Learning with Interactive Graphical Representations assessing the benefits of interactivity
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人工智能英文版第五版教学设计IntroductionArtificial Intelligence () is an interdisciplinary field that has attracted increasing attention over the past few decades. As technologies and applications continue to evolve, it is essential to develop effective teaching strategies and materials to prepare our students for the future. This document presents a proposed teaching design for the English version of the fifth edition of Artificial Intelligence, with the m of creating a stimulating and engaging learning environment for students to master the fundamentals of and apply these concepts to real-world problems.AudienceThe proposed teaching design is med at undergraduate students who have a basic understanding of programming anddata structures. An introductory course in computer scienceor engineering is recommended, but not mandatory. Studentswith a background in mathematics, statistics, or otherrelated fields may also benefit from this course.PrerequisitesBefore starting this course, students should be familiar with the following:•Programming languages such as Python, Java, or C++•Data structures such as arrays, lists, and trees•Basic algorithms such as sorting and searching•Linear algebra and calculusCourse ContentWeek 1: Introduction to•Definition of•Brief history of•Applications of•Key concepts in•Overview of the courseWeek 2: Problem Solving and Search•Problem-solving strategies•State-space search algorithms•Heuristic search algorithms•Uninformed and informed search algorithms•Adversarial searchWeek 3: Knowledge Representation and Reasoning •Propositional logic•First-order logic•Rule-based systems•Frames and semantic networks•Ontologies and knowledge graphsWeek 4: Planning and Decision Making•Planning methods•Decision trees•Decision networks•Utility theory•Game theoryWeek 5: Machine Learning•Supervised learning•Unsupervised learning•Reinforcement learning•Neural networks•Deep learningWeek 6: Natural Language Processing•Text processing•Language modelling•Information extraction•Sentiment analysis•Machine translationWeek 7: Robotics and Perception•Robot architectures•Sensing and perception•Robotics applications•Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)•Path planning and controlWeek 8: Ethics and Social Implications of•Bias in•Frness in•Privacy and security concerns•Misuse and abuse of•Future ofTeaching MethodsThe proposed teaching design combines traditional lectures with interactive classroom activities to promote active learning and engagement. Lectures will cover the key concepts and theories of , while classroom activities will involveproblem-solving exercises, group discussions, and case studies.In addition, students will be expected to complete several coding assignments and a final project. The coding assignments will provide hands-on experience with algorithms and techniques, while the final project will give students the opportunity to apply these concepts to a real-world problem and present their findings to the class.AssessmentAssessment will be based on the following:•Coding assignments (40%)•Final project (30%)•Midterm exam (20%)•Classroom participation (10%)Students will receive feedback on their coding assignments and final project throughout the course, and there will be several opportunities for peer review and group feedback.ConclusionThe proposed teaching design for the English version of the fifth edition of Artificial Intelligence ms to provide students with a solid foundation in the key concepts andtheories of , as well as hands-on experience with coding and real-world applications. By combining traditional lectures with interactive classroom activities, students will be engaged in their learning and better prepared for the future of .。
Using a modular construction kit for the realization of aninteractive Computer Graphics courseReinhard Klein,Frank HanischUniversity of T¨u bingen,Wilhelm-Schickard-Institute for Computer ScienceInteractive Graphics Systems Lab(WSI/GRIS)Reinhard.Klein@Uni-Tuebingen.DE,FHanisch@GRIS.Uni-Tuebingen.DEhttp:www.gris.uni-tuebingen.deAbstract:In[Klein&Hanisch1997]we described the concept and realization of a interactivecomputer graphics course combining lectures,example applets,programming exercises,docu-mentation etc.within a common sophisticated web-based framework.This course allowed foradequate teaching of topics that require both,visualization and interaction.Although it greatlysimplifies teaching and learning of the various contents extending the course is still difficult forseveral reasons:the restricted reusability of its programmed components,the complexity of theparticular applets,the complicated low-level programming of the applets and various inhomoge-neous API’s.Recently,new platform independent software component models like JavaBeans appeared thatallow to write reusable components and compose them in a visual builder tool into new applica-tions.In this paper we describe how we used such models to transform the existing course intoa modular construction kit consisting of components of teaching text and program classes.Theprogram classes consists of Java Beans which can be composed together into an application usinga Visual builder Tool.Although the components are used for the generation of a computer graphics course they aremuch more general and might also be used for the generation of other extendable and interactiveWeb-based courses.1IntroductionVisualization and interaction are the major topics of current computer graphics.Teaching this issues using only traditional teaching methodologies and tools,such as blackboards,slides,and even videos cannot provide real-life examples.Only in real-life settings teaching can reactflexible on the different questions occurring during the dis-cussion of a certain subject and as in physical research,computer graphics problems and challenges can only be recognized through the exploration in experimental setups[Owen1994].In computer graphics such experiments consist of interactive programs which allow to manipulate parameters and animate and visualize complicated al-gorithms.Working with such a program not only helps to illustrate problems but also to motivate students.Fur-thermore,providing the student with these programs enables him to repeat the experiments,to build up his own settings and to deepen certain aspects.This greatly improves the consolidation of lectures at home.As a major goal of the exercises the student should learn to implement the graphics algorithms dealt with lecture[Naiman1996]. In the meantime the World Wide Web(WWW)together with embedded Java programs(applets)and Hypertext provides an appropriate framework to generate common interfaces for the integration of all elements of interac-tive teaching courses,such as lectures,programs,exercises,and consolidating literature references and there is al-ready a number of computer graphics courses[Calgary/CS1994,Owen1995,Cornell/TC1996,Shabo et al.1996, Klein&Encarnac¸˜a o1997]that benefit from these techniques including our own web-based interactive computer graphics courses”Computer Graphik spielend lernen I&II”[WSI/GRIS1996/97].Although our course greatly simplifies the teaching and the learning of computer graphic topics,extending the course is still difficult for several reasons:the restricted reusability of its programmed components,the complexity of the particular applets,the complicated low-level programming of the applets and various inhomogeneous API’s. Recently,new platform independent software component models like JavaBeans appeared that allow to write reusable components and compose them in a visual builder tool into new applications.In this paper we describe how we transformed the existing course into a modular construction kit.This kit contains on one hand tools to integrate components of teaching text into one Hypertext document containing links to corresponding Java-applets and vice versa,and on the other hand it contains software components that can be composed together into demonstration application by teachers and students.A similar approach was chosen by Wernert[Wernert1997].1He describes a unified environment for presenting,developing and analyzing graphics algorithm based upon IRISExplorer,a modular visualization environment which provides a visual dataflow language and allows user to link computational modules in order to create visualizations.A further similar approach is described in[Land1994].This nice system allows high level programming(network wiring)to analysis problems to more traditional codingof new modules.But there are also some drawbacks.First of all IRIS Explorer is not platform independent and only available on high-end PCs and SGI-workstations.Second the application cannot be interlinked with a WEB-based environment like our own course.For students even more interesting are thefinancial costs of a commercial system like IRIS Explorer,A VS or IBM Data Explorer.The rest of the paper is organized as follows:in section2wefirst give an overview over the existing courses.Insection3we discuss the challenges we were faced with extending and improving the course.The section4ofthe paper describes the construction kit and the software architecture that we used to meet that challenges.This section includes the component based programming environment(JavaBeans)and the compilation tools developed to integrate the different parts of the course as well as examples how to generate an applet using existing building components.We conclude with section5.2The Course2.1ContentsThe course contains the following topics:Computer graphics hardware,raster algorithms with aliasing and anti-aliasing,3D-transformations,visibility,color,local illumination schemes,modeling techniques,simple animation, texture mapping,global illumination techniques(ray-tracing,radiosity),and volume visualization,distributed into two courses.Both are based on,or related to,the books[Encarnac¸˜a o et al.1996a,Encarnac¸˜a o et al.1996b]and corresponding written for the Fernuniversit¨a t(Correspondence University)in Hagen,Germany.2.2StructureA hypertext page[WSI/GRIS1996/97]provides an unified interface to our Web-based computer graphics course. Starting at this page one can follow links to hypertext pages containing or referring to1.the instruction manual and editorial of the course itself,2.the course text(script),3.an index of all available applets and the application interface(API),4.the programming exercises and5.links to external documentations and sources.The instruction manualfirst gives a short introduction to the course,hints for private studies and provides a list of symbols used throughout the course.In addition it gives a short overview over the design of the course,the programming architecture,thefile structures and last not least it reports known bugs,such as the different behavior of certain applets on different browsers.This list of known bugs and comments can be extended by the user.The external links provide the student with tutorials e.g.for HTML and Java,public domain software,other Web-based courses and further useful stuff.2.2.1Course text,applets and APIThe whole course text is available as hypertext and is presented in an own browser window.The contents and structure of the hypertext is the same as the one of the original course text.The hypertext contains not only cross references tofigures,tables,literature,exercises and footnotes but also links to corresponding applets,to the API and a number of videos and slides that were shown during the lectures.If the user follows a link to an applet or a video,it is started in another browser window.Vice versa the hypertext pages containing the applets also provides links into the course text.In such a way the user working with an applet can immediately get the corresponding theoretical background.In addition,to each applet there is a fourfold kind of documentation made available:An introduction,details on its features,a guided tour covering its essential topics,and general information on its programming architecture.The latter one also contains links to the API.Since the classes of the API also provide hyperlinks to applets that demonstrates their usage in real examples and hyperlinks to the course text(like e.g.Camera),the course text,the applets,their documentation and the API are fully interconnected.Note that all these elements are shown simultaneously in their own browser windows(cf.Fig.1).Figure1:Interconnected course text,applet,documentation and API.2.2.2Programming exercisesIn the programming exercises the students complete the code of a given Java-applet.The Java source code of the environment is available as a hyperlink and can be down-loaded by the students.A comprehensive written instruction is available for each exercise in the form of hypertext pages.In order to read it the students need to use a Web-browser,such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer.Since one of the aims of our course is to make the students familiar with graphics programming,it is important to provide them with sample programs to work with.Therefore,in addition to the instruction for each exercise a small programming example is provided.Since all these components of the course are integrated into a common interface,permanent switching between the theoretical background information,the description of the exercises,and the source code of the latter is possible and greatly supports the students during the completion of their programming tasks.2.3Course SummaryThe described course environment increases the learning success of students through a common interface integrat-ing lectures,programs,programming exercises,user support,and related literature references,thus optimizing the coordination among these basic parts of a course.It realizes a graphical system that contains all the basic function-ality that modern3D graphics system share,yet staying simple enough so that the basic concepts and mechanisms can still be easily understood by the students.It enables students to deepen the different contents of the lecture and explore the different algorithms.The course provides different approaches:either to start with the theory using the script and to complete it with examples and programs or to start and motivate with examples and then take a closer look on the theoretical background.Its object-oriented design and implementation provides a simple and modern programming concept. Furthermore,the use of Java as programming language assures platform-independence.Using our course teachers and students are enabled to theoretically and practically prepare,catch up on,and deepen the lectured course.There is no need to provide for and install a variety of software packages to be able to run thepractical examples at home.Moreover,interested students are able to extend the examples.3Extending and modifying the course:The Challenges3.1Connection between course text and the appletsThe current course contains about70highly sophisticated applets covering all topics of our graphic course.Adrawback of the current situation is that a single applet provides to much functionality.For example the applets onBSpline-Curves contains the BSpline curves itself,the BSpline basis-functions and the knot-vectors.Reading the part about BSpline-basis functions and invoking the corresponding link the student get the whole applet.Instead ofbeing focused to the basis functions the student is distracted by that functionality of the applet which is irrelevantin the current context.To get more focused references,also the small components of our applets must be provided as autonomous applications.On the other hand extending the framework of a course the teacher should be able to use already existing compo-nents to generate new applets in a easy and fast manner.3.2Generating new appletsThe strict object oriented design of our Java-applets simplifies the programming of new applets and classes.Manyof the existing classes can be reused and extended.Nevertheless,to generate new applets still requires low-level programming.Students or teachers not familiar with the existing classes have to wade one’s way through the jungle of hierarchical APIs,instead of concentrating on the structure and concepts of the algorithms.As already shown by a number of authors visual programming greatly aids in developing and debugging code[Wernert1997, Lotufo&Jordan1994].3.3The programming exercisesSince the low-level programming is too time consuming without visual programming our students only complete already existing applets.The drawback of this kind of programming exercises is,that most of the students are not able to understand the overall structure of the program.Although they successfully implement the missing parts there remains a bad feeling.Again,this problems can be solved using a visual application builder in combination with low level programming and studies of existing code.4The construction kit4.1The hypertextThe ingredients for the hypertext were the course text as Latex source with images,the applets and the exercises. In thefirst step we manually created an applet resourcefile containing all information necessary to automatically generate all hypertext environment of an applet.This includes the applets’documentation and keywords used to generate hyperlinks into the course text.The actual pages containing all HTML-tags for the applet(header, hyperlinks to the documentation or course text and applet parameters)are then automatically generated by a Perl script.This guarantees an easy-to-modify and unified outlook of all applets and saves an immense amount of time in the design of these pages.Subsequently those applet resourcefiles are used by a further Perl-script to automatically generate an index of all applets.Aside from hyperlinks to the applets this index page contains their titles,introductions and motivating images.In an independent step the original Latex source was modified.As afirst step links to the different applets are placed into the course text.As a second step anchor points named by the headers of sections and subsections of the course text were automatically inserted.This anchor points are later on referred by hyperlinks of the corresponding applet pages.The names of the anchor points are copied into the corresponding applet resourcefiles.After these two steps we used the program Latex2html[Drakos94]to convert the course text into an HTML format,which still contains the unprocessed anchor tags.These tags are processed in a further step by an additional Perl-script which generates the special course text structure developed for our course.This structure allow for folding and unfolding the hierarchy of the chapters.For each text page on the lowest level of the hierarchy automatically links to the previous and next text page as well as links to all predecessors in the hierarchy.4.2The appletsIn the realization we put special emphasis to a common,easy-to-use interface of the applets.This is especially necessary as the whole course contain a variety of different topics and the functionality of the applets differs greatly.Some of the techniques we use are same colors for the same context,same outlook of labels and control elements with identical meaning and same mouse control.Very important for the design of the applets for teachingpurposes is a clear structuring of the visible information.At afirst glance the student must be able to recognizethe topic of the applet,the key elements of the teaching content and the connectivity between them.Therefore,the visual part of the applet containing these information must attract his attention more than special control elementsto steer certain parameters.Otherwise,the applet would overwhelm the student by a forest of equivalent choices.4.3The BeansAs stated in its specification[Hamilton1997]a JavaBean is a reusable software component that can be manipulatedvisually in a builder tool.The components can either be an object with or without graphical interface.Typical beansin our course areinterface components that extend the standard Java AWT.mathematical and geometrical utility components like vectors,matrices,triangles,spheres etc.2D-and3D canvases also extending the standard Java components.2D-and3D scene graph for high-level graphics primitives and scene descriptionsalready programmed’high-level’beans like imagefilters,function parsers,editable curves,etc.Due to the strict object-oriented design of the Java classes used in our course,their conversion into Java beans wasstraight forward.4.3.1ExamplesFigure2:Left:Building a simple applet demonstrating black white imagefilter in the Bean Box.Unfortunately, the current version of the BeanBox does not display the already established links between the components.Right: Composing three beans into a new applet demonstrating B´e zier Curves together with affin combinations and Bern-stein polynomials.Like in a visual data-flow language beans can be visually composed into new customized applets.The left side of Figure2shows the generation of a simple applet that demonstrates the conversion of a gray-value image to a black-white image.The user can define the threshold value.To generate the applet the image loader,two image beans for input and output image,the value panel and the black-whitefilter are loaded into the application builder. In this example the data-flow is defined by so called property changed events.The property changed event of the original picture(invoked by loading it)is propagated to the black-whitefilter that expects a reference to the input image and resolves an property changed event with an reference to the output st but not least the property changed event of the value panel changes propagates the threshold value to the black-whitefilter and invokes it. After designing the applet in the application builder it can be compiled into a new applet.The right side of Figure2shows the construction of a more complex applet demonstrating B´e zier curves.Its main building blocks are three simpler beans,one realizing affin combinations between two points in2D,one bean displaying the Bernstein polynomials,and one bean containing the B’ezier curve itself.Each bean already implements all basic interaction to manipulate their contents.Several interface components link the beans together. In such a way the functionality of data-flow languages are available to build up new Java ing this paradigm teachers and students can easily develop their own new beans and integrate them into the course usingalready existing components.Nevertheless,there are still cases like the implementation of newfilters in whichnew beans must be implemented in the traditional way.4.3.2Discussion of design problemsOne of the design problems of data-flow languages is how to manage the complexity of program networks.In ourapproach this problem can in most cases easily be solved by grouping several beans into new ones and customizing their appearance within the builder tool.We made use of these techniques throughout the whole course.Theproblem of propagating data through the network that is inherent to most other systems based on the data-flow concept does not occur,since different modules may share the same data in memory.5ConclusionsIn this paper we briefly describe our WEB-based computer graphics course.This course contains various Java-applets allowing the students to explore different topics in computer graphics.We presented a new approach based on JavaBeans to design new applets using existing components in a visual builder tool.These high-level approach is of advantage for both,the teachers extending the course and students in doing their programming exercises.Due to the strict object oriented design of the Java classes used in our course,their conversion into Java beans was straight forward.The advantage of this approach is that it combines the power of visual programming and of the dataflow concept with the platform independence of Java.The resulting programs are not stand alone applications but may be integrated into hypertext.In addition all development components are available for free.References[Calgary/CS1994]Calgary/CS(1994).Course CPSC453:Computer Graphics I.URL:http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/-local interest/class info/453/.University of Calgary,Computer Scienc Dept.[Cornell/TC1996]Cornell/TC(1996).Course Computer Science417:Computer Graphics.URL:/-Visualization/Education/cs417/.Cornell University,Theory Center.[Drakos94]Drakos,N.(94).The LaTeX to HTML translator.Intern.rep.,Computer Based Learning Unit,Univ.of Leeds. [Encarnac¸˜a o et al.1996a]Encarnac¸˜a o,J.,Straßer,W.,Klein,R.(1996).Graphische Datenverarbeitung I.Oldenbourg,4th edn. [Encarnac¸˜a o et al.1996b]Encarnac¸˜a o,J.,Straßer,W.,Klein,R.(1996).Graphische Datenverarbeitung II.Oldenbourg,4th edn.[Hamilton1997]Hamilton,G.(1997).The javabeans api specification.Sun Microsystems.[Kjelldahl&Teixeira1994]Kjelldahl,L.&Teixeira,J.C.(editors)(1994).Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Visual-ization Education(GVE),Oslo,Norway,10-11September.Eurographics.[Klein&Encarnac¸˜a o1997]Klein,R.&Encarnac¸˜a o,L.M.(1997).An interactive computer graphics theory and programming course for distance education on the Web.In8th Int.PEG Conf.’97,Sozopol,Bulgaria.[Klein&Hanisch1997]Klein,R.&Hanisch,F.(1997).Web based teaching of computer graphics:Concepts and realization of an interactive online course.submitted to Informatik und Ausbildung.[Land1994]Land,B.R.(1994).Teaching computer graphics and scientific visualization using the dataflow,block diagram lan-guage Data Explorer.In S.D.Franklin,A.R.Stubberud,&L.P.Wiedeman(editors),University education uses of visualization in scientific computing:proceedings of the IFIP WG3.2Working Conference on Visualization in Scientific Computing,Uses in University Education,Irvine,CA,USA,IFIP Transactions.A,Computer Science and Technology,pp.33–36,pub-NH:adr. pub-NH.ISBN0-444-81543-0.[Lotufo&Jordan1994]Lotufo,R.&Jordan,R.(1994).Digital image processing with khoros2.0.This is an interactive WWW Course using the Khoros system.[Naiman1996]Naiman,A.C.(1996).Interactive teaching modules for computer graphics.CG,30(3):33–35.[Owen1994]Owen,G.S.(1994).Teaching Computer Graphics as an Experimental Science.In[Kjelldahl&Teixeira1994]. [Owen1995]Owen,G.S.(1995).Integrating World Wide Web technology into courses in computer graphics and scientific visualization.CG,29(3):12–14.[Shabo et al.1996]Shabo,A.,Guzdial,M.,&Stasko,J.(1996).Addressing student problems in learning computer graphics. CG,30(3):38–40.[Wernert1997]Wernert,E.(1997).A unified environment for presenting,developing and analyzing graphics algorithms.CG, 31(3):26–28.[WSI/GRIS1996/97]WSI/GRIS(1996/97).Course Computer-Graphik spielend lernen.URL:http://www.gris.uni-tuebingen.de/gris/grdev/java/index.html.University of T¨u bingen,Interactive Graphics Systems Lab(WSI/GRIS).。
人工智能如何更好的用到英语课上英语作文1. 个性化学习路径规划 (Personalized Learning Path Planning)人工智能可根据每位学生的英语水平、兴趣偏好及学习进度,量身定制个性化的作文学习路径。
通过分析学生在词汇积累、语法掌握、篇章结构理解等方面的强项与短板,AI系统可推荐相应的学习资源和练习题目,如:Chinese: 人工智能能针对每个学生的英语水平、兴趣爱好及学习进程,精准规划个性化的作文学习路线。
通过对词汇积累、语法掌握、文章架构理解等优势与不足的分析,系统会推荐相应的学习资料和习题。
English: AI can tailor personalized essay learning paths for each student based on their English proficiency, interests, and progress. By analyzing their strengths and weaknesses in vocabulary acquisition, grammar mastery, and understanding of text structure, the system recommends relevant study materials and practice exercises.2. 实时写作辅助与纠错 (Real-time Writing Assistance & Error Correction)人工智能实时编辑工具能够实时监测学生的写作过程,提供即时的语法纠正、拼写检查以及词汇建议。
这种即时反馈有助于学生在写作过程中及时修正错误,避免形成不良习惯。
例如:Chinese: 人工智能实时编辑工具能全程监控学生的写作进程,给予即刻的语法修正、拼写检查及词汇建议。
这样的即时反馈利于学生在写作时迅速改正错误,防止养成不良写作习惯。
在教育中引入人工智能的英语作文Title: Introducing Artificial Intelligence in EducationIntroductionIn recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been rapidly transforming various industries, including education. The integration of AI technology in the field of education has the potential to revolutionize traditional teaching methods, personalize learning experiences, and improve overall educational outcomes. This essay will examine the benefits and challenges of introducing AI in education, as well as the implications for teachers and students.Benefits of AI in EducationOne of the primary advantages of using AI in education is its ability to personalize learning experiences for students. AI algorithms can analyze students' learning styles, strengths, and weaknesses to create personalized learning pathways tailored to their individual needs. This can help students learn at their own pace and improve their understanding of complex concepts. Additionally, AI-powered learning platforms can providereal-time feedback to students, helping them identify areas for improvement and track their progress over time.Furthermore, AI technology can help teachers save time on administrative tasks, such as grading assignments and creating lesson plans. By automating these routine tasks, teachers can allocate more time to providing personalized support to students and fostering interactive learning experiences in the classroom. In addition, AI can enhance the quality of teaching by providing teachers with insights into student performance and suggesting innovative teaching strategies based on data analysis.Challenges of AI in EducationDespite its numerous benefits, the integration of AI in education also poses several challenges. One of the main concerns is the potential for AI to replace human teachers and dehumanize the learning process. While AI can augment teachers' capabilities and improve educational outcomes, it is essential to strike a balance between technology and human interaction in education. Teachers play a crucial role in nurturing students' social and emotional skills, which cannot be fully replaced by AI.Another challenge is the ethical implications of using AI in education, such as data privacy and algorithmic bias. AI systems rely on vast amounts of data to function, raising concerns aboutthe security and privacy of students' personal information. Moreover, AI algorithms may perpetuate existing biases in educational practices, such as favoring certain types of learners or neglecting diverse perspectives. It is essential to address these ethical considerations and develop transparent and inclusive AI systems in education.Implications for Teachers and StudentsThe introduction of AI in education has significant implications for both teachers and students. For teachers, AI can serve as a valuable tool for enhancing their teaching practices and improving student outcomes. By leveraging AI technologies, teachers can create personalized learning experiences, identify at-risk students, and adapt their instructional strategies based on real-time data analysis. Additionally, AI can support teachers in managing diverse classroom settings and addressing individual learning needs effectively.For students, AI offers opportunities for personalized learning and self-directed study. AI-powered learning platforms can provide students with interactive learning materials, adaptive assessments, and personalized feedback to enhance their understanding of complex subjects. Moreover, AI can help students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and digitalliteracy skills essential for success in the 21st-century workforce. By integrating AI into education, students can accesshigh-quality learning resources and engage in innovative learning experiences that cater to their individual needs.ConclusionIn conclusion, the integration of AI in education holds great potential for transforming traditional teaching practices and improving educational outcomes. By leveraging AI technologies, educators can create personalized learning experiences, enhance teaching practices, and empower students to achieve their full potential. However, it is essential to address the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI in education to ensure its responsible and effective use. By collaborating with policymakers, educators, and technologists, we can harness the power of AI to create a more inclusive, equitable, and innovative educational system for future generations.。
How to Effectively Utilize Artificial Intelligencein English ClassroomsIn today's era of technological advancements,artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our daily lives, and its potential in the field ofeducation is immense. English classrooms, particularly, can greatly benefit from the intelligent use of AI tools and technologies. This essay explores how AI can be effectively utilized in English classrooms to enhance teaching and learning outcomes.**1. Personalized Learning Experiences**AI-driven learning platforms can provide personalized learning experiences for students. These platforms analyze student data to identify individual strengths, weaknesses, and learning preferences. Based on this data, they recommend tailored lesson plans, practice exercises, and resources that cater to each student's unique needs. This approach ensures that students are engaged and challengedat an appropriate level, leading to more effective learning. **2. Adaptive Learning**Adaptive learning technologies use AI algorithms to adjust the difficulty of content and the pace of learning based on students' performance. As students progress, the system adapts to their abilities, challenging them withmore complex material when they are ready and providing additional support when needed. This approach helpsstudents build a solid foundation of knowledge whilekeeping them engaged and motivated.**3. Interactive and Engaging Content**AI-powered tools can create interactive and engaging content that brings the English language to life. Thesetools can incorporate videos, games, simulations, and other multimedia elements to make learning more fun and engaging. They can also provide instant feedback on students' pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, allowing them to identify and correct their mistakes promptly.**4. Automated Assessment**AI-assisted assessment tools can减轻教师的工作负担,同时确保评估的准确性和一致性。
生成式人工智能在高中英语教学的应用Generative Artificial Intelligence in High School English Language TeachingThe rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized various aspects of our lives, including the field of education. One particularly promising application of AI in the educational realm is the use of generative AI in high school English language teaching. Generative AI, with its ability to create human-like text, has the potential to significantly enhance the learning experience for students and transform the way English is taught in high schools.One of the primary benefits of using generative AI in high school English language teaching is the personalization of the learning process. Generative AI systems can analyze the individual learning needs and preferences of each student and tailor the content and delivery of the lessons accordingly. This personalized approach can help students better understand and retain the material, as they are engaging with content that is tailored to their specific learning styles and abilities.Furthermore, generative AI can be employed to create a wide range of educational materials, such as practice exercises, essay prompts, and interactive learning modules. These resources can be generated in real-time, allowing teachers to adapt and adjust the content based on the students' progress and needs. This flexibility can lead to a more dynamic and engaging learning environment, where students are constantly challenged and motivated to improve their English proficiency.Another significant advantage of incorporating generative AI in high school English language teaching is the potential to enhance the quality and diversity of the learning materials. Generative AI systems can draw from a vast database of linguistic information and generate content that is grammatically correct, coherent, and engaging. This can be particularly beneficial for students who may struggle with certain aspects of the English language, as the AI-generated content can provide them with high-quality examples and explanations that complement the traditional teaching methods.Moreover, generative AI can be utilized to create personalized feedback and assessment tools. By analyzing the students' written work, the AI system can provide detailed and tailored feedback, highlighting areas for improvement and offering suggestions for further development. This immediate and personalized feedback can be invaluable in helping students identify their strengths andweaknesses, and ultimately, improve their English language skills.In addition to the educational benefits, the use of generative AI in high school English language teaching can also have practical and logistical advantages. For instance, teachers can leverage the AI's ability to generate content to save time and reduce their workload. Instead of spending hours creating lesson plans, practice exercises, or essay prompts, teachers can rely on the AI to generate high-quality materials that can be easily integrated into their teaching strategies.However, it is important to acknowledge the potential challenges and limitations of using generative AI in the educational context. Ethical considerations, such as ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the generated content, protecting student privacy, and maintaining the integrity of the assessment process, must be carefully addressed. Additionally, the integration of generative AI in the classroom requires a significant investment in technology infrastructure, teacher training, and ongoing support to ensure its effective implementation.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of using generative AI in high school English language teaching are substantial. By harnessing the power of this technology, educators can create a more personalized, engaging, and effective learning environment fortheir students, ultimately helping them to develop their English language proficiency and achieve greater academic success.As the field of AI continues to evolve, it is crucial for educators to stay informed and explore the various ways in which this technology can be leveraged to enhance the learning experience. By embracing the opportunities presented by generative AI, high school English language teachers can pave the way for a more dynamic and innovative approach to education, preparing their students for the demands of the 21st century.。
如何在英语课堂上应用人工智能英语作文How to Use Artificial Intelligence in English ClassroomsIntroductionWith the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important tool in many aspects of our daily lives. In the field of education, AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we teach and learn. In particular, AI can be a valuable tool in English classrooms, helping students improve their language skills and enhancing their learning experience. In this article, we will explore how AI can be used in English classrooms and discuss the benefits it can bring to both educators and students.Benefits of Using AI in English Classrooms1. Personalized LearningOne of the key benefits of using AI in English classrooms is its ability to provide personalized learning experiences for students. AI-powered language learning platforms can analyze each student's strengths and weaknesses and tailor their lessons accordingly. This personalized approach can help students progress at their own pace and focus on areas where they need the most improvement.2. Enhanced Language PracticeAI can also provide students with opportunities for more effective language practice. AI-powered language learning tools can simulate real-life conversations, allowing students to practice their speaking and listening skills in a low-pressure environment. This can help students build confidence in their language abilities and improve their fluency.3. Immediate FeedbackAnother advantage of using AI in English classrooms is the ability to provide immediate feedback to students. AI-powered language learning platforms can assess students' work inreal-time and provide feedback on their grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary usage. This immediate feedback can help students identify and correct errors more efficiently, leading to faster language acquisition.4. Access to ResourcesAI can also provide English classrooms with access to a wide range of resources and materials. AI-powered language learning platforms can offer interactive lessons, quizzes, and exercises that engage students and make learning more enjoyable. Additionally, AI can provide teachers with valuable insights intostudents' progress and performance, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their teaching strategies.5. Encouraging EngagementFinally, AI can help educators create a more engaging and interactive learning environment in English classrooms.AI-powered language learning platforms can incorporate gamification elements, such as rewards and leaderboards, to motivate students and keep them engaged in their lessons. This can help students stay focused and enthusiastic about learning English.How to Implement AI in English Classrooms1. Choose the Right AI ToolsWhen implementing AI in English classrooms, it is essential to choose the right tools that align with the goals of the curriculum and the needs of the students. There are variousAI-powered language learning platforms available, each offering different features and capabilities. Educators should carefully evaluate these options and select the tools that best suit their teaching style and students' learning preferences.2. Provide Training for EducatorsTo effectively integrate AI into English classrooms, educators must receive adequate training on how to use these tools. Training sessions can help teachers become familiar with the features and functionalities of AI-powered language learning platforms and learn how to incorporate them into their lessons. Additionally, ongoing support and professional development opportunities can help educators enhance their AI skills and adapt their teaching practices accordingly.3. Monitor Student ProgressIt is essential to monitor students' progress and performance when using AI in English classrooms. AI-powered language learning platforms can track students' engagement, completion rates, and performance on assessments, providing valuable insights into their learning outcomes. Educators can use this data to identify areas where students may need additional support and adjust their teaching strategies accordingly.4. Foster CollaborationAI should be used as a tool to enhance collaboration and interaction in English classrooms, rather than replace human educators. Educators should encourage students to work together on AI-powered language learning platforms, share their experiences, and provide feedback to each other. Thiscollaborative approach can help students build communication skills and develop a sense of community within the classroom.ConclusionIn conclusion, AI has the potential to transform English classrooms by providing personalized learning experiences, enhancing language practice, providing immediate feedback, offering access to resources, and encouraging engagement. By carefully selecting AI tools, providing training for educators, monitoring student progress, and fostering collaboration, educators can effectively implement AI in English classrooms and leverage its benefits to improve students' language skills and learning outcomes. By embracing AI in education, we can create a more dynamic and engaging learning environment that prepares students for success in the digital age.。
Practice Teaching Assumptions on CNC Cutting by VB Visualization SoftwareMin HuJiangsu province xuzhou technician instituteXuzhou, Jiangsu 221151, China****************Abstract—This article starts with the analysis of the development and requirements of numeric control technology combined with numeric control training teaching in vocational schools. It analyzes the research status of visualization technology and probes the application of VB programming language in educational and teaching areas. Under the circumstances of new curriculum reforms carried out in vocational schools, I have researched the advantages of numeric control cutting teaching by applying visualization technology combined with VB programming language to numeric control teaching. I have also designed and developed interactive teaching software aimed at numeric control cutting teaching practice. Also I have developed the interactive interfaces which are based on educational scheme and the teaching guidelines, by analyzing the characteristics of three-year-program intermediate students from Class 1, 2014 welding department. Besides, take the board operation in the numeric control cutting operation as an example, I have expounded in brief that we can employ many different teaching methods and modern teaching means to carry out teaching reforms. By comparing traditional teaching methods with interactive teaching methods, I have proved that visualized teaching and interactive teaching can improve our teaching efficiency and apply to the learning characteristics of modern students and they also play a certain roles in improving students’ learning interest and cultivating students’ strong manipulative abilities. And thus they can help students to learn to operate and program and make them all-around skilled talents. In addition, they also play a positive role in promoting numeric control cutting integrated teaching.Keywords—VB; visualization; CNC cutting practice teachingI.INTRODUCTIONCNC is the technology which uses digital information on the mechanical movement process and the working state of the control technology, mainly used in computer operation technology, sensor detection technology, network technology, machinery manufacturing technology and modern control technology [1]. The reason why it is widely used in various fields is the high precision characteristics which can achieve high efficiency, flexibility of the automated production line. IN the rapid development of manufacturing today, the level of manufacturing automation reflects the level of national economic development and production [2]. Whether the enterprise has a flexible automation, integrated, intelligent production line has become an important indicator of the enterprises.With the development of numerical control technology[3], the whole CNC cutting industry has been developed from the manual semi-automatic cutting to the flame plasma CNC cutting, water knife, laser robot cutting, its technical experience has combined with CNC cutting technology, computer hardware and software technology, flame cutting technology and precision machinery into a high-tech industry. NC cutting and other cutting methods can effectively improve the use of sheet metal utilization, cutting quality and sheet utilization, but also can reduce the labor intensity of the operation.In the machining industry, CNC cutting is called steel tailor, so it becomes the key process of metal material processing. However, it is difficult for the enterprise to recruit the person who has the ability of both CNC cutting technology skills and programming. There are many reasons, and now most of the students are the only one child, the lack of hard-working spirit. Even some of them have stepped into the enterprise it is because the lacking of professionalism leads them still difficult to stick to their posts.We start from the curriculum development, change the teaching model, in order to meet the development of modern vocational education, we combine with the new training model of vocational school, for the characteristics of secondary vocational students, cultivate a multi-dimensional perspective of the skills talent. VB software will be combined with curriculum features to develop visual interactive software applied to teaching to improve the effectiveness of CNC cutting practice teaching. It is a good step for the better integration into the combination of learning.II.V ISUAL B ASICVB (Visual Basic) is a Windows application development tool which Microsoft Corporation launched in 1991.VB language is a high-level language which is actuated by the event driver and it is objectivism and structured. For non-computer professional programmers[4], the use of VB for program development or visualization system development is a good choice. Because VB is very convenient to develop graphical user interface and has a lot of common controls and Active controls which can be set by the operation features of CNC cutting. The control on the interface is driven by the mouse or keyboard events. VB has better compatibility which can also call other functions or other programs, such as MATLAB. Because of its powerful interface setting function,International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2017)so the use of VB can achieve graphics and man-machine dialogue interactive teaching system.III.V ISUALIZATION TECHNOLOGYIt is estimated that the channe l broadband of People’s visual data is up to 2GB per second.Half of brain’s neural cells is applied for dealing with visual input information.which Visualization fully utilizes people’s eye-brain system with the fastest speed and widest band function to deal and understand all kinds of information. Visualization can fully exert students’ image thinking with its intuition and vitality and other characteristics with a good application prospect.There is still a distance for our national Visualization technique with a late start. The study on it conducted from below two sides: Firstly,Research on the process development of Visualization technique and visual tools development for various fields . For example : the paper ”design and implementation of visual tools for C Programming Language program structure “ explains how to develop visual tools in the light of program structure Visualization.Secondly,Specific application and study on Visualization in different fields and topics. For example : in the paper of “ap plication research in teaching on Visual tools -Visual Eyes “Author make a detailed introduction aiming at Visual tools -Visual Eyes. The paper mainly sketches its development,the project construct schematic of Visual Eyes .then at last,experiment on two classes chosen to conclude the results.Currently,Visual teaching software and tools abroad are mainly Macromedia Author ware,IWB Web CT,Learning SpaceVisual Eyes etc.while there are some kinds of visual software in china,such as PowerPoint,Flash,Founder Author Tool、Kaidi Guangzhou and so on,which offers us great help in our teaching ignoring its disadvantage. These visual tools is easy to learn ,while the software such as PowerPoint ,course ware master is widely used in education teaching with its strong practicability and easy to master;for another software,as it is hard to use for non-computer teachers as you need some computer programming knowledge, so there is no popularization. But in general, the development of visual software promotes the teaching met hod’s change and improves teaching efficiency.IV.T HE P RESENT S ITUATION OF V ISUALIZATION AND VBC OMBINATIONDomestic education experts in the field of education and teaching will be VB and visualization of the combination of examples. There are lots of examples which domestic education experts has applied in the combination with VB and visualization.In 2004, Zeng Min of Central South University of Forestry and Technology studied and developed the visual design parameters of panel furniture based on VB[5], In 2005, Gao Hua from Shandong University studied and developed the geometric simulation system of NC cutting based on VB, In 2007, Li Qiang of Taiyuan University of Technology studied the visualization algorithm based on the control of visualization algorithm[6], In 2007, Liu Yong bo of Electronic Science and Technology University made a secondary development system design for AutoCAD based on VB[7], In 2009 Jiang Xiao wei from China Mining University made a exploitation and application about MATLAB vibration simulation system based on VB, In 2011,Deng daoji from Fuzhou University analyzed and studied the parametric modeling and finite element analysis of the port gantry crane based on VB. In 2014 Ruan Zongli from China University of Petroleum develop a "numerical calculation method" support software for teaching which combined MATLAB with VB [8]. In order to develop teaching resources and change the traditional teaching mode in the past, so far, for the field of CNC cutting professional visualization of VB is almost blank, so the combination of VB and visualization applied to the teaching of CNC cutting is necessary.V.T HE ADVANTAGES OF VISUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY INTEACHINGUsing the interactivity of visualization technology can realize the animation demonstration and the teaching content switching, Students deepen the NC cutting practice course theory by falsh and Simulation demonstration.In addition[9],Students can seen the different of observations by change the Workpiece and machine parameters ,which have contributed to understand the process and operation of setting machine parameters.Students recognized the concept of what you have learned by begin the class,and they have understand the concept by flash and graph,and so on.Not only visualize the concept of knowledge and the process of evolution, but also help to enhance the students' interest in learning. CNC cutting practice teaching, practice teaching workshop equipment Co., in poor environment, the workshop type of work, the noise is big, so the practice in the classroom setting of multimedia case, we can divide the CNC cutting visualization software will reproduce the practice field, which helps students understand the related knowledge and understanding of the image after cutting.After a detailed explanation by the teacher, students can watch the video animation repeatedly according to their own acceptance, until they do not understand the knowledge points so that it can help students improve their independent learning ability. In addition, the visual teaching can also be separated from the classroom environment, students can transfer knowledge through the network, and at home can also review and consolidate the knowledge learned. Therefore, the visual teaching method has changed the traditional teaching mode and improved the teaching efficiency. It is a new teaching method which is worth popularizing.VI.T HE APPLICATION OF VB VISUALIZATION IN THENUMERICAL CONTROL CUTTING COURSEAs being set up in secondary vocational school for numerical control cutting, this course aims to train students on their ability to learn knowledge and to use it into practice, and the professional spirit. While for the knowledge application ability, this project pays attention to cultivate students' ability to operate CNC cutting machine, as well as the special programming ability to use nesting software. Course contents are arranged as following:Fig. 1 Course contentFig. 2 Physical graphicsFig. 3 VB visualization windowTaking on-board operation project in teaching module of CNC cutting off machine as example, this project studies the visualization teaching methods. Mainly using graphic method, problem guiding method, task driven method, and autonomous inquiry method, this project aims to develop the skilled talents that can independently program and make numerical control cutting and blanking.Firstly, using graphic method ,As shown in figure 2, we guide the student to see the video and photos, and ask questions after careful observation. For example, for the same piece of steel plate, why the blanking results are not the same? In this way, we inspire students to think by themselves. What can we do to save material and improve the cutting efficiency? By comparing actual entity with graphics, we guide students to understand the purpose and role of on-board, and make clear of the tasks.Secondly, release task specification. And using task driving method, distribute the tasks to students that are divided into groups. Based on the knowledge of machine tool interface function, and after the analysis and group discussions that can help students gain knowledge of on-board operation steps, students can searching for all informationindependently. Thus, we can cultivate students' autonomous learning ability as well as the team cooperation ability. Then, each group members make simulation exercise through computer visual interactive interface. As shown in figure 3, the VB visualization window can help to manage and optimize the graphics drew by students. By re-arranging the graphics of different sizes and dimensions, it can help to make the most of the utilization rate of steel plate, to lay a good foundation for the numerical control blanking. Also there would be role exchange within the team in the process of operation, to improve the ability of collaboration, and everyone has the opportunity to operate.At last, students evaluate and share their operating experience and insufficiency for the operating of VB visualization window, and list improvement ideas accordingly. Also the teacher evaluates the performance of each group, and inspires the improvement of students’ learning enthusiasm and motivation.The research had been made based on the 30 students of Welding-14 class, for the comparison of traditional teaching and visual teaching. The results showed that the use of visualization in the teaching of numerical control cutting, improved the teaching quality and teaching effect greatly.VII. S UMMARYTo sum up,According to the character of education method,summarized under the traditional model ,we get the concept of visualizing education ,and expand the merit of visualizing education which is combined with NC cutting in practical education. It changed the situation of all kinds of difficulties in original class, like tough organization and discipline, tough teaching contents, and difficulties in classes (for example the difficulty in hearing due to noisy workshop). Also, it benefits the communication and exchanges between teachers and students, and can help to teach students in accordance of their aptitude.R EFERENCES[1] ability of Visualization Technology in Engineering CourseTeaching: Hebei University of Technology.[2] Wang Zhisen, Zhao Fumin, et al. The Compilation of CNC SystemProcessing Program: Journal of Hefei University of Technology (Natural Science Edition).[3] Ge Yanjun. (2005:229-248).Key Technology and Application of NCMachining: Beijing Science Press.[4] Luowei, Zhou Qingbin, et al. (1997).Visual Basic Programming andApplication 1001 Questions: Electronic Industry Press.[5] Ming Zeng. The exploitation of plank stuff furniture’s Visual ParametricCAD System Based on VB.[D].Central South Forestry University,2004 [6] Qiang Li.Research of Algorithm Visualization On the Basis of ControlTechnology.[D].Taiyuan University of Technology,2007[7] Liu yongbo.Secondary Development of Program Design of AutoCADBased On VB.[D].University of Electronic Science and technology of China ,2007[8] Cong Ying jiu.The Design and realization of the refrigeratory testingsystem based on visual basic.[D].Ocean University of China ,2006[9] Yu Zhonghai, case teaching applied to the value and implementationstrategy of new curriculum [J]. Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004, (2)。
少儿学习资源大全:促进孩子全面发展1. 引言1.1 概述随着社会的不断进步和发展,教育对孩子们的重要性也越发凸显出来。
作为父母或教育者,我们都希望能够给予孩子全面的发展机会,帮助他们充分发掘潜力并取得成功。
然而,在如今快节奏的生活中,找到合适的学习资源可能是一项具有挑战性的任务。
为了方便家长和教育者选择适当的学习资源,本文将介绍一些丰富多样的学习资源,旨在促进孩子们全面发展。
从视觉、听觉到互动学习资源,本文将涵盖各个方面,并对每个部分进行详细讨论。
1.2 文章结构本文将按照以下结构进行组织:第二部分将介绍视觉学习资源。
这些资源包括绘本和插画书、视频教育资源以及图形化学习工具。
我们将探讨这些资源如何通过视觉刺激促进孩子们的认知和创造力的发展。
第三部分将介绍听觉学习资源。
音频书籍和故事集、听力课程和音频教材,以及循环音乐和声音游戏,都是帮助孩子们发展听觉技能和语言能力的有益资源。
第四部分将探讨互动学习资源。
这包括教育游戏和应用程序、互动式网站和在线学堂,还有模拟实验室和虚拟体验工具。
这些资源将帮助孩子们通过积极参与学习获得实践经验,并激发他们的求知欲。
最后,在第五部分中,我们将对所介绍的学习资源进行总结,并展望未来的发展趋势。
此外,我们还会强调一些重要的知识点,并呼吁家长和教育者鼓励孩子们积极参与学习。
1.3 目的本文的主要目的是为家长和教育者提供一个全面的少儿学习资源大全,以促进孩子们在多个领域的全面发展。
希望通过介绍这些资源,使他们能够更好地了解如何选择适当的学习材料,并为孩子们打开一扇充满机遇的大门。
在这个信息爆炸时代中,我们相信,有了正确的学习资源和良好的教育环境,孩子们将能够获得更多的应对挑战和追求成功的机会。
通过积极参与学习,他们将培养出创造力、解决问题的能力以及自信心,为未来的发展奠定坚实基础。
2. 视觉学习资源2.1 绘本和插图书绘本和插画书是一种重要的视觉学习资源,可以帮助孩子们培养阅读兴趣和阅读能力。
Learning with Interactive Graphical Representations: assessing the benefits of interactivity through the analysis of learners' video recordings.Nuno OteroSchool of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of SussexEmail: nunop@IntroductionInteractive graphical representations have been used and promoted to facilitate learning (Cheng, 1999). However, not much is known about what kinds of graphical representations and what forms of interactivity are effective (Rogers, 1999). The present research explores how external cognition affects learning (Scaife and Rogers, 1996; Rogers and Scaife, 1997). More specifically it addresses the question of whether providing 3D interactive graphical representations in problems that require the depiction of 3D properties is beneficial for the learning process.In order to address the research question stated above, four Interactive Learning Environments (ILEs) were created with different graphical representations. Each learning environment tackled the same concept in the same manner, except for differences in the diagrams and interactivity. In total, the ILEs were composed of 15 diagrams distributed along six explanatory steps with accompanying text. So, the ILEs are in fact using two different types of representations, graphical and textual, in separate frames. Two 2D systems were built differing in the possibility for learners to manipulate the diagrams' elements. Two 3D systems were also built, again differing in the possibility for learners to manipulate diagrams' elements. The four systems were named 2D, 2DI, 3D and 3DI.The stereographic projection was chosen as the application domain. It is a one-to-one transformation from the surface of the sphere (the surface of a 3D geometric entity), less one point, onto a plane (by definition a 2D geometric entity). In general terms, the concept belongs to the geometry domain, but in the case of this study there is an emphasis on one of its particular applications: the problem of studying symmetry relationships in crystallography. Some of the graphical representations in textbooks explaining the concept are 2D diagrammatic representations that, through the use of pictorial cues are intended to show 3D "objects" (see, for example, Borchardt-Ott, 1995). The issue here is whether these representations are more easily understood when 3D interactive diagrams are employed, considering that students usually have some difficulties learning the concept and manipulating the resulting 2D final representations, the stereograms.Eighty subjects, 42 first year undergraduates studying a geology course and 38 from a mathematics course, were randomly assigned to one of the four ILEs. The experiment comprised three different moments:• Moment 1 - Prior to the use of the ILEs, the subjects were tested on their spatial ability through the Paper Folding Test (PFT) (Ekstrom, French and Harman, 1979) and their geometry knowledge through a geometry test (GT) similar to the GRE geometry module.• Moment 2 - The subjects were instructed to explore the geometry concept with the ILE they were allocated to and answer the questions displayed at the end of each text frame (the multiple-choice test- MCT). A brief explanation of the functionality of the different ILEs was also given. No constraints were imposed on the time available or sequencing of the exploration.• Moment 3 - Finally, a post-test (PT) was completed that consisted of 17 questions about the concept taught.The initial results report to the analysis of the learners' scores in the multiple-choice test and its relationship with spatial ability and prior geometry knowledge (for a more in-depth description of the analysis see Otero, Rogers and du Boulay, 2001). The major findings were:• We did not find an overall best ILE; the scores in the multiple-choice test did not differentiate significantly by type of ILE.• Subjects with different levels of spatial and background knowledge (coming from the geology or maths degree) seem to benefit more from different types of ILEs, which somehow supports Cox's (1999) affirmation that the successful use of an external representation is dependent "…upon a complex interaction between (a) the properties of the representation, (b) the demands of the task and (c) within-subjects factors such as prior knowledge and cognitive style." (p. 343-344).However, in order to have a better grasp of the possible causes of the referred results, a video analysis of the learners' interactions with the ILEs was performed.The video analysisThe video analysis inscribes in a more qualitative data analysis stage. Eighteen subjects were chosen from a sample of 40 videoed subjects. The main goal is to find behaviour patterns that clarify the results obtained in the quantitative analysis. It comprises two types of coding done in parallel, with the corresponding outputs:• One type of coding involves active interpretation of user's actions making assumptions about the meanings of what is being observed. It is called Interpretative Coding (IC). The main goal is to uncover the pattern of learner's switching between the textual and the graphical representations. Thus, I intend to display the learner's flow of activity, or rather, my interpretation of the flow of activity.• In the other type of coding only the unambiguous visible activity that the user is displaying is registered. This implies not making assumptions about the meanings or functions of actions or sequence of actions. This coding is named Action Recording (AC). In this case the output of such coding is a stream of actions.The two types of coding were inscribed in a specific diagram to facilitate the identification of the behavioural patterns. The construction of this diagrammatic representation was done for each learner and involved two steps:• In the first step I wrote the coding relative to the AC.• The second step relates to the registering of the IC coding. This second phase benefits from the fact that the AC is already displayed, and allowed the re-interpretation and re-coding whenever was needed, according to possible emerging patterns not devised in the initial coding (step one).After building the diagrammatic representation it is necessary to write up a story that tells us:• How each learner interacted with the ILE.• How does the interaction pattern might have influenced the performance in the MCT and PT.• How learner's background knowledge and spatial ability can relate to the patterns uncovered.Below are the basic general questions that frame the overall analysis of the coding done that will enhance the comparisons between subjects:• How long did the learner spent in exploring the ILE?• How long did the learner spent on each explanatory step? How is the score of the multiple-choice test (MCT) obtained in each step related to the time spent interacting?• How long did the learner spend exploring the ILE before reaching the questions part?• Are there any differences in type and number of actions between the period of "reading" the information and answering the questions?• Are there any differences between subjects concerning the number and sequence of transitions between different areas of the ILE (areas are considered to be the textual part, the questions, or the diagrams)? What about type and number of actions in each transition?The questions presented above helped us to form a story of each learner ILE exploration. However, the comparison between subjects (in our case 18) seems to be difficult if we start comparing all the subjects based on each individual story: too much detail can hide important aspects. An alternative is to try to condense the information gathered by using caricatures that capture the essential of an interaction pattern. The plan, then, is to find a caricature for each question presented above, classifying the subjects as if the caricature was a dimension and rank the subjects accordingly. The next step could be to form, say, 3 groups based on the rankings and see how each subject inscribes in the several caricatures. In the end we will have a description of each learner composed by his positioning in the caricatures/dimensions and additional descriptive snippets of interaction that elucidate and reinforce the overall pattern.The initial results of this analysis will be presented at the workshop.AcknowledgmentsNuno Otero research is being supported by a grant from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Praxis XXI, BD/15717/98. I would also like to thank the support given for the experiment by the Departamento de Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa and Escola Superior de Comunicação Social (Portugal) and Monica Dias, Maria Manuel Torres and Miguel Gaspar for their advice on building the ILEsReferencesCheng, P.C (1999) Interactive law encoding diagrams for learning and instruction. Learning and Instruction, 9(4), 309-326.Cox, R. (1999). Representation construction, externalised cognition and individual differences. Learning and Instruction, 9(4), 342-363Ekstrom, R.B.; French, J.W.; Harman, H.H. (1979). Cognitive factors: their identification and replication. Forth Worth, Tex: Texas Christian University Press [for] The Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.Otero, N.; Rogers, Y.; du Boulay, B. (2001). Is Interactivity a Good Thing? Assessing its benefits for learning. In M. Smith and G. 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