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小学教学计·英语
2021/07
在汉语中，我们把爸爸的父母称为爷爷奶奶，而把妈妈的父母称为姥姥姥爷/外公外婆，把爸爸的兄弟称为伯伯/叔叔，把爸爸的姐妹称为姑姑/姑妈；而把妈妈的兄弟称为舅舅，把妈妈的姐妹称为姨/姨妈等。
爸爸这边平辈的子女为堂兄/堂弟或堂姐/堂妹，妈妈这边平辈的子女为表兄/表弟或表姐/表妹。
在汉语中基本上每个亲属都有特定的称谓。
而英语中的亲属则以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区分性别是男性还是女性。
父母的长辈称谓即爷爷/外公在英文中都是grandfather ；奶奶/外婆英文都是grandmother ；父母的兄弟统一用uncle 表示，父母的姐妹统一用aunt 表示，而uncle 和aunt 的子女统一用cousin 表示。
总之，在英语中亲属的称谓比较宽泛。
在英语口语中，则通常会在亲戚单词后加名字或者姓氏来区分。
如grandpa 后面加上名字或姓氏来区分爷爷和外公。
如果一个人的外公的名字叫Ben ，爷爷叫Jack ，他会称呼外公为grandpa Ben ，爷爷就是grandpa Jack 。
同样的，如果爷爷那边的姓氏是Bronte ，外公那边的姓氏是Smith ，他也可以叫爷爷grandpa Bronte ，外公也就是grandpa Smith 。
而在中国，直呼长辈的姓名是很失礼的行为。
（湖北省恩施市教学研究和教师培训中心杨晖）
汉语与英语亲属的称谓区别
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亲戚称谓（汉、英）亲戚称谓[编辑](附：亲戚称谓英语翻译）亲戚称谓直系⾎亲⽗系⾼祖⽗--曾祖⽗--祖⽗--⽗亲⾼祖母--曾祖母--祖母--⽗亲母系⾼外祖⽗--曾外祖⽗--外祖⽗--母亲⾼外祖母--曾外祖母--外祖母--母亲⼉⼦：夫妻间男性的第⼀⼦代。
⼥⼉：夫妻间⼥性的第⼀⼦代。
孙：夫妻间的第⼆⼦代，依性别⼜分孙⼦、孙⼥。
有时孙⼦是⼀种不分性别的称呼。
曾孙：夫妻间的第三⼦代。
⽞孙：夫妻间的第四⼦代。
旁系⾎亲⽗系伯：⽗亲的兄长，也称伯⽗、伯伯、⼤爷伯母：伯⽗的妻⼦叔：⽗亲的弟，也称叔⽗、叔叔婶：叔叔的妻⼦姑：⽗亲的姊妹，也称姑姑、姑母姑⽗：姑姑的丈夫母系舅：母亲的兄弟，也称舅舅舅母：舅舅的妻⼦姨：母亲的姐妹，也称阿姨、姨妈姨⽗：阿姨的丈夫姻亲丈夫：结婚的⼥⼈对⾃⼰伴侣的称呼妻：或媳妇，结婚的男⼈对⾃⼰伴侣的称呼公公：丈夫的⽗亲，也直称爸爸婆婆：丈夫的母亲，也直称妈妈岳⽗：丈⼈，妻⼦的⽗亲，也直称爸爸岳母：丈母娘，妻⼦的母亲，也直称妈妈⼉媳：对⼉⼦的妻⼦的称呼⼥婿：对⼥⼉的丈夫的称呼嫂：对兄长妻⼦的称呼弟妹、弟媳：对弟弟妻⼦的称呼姐夫：对姐姐丈夫的称呼妹夫：对妹妹丈夫的称呼妯娌：兄弟的妻⼦间互相间的称呼或合称连襟：姐妹的丈夫间互相间的称呼或合称，也称襟兄弟⼤姑⼦：对丈夫的姐姐的称呼⼩姑⼦：对丈夫妹妹的称呼⼤舅⼦：对妻⼦哥哥的称呼⼩舅⼦：对妻⼦弟弟的称呼附：亲戚称谓英语翻译Genealogy家谱Ancestor祖先，Ancestry祖先great-great-grandfather⾼祖；great-great-grandmother⾼祖母;great-grandfather曾祖;great-grandmother曾祖母，曾外祖母；grandparent祖⽗/母,姥爷，姥姥;Grandfather/grandpa/granddad/grandpapa爷爷，祖⽗；maternal grand-father/grandpapa外公；Grandmother/Grandma/nanna/grandmamma/grandmamma奶奶，祖母; Grandmother/grandmamma外婆;parent双亲,⽗亲或母亲;father/pater/old man/procreator ⽗亲;mother/mater/mom母亲;Relative/kin/relation/connection亲戚，family 家属,亲属,⼦⼥;family tree/ilk/kinfolks/kinsfolk 家族;spouse 配偶(夫或妻);husband /hubby/man丈夫,⽼公;wife/ball and chain/femme/missis/squaw 妻⼦;Uncle伯⽗(oom)，叔⽗，舅⽗,姑⽗,姨⽗,姨丈;Aunt/Aunty/auntie姑妈，伯母，舅妈，阿姨，姨妈,婶婶;maternal uncle/mother’s brother舅舅;father-in-law/father/ good father岳⽗（男⽅），公公（⼥⽅）;mother-in-law岳母（男⽅），婆婆(old mother)（⼥⽅）;Child/children 孩⼦/⼦孙;Son⼉⼦/⼥婿;Son-in-law⼥婿，养⼦；Daughter/dau. ⼥⼉Daughter-in-law⼉媳妇；Sister姐姐/妹妹;younger sister/sis 妹妹;elder sister姐姐;sister-in-law 夫或妻的姐妹;⼩姑⼦,⼩姨⼦;嫂⼦,弟媳;a full [whole] sister 同胞姐妹;a half sister异⽗[母]姐妹;kid sister 妹妹;sworn sisters 结义姐妹;Brother兄弟;elder/younger brother 哥哥/弟弟;Brother-in-law 姊妹的丈夫;夫或妻的兄弟;姐夫,妹夫;连襟;姻兄弟;内兄,内弟,⼤伯⼦,⼩叔⼦; Foster brother 奶兄弟;Full brother/brother-german/blood brother /whole brother 亲兄弟;Half brother 同⽗异母或同母异⽗兄弟;Sworn brothers 结义兄弟,拜把弟兄;cousin堂兄弟姊妹，表兄弟姊妹Cousin-german (第⼀代)亲堂[表]兄,弟,姐,妹;Cousin-in-law 表姐[妹]夫,表嫂,表弟媳,堂姐[妹]夫,堂嫂,堂弟媳;Second/third cousin (第⼆代/三代)堂表兄妹;Brother-in-lawgrandchild孙⼦/⼥，外孙⼦/⼥；grandson 孙⼦;granddaughter 孙⼥;Granddaughter’s husband 孙⼥婿;Granddaughter-in-law孙媳妇;great-grandson/great-grandchild曾孙；great-granddaughter曾孙⼥；great-great-grandson⽞孙；great-great-granddaughter⽞孙⼥；。
家庭称呼英语单词中⽂对照家庭称呼英语单词中⽂对照 爷爷奶奶、爸爸妈妈这些对家庭成员的称呼，就是家庭称呼。
下⾯是⼩编分享的关于家庭称呼的英语单词，欢迎⼤家阅读! uncle 叔⽗，伯⽗，舅⽗，姑⽗ aunt 婶母，伯母，舅母，姑母 nephew 侄⼉，外甥 niece 侄⼥，外甥⼥ cousin 堂兄妹，表兄妹 generation 代 descent 世系，⾎统 offspring 后代，后辈 ancestor 祖先 heir 继承⼈ family 家庭 marriage 婚姻 spouse 配偶 couple 夫妻 parents ⽗母 child 孩⼦ single 单⾝者 male 男的. female ⼥的 husband 丈夫 wife 妻⼦ father ⽗亲 mother 母亲 son ⼉⼦ daughter ⼥⼉ grandchildren 孙辈 grandson 孙⼦，外孙 granddaughter 孙⼥，外孙⼥ brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹 twin 双胞胎的 grandfather 祖⽗ grandmother 祖母 granny 奶奶，外婆 grandma 奶奶，外婆 grandpa 爷爷，外公 great-grandfather 曾祖⽗ great-grandmother 曾祖母 son-in-law ⼥婿 daughter-in-law ⼉媳 father-in-law 岳⽗(公公) mother-in-law 岳母(婆婆) sister-in-law 妯娌 stepfather 继⽗ stepmother 继母 stepson 继⼦ stepdaughter 继⼥ stepbrother 异⽗(母)之兄弟 stepsister 异⽗(母)之姐妹 foster father 养⽗ foster mother 养母 adopted son 养⼦ adopted daughter 养⼥。
各种称呼的英语表达第一大类一、家庭成员的称呼。
Mother（母亲）, Mum（妈妈—英国英语），Mom（妈妈—美国英语）， Mummy（妈咪—英语英语）, Mommy(妈咪—美国英语）， Father（父亲)， Dad （爸爸—英国英语）， Pop（爸爸—美国英语），Pa(爸)， Daddy(爸爸）， Grandpa（爷爷、外公）, Granddad(爷爷、外公）, Grandma（奶奶、姥姥）, Baby（宝宝)。
表示亲属关系的称呼有Uncle（叔、伯、姑父、舅父等）， Aunt或 Auntie（婶、姨、姑妈、舅妈等）,可以单独使用，也可与教名连用.如：Thank you， Uncle and Aunt.谢谢你们,叔叔婶婶。
Here come Uncle Charlie and Aunt Alice。
查理叔叔和艾丽斯婶婶来了。
Uncle 与 Aunt现在一般不用于称呼非亲属关系的人，这与汉语不同。
英语中兄弟姐妹,堂(表）兄弟姐妹之间一般直呼其名,brother， cousin等不再当作亲属关系的称呼。
另外，Father可用以称呼罗马天主教神父。
如:Father O’B rien 奥布莱恩神父。
Mother 和 sister可用以称呼修女、尼姑。
Brother可用以称呼修士、和尚.Sister有时和Nurse一样，用以称呼护士。
人们还常带姓氏称谓（外）祖父母（但不用作呼语），以区别于其他姓的祖辈。
如Grandpa Jenkings詹金斯爷爷Grandma Jenkins 詹金斯奶奶。
二、对老师的称呼英语中，teacher是与worker， farmer一样表职业的名词,不可用作称呼.在不知老师姓名或庄重场合，对老师称sir（男老师) Madame（已婚女老师）、Miss(未婚女老师)。
如“老师，早上好”，可说“Good morning, Sir / Madame / Miss”。
一般情况对老师的称呼与普通社交场合称呼一样，用Mr。
英语家庭成员：家庭成员的命名在英语中，家庭成员的命名方式是一种常见的话题。
在家庭生活中，我们经常需要用到这些词汇来描述自己的家庭。
本文将介绍关于英语家庭成员的命名方法和一些相关的文化差异。
在英语中，家庭成员的命名通常以亲属关系为基础。
下面将介绍一些常见的家庭成员及其对应的英文词汇：1. 父亲 - 父亲在英语中被称为"father"，亲昵的称呼可以是"dad"或"daddy"。
2. 母亲 - 母亲在英语中被称为"mother"，亲昵的称呼可以是"mom"或"mum"。
3. 儿子 - 儿子在英语中被称为"son"，无论是亲生的还是领养的都可以这样称呼。
4. 女儿 - 女儿在英语中被称为"daughter"，与儿子一样，无论是亲生的还是领养的都可以用这个词来称呼。
5. 祖父 - 祖父在英语中一般被称为"grandfather"，亲昵的称呼可以是"grandpa"。
6. 祖母 - 祖母在英语中一般被称为"grandmother"，亲昵的称呼可以是"grandma"。
7. 祖父母 - 祖父母在英语中被称为"grandparents"，可以用"grandpa"和"grandma"来代称。
8. 兄弟 - 兄弟在英语中被称为"brother"，如果是亲生的，也可以称之为"sibling"。
9. 姐妹- 姐妹在英语中被称为"sister"，与兄弟一样，如果是亲生的，也可以称为"sibling"。
10. 丈夫 - 丈夫在英语中被称为"husband"，亲昵的称呼可以是"hubby"。
中英对照：亲属称呼英文表达完全汇总表姑Second cousin表叔Second cousin表兄弟Father's sister's sons; male cousin表兄弟Maternal male cousin表侄Second cousin表姊妹Father's sister's daughters; female cousin 表姊妹Maternal female cousin伯父/大爷Father's older brother; Elder uncle伯母/大娘Father's older brother's wife; Aunt伯叔祖父Father's father's brother; Great uncle伯叔祖母Father's father's brother's wife; Great aunt长兄/哥哥Older Brother长姊/姐姐Older Sister大伯Husband's older brother; brother-in-law 大姑Husband's older sister; sister-in-law弟妇/弟妹Younger brother's wife; sister-in-law儿子Son父亲/爸爸Father高祖父Great great grandfather高祖母Great great grandmother公公Husband's father；father-in-law姑夫Father's sister's husband; Husband of paternal aunt; uncle姑母Father's sister; Paternal aunt姑爷Father's father's sister's husband; Paternal grandaunt's husband继父Step father继母Step mother襟兄弟Husband of wife's sister舅父/舅舅Mother's brother; Maternal uncle舅母/妗子Mother's brother's wife; Maternal uncle'swife妹夫Younger sister's husband母亲/妈妈Mother内弟/小舅子Wife's younger brother内兄/大舅子Wife's older brother女儿Daughter女婿Daughter's husband; Son-in-law婆婆Husband's mother; mother-in-law妻子/老婆Wife嫂/嫂子Older brother's wife; sister-in-law婶母/婶子Father's younger brother's wife; Aunt叔父/叔叔Father's younger brother; Uncle叔丈母Wife's aunt叔丈人Wife's uncle孙女Son's daughter; Granddaughter孙女婿Son's daughter's husband; Granddaughter's husband孙媳夫Son's son's wife; Grandson's wife孙子Son's son; Grandson堂兄弟Father's brother's sons; Paternal male cousin堂姊妹Father's brother's daughters; Paternal female cousin同胞兄妹Sibling外甥Sister's son外甥Wife's sibling's son外甥女Sister's daughter外甥女Wife's sibling's daughter外甥女婿Sister's daughter's husband外甥媳妇。
90个亲属称谓英汉对照、互译大全Second cousin 表姑son of one's grandfather's sister表叔cousin表兄弟Father's sister's sons 堂兄弟Maternal male cousin 表侄Second cousin 表姊妹Father's sister's daughters表姊妹Maternal female cousin伯父/大爷Father's older brother伯母/大娘Father's older brother's wife 伯叔祖父Father's father's brother伯叔祖母Father's father's brother's wife长兄/哥哥Older Brother长姊/姐姐Older Sister 大伯Husband's older brother大姑Husband's older sister弟妇/弟妹Younger brother's wife儿子Son 父亲/爸爸Father 高祖父Great great grandfather 高祖母Great great grandmother 公公Husband's father 姑夫Father's sister's husband姑母Father's sister姑爷Father's father's sister's husband继父Step father 继母Step mother 襟兄弟Husband of wife's sister 舅父/舅舅Mother's brother舅母/妗子Mother's brother's wife妹夫Younger sister's husband母亲/妈妈Mother内弟/小舅子Wife's younger brother 内兄/大舅子Wife's older brother 女儿Daughter 女婿Daughter's husband婆婆Husband's mother妻子/老婆Wife妻子/老婆Older brother's wife婶母/婶子Father's younger brother's wife; Aunt叔父/叔叔Father's younger brother; Uncle 叔丈母Wife's aunt叔丈人Wife's uncle 孙女Son's daughter; Granddaughter孙女婿Son's daughter's husband; Granddaughter's husband 孙媳夫Son's son's wife; Grandson's wife 孙子Son's son; Grandson 堂兄弟Father's brother's sons; Paternal male cousin 堂姊妹Father's brother's daughters; 同胞兄妹Paternal female cousin 同胞兄妹Sibling 外甥Sister's son 外甥Wife's sibling's son 外甥女Sister's daughter外甥女Wife's sibling's daughter外甥女婿Sister's daughter's husband 外甥媳妇Sister's son's wife外孙Daughter's son; grandson外孙女Daughter's daughter; granddaughter外祖父/外公/老爷Mother's father;外祖母/外婆/姥姥Maternal grandfather外祖母/外婆/姥姥Mother's mother; Maternal grandmother媳妇Son's wife; Daughter-in-law小姑Husband's younger sister; sister-in-law 小叔Husband's younger brother; brother-in-law玄孙Great great grandson养父Foster, adopted father 养母Foster, adopted mother 姨夫Mother's sister's husband; 姨姐/大姨Husband of mother's sister姨姐/大姨Wife's elder sister; sister-in-law 姨妹/小姨Wife's younger sister; sister-in-law姨母/姨妈Mother's sister 姨甥男女Wife's sister's children 幼弟/弟弟Younger Brother幼妹/妹妹Younger Sister岳父Wife's father, Father-in-law岳母Wife's mother, Mother-in-law 曾孙Great grandson 曾祖父/老爷爷Father's father's father;曾祖母/老奶奶Great grandfather 曾祖母/老奶奶Father's father's mother;曾祖父/老爷爷Great grandmother 曾祖父/老爷爷Husband 侄女Brother's daughter; niece 侄女婿Brother's daughter's husband; niece's husband 侄孙Grandnephew侄孙女Grand niece 侄媳妇Brother's son's wife; nephew's wife 侄子Brother's son; nephew祖父/爷爷Father's father; Paternal grandfather 祖姑母/姑奶奶Father's father's sister; 祖母/奶奶Father's mother; Paternal grandmother姊夫/姐夫Older sister's husband 妯娌Brother's wife;嫂子曾祖父/老爷爷。
亲属关系英语称呼大全以下是亲属关系英语称呼的大全：1. 父母：- 爸爸：Father/Dad/Daddy/Papa/Pops/Poppy/Old man- 妈妈：Mother/Mom/Mommy/Mama/Mummy/Mum/Ma2. 兄弟姐妹：- 兄弟：Brother/Bro/Bro-in-law/Bruv- 姐妹：Sister/Sis/Sis-in-law/Sissy3. 子女：- 儿子：Son/Boy/Boyo- 女儿：Daughter/Girl/Girlie4. 祖父母：- 爷爷：Grandfather/Grandpa/Granddad/Pops- 奶奶：Grandmother/Grandma/Granny/Nana5. 外祖父母：- 外公：Maternal Grandfather/Maternal Grandpa/Gramps - 外婆：Maternal Grandmother/Maternal Grandma/Granny6. 曾祖父母：- 老太爷：Great-grandfather/Great-grandpa/Great-granddad - 老太太：Great-grandmother/Great-grandma/Great-granny7. 堂兄弟姐妹：- 堂兄：Cousin brother- 堂姐：Cousin sister8. 姐夫/妹夫：- 姐夫：Brother-in-law (for elder sister)/BIL- 妹夫：Brother-in-law (for younger sister)/BIL9. 妹夫/姐夫：- 妹夫：Brother-in-law (for elder sister)/BIL- 姐夫：Brother-in-law (for younger sister)/BIL10. 妹夫/姐夫的兄弟：- 同姓：Brother-in-law- 异姓：Brother-in-law11. 爸爸/妈妈的哥哥/弟弟：- 爸爸的哥哥：Uncle (for father's elder brother)- 爸爸的弟弟：Uncle (for father's younger brother) - 妈妈的哥哥：Uncle (for mother's elder brother)- 妈妈的弟弟：Uncle (for mother's younger brother)12. 爸爸/妈妈的姐姐/妹妹：- 爸爸的姐姐：Aunt (for father's elder sister)- 爸爸的妹妹：Aunt (for father's younger sister)- 妈妈的姐姐：Aunt (for mother's elder sister)- 妈妈的妹妹：Aunt (for mother's younger sister)请注意，这只是一份常见的亲属关系英语称呼大全，不同文化和地区可能存在差异。
亲属称谓中英文对照学习表姑Second cousin表叔Second cousin表兄弟Father's sister's sons；male cousin表兄弟Maternal male cousin表侄Second cousin表姊妹Father's sister's daughters；female cousin表姊妹Maternal female cousin伯父/大爷Father's older brother；Elder uncle伯母/大娘Father's older brother's wife；Aunt伯叔祖父Father's father's brother；Great uncle伯叔祖母Father's father's brother's wife；Great aunt长兄/哥哥Older Brother长姊/姐姐Older Sister大伯Husband's older brother；brother-in-law大姑Husband's older sister；sister-in-law弟妇/弟妹Younger brother's wife；sister-in-law儿子Son父亲/爸爸Father高祖父Great great grandfather高祖母Great great grandmother公公Husband's father姑夫Father's sister's husband；Husband of paternal aunt；uncle姑母Father's sister；Paternal aunt姑爷Father's father's sister's husband；Paternal grandaunt's husband 继父Step father继母Step mother襟兄弟Husband of wife's sister舅父/舅舅Mother's brother；Maternal uncle舅母/妗子Mother's brother's wife；Maternal uncle's wife妹夫Younger sister's husband母亲/妈妈Mother内弟/小舅子Wife's younger brother内兄/大舅子Wife's older brother女儿Daughter女婿Daughter's husband；Son-in-law婆婆Husband's mother；mother-in-law妻子/老婆Wife嫂/嫂子Older brother's wife；sister-in-law婶母/婶子Father's younger brother's wife；Aunt叔父/叔叔Father's younger brother；Uncle叔丈母Wife's aunt叔丈人Wife's uncle孙女Son's daughter；Granddaughter孙女婿Son's daughter's husband；Granddaughter's husband昂立教育，是目前上海最大的非学历教育和在校学生培训培训机构！ 客户服务热线：400-820-8062- 3 -孙媳夫Son's son's wife ； Grandson's wife孙子Son's son ； Grandson堂兄弟Father's brother's sons ； Paternal male cousin堂姊妹Father's brother's daughters ； Paternal female cousin同胞兄妹Sibling外甥Sister's son外甥Wife's sibling's son外甥女Sister's daughter外甥女Wife's sibling's daughter外甥女婿Sister's daughter's husband外甥媳妇Sister's son's wife外孙Daughter's son ； grandson外孙女Daughter's daughter ； granddaughter外祖父/外公/老爷Mother's father ； Maternal grandfather外祖母/外婆/姥姥Mother's mother ； Maternal grandmother媳妇Son's wife ； Daughter-in-law小姑Husband's younger sister ； sister-in-law小叔Husband's younger brother ； brother-in-law玄孙Great great grandson养父Foster ， adopted father养母Foster ， adopted mother姨夫Mother's sister's husband；Husband of mother's sister 姨姐/大姨Wife's elder sister；sister-in-law姨妹/小姨Wife's younger sister；sister-in-law姨母/姨妈Mother's sister姨甥男女Wife's sister's children幼弟/弟弟Younger Brother幼妹/妹妹Younger Sister岳父Wife's father，Father-in-law岳母Wife's mother，Mother-in-law曾孙Great grandson曾祖父/老爷爷Father's father's father；Great grandfathera 曾祖母/老奶奶Father's father's mother；Great grandmother 丈夫/老公Husband侄女Brother's daughter；niece侄女婿Brother's daughter's husband；niece's husband侄孙Grandnephew侄孙女Grand niece侄媳妇Brother's son's wife；nephew's wife侄子Brother's son；nephew祖父/爷爷Father's father；Paternal grandfather祖姑母/姑奶奶Father's father's sister；祖母/奶奶Father's mother；Paternal grandmother姊夫/姐夫Older sister's husband妯娌Brother's wife；sister-in-law昂立教育，是目前上海最大的非学历教育和在校学生培训培训机构！客户服务热线：400-820-8062- 5 -。
Abstract: The culture difference between English and Chinese kinship terms lies on the divisi on of patriarchal and non-patriarchal clans, details and omissions of paterchal and maternal ki nships terms, elder-younger relations and seniority order, blood relations by marriage, constru ction of derivatives, generalization. In non-kinship terms (social address forms), Chinese has more complex address words, as well as in the usage of respect and humility. The reasons of s uch phenomenon are the different histories, concepts of bearing, concepts of friendships, as w ell as the different beliefs.Key words: kinship term, social address form, cultural difference摘要：英汉亲属称谓词在区分宗族与非宗族、父系与母系、长幼辈分、姻亲与血亲、派生词的使用、泛化方面有明显的区别；在社会称谓中，汉语表达的词汇相对丰富，敬语与谦语的使用也更频繁。
造成这种现象的差异是两民族的历史、生育观念、友谊观念和信仰观念结构的不同。
关键词：亲属称谓、社会称谓、文化差异IntroductionThe exact nature of the relationship between language and culture has fascinated, and continu es to fascinate, people form a wide variety of backgrounds. A few words are necessary concer ning what we mean by “culture”. We intend to use it in the sense of whatever a person must k now in order to function in a particular society. Goodenough‟s definition (1957, p. 167): “a so ciety‟s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a ma nner accept for any one of themselves‟ culture, therefore, is the ‟know-how‟ that a person mus t poses to get through the task of daily living.”One long-standing claim concerning the relationship between language and culture is that the structure of a language views the world and the concept of them. This claim usually associates with the linguist Endward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf. Whorfian hypothesis is widely adopted by linguists all over the world.Sapir acknowledged the close relationship between language and culture, maintaining that the y were inextricably related so that you could not understand or appreciate the one without a k nowledge of the other: Human being do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particu lar language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusi on to imagine that language is merely an incidental mans of solving specific problems of com munication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the “real world” is to a large extent unc onsciously built up on the language habits of the group. (1929b, Language p.207)This thesis aims at illustrating the relationship between language and culture through the addr ess forms contrast between Chinese and English, including kinship terms address forms, socia l address forms (non-kinship terms), selection of respect and honorific words and further anal ysis of reasons of such differences in address forms.1.Differences in kinship termsOne interesting way in which people use language in daily living is to refer to various kinds of kin. There is a considerable literature on kinship terminology, describing how people in vari ous parts of the world refer to brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins and so on. Kinship syste ms are a universal feature of languages, because it is so important in social organization. Som e systems are much …richer‟than others, but all make use of such factors as sex, age, generatio n, blood and marriage in their society. One of the attractions that kinship systems have for inv estigators is that these factors are fairly readily ascertainable; one can therefore relate them wi th considerable confidence to the actual words that people use to describe a particular kin relat ionship.1.1 Divisions of kinship termsThere are two common points between English and Chinese kinship address forms: one is the quantities of both experience a process from more to less; the other is that some basic address words have equal meanings in both language, e.g. father =父亲，mother =母亲，son =儿子，daughter = 女儿，husband =丈夫，wife = 妻子. On the other hand, most of the address words are different from each other because of the differences of culture and language forms, and such phenomenon reflect the two nations‟ discr epancy.1.1.1 The difference by patriarchal and non-patriarchal clansGenerally speaking, patriarchal clans are regarded as the basic unit of Chinese traditional s ocial structure. 爷爷（grandpa）,奶奶（grandma）,侄儿（nephew）,孙儿（grandson）,孙女（granddaughter）are defied in patriarchal group; therefore, 外公（grandpa on mother‟s side）,外婆(grandma on mother‟s side ),外甥（son of one‟s sister）,内侄(son of one‟s brother or cousin), 内侄女(daughter of one‟s sister ) etc, are regulated in non-patriarchal group. One of the most distinct features of Chinese kinship address form is that patriarchal and non-patriarchal clans are strict ly distinguished (various relationships are clearly reflected and not obscured each other).E.g., in Chinese, 外, a morpheme expressing non-patriarchal clans, is usually used to address relati ves on mother‟s,sister‟s or daughter‟s side. According to Analytical Dictionary of Chinese Ch aracters (《说文解字》)，the original meaning of 外 in Chinese is “far and away”. The address customs, therefore, just adopt the extended meaning.Kinship terminology, in English, may be certain difficulties in expressing because instead of patriarchal and non-patriarchal clans in addressing, order and position in the family are looke d as the rule. You can ask a particular person what he or she calls others who have known rela tionships to that person, for example, that person‟s father (Fa), or mother‟s brother (MoBr), or mother‟s sister‟s husband (MoSiHu), in an attempt to show how individuals employ various t erms, but without trying to specify anything concerning the semantic composition of those ter ms. You will find, too, in English that your brother‟s wife‟s father (BrWiFa) cannot be referre d to directly; brother‟s wife‟s father is a circumlocution rather than the kind of term that is of i nterest in kinship terminology. Provided you want to emphasize 奶奶or 外婆, the only thing you can do is making an explanation “on my mother‟s side” or “on my fath er‟s side”. Grandfather (=爷爷/外公)，grandmother (=奶奶/外婆), grandson (=孙子/外孙)，niece (=侄女/外甥女) etc, such words are polysemies. In Chinese English Dictionary (Revised Edition), 外祖母is translated into “(maternal)grandmother”, which just proves there is no proper vocabulary c lassifying 奶奶or 外婆 in communication in the west. This illustrates that there is no distinction between patriarch al clans in English. “堂”、“表” should belong to different clans, while a single word “cousin” embraces series of Chines e kinship address words, such as 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表兄、表弟、表姐、表妹。
