样才能真正学到英语。

但是近些年来,许多学者发现,学习英语不仅仅是模仿,更重要是一种学习策略的培养。

很多研究证实，母语并不是影响第二语言学习的主要因素，但是充分利用母语的优势学习外语往往能够达到意想不到的效果。

在笔者看来，汉语的确会对英语学习产生负迁移作用，但是只要取其精华去其糟粕，让翻译方法发挥其作用，就能够克服汉语的负面影响，帮助我们更好地学习英语。

二、英语翻译与英语学习的相互关系2.1相互促进根据Kern 的观点，一个人真正掌握翻译能力需要具备三个条件：对自身母语的接收和理解能力；对第二外语的创造和表达能力；对母语和外语之间的相互转化能力1。

从这一点来看，拥有优秀的语言技能并不是成为一名优秀的翻译的必要条件，这也是为什么英语学习者人数众多，但相对成功的翻译家人数仍在少数。

只有真正精通两门语言背后的文化习俗才能真正做好翻译。

在英语学习的过程中，听、说、读、写是最基本的英语学习部分，也是英语学习的重要方法，例如我们通过阅读英文名著，听英语歌曲等方式来学习英语。

On Going Home【概述】本文是 2001年第十三届“韩素音青年翻译奖”英译汉部分的参赛原文。

原文作者Joan Didion 是位散文文体大家，她的文章极有文采和个性，要贴切地表达成汉语确实要下一番功夫。

而这篇文章艰深的背景知识更是给准确翻译设置了很大障碍。

不了解该文的作者及其生活道路、创作思想，不了解文章的写作背景及反映的时代特征，好些地方会觉得把握不准，甚至一筹莫展。

【翻译要点评析】1 ． the Canton dessert plates: 查英文词典我们可能会取“ the former name of Guangzhou ”这一释义，然后把这一部分译成“产自广州的甜点盘子”。

但 The Dolphin Reader (Hunt, 1990) 收录的 On Going Home 中对“ canton ”的注释为“ Fine Chinese porcelain ”。

据此注释，“ canton ”在这里应是指这些盘子的质地，而不是产地。

另外，《英汉辞海》（王同亿， 1987）里有“ Canton china ”词条，译文第一条为“广东瓷；广东瓷器，尤指青花瓷”；韦伯斯特电子词典（ 2000 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Version 2.5. ）有“ Canton ware ”词条，释义照录于下：“ ceramic ware exported from China especially during the 18 th and 19 th centuries by way of Canton and including blue-and-white and enameled porcelain and various ornamented stonewares ”（从中国出口的陶瓷器，特别是 18、19世纪期间经由广州出口的，包括青花上釉瓷器和各种有装饰的粗陶器）。

计算机辅助系统的英汉互译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：计算机辅助系统（Computer-Aided Systems，简称CAS）是一种借助计算机技术，为人类的工作和生活提供智能化、信息化支持的系统。

它通过引入计算机技术，使得人们在处理信息、执行任务和决策时能够更加高效、精确、快速地完成工作。

计算机辅助系统通常包括软件系统、硬件设备和人机界面三个部分。

软件系统是计算机辅助系统的核心部分，它通过具有智能化、自动化和信息化功能的程序来协助用户完成各种任务。

硬件设备是支持软件运行的物理设备，包括计算机、服务器、打印机等。

人机界面则是用户与计算机辅助系统进行交互的界面，包括显示器、键盘、鼠标等。

计算机辅助系统的应用领域非常广泛，涵盖了工业、教育、医疗、金融等各种行业。

在工业领域，计算机辅助系统可以帮助企业实现生产过程的自动化和智能化，提高生产效率和产品质量。

在教育领域，计算机辅助系统可以为教师和学生提供多样化的教学资源和工具，丰富教学手段，提高教学效果。

在医疗领域，计算机辅助系统可以通过医学影像处理、智能诊断等技术帮助医生提高诊断准确性和治疗效果。

在金融领域，计算机辅助系统可以帮助银行、证券公司等金融机构实现业务流程的自动化和信息化，提高服务效率和风险控制能力。

计算机辅助系统的发展离不开计算机技术的进步和人工智能的发展。

随着计算机硬件性能的不断提高和软件技术的不断创新，计算机辅助系统在功能和性能上得到了持续提升。

人工智能技术的快速发展为计算机辅助系统的智能化提供了技术支持，使得系统能够更好地理解和分析用户的需求，提供更加个性化和智能化的服务。

计算机辅助系统也面临着一些挑战和问题。

首先是数据安全和隐私保护问题，随着计算机应用的普及和数据量的增加，用户的个人隐私和数据安全面临着更大的风险。

其次是系统的可靠性和稳定性问题，计算机辅助系统的软件和硬件故障可能导致系统无法正常运行，给用户带来不便和损失。

最后是人机交互和用户体验问题，计算机辅助系统的人机界面设计和用户体验决定了系统的易用性和用户满意度。

第二部分练习参考译文Chapter 1 General PrinciplesDrills 1.3.1(1) 1. 这对克服困难很有帮助。

（go a long way towards something/doing something = helpgreatly in [achieving] something, OALD 2002: 525;《新英汉词典》2000: 1577）2. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。

（go it = act in a manner that is quicker,more lively, impatient, etc., than is usual. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms1979: 130;《英汉大词典》1993: 740）3. 我需要更多空闲的时间。

（could do with something = need or want something, LDCE1998: 435）4. 这次失败促使他成功。

（[the making of] = a means of gaining great improvement orsuccess, LDCE 1998: 918）5. 我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。

（the eleventh hour = the very last moment, LDCE 1998:478）6.她对此事很了解。

（know a thing or two [about somebody/something] = know a lot [aboutsomebody/something], OALD 2002: 825）7. 她真是爱说话。

/她太喜欢说话了。

（ready = willing to do, LDCE 1998: 1249, 参见“学生用书”243页）8.无线电传来了该地区发现大油田的消息。

feeding for sampson(bolga)英译汉全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Sampson's diet consists of a balanced mix of high-quality dog food, fresh fruits and vegetables, and occasional treats. I believe in providing him with a varied diet to ensure he receives all the necessary nutrients for optimal health. Bolga dogs are known for their high energy levels, so it is important to feed Sampson a diet that provides him with the energy he needs to stay active and healthy.【本文共计words】第二篇示例：让我们来了解一下波尔加犬的一些基本信息。

波尔加犬是一种体型健壮，耐力十足，寿命长的犬种。

它们通常体格大，个性忠诚、顽固、勇敢，对家人忠心耿耿。

对于养波尔加犬的人来说，喂养是至关重要的一环。

在喂养波尔加犬时，首先要保证食物的质量和营养均衡。

营养均衡的食物可以帮助犬只保持健康的体魄和活力，预防一些疾病的发生。

我们通常给Sampson选择一些高质量的狗粮，比如富含蛋白质和维生素的配方。

我们也会为他添加适量的蔬菜和水果，以丰富他的饮食，提供更多的营养元素。

除了食物的选择，喂养的频次和量也是很重要的。

根据波尔加犬的体重、体型和年龄，我们会为Sampson制定合理的喂养计划。

通常，我们会将一天的食物分成两到三次喂食，避免一次性吃太多导致消化不良。

我们也会根据他的运动量和活力来调整喂养量，以保证他的体重保持在正常范围内。

1998年汉译英This visit paid to taiwan for exchange, though rushed, however, involves many places and I made new friends and called on old friends. We got together and an important refferred to is the prosperity of China in 21st century. Though, living in different social environments and owning different life experiences, the Chinese fine cultural tradition imprints deeply on the mind of the young both in mainland and taiwan, and they are also equipped with the same dream, to revitalize the Chinese nation. At the great days of the turn of the century, our motherland is on its way to prosperity and the people at both sides of taiwan straits will promote communication snd the great task of reunifying the motherland. The precious opportunity and great challenge at the turning of the centuries place the yong to the foregrounds of the history. What kind of attitude the cross-century yong generation will have to meet the promising new century is the question we must answer.1999年8级测试汉译英Vancouver’s prosperity is the crystallization of the wisdom and hard work, including the multinational contributions. Canda has a small population of less than 30million occupying a vaster land than that of china. Absorbing in immigrants is long-standing Candian policy of national policy. It can be said that apart from Candian Indians, the rest are all immigrants, differing only in the length of time they have settled in Canda. Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million Vancouver residents, half of them are non-natives and one out of every four residents is from Asia. The 250,000 Chinese there have played a decisive role in the transformation of Vancouver's economy. Half of them have come to settle in Vancouver over the past five years only, rendering Vancouver the largest area outside Asia where the Chinese inhabit.2000年8级测试汉译英The first generation of museums are those of natural history. It introduces the history of the earth and all kinds of creatures’ evolution by the means of fossil and specimens. The second-generation ones are those of industrial technology. They displayed the fruits of industrialzation at different stages. Although they have played a role in disseminating scientific knowledge, they make visitors passive spectators.The third-generation museums in the world are those designed with mew concepts. In such museums, visitors can operate with their own hands and observe with their own eyes. In this wayIn this way, they are brought closer to advanced science and technology, and offered more opportunities to explore the mysteries.2001年8级测试汉译英QiaoY u’s songs are very familiar to the public. But his two major hobbies are rarely known to people, fishing and wine-drinking. In his later years, Qiao Yu has become keen of fishing. He asserts: “A place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not thosecommercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s temperament and to one’s health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Yu claims: “Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination of fish-eating and the pleasure of fishing; the third primarily the pleasure of fishing when, confronted with a pond of clear water, one puts aside all his troubling vexations and annoyances and enjoys the total relaxation both mentally and physically.”2002年8级测试汉译英The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go on.2003年8级测试汉译英Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of a garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears1996年8级测试英译汉离选举日还有四个月，五个人聚集在里根—布什竞选总部的一个小型会议室里，看着一张硕大的日历，1984 年总统竞选剩下的日子清晰地标了出来。

北斗卫星导航系统The COMPASS Satellite Navigation System2000年10月和12月，中国分别发射了两颗“北斗一号”卫星，组建了导航定位系统。

In October and December 2000, China launched two Beidou-1 satellites, thus creating its own navigation and positioning system.2010年1月成功发射了第三颗北斗导航卫星，为静止轨道卫星，它与前两颗“北斗一号”工作星组成了完整的卫星导航定位系统，确保全天候、全天时提供卫星导航信息，使中国成为继美国、俄罗斯之后世界上第三个拥有自主卫星导航系统的国家。

（144字）In January 2010, a third satellite was sent up. This was a geostationary satellite, which together with the other two, has formed a constellation that provides all-weather, round-the-clock navigation information. China has now become the third country after the US and Russia to have its own satellite navigation system.北斗卫星导航系统是中国自行研制的卫星导航定位系统，具有导航、定位和授时的功能。

The Beidou system, also known as COMPASS, is independently developed and built by China.这一系统已成功应用于测绘、电信、水利、渔业、交通运输、森林防火和国家安全等诸多领域，产生了显著的经济效益和社会效益。

笔译汉译英翻译材料笔译汉译英翻译材料下面是两篇汉译英的翻译材料，大家能把他们翻译出来吗?每一段后面都有相应的英文翻译，大家可以参考看看哦。

Passage 12000年，中国建成北斗导航试验系统，这使中国成为继美、俄之后世界上第三个拥有自主卫星导航系统的国家。

In 2000, China produced the Beidou Navigation Testing System, which made China the third country possessing the autonomous navigation system after the United States and Russia.虽然目前它的定位精度与GPS还有一定的差距，但它具备了GPS 所没有的短报通信和位置报告的功能。

在没有手机信号的地方，用户也可以通过该系统发送短信。

Although the system is inferior to GPS in terms of its positioning precision, it has functions GPS does not possess, including text message communication and reporting of position. Every at places without access to cellphone signals, cellphone users can still send text message via this system.2008年四川汶川大地震后，灾区电话无法接通，手机信号中断。

救援人员将北斗导航终端带入灾区，及时保持了与外界的通讯联络。

In the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008, the telephone communication in the area was cut off due to failure of the cellphone signals. Bringing Beidou Navigation system terminals into the earthquake stricken area, the rescue teams managed to maintain the area’s contact with the outside world.该系统的'位置报吿功能可以帮助交通管理部门掌握行驶车辆的位置，及时疏导交通，缓解交通拥堵状况。

2000字外语翻译：英文翻译古典文学中常见论文这个词，当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称为论文。

以下就是由编为您提供的2000字外语翻译论文。

 近些年来，翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。

人们重视翻译中的文化问题，源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。

在翻译实践中，由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。

于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响，便成了众多学者的研究对象。

正如美国着名翻译理论家尤金奈达所说：就真正成功的翻译而言，译者的双文化(bicultural)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要，因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。

翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易，深层次的思想意识方面的文化鸿沟时常难以逾越。

由此可见，文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。

 一翻译与文化释义 1 翻译与文化的内涵 翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便，它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。

所谓翻译，就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。

 何谓文化?英国学者泰勒(E.B Tylor，1871)给文化下的定义是：所谓文化或文明，即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。

文化并不是抽象的，它是我们所感知的一切。

人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化，更新了自己的文化。

不同民族语言不同、文化各异，但人类的能力本质是相同的。

因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。

各民族的文化都有同一性，不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性，这就是文化差异的渊源。

翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。