英文外科试题1

外科学英文题库Medical Advancements in Surgical Practices: A Comprehensive ExplorationThe field of surgery has witnessed remarkable advancements over the years, revolutionizing the way healthcare professionals approach and manage various medical conditions. Surgical practices have evolved significantly, driven by the pursuit of improved patient outcomes, reduced risk, and enhanced efficiency. This comprehensive exploration delves into the various facets of surgical disciplines, highlighting the key advancements that have shaped the landscape of modern medical care.At the forefront of surgical progress lies the integration of cutting-edge technology. The advent of robotic-assisted surgery has transformed the traditional surgical approach, allowing for greater precision, reduced invasiveness, and enhanced visualization. Robotic systems, such as the da Vinci Surgical System, have enabled surgeons to perform complex procedures with enhanced dexterity, improved ergonomics, and reduced physical strain. These technological advancements have not only improved surgical outcomes but also expanded the scope of treatable conditions,making previously inaccessible procedures more feasible and accessible to patients.In addition to the integration of robotics, the field of surgical imaging has undergone remarkable advancements. The utilization of intraoperative imaging techniques, such as fluorescence-guided surgery and real-time imaging systems, has revolutionized the way surgeons visualize and navigate the surgical field. These advanced imaging modalities provide surgeons with enhanced visualization of anatomical structures, enabling them to identify critical structures more accurately and minimize the risk of complications. The integration of augmented reality and mixed reality technologies into the surgical workflow further enhances the surgeon's understanding of the surgical anatomy, facilitating more precise and efficient interventions.Alongside technological advancements, the field of surgical education and training has also witnessed significant progress. The implementation of simulation-based training platforms has transformed the way aspiring surgeons acquire and refine their skills. These virtual reality and augmented reality-based platforms allow trainees to practice complex surgical procedures in a risk-free environment, honing their technical proficiency and decision-making abilities before performing real-world operations. The incorporation of these educational tools has led to improved surgical skills,reduced learning curves, and enhanced patient safety.Furthermore, the advancements in minimally invasive surgical techniques have profoundly impacted the landscape of modern surgery. Procedures such as laparoscopic, endoscopic, and arthroscopic surgeries have become increasingly prevalent, offering patients reduced surgical trauma, shorter recovery times, and improved cosmetic outcomes. The development of specialized instruments and techniques has enabled surgeons to access and operate on target tissues through smaller incisions, minimizing the overall impact on the patient's body and promoting faster healing.The field of surgical oncology has also witnessed remarkable progress, driven by the integration of advanced imaging, targeted therapies, and personalized treatment approaches. The utilization of precision diagnostics, such as genomic profiling and molecular imaging, has enabled clinicians to tailor treatment strategies to the individual patient's unique tumor characteristics. This personalized approach has led to improved outcomes, reduced side effects, and greater efficacy in the management of various cancer types.In the realm of cardiovascular surgery, advancements in techniques and technologies have revolutionized the treatment of complex heart and vascular conditions. Minimally invasive procedures, such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and endovascularaneurysm repair (EVAR), have emerged as viable alternatives to traditional open-heart surgeries, offering patients less invasive options with reduced recovery times and improved quality of life.The field of neurosurgery has also witnessed remarkable advancements, particularly in the areas of image-guided surgery, neuromodulation, and stem cell-based therapies. The utilization of advanced imaging techniques, such as intraoperative MRI and functional MRI, has enabled neurosurgeons to navigate the complex anatomy of the brain with greater precision, minimizing the risk of neurological deficits. Furthermore, the development of neuromodulation therapies, including deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation, has provided new avenues for the management of various neurological disorders, offering relief to patients who may have previously had limited treatment options.In the field of orthopedic surgery, innovations in biomaterials, implant design, and surgical techniques have revolutionized the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. The use of advanced prosthetic joints, such as hip and knee replacements, has transformed the lives of patients suffering from arthritis and other degenerative joint diseases. Additionally, the incorporation of regenerative medicine approaches, including stem cell therapies and tissue engineering, has opened up new possibilities for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues, offering promising solutionsfor musculoskeletal injuries and degenerative disorders.The advancements in surgical practices extend beyond the boundaries of individual specialties, with the emergence of multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches to patient care. The integration of various medical disciplines, such as oncology, cardiology, and neurology, has fostered a holistic and patient-centric approach to surgical interventions. This collaborative model has led to enhanced decision-making, improved patient outcomes, and the development of innovative treatment strategies that leverage the expertise of diverse healthcare professionals.In conclusion, the field of surgery has undergone a remarkable transformation, driven by the constant pursuit of innovation and the relentless efforts of healthcare professionals to improve patient outcomes. From the integration of cutting-edge technologies to the refinement of minimally invasive techniques, the advancements in surgical practices have profoundly impacted the way medical care is delivered. As we continue to witness the evolution of surgical disciplines, the future holds the promise of even more remarkable breakthroughs that will further enhance the quality of life for patients worldwide.。

外科英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a common surgical instrument?A. ScalpelB. ForcepsC. StethoscopeD. Hemostat2. What does the term "laparotomy" refer to?A. Abdominal incisionB. Chest incisionC. Heart surgeryD. Brain surgery3. The term "hemostasis" is used to describe:A. Blood clottingB. Blood pressureC. Blood transfusionD. Blood circulation4. Which of the following is a type of skin closure?A. SutureB. IncisionC. DrainageD. Bandage5. The abbreviation "CPR" stands for:A. Cardiovascular Pathology ReportB. Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationC. Clinical Pathology ReportD. Clinical Practice Review6. What is the purpose of a "tourniquet" in surgery?A. To immobilize a limbB. To control bleedingC. To measure blood pressureD. To administer anesthesia7. The term "anesthesia" refers to:A. Loss of consciousnessB. Loss of sensationC. Loss of memoryD. Loss of appetite8. Which of the following is not a type of anesthesia?A. General anesthesiaB. Local anesthesiaC. Regional anesthesiaD. Partial anesthesia9. The abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. InvasiveC. IntraventricularD. In vitro10. What is the medical term for the removal of a tumor?A. AmputationB. ExcisionC. IncisionD. Aspiration答案：1. C2. A3. A4. A5. B6. B7. B8. D9. A 10. B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The surgical procedure to remove an appendix is known as __________.Answer: Appendectomy2. A __________ is a medical professional who assists the surgeon during an operation.Answer: Scrub Nurse3. The term "postoperative" refers to the period __________ the surgery.Answer: After4. A __________ is a tube used to drain fluid from a wound. Answer: Drain5. The abbreviation "SICU" stands for __________.Answer: Surgical Intensive Care Unit6. The surgical removal of a kidney is known as __________. Answer: Nephrectomy7. A __________ is a medical condition characterized by excessive bleeding.Answer: Hemorrhage8. The term "incision" refers to a __________ made in the body.Answer: Cut9. The abbreviation "ASA" stands for __________.Answer: American Society of Anesthesiologists10. A __________ is a medical condition where the body's tissues are deprived of oxygen.Answer: Hypoxia三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What is the difference between general anesthesia andlocal anesthesia?Answer: General anesthesia induces a state of unconsciousness and prevents the patient from feeling pain throughout the entire body. Local anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, allowing the patient to remain conscious while the surgical site is insensitive to pain.2. Explain the purpose of a surgical incision.Answer: A surgical incision is made to access internal organs or tissues for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment, or removal of a diseased or damaged part.3. What is the role of a surgical scrub nurse?Answer: A surgical scrub nurse assists the surgeon by preparing the surgical site, handling instruments during the operation, and ensuring the sterility of the operating environment.4. Describe the importance of hemostasis in surgery.Answer: Hemostasis is crucial in surgery to prevent excessive blood loss, which can lead to complications such as hypovolemic shock. It also helps to maintain a clear operating field.5. What are the steps involved in performing a suture?Answer: The steps involved in performing a suture include cleaning the wound, approximating the edges, selecting the appropriate suture material, passing the suture through the tissue, and tying a secure knot.6. Explain the concept of informed consent in surgery.Answer: Informed consent is a legal and ethical process where the patient is provided with all the necessary information about the surgery, including its risks, benefits, and alternatives. The patient must understand this information and voluntarily agree。

医用英语1答案Unit1 BrainT ext AStrange but True: When Half a Brain Is Better than a Whole OneComprehension ExercisesExercise 1 True or False QuestionKey: 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.FExercise 2 Questions and AnswersKey:1) Hemispherectomy is a surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere (half of the brain) is removed or disabled. This procedure is used to treat a variety of seizure disorders.2) Anatomical hemispherectomies involve the removal of the entire hemisphere, whereas functional hemispherectomies only take out parts of a hemisphere, as well as severing the corpus callosum.3) Anatomical hemispherectomy leave no room for the return of seizures; functional hemispherectomies cause less blood loss.4) you lose use of the hand opposite of the hemisphere that was removed. You have little function in that arm and vision on that side is lost.5) T o investigate how their brain changes with physical rehabilitation. Probing how the remaining cerebral hemispheres of these patients acquirelanguage, sensory, motor and other functions "could shed a great deal of light on the brain's plasticity, or ability to change.Vocabulary ExercisesKey:1）surgeon2）disorders3）physiologists4）procedure5）Neurologist6）removal7）developmental8）abnormalities9）disability10）rehabilitationExercise 2 Translations of the SentencesDirections: Translating the following into English, using the words or phrases appeared in text.Key:1）When I have a fever and headache, she concludes that I have a brain tumor.2）Seizures and headaches are common first signs of a glioma.3）Doctors use the term congenital for a defect or disease present atbirth.4）She was transferred to a specialized rehabilitation hospital in the San Francisco Bay area.5）The procedure repairs four different heart abnormalities at once.Enhance your command of general wordsKey:1）alternative2）specialty3）was afflicted4）has displaced5）plasticity6）probe7）succumb8）evacuated9）downside10）severSentence TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences from the text into Chinese.Key:1）大脑半球切除术指的是移除某一侧大脑半球，这样的手术听起来不可思议，也非常少施行。

酸碱平衡和水电解质紊乱 acid-base disorders 酸碱失衡acute/chro nic acidosis 急性/慢性酸中毒 acidemia 酸血症 acute/chro nic alkalosis 急性 / 慢性碱中毒alkalemia 碱血症simple acid-base disorder 单纯性酸碱失衡 mixed acid-base disorder 混合性酸碱失衡posthypercap nic metabolic alkalosis 高碳酸血症后碱中毒 diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 uremia 尿毒症 lacticacidosis 乳酸酸中毒acid-base bala nee 酸碱平衡buffer system 缓冲对系统 delta gap 阳离子间隙 respiratory alkalosis 呼碱 metabolic alkalosis 代碱 hyperchloremia 高氯血症 hyperoxemia 高氧血症 hypercalcemia 高钙血症 hyperkalemia 高钾血症 hyper natremia 高钠血症 magn esium excess 镁过多 hypermag nesemia 高镁血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症anion gap 阴离子间隙 respiratory acidosis 呼酸 metabolic acidosis 代酸 hypochloremia 低氯血症hypoxemia 低氧血症 hypocalcemia 低钙血症 hypokalemia 低钾血症 hyp on atremia 低钠血症 magn esium deficie ncy 镁缺乏 hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hypercap nia 高碳酸血症sali ne-resp on sive alkalosis 盐水反应性碱中毒sali ne-resista nt alkalosis 盐水抵抗性碱中毒isoto nic dehydrati on 等渗性缺水 hypoto nic dehydratio n 低渗性缺水 hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水 edema 水肿acute lymphade nitis 急性淋巴结 fur un culosis 疖病 carb un cle 痈abscess 脓肿acute ulcer 急性溃疡chronic ulcer 慢性溃疡fistula cannu las 瘘管 sinus tract 窦道 外科营养 肠外营养 parenteral nutrition 或 intravenous nutrition肠内营养 enteral nutrition 代谢性并发症 metabolic complications胆汁淤积 cholestasis 基础能量消耗 basal energy expenditure BEE外科手术手术刀scalpel刀片blade刀柄hilt手术剪 surgical scissorswater in toxicatio n 水中毒 休克 shock 休克traumatic shock 创伤性休克 shock lung 休克肺 软组织感染 furun cle 疖parony chia 甲沟炎hemorrhagic shock 失血性休克 septic shock 脓毒性休克 shockkid ney 休克肾erysipelas 丹毒acute phlegm on 急性蜂窝织炎acute lympha ngitis 急性淋巴管炎felon 脓性指头炎误吸 aspirati on 腹泻 diarrhea组织钳 tissue forceps or allis forceps 持针器 needle holder 缝合针 suture needle拉钩 retractor巾钳 towel clip环钳 ring forceps 不可吸收缝线 non absorbable suture 丝线 silk suture切开 incision剥离 d issecti on 止血 hemostasis结扎 ligatio n缝合suture剪线 cutt ing suture 拆线 removing suture引流 drain age骨科arthro-关节 articulo-关节cranio-颅 osteo-骨 burso-囊cho ndro-软骨 costo-肋 骨 myelo-骨髓 spon dylo-椎骨thoraco-胸的vertebra 摊骨fascio-筋膜 teno/te ndo/te ndino 肌 -ki nesia 运-porosis 多孑 L-trophy 发育-malacia 软化1、中轴骨 AXIAL BONESbone n.骨rib n.肋vertebrae n.椎骨cervical vertebrae 颈椎 thoracic vertebrae 胸椎止血钳 hemostatic forceps弯血管钳Kelly clamp有齿止血钳 kocher forceps直血管钳 straight clamp 蚊式止血钳 mosquito forceps手术镊forcepslumbar vertebrae 腰椎sternum n.胸骨sacrum n 骶骨coccyx 尾骨ster nal man ubrium 胸骨柄 xiphoid process 佥“突 atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎 sternal an gle 胸骨角thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅 SKULLskull n.parietal bone 顶骨 fron tal bone 额骨 occipital bone 枕骨emporal bone 颞骨sphe noid bone 蝶骨 ethmoid bone 筛 骨 mandible n.下颌 骨 hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨 maxilla n.上颌骨 palati ne bone 腭骨 n asal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨zygomatic bone 颧骨 in ferior n asal con cha 下鼻甲 orbit n .眶cor onal suture 冠状缝sagital suture 矢状缝lambdoid suture 人字缝 cranial fon ta nelle 颅囟 2、 附肢骨 TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONESscapula n.肩 胛 humerus n.肱 骨ischium n.坐骨patella n.髌骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节韧带clavicle n.锁 骨 radius n 桡骨 metacarpal bone 掌骨hip bone 髋骨 pubisn.耻骨 tibia n.胫骨ulna n 尺骨carpal bone 腕骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨temporal-ma ndibular joi nt 颞下颌关节 articulati on n.关节 ligame nt n.韧带 in tervertebral disc 椎间盘 shoulder joint 肩关节 elbow joint 肘关节 radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节pelvis n.骨盆 hip joint 髋关节 knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节arthrography n.关节造影compacta n 骨密度 epiphysis n.骨骺 ossification n.骨化 synovial joints 滑膜关节 fibrous 纤维连结syndesmosis 韧带连结cartilaginous joints 软骨连结articular surface (cavity)关节面(腔)suture 缝articular capsule 关节囊extracapsular ligame nt 囊外韧带intracapsular ligament 囊内韧带yellow ligament 黄韧带fibrous layer (membra ne 纤维层，纤维膜 syno vial layer (membra ne)滑膜层，滑膜ynovial fold (villi)滑膜襞 synovial fluid 滑液 circumduction 环转运动vertebral joints 椎骨连结ion tersp inous ligame nt 棘间韧带flexi on n.屈 medial rotation 旋内sup in atio n n 旋后extension n.伸展 lateral rotation 旋夕卜 circumducti on n.环转adducti on n.收 pronation n 旋前. vertebral colu mn 脊柱articular disk 关节盘articular labrum 关节唇in tertra nsverse ligame nt横突间韧带Intervertebral symphysis椎间联合interverbral discs 椎间盘Fibrous rings 纤维环Pulpiform nucleus 髓核—Anterior Iongitudinal 前纵韧带Posterior Iongitudinal 后纵韧带Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节Lumbosacral joi nt 腰骶连结Costovertebral joi nts 肋椎关节Joint of costal head肋头关节Lambdoid suture 人字缝Costotra nsverse joi nt 肋横突关节Cra nial suture 颅缝Sternocostal joints胸肋关节Coronal (sagittal) suture冠矢状缝Synchondroses of cranium 颅结合Temporoma ndibular joi nt 颞下颌关节joi nts of shoulder girdle 上肢带连结coracoacromial ligame nt 喙间韧带Coracoclavicular ligame nt 喙锁韧带Acromioclavicular joint 肩锁关节Elbow joint 肘关节Sternoclavicular joint '胸锁关节Shoulder joint 肩关节Humeroulnar joint 肱尺关节Joints of hand手关节Humeroradial joint 肱桡关节Radiocarpal joint .wrist joint 桡腕关节，腕关节Intercarpal joints 腕骨间关节Carpometacarpal joints腕掌关节Carpometacarpal joi nt of thumb 拇指腕掌关节In termetacarpal joi nts 掌骨间关节Metacarpophala ngeal joi nts 掌指关节In terphala ngeal joi nts of hand 指骨间关节Joints of pelvic girdle 下肢带连结Pubic symphysis 耻骨联合Interpubic disc 耻骨间盘Obturator membrane 闭孑L 膜Sacroiliac joints 骶髂关节Pelvis 骨盆Sacrotuberous ligame nt骶结节韧带Greater (lesser) sciatic foramer坐骨大(小)孑Termin al li ne 界线Greater (lesser) pelvis大小骨盆Superior (posterior) pelvic aperture 骨盆上下口Pubic arch 耻骨弓Subpubic angle 耻骨下角Pelvic cavity 骨盆腔Joints of free lower limb 自由下肢连结Hip joint 髓关节Knee joint膝关节Tran sverse acetabular lig髋臼横韧带Ligame nt of head of femur 股骨头韧带Medial (lateral) meniscus 内外侧半月板Tran sverse ligame nt of knee膝横韧带An terior cruciate ligame nt 前交叉韧带Posterior cruciate ligame nt后交叉韧带Fibular (tibial) collateral ligament 腓(胫)侧畐H韧带Ligament of patella 髌韧带Tibiofibular joint 胫腓关节Tibiofibular syn desmosis 胫腓连结Crural in terosseous membra nel、腿骨间膜Joints of foot 足关节ankle joint, 踝关节talocrural joi nt,距小腿关节in tertarsal joi nts 跗骨间关节subtalar joi nt, talocalca neal joi nt 距下关节距跟关节transverse tarsal joint 跗横关节talocalca neon avicular joint 距跟舟关节tarsometatarsal joint 跗跖关节tran sverse arch横弓in termetatarsal joi nts 跖骨间关节metatarsophala ngeal join跖趾关节interphalangeal joints of foot 跖骨间关节arch of foot, tarsometatarsal arch足弓，跗跖弓medial (lateral) Iongitudinal arch 内(外)侧纵弓其他Arthrosclerosis 关节硬化Cho ndromalacia 软骨软化症Dege nerated Joi nt Diseas变性关节炎Bo ne graft 骨移植Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏Amputation 截肢Matastatic Lesio n转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Prosthesis Replaceme nt人工弥补置换术腹部脏器Stomach 胃Liver 肝Small intestine 小肠Col on 结肠(asce nding tran sverse desce nding sigmoid)Duode num 十二指肠 Jejunum 空肠辅助检查Abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺Abdominal ultrasonography 腹部超声检查 Barium enema 钡灌肠 Barium swallow 钡餐 Liver biopsy 肝活检Stool culture 粪检 Retrograde pyelogram 逆行肾盂造影En doscopic retrograde chola ngiopa ncreatography 经 内镜逆行性胆胰管Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮Urine culture and sen sitivity 尿培养和敏感试验 Urin alysis 尿分析 内镜Gastroscopy 胃窥镜 Enteroscopy 小肠内镜 Colonoscopy 结肠内镜Cystoscopy 膀胱镜Ileum 回肠 Pancreas 胰 Spleen Gallbladder 胆囊 KidneyCecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾脾 Bile duct 胆管 肾Rectum 直肠 large in test ine 大肠 anal canal 肛管Urin alysis 尿分析ureteroscope输尿管镜术式Highly selective vagotomy 高选择性迷走神经切断术 Gastrojejunostomy 胃空肠吻合术 Truncal vagotomy 迷走神经切断术 En terectomy 肠切除术 Choledochectomy 胆总管切除术 Cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Subtotal gastrectomy 胃大部切除术Pan creatoduode nectomy 胰十二指肠切除术 Right/left hemicolectomy 右/左半结肠切除术Abdominoperineal resection 腹会阴联合直肠癌切除术 Low anterior resection 直肠低位前切除术 Hepatectomy 肝切除术Nephrectomy 肾切除术 Nephron sparing surgery 保留肾单位手术 Ureter on eocystostomy 膀胱输尿管吻合术orchiectomy ; testectomy 睾丸切除术 ureterectomy 输尿管切除术 cystectomy 膀胱切除术cysto-urethral a nastomosis 膀胱输尿管吻合术 partial or radical n ephrectomy 局部 / 根治性肾切除术 PCNL : percutaneous nephrostolithotomy 经皮肾取石术 ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 体外冲击波碎石术Laparotomy 开腹Appe ndectomy 阑尾切除术 Colectomy 结肠切除术 Colostomy 结肠造瘘Surgical explorati on 手术探查心胸外valve prosthesis 人工瓣膜bicuspid 二尖瓣tricuspid valve 三尖瓣pulmonary valve 肺动脉瓣aortic valve 主动脉瓣ventricle 心室atrium pl.atrial 心房in teratrial 心房间的atriove ntricular 房室的intrventricular 心室间的atrial septum 房间隔ven tricuar septum 室间隔an giography 血管造影aortography主动脉造影pneumotharax ；aerothorax 气胸tension pneumotharax 张力性气胸pleural effussion 胸腔积液hydrothorax 胸腔积液pun cture 穿刺thoracoce ntesis 胸腔穿刺术drain age 弓I 流closed thoracic drain age 闭式胸腔引流mitral ste no sis 二尖瓣狭窄rheumatic valve disease 风湿性瓣膜病aortic ste no sis 动脉硬化mitral regurgitati on 二尖瓣反流valvuloplasty瓣膜成形术aortic stenosis主动脉瓣狭窄arteriosclerosis动脉粥样硬化hemorrhage 出血an gi/o 血管vas/o 血管arter/o arteri/o 动脉phleb/o 静脉ven/o静脉arteriole微动脉aortic regurgitati on 主动脉反流in trave nous静脉内的hematuria 血尿vascul/o血管aort/o主动脉ather/o 动脉thromb/o血栓ven ule 微静脉ischemia 缺血an gioste no sis血官狭窄间脑：diencephalon中脑：midbrain延髓：medulla oblongata 回: convolution gyri胼胝体：corpus callosum 额叶：Frontal lobe 颞叶：Temporal lobe蛛网膜下腔：Subarachnoid spaceOptic 视神经 Trochlear 滑车神经 Abduce ns 外展神经 Vestibulocochlear 前庭蜗神经 Vagus 迷走神经Hypoglossal 舌下神经posterior root 后根12 对胸神经 thoracic nerves 5 对腰神经 lumbar nerves 5 对骶神经 sacral nerves神外大脑：cerebrum 脑桥：brain stem 脑桥：pons 小脑：cerebellum 沟：sulci横裂：transvers fissue 顶叶：Parietal lobe 枕叶：Occipital lobe 蛛网膜：Arachnoid matter Olfactory N嗅神经 Oculomotor 动眼神经 Trigem inal 三叉神经 Facial面神经Glossopharyngeal 舌咽神经 Accessory畐U 神经Spi nal nerve 脊神经 anterior root 前根 spinal gan gli on 脊神经节 8 对颈神经1 对尾神经coccygeal nerves颈丛cervical plexus 臂丛brachial plexus神经丛：胸神经前支anterior branch of the thoracic nerve腰丛lumbar plexus 骶丛sacral plexus段落翻译----乳腺mastitis 孚L腺炎retromammary abscess 孚L房后脓肿breast sarcoma孚L房肉瘤breast cancer 孚L腺癌inflammatory breast carcinoma 炎性孚L腺炎radical mastectomy乳腺癌根治术extensive radical mastectomy 乳腺癌扩大根治术modified radical mastectomy 孚L腺癌改良根治术total mastectomy 全乳房切除术lumpectomy and axillary dissection保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术胃肠疾病（课件）、骨折（课件）、甲状腺（那一本）还是看课件吧gastro-duode nal disease 胃十二指肠疾病peptic ulcer消化性溃疡in testi nal obstructi on 肠梗阻volvulus 肠扭转Colorectal Ca ncer 结肠直肠癌anal fissure 肛裂Fistula瘘，瘘管Hemorrhoid 痔疮ano rectal abscess肛门直肠脓肿。

酸碱平衡和水电解质紊乱acid-base disorders 酸碱失衡acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acute/chronic acidosis 急性/慢性酸中毒acidemia 酸血症acute/chronic alkalosis 急性/慢性碱中毒alkalemia 碱血症simple acid-base disorder 单纯性酸碱失衡mixed acid-base disorder 混合性酸碱失衡buffer system 缓冲对系统anion gap 阴离子间隙delta gap 阳离子间隙respiratory acidosis 呼酸respiratory alkalosis 呼碱metabolic acidosis 代酸metabolic alkalosis 代碱hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症hypoxemia 低氧血症hyperoxemia 高氧血症hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症magnesium deficiency 镁缺乏magnesium excess 镁过多hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hypermagnesemia 高镁血症hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症hypercapnia 高碳酸血posthypercapnic metabolic alkalosis 高碳酸血症后碱中毒diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒uremia 尿毒症lactic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒saline-responsive alkalosis 盐水反应性碱中毒saline-resistant alkalosis 盐水抵抗性碱中毒isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水edema 水肿water intoxication 水中毒休克shock 休克hemorrhagic shock 失血性休克traumatic shock 创伤性休克septic shock脓毒性休克shock lung 休克肺shock kidney 休克肾软组织感染furuncle 疖paronychia 甲沟炎erysipelas 丹毒acute phlegmon 急性蜂窝织炎acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎acute lymphadenitis急性淋巴结furunculosis 疖病carbuncle 痈abscess 脓肿acute ulcer急性溃疡chronic ulcer 慢性fistula cannulas瘘管sinus tract 窦道felon 脓性指头炎外科营养肠外营养parenteral nutrition 或intravenous nutrition肠内营养enteral nutrition 代谢性并发症metabolic complications胆汁淤积cholestasis 基础能量消耗basal energy expenditure BEE误吸aspiration 腹泻diarrhea外科手术手术刀scalpel 刀片blade刀柄hilt 手术剪surgical scissors止血钳hemostatic forceps 直血管钳straight clamp弯血管钳Kelly clamp 蚊式止血钳mosquito forceps有齿止血钳kocher forceps 手术镊forceps组织钳tissue forceps or allis forceps 持针器needle holder缝合针suture needle 拉钩retractor巾钳towel clip 环钳ring forceps不可吸收缝线nonabsorbable suture 丝线silk suture切开incision 剥离dissection止血hemostasis 结扎ligation缝合suture 剪线cutting suture拆线removing suture 引流drainage骨科arthro-关节articulo-关节cranio-颅osteo-骨burso-囊chondro-软骨costo-肋骨myelo-骨髓spondylo-椎骨thoraco-胸的vertebra-椎骨fascio-筋膜teno/tendo/tendino-肌-kinesia 运-porosis 多孔-trophy 发育-malacia 软化1、中轴骨AXIAL BONESbone n.骨rib n.肋vertebrae n.椎骨cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sternum n.胸骨sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎sternal angle 胸骨角thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULLskull n. parietal bone 顶骨frontal bone 额骨occipital bone 枕骨emporal bone 颞骨sphenoid bone 蝶骨ethmoid bone 筛骨mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨zygomatic bone 颧骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲orbit n.眶coronal suture冠状缝sagital suture 矢状缝lambdoid suture 人字缝cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONES clavicle n.锁骨scapula n.肩胛humerus n.肱骨radius n.桡骨ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨hip bone 髋骨ilium n.髂骨ischium n.坐骨pubis n.耻骨femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨tibia n.胫骨fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节韧带flexion n.屈extension n. 伸展adduction n.收medial rotation 旋内lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前.supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转vertebral column 脊柱temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节articulation n.关节ligament n.韧带intervertebral disc 椎间盘shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节pelvis n.骨盆hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节arthrography n.关节造影compacta n.骨密度epiphysis n.骨骺ossification n.骨化synovial joints 滑膜关节fibrous纤维连结syndesmosis 韧带连结cartilaginous joints 软骨连结articular surface (cavity)关节面(腔) suture缝articular disk关节盘articular labrum 关节唇articular capsule关节囊extracapsular ligament 囊外韧带intracapsular ligament 囊内韧带yellow ligament黄韧带fibrous layer (membrane)纤维层，纤维膜synovial layer (membrane) 滑膜层，滑膜ynovial fold (villi)滑膜襞synovial fluid 滑液circumduction 环转运动vertebral joints椎骨连结ionterspinous ligament棘间韧带intertransverse ligament横突间韧带Intervertebral symphysis椎间联合interverbral discs 椎间盘Fibrous rings 纤维环Pulpiform nucleus 髓核Anterior longitudinal前纵韧带Posterior longitudinal后纵韧带Zygapophysial joint关节突关节Lumbosacral joint 腰骶连结Costovertebral joints肋椎关节Joint of costal head肋头关节Lambdoid suture 人字缝Costotransverse joint 肋横突关节Cranial suture 颅缝Sternocostal joints胸肋关节Coronal (sagittal) suture冠矢状缝Synchondroses of cranium 颅结合Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节joints of shoulder girdle上肢带连结coracoacromial ligament喙间韧带Coracoclavicular ligament喙锁韧带Acromioclavicular joint肩锁关节Elbow joint肘关节Sternoclavicular joint胸锁关节Shoulder joint肩关节Humeroulnar joint肱尺关节Joints of hand手关节Humeroradial joint肱桡关节Radiocarpal joint ,wrist joint桡腕关节，腕关节Intercarpal joints腕骨间关节Carpometacarpal joints腕掌关节Carpometacarpal joint of thumb拇指腕掌关节Intermetacarpal joints掌骨间关节Metacarpophalangeal joints掌指关节Interphalangeal joints of hand指骨间关节Joints of pelvic girdle下肢带连结Pubic symphysis 耻骨联合Interpubic disc耻骨间盘Obturator membrane闭孔膜Sacroiliac joints骶髂关节Pelvis骨盆Sacrotuberous ligament骶结节韧带Greater (lesser) sciatic foramen坐骨大(小)孔Terminal line界线Greater (lesser) pelvis大小骨盆Superior (posterior) pelvic aperture骨盆上下口Pubic arch耻骨弓Subpubic angle耻骨下角Pelvic cavity骨盆腔Joints of free lower limb自由下肢连结Hip joint 髋关节Knee joint膝关节Transverse acetabular lig.髋臼横韧带Ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带Medial (lateral) meniscus 内外侧半月板Transverse ligament of knee膝横韧带Anterior cruciate ligament前交叉韧带Posterior cruciate ligament后交叉韧带Fibular (tibial) collateral ligament 腓(胫)侧副韧带Ligament of patella髌韧带Tibiofibular joint胫腓关节Tibiofibular syndesmosis 胫腓连结Crural interosseous membrane小腿骨间膜Joints of foot 足关节ankle joint，踝关节talocrural joint,距小腿关节intertarsal joints跗骨间关节subtalar joint, talocalcaneal joint距下关节距跟关节transverse tarsal joint 跗横关节talocalcaneonavicular joint 距跟舟关节tarsometatarsal joint 跗跖关节transverse arch横弓intermetatarsal joints跖骨间关节metatarsophalangeal joint跖趾关节interphalangeal joints of foot 跖骨间关节arch of foot, tarsometatarsal arch足弓，跗跖弓medial (lateral) longitudinal arch内(外)侧纵弓其他Arthrosclerosis关节硬化Chondromalacia软骨软化症Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎Bone graft 骨移植Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏Amputation 截肢Matastatic Lesion转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术腹部脏器Stomach 胃Liver 肝Small intestine 小肠Colon 结肠（ascending，transverse，descending，sigmoid）Duodenum 十二指肠Jejunum 空肠Ileum 回肠Pancreas 胰Spleen 脾Bile duct 胆管Gallbladder 胆囊Kidney 肾Rectum 直肠Cecum 盲肠large intestine 大肠vermiform appendix阑尾anal canal 肛管辅助检查Abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺Urinalysis 尿分析Abdominal ultrasonography 腹部超声检查Barium enema 钡灌肠Barium swallow 钡餐Liver biopsy 肝活检Stool culture 粪检Retrograde pyelogram 逆行肾盂造影Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography经内镜逆行性胆胰管造影Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮Urine culture and sensitivity 尿培养和敏感试验Urinalysis 尿分析内镜Gastroscopy 胃窥镜Enteroscopy 小肠内镜Colonoscopy 结肠内镜Cystoscopy 膀胱镜ureteroscope 输尿管镜术式Highly selective vagotomy 高选择性迷走神经切断术Gastrojejunostomy 胃空肠吻合术Truncal vagotomy 迷走神经切断术Laparotomy 开腹Enterectomy 肠切除术Appendectomy 阑尾切除术Choledochectomy 胆总管切除术Colectomy 结肠切除术Cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Colostomy 结肠造瘘Subtotal gastrectomy 胃大部切除术Pancreatoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术Right/left hemicolectomy 右/左半结肠切除术Abdominoperineal resection 腹会阴联合直肠癌切除术Low anterior resection 直肠低位前切除术Hepatectomy 肝切除术Nephrectomy 肾切除术Nephron sparing surgery 保留肾单位手术Ureteroneocystostomy 膀胱输尿管吻合术orchiectomy ; testectomy 睾丸切除术ureterectomy 输尿管切除术cystectomy 膀胱切除术cysto-urethral anastomosis膀胱输尿管吻合术partial or radical nephrectomy 局部/根治性肾切除术PCNL：percutaneous nephrostolithotomy 经皮肾取石术ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 体外冲击波碎石术Surgical exploration 手术探查心胸外valve prosthesis 人工瓣膜bicuspid 二尖瓣tricuspid valve 三尖瓣pulmonary valve肺动脉瓣aortic valve主动脉瓣ventricle 心室atrium pl.atrial 心房interatrial心房间的atrioventricular房室的intrventricular心室间的atrial septum 房间隔ventricuar septum 室间隔angiography 血管造影aortography 主动脉造影pneumotharax ；aerothorax 气胸tension pneumotharax 张力性气胸pleural effussion胸腔积液hydrothorax 胸腔积液puncture 穿刺thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术drainage 引流closed thoracic drainage 闭式胸腔引流mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄rheumatic valve disease 风湿性瓣膜病aortic stenosis动脉硬化mitral regurgitation 二尖瓣反流valvuloplasty瓣膜成形术aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄aortic regurgitation 主动脉反流arteriosclerosis动脉粥样硬化intravenous 静脉内的hemorrhage出血hematuria血尿angi/o血管vas/o血管vascul/o血管aort/o主动脉arter/o arteri/o动脉ather/o动脉phleb/o静脉ven/o静脉thromb/o血栓venule微静脉arteriole微动脉angiostenosis血管狭窄ischemia缺血vena cava腔静脉神外大脑：cerebrum 间脑：diencephalon脑桥：brain stem 中脑：midbrain脑桥：pons 延髓：medulla oblongata小脑：cerebellum 回：convolution gyri沟：sulci 胼胝体：corpus callosum 横裂：transvers fissue 额叶：Frontal lobe顶叶：Parietal lobe 颞叶：Temporal lobe枕叶：Occipital lobe蛛网膜：Arachnoid matter 蛛网膜下腔：Subarachnoid spaceOlfactory N 嗅神经Optic 视神经Oculomotor 动眼神经Trochlear 滑车神经Trigeminal 三叉神经Abducens 外展神经Facial 面神经Vestibulocochlear 前庭蜗神经Glossopharyngeal 舌咽神经Vagus 迷走神经Accessory 副神经Hypoglossal 舌下神经Spinal nerve 脊神经anterior root前根posterior root 后根spinal ganglion脊神经节8对颈神经cervical nerves 12对胸神经thoracic nerves5对腰神经lumbar nerves 5对骶神经sacral nerves1对尾神经coccygeal nerves神经丛：颈丛cervical plexus 臂丛brachial plexus 胸神经前支anterior branch of the thoracic nerve腰丛lumbar plexus 骶丛sacral plexus段落翻译----乳腺mastitis 乳腺炎retromammary abscess 乳房后脓肿breast sarcoma 乳房肉瘤breast cancer 乳腺癌inflammatory breast carcinoma 炎性乳腺炎radical mastectomy 乳腺癌根治术extensive radical mastectomy 乳腺癌扩大根治术modified radical mastectomy 乳腺癌改良根治术total mastectomy 全乳房切除术lumpectomy and axillary dissection 保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术胃肠疾病（课件）、骨折（课件）、甲状腺（那一本）还是看课件吧gastro-duodenal disease 胃十二指肠疾病peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻volvulus 肠扭转Colorectal Cancer 结肠直肠癌anal fissure 肛裂Fistula 瘘，瘘管Hemorrhoid 痔疮anorectal abscess 肛门直肠脓肿Welcome To Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。

1 The contraindication of liver puncture is DA bacterial hepatic abscessB primary hepatic carcinomaC posthepatitis cirrhosisD hepatic echinococcosisE hepatic cyte2 The basic construction and functional unit is AA hepatic cellB hepatic lobulesC hepatic sinusoidD kuffer cellE bile duct3 The infection path of bacterial hepatic abscess is AA bile ductB hepatic arteryC portal veinD lymphatic vesselE trauma4 What is the best approach to diagnose the hepatic carcinoma of which the diameter is below 2 cm CA hepatic punctureB ultrasoundC CTAD CTE MRI5 The best therapy to hepatic carcinoma is AA operate therapyB injection therapyC radiation therapyD chemical therapyE embolism therapy6. Living-related right lobe liver transplantation can be justified currently for EA non-urgent adults with cirrhosis and poor quality of life on a waiting list for a liver transplantB any patient with cirrhosis who has an identical twinC childrenD any patient requiring re-transplantation for chronic rejectionE any patient with an urgent need for transplant such as fulminant hepatic failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)7.The most serious consequence recorded so far in living-related liver donors is DA small-bowel obstructionB infectionC requirement for liver transplantationD deathE bile-leak8The liver is located in the AA RUQ immediately above the diaphragmB RUQ immediately below the diaphragmC LUQ immediately behind the pancreasD LLQ immediately above the transverse colonE LUQ immediately behind the transverse colon9 Which of the following statements about the functions of the liver is FALSE? DA It picks up excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen.B It stores certain vitamins.C It detoxifies alcohol.D It is the site of the brush border.E It is the only organ in the body that can regenerate itself.10 The abdominopelvic cavity contains all but the: BA LiverB LungsC PancreasD BladderE Stomach11 You were called from a juvenile psychiatric ward to evaluate a new admit with elevatedliver enzymes. What is the most likely differential diagnosis? DA HemochromatosisB Cystic fibrosisC Wilson's diseaseD Hepatic encephalopathyE Chronic hepatitis C12 The organ of the digestive system that processes digested nutrients in the blood and is the largest organ inside the body is DA EsophagusB StomachC Small intestineD LiverE Colon13 Within the liver, bile is produced by ____C__and secreted into bile canaliculi.A Kupffer cellsB Liver lobulesC HepatocytesD Acinar cellsE Cholangiole14 The condition in which the liver becomes infused with fibrous tissue and is unable torepair itself is known as BA HepatitisB CirrhosisC JaundiceD HepatomaE Hepatic abscess15 Entamoeba histolytica primarily invades the BA LiverB Large intestineC Small intestineD LungsE Stomach16 Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver? AA CB DC B12D AE K17 The liver stores __B__ for energy.A Nucleic acidsB GlycogenC GlucoseD VitaminsE Lipid18 Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver? DA Glycogen storageB DetoxificationC Synthesis of clotting proteinsD ErythropoiesisE Immunifaction19 The liver contains special blood channels termed .DA SinusoidsB Central veinC Hepatic cellsD Portal veinsE Hepatic veins20 Which organ produces and secretes bile? AA LiverB GallbladderC PancreasD DuodenumE Stomach21 The Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells found in the AA LiverB GallbladderC PancreasD DuodenumE Stomach22 Which of the following are liver waste products? AA BilirubinB Bile saltsC CholesterolD ElectrolytesE Vitamins。

外科学英语问答Title: Questions and Answers in Surgical English1. What is a surgical incision?A surgical incision is a deliberate cut made through the skin and sometimes deeper tissues during a surgical procedure. It provides access to the underlying structures that need to be manipulated or treated.2. What are the different types of surgical incisions?There are various types of surgical incisions, including: - Midline incision: A straight incision made along the midline of the body, commonly used in abdominal surgeries.- Transverse incision: An incision made horizontally across the body, often used in procedures such as cesarean sections.- Oblique incision: A diagonal incision made at an angle, used in surgeries where better access or cosmesis is desired.- Paramedian incision: An incision made parallel to the midline but not directly on it, providing good access while minimizing damage to muscles.- Pfannenstiel incision: A horizontal incision made just above the pubic hairline, commonly used in gynecological and pelvic surgeries.3. What is hemostasis in surgery?Hemostasis refers to the process of stopping bleeding, either by the body's natural mechanisms or through surgical techniques. It is crucial during surgery to maintain a clear surgical field and prevent excessive blood loss.4. How is hemostasis achieved during surgery?Hemostasis can be achieved through various methods, including:- Direct pressure: Applying pressure to the bleedingvessel to stop the flow of blood.- Ligature: Tying off the bleeding vessel with suture material to occlude it.- Electrocautery: Using electrical current to heat and coagulate blood vessels, effectively sealing them.- Hemostatic agents: Using topical agents such as gelatin sponges or thrombin to promote clotting and stop bleeding.- Vessel sealing devices: Using specialized instruments that simultaneously seal and cut blood vessels during surgery.5. What is anastomosis in surgery?Anastomosis is the surgical joining of two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments, to allow for theflow of fluid or passage of contents between them. It is commonly performed in procedures such as vascular surgery and gastrointestinal surgery.6. What are the principles of aseptic technique in surgery?Aseptic technique is essential in surgery to prevent contamination and reduce the risk of surgical site infections. Principles of aseptic technique include:- Hand hygiene: Thorough handwashing and the use of antiseptic solutions before and during procedures.- Sterile attire: Wearing sterile gowns, gloves, masks, and caps to minimize the introduction of microorganisms.- Sterile field: Maintaining a designated sterile area where surgical instruments and supplies are placed and ensuring that only sterile items come into contact with it.- Sterile technique: Handling sterile instruments and supplies using proper aseptic methods, such as avoiding reaching over the sterile field and using sterile drapes to create a barrier.7. What are the common complications of surgery?Common complications of surgery include:- Infection: Surgical site infections can occur due to the introduction of microorganisms during surgery.- Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during or after surgery can lead to complications such as hypovolemic shock.- Pain: Post-operative pain is common and can vary in intensity depending on the type of surgery and individual factors.- Wound dehiscence: The separation of surgical incisions before they have fully healed, which can increase the risk of infection.- Adverse reactions to anesthesia: Anesthesia can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression.- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): Formation of blood clots in the deep veins, which can lead to pulmonary embolism if dislodged and travel to the lungs.8. How is post-operative care managed?Post-operative care involves monitoring the patient closely for any signs of complications, managing pain and discomfort, promoting wound healing, and facilitating the patient's recovery. This may include:- Monitoring vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature.- Administering pain medications as needed and providing adequate pain relief.- Changing dressings and monitoring wound sites for signs of infection or dehiscence.- Encouraging early mobilization and physical activity to prevent complications such as DVT and muscle atrophy.- Providing dietary support and ensuring adequate nutrition to support healing.- Educating the patient and their caregivers about signs and symptoms to watch for and when to seek medical attention.9. What is laparoscopic surgery?Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive surgery, involves performing surgical procedures through small incisions using specialized instruments and a camera called a laparoscope. It offers benefits such as reducedpost-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery.10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery?Advantages of laparoscopic surgery include:- Smaller incisions: Laparoscopic procedures require smaller incisions, resulting in less scarring and reduced risk of infection.- Faster recovery: Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery typically experience shorter hospital stays and faster return to normal activities.- Reduced pain: Minimally invasive techniques often result in less post-operative pain and discomfort.- Improved visualization: The laparoscope provides a magnified view of the surgical field, allowing for better precision and accuracy during surgery.Disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery include:- Learning curve: Laparoscopic procedures require specialized training and expertise, which may result in longer operating times during the initial learning phase.- Limited tactile feedback: Surgeons may have reduced tactile feedback compared to open surgery, which can make certain tasks more challenging.- Equipment costs: The specialized instruments and equipment used in laparoscopic surgery can be expensive, potentially increasing the overall cost of the procedure.- Not suitable for all patients: Not all patients are candidates for laparoscopic surgery, depending on factors such as the complexity of the procedure and the patient's medical history.These questions and answers provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts in surgical English, covering topics such as surgical incisions, hemostasis, aseptic technique, complications of surgery, post-operative care, and laparoscopic surgery. Understanding these concepts is essential for healthcare professionals involved in surgical practice.。

英语医学考试题目及答案1. 选择题- 1.1 Which of the following is a primary function of the liver?- A. Respiration- B. Digestion- C. Detoxification- D. Circulation- 1.2 The correct term for the process of blood clotting is:- A. Coagulation- B. Circulation- C. Inflammation- D. Respiration- 1.3 Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of blood sugar levels?- A. Insulin- B. Glucagon- C. Cortisol- D. Thyroid hormone2. 填空题- 2.1 The medical term for a surgical incision into the body cavity is ________.- 2.2 The study of the structure of the body is called________.- 2.3 The process of healing after an injury is known as ________.3. 判断题- 3.1 True or False: The heart is a vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body.- 3.2 True or False: Antibiotics are used to treat viral infections.- 3.3 True or False: The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.4. 简答题- 4.1 Explain the difference between an acute and chronic disease.- 4.2 Describe the role of the lymphatic system in the body.- 4.3 What is the function of the kidneys in the human body?5. 论述题- 5.1 Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.- 5.2 Explain the role of the immune system in defending against infections.答案1. 选择题- 1.1 C. Detoxification- 1.2 A. Coagulation- 1.3 A. Insulin2. 填空题- 2.1 Laparotomy- 2.2 Anatomy- 2.3 Wound healing or tissue repair3. 判断题- 3.1 True- 3.2 False- 3.3 True4. 简答题- 4.1 Acute diseases are short-term illnesses that have a rapid onset and severe symptoms, while chronic diseases are long-term conditions that develop slowly and persist over time.- 4.2 The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body by transporting lymph, a clear fluid containing white blood cells, throughout the body, helping to fight infection and disease, and maintaining fluid balance.- 4.3 The kidneys filter waste products and excess substances from the blood, balance electrolytes, regulate blood pressure, and produce hormones that help maintain bone health and red blood cell production.5. 论述题- 5.1 A balanced diet is essential for good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for proper growth, development, and overall well-being. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight, boosting the immune system, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.- 5.2 The immune system plays a vital role in defending the body against infections and diseases. It recognizes andattacks foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, and helps in healing wounds and maintainingoverall health.。

医学英语考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is a common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. CoughC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B2. The term "cardiology" refers to the study of which organ?A. LiverB. HeartC. LungsD. Kidneys3. What does the abbreviation "MRI" stand for?A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Research InstituteC. Multiple Response IndicatorD. Medical Radiology Institute4. The process of healing a wound is known as:A. InflammationB. RegenerationC. ResectionD. Reabsorption5. Which of the following is not a type of cancer?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. SarcomaD. Fibromyalgia6. The term "diabetes" is related to the body's inability to:A. Excrete wasteB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Maintain body temperatureD. Clot blood7. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. High Intensity VirusC. Hemorrhagic Influenza VirusD. Hepatitis Infection Virus8. A "pathogen" is an agent that can cause:A. DiseaseB. GrowthC. RegenerationD. Immunity9. The medical term "anemia" refers to a deficiency of:A. CalciumB. IronC. Vitamin CD. Potassium10. The abbreviation "WHO" stands for:A. World Health OrganizationB. World Health OrganizationalC. World Health OperationsD. World Health Oversight答案：1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. A8. A9. B10. A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the lungs is ______.答案：Pneumonia2. A person with a condition that causes excessive thirst and urination is said to have ______.答案：Diabetes3. The study of the nervous system is known as ______.答案：Neurology4. A surgical procedure to remove a diseased organ is called a/an ______.答案：Resection5. The process by which the body destroys and removes waste and foreign substances is called ______.答案：Immunity6. A medical condition characterized by high levels of fat in the blood is known as ______.答案：Hyperlipidemia7. The abbreviation for the medical term "arteriosclerosis" is ______.答案：AS8. A deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells is referred to as ______.答案：Anemia9. The medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor is______.答案：Excision10. The study of the structure and function of the human body is called ______.答案：Anatomy三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?答案：A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, while a bacterium is a single-celled microorganism that can live independently and reproduce by binary fission.2. Explain the concept of "homeostasis" in the body.答案：Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions. This includes the regulation of body temperature, pH, and chemical composition to ensure optimal functioning of cells and organs.3. What is the role of the thyroid gland in the body?答案：The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that produces hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) andtriiodothyronine (T3), which regulate the body's metabolism, growth, and development.4. Describe the function of the respiratory system.答案：The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It includes the process of inhalation, where oxygen is taken in, and exhalation, where carbon dioxide is expelled.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请将以下医学术语翻译成中文："Cardiopulmonary resuscitation"答案：心肺复苏2. 请将。

Section 1: Listening Comprehension (30 points)Part A: Short Conversations (10 points)1. A. The doctor suggests taking a rest.2. B. The woman is scheduled for an operation.3. C. The man needs to change his medication.4. D. The woman is planning a vacation.5. A. The man's blood pressure is normal.6. B. The woman is feeling better.7. C. The doctor is running late.8. D. The patient is allergic to certain drugs.9. A. The patient needs to follow a special diet.10. B. The man is experiencing joint pain.Part B: Long Conversations (10 points)11. What is the main topic of the conversation?- Answer: The conversation is about the importance of regular check-ups for maintaining health.12. Why does the woman suggest visiting the doctor regularly?- Answer: The woman suggests visiting the doctor regularly because it helps in early detection and treatment of health issues.13. What are the three main reasons mentioned for regular health check-ups?- Answer: The three main reasons mentioned are early detection of diseases, prevention of health complications, and maintaining overall well-being.Part C: Passages (10 points)14. What is the main purpose of the passage?- Answer: The main purpose of the passage is to inform about the benefits of vaccines and the importance of vaccination.15. According to the passage, what are the two types of vaccines mentioned?- Answer: The two types of vaccines mentioned are live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines.16. Why are some people advised not to receive certain vaccines?- Answer: Some people are advised not to receive certain vaccines due to their weakened immune systems or allergic reactions.Section 2: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1: 10 pointsRead the passage and answer the questions that follow.The role of nutrition in maintaining good healthGood nutrition is essential for maintaining good health and preventing diseases. A balanced diet provides the body with the necessary nutrients to function properly. Here are some key nutrients and their functions:1. Proteins: Essential for the growth and repair of tissues.2. Carbohydrates: The body's main source of energy.3. Fats: Important for insulation and the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.4. Vitamins: Needed in small amounts for various bodily functions.5. Minerals: Important for bone health, muscle function, and nerve transmission.It is important to consume a variety of foods to ensure a balanced intake of these nutrients. Foods rich in vitamins and minerals include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products.Questions:1. What is the main idea of the passage?- Answer: The main idea of the passage is the importance of good nutrition in maintaining health.2. According to the passage, what are the five key nutrients mentioned?- Answer: The five key nutrients mentioned are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.3. Why is it important to consume a variety of foods?- Answer: It is important to consume a variety of foods to ensure a balanced intake of all necessary nutrients.Passage 2: 10 pointsRead the passage and answer the questions that follow.The importance of physical activityRegular physical activity is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. Exercise has numerous benefits, including:1. Cardiovascular health: Regular exercise strengthens the heart and improves blood circulation.2. Weight management: Physical activity helps in burning calories and maintaining a healthy weight.3. Mental health: Exercise can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression.4. Bone and muscle health: Weight-bearing exercises strengthen bones and muscles.5. Longevity: Regular exercise has been linked to a longer life expectancy.It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensityaerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week.Questions:1. What is the main topic of the passage?- Answer: The main topic of the passage is the importance ofphysical activity in maintaining health.2. According to the passage, what are the five benefits of regular exercise?- Answer: The five benefits of regular exercise mentioned are cardiovascular health, weight management, mental health, bone and muscle health, and longevity.3. How much physical activity is recommended for adults?- Answer: Adults are recommended to engage in at least 150 minutesof moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days a week.Section 3: Writing (20 points)Write a short essay (100-120 words) on the following topic:How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected healthcare systems worldwide?Answer:The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare systems worldwide. Firstly, it has led to increased demand for medical resources, including hospital beds, ventilators, and personal protective equipment. Secondly, healthcare workers have faced unprecedented challenges, including high levels of stress and burnout. Additionally, routine medical services have been disrupted, leading to delayed diagnoses and treatments for other conditions. Despite these challenges, the pandemic has also highlighted the importance of global collaboration and the need for robust healthcare infrastructure.。

英语外科试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "surgical" is most closely related to which of the following?A. MedicineB. DentistryC. PharmacyD. Nursing2. What is the primary purpose of a surgical incision?A. To diagnose a conditionB. To relieve painC. To remove a tumorD. All of the above3. Which of the following is not a common type of surgical suture material?A. CatgutB. SilkC. Stainless steelD. Nylon4. The term "laparotomy" refers to a surgical procedure involving which part of the body?A. AbdomenB. ChestC. BrainD. Heart5. What is the role of an anesthesiologist during surgery?A. To perform the surgeryB. To monitor the patient's vital signsC. To assist with the operationD. To administer anesthesia二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）6. The ________ is the process of closing a wound or incision.7. A surgical ________ is a tool used to cut through tissue during surgery.8. The term "hysterectomy" refers to the surgical removal of the ________.9. A patient is said to be in a state of "anesthesia" whenthey are ________ to pain.10. The ________ is the surgical procedure to remove asection of the intestine.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. What are the three main types of surgical incisions?- Incision- Excision- Exploration12. Explain the difference between a local anesthetic and a general anesthetic.- Local anesthetic blocks sensation in a specific area.- General anesthetic induces unconsciousness and pain relief.13. Describe the role of a surgical scrub nurse in anoperating room.- The scrub nurse prepares and organizes surgical instruments.- They assist the surgeon during the operation and maintain a sterile environment.四、案例分析题（每题15分，共30分）14. A patient has been diagnosed with appendicitis and requires an emergency appendectomy. Outline the steps a surgeon would typically follow during this procedure.- Step 1: Preoperative preparation, including anesthesia and patient positioning.- Step 2: Making a small incision in the lower right abdomen.- Step 3: Identifying and isolating the appendix.- Step 4: Removing the inflamed appendix.- Step 5: Closing the incision and applying dressings.15. Discuss the importance of postoperative care following a major surgery.- Monitoring for complications such as infection or bleeding.- Pain management to ensure patient comfort.- Encouraging early mobilization to prevent complications like blood clots.- Providing nutritional support for recovery.答案：一、1. A2. D3. C4. A5. D二、6. Suturing7. Scalpel8. Uterus9. Insensitive10. Enterectomy三、11. The three main types of surgical incisions are:- Incision: A cut made into the body.- Excision: The removal of a portion of tissue.- Exploration: A diagnostic procedure to inspect the interior of a body cavity.12. The difference between a local anesthetic and a general anesthetic is that a local anesthetic numbs a specific area, allowing the patient to remain conscious, while a general anesthetic puts the patient to sleep and provides pain relief for the entire body.13. The role of a surgical scrub nurse includes:- Preparing and organizing surgical instruments.- Assisting the surgeon during the operation.- Maintaining a sterile environment in the operating room.四、14. The steps during an appendectomy are:- Step 1: Preparing the patient for surgery with anesthesia and positioning them appropriately.- Step 2: Making a surgical incision in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.- Step 3: Locating and isolating the appendix to prevent further complications.- Step 4: Removing the inflamed appendix to treat the appendicitis.- Step 5: Closing the incision with sutures and applying sterile dressings.15. Postoperative care is crucial for:- Vigilant monitoring to detect and manage potential complications early.- Effective pain management to improve the patient's recovery experience.- Promoting early patient mobility to reduce the risk of postoperative complications such as thrombosis.- Providing the necessary nutritional support to aid in the body's healing process。

二十九期研究生专业英语考试试卷（A）一.英译汉English-Chinese TranslationEczema is a dermal inflammation with obvious effusing tendency caused by many internal and external factors, characterized by polymorpous and easy chronic skin rashes with easy recurrence and serious pruritus. The pathogenesis of this disaese is mainly a delayed allergic rection caused by complicated internal and external irritable factors.Eczema belongs to the categories of “Damp Boil ”and “Damp Toxic Boil”.Eczema is mostly caused by pathogenic wind,dampness and heat and chronic condition is often related to wind and dryness due to blood deficiency due to blood deficiency. The pathogenesis of this disease is mostly related to constitutional intolerance, leadingto accumulation of pathogenic wind dampness and heat in the muscle and skin.If the spleen and stomach are damaged by improper food intake to lead to failure of the spleen in transporation,mitxure of the internal dampness and external pathogenic factors,or blood heat in the boday ,and severe dampness and heat can all result in acute attack of the skin rashes in the whole body due to in filtration of dampness and heat in the muscle and skin.二.汉译英Chinese-English Translation外科疾病初期伴有明显表证时,运用解表药物让邪从汗解,能达到使外科疾患消散于无形之中的治疗目的。

外科英文试题Surgical procedures are an integral part of modern medicine, playing a crucial role in diagnosing and treating various medical conditions. In this article, we will explore the field of surgery, discussing its importance, advancements, and challenges it faces today.Surgery, also known as an operation, involves the use of instruments and techniques to treat injuries, diseases, and deformities through invasive procedures. It encompasses a wide range of specialties, including general surgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery, and many more. Surgeons are highly skilled professionals who undergo extensive training to perform these complex procedures.The importance of surgery cannot be overstated. It provides a means to alleviate pain, improve quality of life, and even save lives. Surgical interventions can be life-changing for patients suffering from conditions such as cancer, heart disease, or traumatic injuries. They offer hope and a chance for recovery when other treatment options have been exhausted.Over the years, surgical techniques and technologies have evolved significantly. The advent of minimally invasive surgery, also known as laparoscopic or keyhole surgery, has revolutionized the field. This approach involves making small incisions and using specialized instruments to perform procedures, resulting in reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times for patients.Furthermore, robotic-assisted surgery has emerged as a promising advancement in the field. Robots can be controlled by surgeons to perform precise movements, enhancing surgical precision and reducing the risk of human error. This technology is particularly beneficial for complex procedures, such as prostate surgery or cardiac bypass surgery.Despite these advancements, surgery still faces several challenges. One of the key challenges is ensuring patient safety. Surgeons must adhere to strict protocols and guidelines to minimize the risk of surgical complications, such as infections or bleeding.Additionally, surgical teams must maintain effective communication and collaboration to ensure smooth and coordinated patient care.Another challenge is the high cost associated with surgical procedures. Advanced technologies and equipment used in surgery can be expensive, making it inaccessible for many patients, especially in low-income countries. Efforts are being made to address this issue through initiatives such as telemedicine, which allows remote consultations and surgical guidance to reach underserved areas.The field of surgery also faces ethical dilemmas. Surgeons must make difficult decisions regarding organ transplantation, end-of-life care, and resource allocation. These decisions require careful consideration of ethical principles, patient preferences, and societal values.In conclusion, surgery plays a vital role in modern medicine, providing effective treatment options for various medical conditions. Advancements in surgical techniques and technologies have improved patient outcomes and recovery times. However, challenges such as patient safety, cost, and ethical considerations still need to be addressed. The field of surgery continues to evolve, driven by innovation and a commitment to improving patient care.。

六套外科考试试题第一套外科学考试试题一、选择题：2、门脉压正常值为：A 0.10-1.18Kpa（1-12cmH2O）B 1.27-2.35Kpa（13-24cmH2O）C 2.45-3.53Kpa (25-36cmH2O)D 3.63-4.60Kpa（37-48cmH2O）E 0.49-0.88Kpa（5-9cmH2O）3、胃十二指肠穿孔患者的治疗可采用：A.保守治疗B.穿孔修补术C.胃次全切除术D.穿孔修补，加胃迷走神经切断术E.上述方法均可采用4、主胰管与胆总管汇合形成共同开口于十二指肠乳头约占：A.85%B.65%C.45%D.25%E.95%5、需要紧急手术的肠梗阻是：A.麻痹性肠梗阻B.粘连性肠梗阻C.蛔虫团引起的肠梗阻D.肠扭转E.肿瘤引起的肠梗阻6、有下列情况时，应施行甲状腺大部分切除术。

A、甲状腺未分化癌B、单纯性弥慢性甲状腺肿C、桥本氏甲状腺肿D、少年原发性甲亢E、甲状腺腺瘤8、腹主动脉瘤最常见的临床表现是：A、腹痛、腹胀B、腹部包块伴发热C、腰背部疼痛伴发热D、腹部搏动性包块E、以上都是9、乳腺增生好发部位？A、内上象限B、外上象限C、内下象限D、外下象限E、乳头区10、颅脑损伤所致颅内压增高的容积代偿主要有赖于A 脑组织压缩B 颅腔扩大C 脑脊液被排出颅外D 血压的下降E 脑组织的移位11、颅底骨折的诊断和定位主要依据A 头颅X 线摄片B 头颅CT 扫描C 放射性核素扫描D 临床表现E 腰椎穿刺脑脊液检查12、常用的止血方法有:a.加压包扎b.填塞压迫止血c.手指压迫止血d.手术止血法e.以上都是13、滑动性疝是属于∶A、可复性疝B、难复性疝C、嵌顿性疝D、绞窄性疝E、以上都不是14、腹外疝的内容物最常是：A.大网膜B.膀胱C.小肠D.横结肠E.盲肠15、腹腔内哪个器官最易受外伤：A 脾脏B 肾脏C 胃肠道D 胰腺E 膀胱16、关于肝外胆道的解剖特点，以下哪项是错误的？A 胆囊管常有变异B 胆囊动脉常有变异C 多数胆总管下段与主胰管汇合D Oddi 括约肌由胰胆管壶腹部括约肌构成E 胆囊分底、体、颈三部18、引起急性血源性骨髓炎最常见的致病菌是A 溶血性链球菌B 肺炎球菌C 溶血性金黄色葡萄球菌D 白色葡萄球菌E 大肠杆菌19、一位伤员的前臂在摩托车祸中被挤压受伤，你在体检时拟诊骨筋膜室综合症，能提示筋膜切开术的最敏感的临床检查是：A. 正中神经分布区麻木B. 掌指关节屈曲无力C. 桡动脉搏动消失D. 手指被动伸直时疼痛E. 手部肤色改变20、下列哪项不是青枝骨折的特征：A 多发生在儿童B 是一种不完全性骨折C 无局部压痛及纵行叩痛D 畸形不严重E 无明显功能障碍21、关于开放性骨折，下列哪项是错误的？A 骨折同时邻近皮肤有创口B 骨折端与皮肤创口相通C 骨折端刺破皮肤D 骨折端外露在皮肤创口中E 骨折端与外界相通22、关于髋关节脱位，下列哪项是错误的？A 通常由较大暴力所致B 临床表现为患肢缩短、髋关节屈曲、内旋、内收C 可合并股骨头骨折D 可合并坐骨神经损伤E 复位后可允许慢步行走23、在髋关节脱位中下列哪项是正确的：A 全部髋关节脱位中中心性脱位最常见。

1. A physician suspects that his patient might have gouty arthritis. To confirm his clinical suspicion, the physician orders a microscopic evaluation of the joint fluid for the presence of negatively birefringent, needle-shaped crystals. This is known to be a highly specific test. Relative to the physician’s clinical diagnosis alone, a highly specific test will greatly reduce which of the following?(A) False negatives(B) False positives(C) Prevalence(D) True negatives(E) True positives2. A 26-year-old patient was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 1 month ago. She returns to her primary care physician for a follow-up visit and is interested in learning how RA might affect her, other than the joint destruction it can cause. The patient is most likely to develop which of the following?(A) Myocarditis(B) Nodules(C) Pericarditis(D) Renal failure(E) Splenomegaly3. Which are the specific physical signs for joint dislocation?(A) Swelling, deformity and dysfunction(B) Tenderness, swelling and ecchymosis(C) Deformity, abnormal movement and empty joint(D) Deformity, abnormal movement and elastic fixation(E) Deformity, elastic fixation and empty joint4. Which one is not right for shoulder dislocation?(A) Trauma history of shoulder(B) Square shoulder deformity(C) Empty glenoid(D) Thomas sign (+)(E) Dugas sign (+)5. Which one is the most common type of hip dislocation?(A) Anterior dislocation(B) Posterior dislocation(C) Central dislocation(D) Dislocation with femoral head fracture(E) Dislocation with acetabulum fracture6. Choose the inappropriate match(A) Effusion of knee joint: Floating patella test(B) Posterior cruciate ligament rupture: Back drawer test and Lancherman test(C) Anterior cruciate ligament rupture: Back drawer test and Lancherman test(D) Meniscal injury: McMurray sign(E) Chondromalacia patella: Patella friction test7. Pathological change of rozen shoulder mainly occur in(A) Glenohumeral joint(B) Acromioclavicular joint(C) Deltoid muscle(D) Supraspinatus(E) Infraspinatus8.A 25-year-old man had friction fremitus during knee flexion and extension, half squat test (+), which diagnosis should be considered?(A) Lateral meniscus injury(B) Medial meniscus injury(C) Chondromalacia patella(D) Joint loose bodies(E) rheumatoid arthritis9. Elbow functional position(A) 0°(B) 30°(C) 60°(D) 90°(E) 120°10.Carrying angle of the elbow(A) 20~25°(B) 16~20°(C) 10~15°(D) 5~10°(E) 1~5°11. Which type of fracture is the most common after total hip arthroplasty?(A) Frature of the femoral trochanter(B) Frature between the femoral trochanter and the distal end of femoral stem(C) Fracture at the distal end of femoral stem(D) Fracture below the distal end of femoral stem(E) Frature of the contralateral femur12. Which of the following examinations help diagnose cruciate ligament tear of the knee?(A) X ray(B) CT(C) B-ultrasound(D) ECT(E) MRI13. The most reliable examination for meniscus tear is(A) Knee hyperextension test(B) Knee hyperflexion test(C) Grinding test(D) McBurney sign(E) Arthroscopy14. A 30-year-old male horse-riding enthusiast complains pain below left knee. Physical examination showed a 6cm*6cm regional tenderness of medial proximal part of left lower leg. The most probable diagnosis is(A) Anserine bursitis(B) Meniscus injury(C) Cruciate ligament injury(D) Mcmedial collateral ligament tear(E) Infrapatellar bursitis15. A 50-year-old female complains of left shoulder pain, radiating to left upper extremity and limited motion of left shoulder for 1 month. The pain aggravated and interfered with sleep for 1 week. Physical examination showed amyotrophy of the left upper extremity. Active and passive motion of left shoulder is limited especially abduction and external rotation. The most probable diagnosis is(A) Osteoarthritis(B) Rheumatic arthritis(C) Myofascitis(D) Frozen shoulder(E) Cervical spondylosisAnswer：1.B, 2.B, 3.E, 4.D, 5.B, 6.B, 7.A, 8.C, 9.D, 10.C, 11.C, 12.E, 13.E, 14.A, 15.D。

(A)PartiDirection: In this part there are five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A. C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.1.A 35 year old male manual labourer sustamed a displaced subcapital hip fracture after falling at woik. The fiacture was reduced and fixed with 3 caimulated screws. Five months aftei the opeiation, lie presents to your cluuc with woiseiung lup pain・ What is the most likely diagnosis?a)Nonunionb)Osteoneciosisc)Looseiuiig of the caimulated screwsd)Malunione)Osteomyelitis2.A 75 year old lady slips on a thiow rug in hex living room and falls. An X-rav revealsa displaced subcapital lup fiactuie・ Pnor to hei fall, the patient lived alone, per fbnned all ADLs independently and enjoyed golfing・ The most appropriate management of this fiactuie is:a)Moore's unipolar hemiaitliioplastyb)Bedrest for 6 weeksc)Reduction with intenial fixation using 3 caimulated screwsd)Bipolar henuartluoplastye)Total lup leplacement3.All of the following regarding Achilles tendon niptuie aie tnie. EXCEPT:a)Positive Thompson's testb)Palpable gap over Achilles tendonc)Weak plantar flexiond)May occur secondaiy to steroid injectione)Treat by casting foot m doisiflexion4.bony metastasis is not seen in which carcinoma ?a)testisb)breastc)pelvisd)bronchus5.wlucli of the followmg is NOT a typical symptom in a patient with a musculoskeletal nimor?a)nighttime pamb)warmth over the lesionc)distal edemad)tendernessPartll1.What are the four classes of shock?2.How do you repair ureteral transection?3.What are some advantages of the external skeletal fixator?4・ Wliat are some advantages to using minmally invasive surgery?5. What is Calot's triangle?答案Partil. b 2.d 3.e 4.a 5.dPartll1.Class I (<15% or 750cc blood loss) - imld anxiety, normal vital signs・Class II (15%・30% or 750-1500cc blood loss) - normal systolic BP with mcreased pulse pressure, tachycardia, tachypnea, anxiety・Class III (30%*40% or 1500-2000cc blood loss) - tachycardia >120. tachypnea >30 RR.decreased pulse pressuie, confusion・Class IV (>40% or >2000cc blood loss) - tachy >140, tachypnea >35RR, decreased pulse pressure, confused and lethargic, no uime output.2.There are several ways to repair an accidental transection; the one I prefer is aninterrupted, primary repair using 5・o dacron sutures over a 6fi\ Double-J silastic stent. Tlie stent is removed via cytsocopy 6 weeks after the repair. I always leave a drain behind (but some do not)・3.Adjustable, less invasive, implants can be removed w/o general anesthesia, good foruse in fx with a lot of overlying osft tissue injury.4.less blood loss, less scarring, shorter hospital stays, decreased pain, earlierresumption of normal activities.5.The hepatobiliary triangle (or cystohepatic triangle) is an anatomic space bordered bythe common hepatic duct medially, the cystic duct inferiorly and the superior border to the cystic artery.。

英文外科试题1 / 1 精选文档1.Which of the following statements regarding pancreatic carcinoma is true?a.The majority of cases present with jaundice aloneb.CT scan,angiography,and laparoscopy have been unsuccessful in pesdicting respectabilityc.If a patient is jaundiced,the respectability rate is less than 5%d.99% of patients with pancreatic cancer have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosise.The 5-year survival rate afer a Whipple procedure (pancreatico-duodenecomy) performed forcure is 30%-40%2.A 55-year-old man who is extremely obese reports weakness,sweating,tachycardia,confusion,and headache whenever he fasts for more than a few hours. He has prompt relief of symptoms when he eats. These symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following disorders?a.Diabetes mellitusb.Insulinomac.Zollinger-Ellison syndromed.Carcinoid syndromee.Multiple endocrine neoplasia,type II3.Which statement regarding fat absorption is true?a.Half of neutral fat can be absorbed in the complete absence of bile and pancreatic lipaseb.Fifty percent of the total bile salt pool is lost in the stool and replaced daily by synthesis inthe liverc.Glycerol,short-chain fatty acids,and medium-chain triglycerides exit the mucosal cell inchylomicronsd.Conjugated bile salts are actively resorbed in the colon and returned to the liver via theportal veine.Water-insoluble dietary lipid is rendered into soluble micelles through mixing with pancreaticamylase4.A patient who has a total pancreatectomy might be expected to develop which of the following complications?a.Diabetes mellitusb.Hypercalcemiac.Hyperphosphatemiad.Constipatione.Weight gain5.Which statement regarding adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is true?a.It occurs most frequently in the body of the glandb.It carries a 1-2% 5 year survival ratec.It is nonresectable if it presents as painless jaudiced.It can usually be resected if it presents in the body or tail of the pancreas and does not involvethe common bile ducte.It is associated with diabetes insipidus.。

泌尿外科选择题（英语）Urology-11. An 84 year old man presents to your office complaining ofa five day history of passing terminal bright red bloody urine. He reports marked urgency and frequency but is otherwise well and afebrile. In retrospect, he remembersbeing quite ill with an infection in the recent past. Analysis of a voided specimen shows 3 smooth and rounded RBCs/hpf. Which of the following is NOT included in your differential diagnosis?a) benign prostatic hpertrophy (BPH)b) post-streptococcal glomerulonephritisc) a stone lodged at the vesico-ureteric junctiond) a superficial bladder tumoure) a coliform positive UTI2. Of the following conditions, which is not considered a urological emergency?a) paraphimosisb) priapismc) orchitisd) testicular torsione) autonomic dysreflexia3. A normal semen analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT:a) pH between 7.5-8.1b) a sperm count > 20 million sperm/mlc) WBC < 10/hpfd) motility > 50%e) > 60% normal morphological forms4. A mother brings her toilet-trained, 5 year old daughter to see you with a 3 day history of dysuria, increased frequency, and urgency incontinence. Her past medical history is significant for abag-specimen positive UTI charaterized by high fever and vomiting at 2 years of age. At the time, she was lost to follow up. Which of the following would be appropriate for your initial management of this patient?a) voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)b) a mid stream urine specimenc) nuclear cystogramd) DMSA renal scane) abdominal ultrasound5. A 55 year old man reluctantly admits to difficulty in maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse for the past two years. He reports being healthy, however, he has not seen a physician in10 years. Which of the following would not suggest a potential cause for his erectile dysfunction?a) elevated blood pressureb) galactorheac) acanthosis nigracansd) varicocelee) eruptive xanthoma6. A 50 year old man presents with a 2 month history of irritative voiding symptoms and a fever. He initially saw his family doctor who treated him for cystitis with ciprofloxacin for 5 days. He now presents to you because his symptoms have returned soon after he finished his course of antibiotics. All of the following are likely TRUE except:a) he never had a UTIb) he might have complained of discomfort when riding a bicyclec) he might have also experienced back paind) this patient does not need to be investigatede) he could of had prostatitis and should have been treated at least 3 weeks7.Which of the following is NOT a common place for impaction of a kidney stone?a) Ureteral pelvic junctionb) Pelvic brimc) Ureteral vesical junctiond) V esicourethral junction8.Urinary continence in women is maintained by ____?a) internal sphincterb) middle circular layer of the bladder neckc) external sphincterd) lower bladder pressure9.Prostate cancer occurs most commonly in which zone of the prostate?a) central zoneb) urethral zonec) transitional zoned) perioheral zone10.kidney function in a preoperative patient is best measured by____?a) serum blood, urea, nitrogen, and creatinineb) creatinine clearancec) renal ultrasoundd) computed tomography scan11.which of the following studies is NOT useful in evaluatinga patient with benign prostatic hypertrophy(BPH)?a) international prostate symptom score questionnaireb) cystoscopyc) pre-void ultrasoundd) pressure-flow study12.transurethral resection syndrome after endoscopic resection of the prostate occurs because of__?a) air embolism during the procedureb) blood loss from postoperative irrigationc) absorption of irrigantd) relaxation of the urethral sphincter from spinal anesthesia13.which of the following can occur as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma?a) hepatic dysfunctionb) hypocalcemiac) thrombocytopeniad) pulmonary edema14.Appropriate treatment for a superficial bladder cancer is___?a) endoscopic resection and fulgurationb) full-thickness resection with a 1-cm marginc) full-thickness resection with a 3-com margin(subtotal cystectomy)d) total cysterctomy15.Initial therapy for metastatic prostate cancer is___?a) total prostatectomy(sphincter-preserving)b) radical prostatectomyc) chemotherapyd) bilateral orchiectomy16. which of the following is an absolute indication for surgical treatment of a renal injury?a) major urinary extravasationb) vascular injuryc) expanding perirenal hematomad) 20% devitalized renal parenchymaAnswers to Q1-161. b2. c3. a4. a5. d6. d7.d8.c9.d 10. b 11. c 12.c 13. a 14. a 15.d 16.cUrology-2Questions 1 and 21. A 62-year-old African American male attorney presents toa prostate-screening clinic during National Awareness Week. On careful questioning, he has noted slight urgency, frequency nocturia, and a decrease in the force of micturition. He is referred to have blood tests toinclude which of the following?(A) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)(B) Prostatic acid phosphatase(C) Alkaline phosphatase(D) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)(E) Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)2. General examination from his urologist is noncontributory.Arectal examination reveals hemorrhoids and a left-sided irregular mass in the prostate. Following normal blood tests, he should have which of the following?(A) Computed tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis(B) Magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the prostate(C) Colonoscopy and biopsy of the prostate under general anesthetic(D) Biopsy of the nodule(E) Bone scan3. A 62-year-old postal officer develops minimal urinary symptoms. His PSA level is elevated and continues to increase during a 6-month period of observation. The next step in evaluation,if transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) prostate biopsy (Fig. 1) were positive for adenocarcinomaof prostate, would be:(A) Refer to oncologist for chemotherapy(B) Metastatic evaluation including CT and bone scans(C) Repeat PSA and biospy(D) Evaluation by radiation oncologist(E) Start hormonal ablation treatment4. Because of positive biopsy findings and negative workup, he undergoes a radical prostatectomy. The pathology reportreveals Gleason score 9/10 and involvement of several pelvic lymph nodes. Which is the most likely site for prostatic cancer metastasis?(A) Liver(B) Kidney(C) Lung(D) Bone(E) Brain5. A 79-year-old man is examined for severe pain in the iliac crest. Metastatic disease from prostatic cancer is confirmed. What is the treatment offered initially to most patients with metastatic prostatic cancer?(A) Cortisone and pituitary ablation(B) Radical prostatectomy(C) Luteinizing releasing hormone (LRH) agonist (Leuprolide)(D) Local irradiation and testosterone(E) Hyperthermia6. During her eighth month of pregnancy, a 29-year-old woman is noted to have polyhydramnios. Further testing shows anencephalus. Polyhydramnios in this patient is caused by which of the following?(A) Impairment of the fetus’s swallowing mechanism(B) Tumor of the fetus’s brain(C) A secretory peptide from the placenta(D) Excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the fetus(E) Renal agenesis7. Several weeks after lifting a heavy object, a previously healthy 34-year-old man continuesto complain of heaviness in his left groin. Which of the following statements is true oftesticular cancer?(A) It is the most common solid tumor in men over 50 years of age.(B) It is not associated with a higher incidence of infertility.(C) It presents as a painless mass in the scrotum in more than 70% of patients.(D) It accounts for 10% of malignant tumors in men.(E) It rarely metastasizes.8. During a workup for infertility, a 34-year-old man is noted to have a solid tumor in the anterior aspect of his right testis. What is the most likely diagnosis?(A) Torsion of the testis(B) Cyst of the epididymis(C) Lipoma of the cord(D) Cancer of the testis(E) Epididymo-orchitis9. Improved survival after lymphadenectomy for testicular tumors occurs after which of the following?(A) Seminoma(B) Embryonal cell carcinoma(C) Leydig cell tumor(D) Sertoli cell tumor(E) Lymphoma10. A 38-year-old woman presents with shortness of breath and abdominal distention. Workupreveals presence of ascites and hydrothorax. What is the name of this condition?(A) Brenner tumor(B) Dysgerminoma(C) Wolffian duct remnant(D) Krukenberg’s tumor(E) Meigs’s syndrome11. A 41-year-old man requests information concerning vasectomy for sterilization. In this prcedure, which of the following statements is true?(A) The incidence of sexual dysfunction is not influenced in those with dependent personalities.(B) The success rate in reestablishing continuity of the vas deferens is greater than 80% at 10 years.(C) The failure rate occurs in 1/400 patients.(D) Recanalization of the vas deferens does not occur.(E) The procedure is difficult and requires laparotomy.12. A 6-month-old boy was born with hypospadias. This condition is due to failure in the development of which of the following?(A) Urogenital fold(B) Müllerian system(C) Genital tubercle(D) Urachus(E) Vitelline duct13. A64-year-old woman notes an ulcer on her left labia majora. Biospy reveals squamous cell carcinoma. What is the treatment?(A) Wide local excision(B) Radiotherapy(C) Preoperative radiotherapy followed by wide local excision(D) Wide excision and unilateral groin dissection(E) Radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin dissection14. A 6-year-old healthy appearing girl is brought for evaluation of bloody vaginal discharge. The most likely diagnosisis:(A) Squamous cell carcinoma(B) Sarcoma botryoides(C) Carcinosarcoma(D) Clear cell adenocarcinoma(E) Lymphoma15. A healthy appearing, 8-year-old boy is evaluated for an abdominal mass, felt by his mother during a bath. What is the most likely diagnosis?(A) Lymphoma(B) Rhabdomyoscarcoma(C) Wilms’ tumor(D) Neuroblastoma(E) Renal cell carcinoma16. In repair of a third-degree perineal laceration, which structure shown in Fig. 2 is least likely to be divided?(A) Bulbocavernosus muscle(B) Vaginal mucosa(C) Superficial transverse perineal lmuscle(D) External anal sphincter(E) Ischiocavernosus muscle17. A 24-year-old man had been treated for gonorrhea 2 months previously. He developed an ulcerative lesion in the glands of the penis that is noted to be condylomata lata. The etiology of condylomata lata is which of the following?(A) Mixture of organisms(B) Haemophilus ducreyi(C) Herpesvirus hominis, type II(D) Treponema pallidum(E) Neisseria gonorrhoeae18. A 23-year-old woman has a cesarean section in which a Pfannenstiel incision (Fig. 3) is used. In the Pfannenstiel incision, which of the following is TRUE?(A) The recti and fascia are separated transversely.(B) The recti and fascia are separated vertically.(C) Fascia lata graft is used.(D) A prosthetic graft is used.(E) The upper abdomen can readily be explored.19. What is the most common cause of failure of radiotherapy for stage II cervical carcinoma?(A) Liver metastasis(B) Bone metastasis(C) Para-aortic node metastasis(D) Resistance of the central tumor(E) Undifferentiated tumor histology20. Twelve years after menopause, a 60-year-old woman undergoes laparotomy for an ovarian carcinoma. The ovarian tumor that is most likely to respond to radiotherapy is which of the following?(A) Dysgerminoma(B) Krukenberg’s tumor(C) Arrhenoblastoma(D) Granulosa cell tumor(E) Brenner tumor21. A 24-year-old woman has been unsuccessful becoming pregnant. She is admitted with abdominal pain; her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, her pulse rate is 102 beats per minute (bpm), and her hematocrit (HCT) is 28%. Features of ectopic pregnancy include which of the following?(A) Elevated blood pressure on assuming an erect position(B) Pulsus paradoxus(C) Tenderness below the right subcostal margin (Murphy’s sign)(D) Pain referred to the supraclavicular region(E) Ecchymosis around the umbilicus22. After undergoing a partial cystectomy for carcinoma of the rectum, a 76-year-old woman develops a vesicovaginal fistula. The repair will have a higher chance of success if which of the following occurs?(A) Scare tissue is not excised(B) The bladder wall is closed under tension(C) Repair is performed more than 6 months after the causative operation(D) Repair is performed within 7–14 days of the onset of symptoms(E) Urethral catheters removed within 7 days23. After being treated for ovarian carcinoma, a 65-year-old woman develops complications attributed to cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum). What is a common side effect of cisplatin?(A) Multiple lipoma(B) Ankylosing spondylitis(C) Megaloblastic anemia(D) Pulmonary fibrosis(E) Peripheral neuropathy24. A 33-year-old woman is seen for evaluation of infertility. She complains of dyspareunia. On vaginal examination, tender nodularity along the uterosacral ligaments is noted. What is the diagnosis?(A) Adenomyosis(B) Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-related disease(C) Subserosal fibroids(D) Endometriosis(E) Adrenogenital syndrome25. Following a radical nephrectomy, a 60-year old, diabetic male develops necrotizing fasciitis. After treating the infection, the plastic surgeon places an omental graft, which is based on blood supply from which of the following?(A) Omental branch of the abdominal aorta(B) Middle colic artery(C) Gastroepiploic artery(D) Middle sacral artery(E) Epigastric artery26. An otherwise healthy, 30-year-old man is brought to the emergency department afterbeing thrown off the back of a motorcycle. During the assessment, blood is noted at the urethral meatus. Which of the following statement is TRUE?(A) A foley catheter should be inserted immediately.(B) Dislocation of the sacroiliac joint is usually associated with a fracture of the pubic ramus or separation of the symphysis.(C) Open lavage is a useful indication for the need to perform laparotomy.(D) Fracture of the coccyx requires surgical excision in most patients.(E) Pain is relieved on walking.27. A 62-year-old woman with cardiac disease undergoes a pudendal nerve block to remove a tumor from the vulva. Fibers forming the pudendal nerve originate from which of the following?(A) L2–L4(B) L3–L5(C) L4, L5, S1(D) S1–S3(E) S2–S428. A 42-year-old man has recurrent cystitis. Cystoscopic examination and biopsy confirmthe presence of locally muscle invasive (T2) carcinoma of the bladder (Fig.4)?(A) Repeat cystoscopic resection(B) Cystoscopic fulguration(C) Partial cystectomy(D) Radical cystoprostatectomy(E) Radiotherapy29. A healthy, 45-year-old woman undergoing abdominal hysterectomy and salpingooophrectomy for benign disease. The right ureter is accidentally cut. To minimize injury to the ureter, the surgeon should recognize what about this structure?(A) It enters the pelvis at the level of the aortic bifurcation.(B) It passes posterior to the iliac vessels.(C) It passes above the uterine artery.(D) It enters the pelvis 4-cm medial to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery.(E) It enters the pelvis immediately distal to the common itiac artery bifurcation.30. A 56-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department complaining of upperabdominal pain. An ultrasound of the abdomen reveals a thin-walled gallbladder filled with fluid and a solid, left renalmass. What should be the next test ordered?(A) Hydroxy iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan(B) Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)(C) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis(D) Oral cholecystogram(E) Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series31. Akidney graft between identical twins is likely to survive for which period of time?(A) 1–6 weeks(B) 7–52 weeks(C) 1–10 years(D) 11–25 years(E) more than 25 years32. A 32-year-old woman with chronic renal failure undergoes successful renal transplantation. Tests carried out after the operation indicates the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Whatis TRUE of this condition?(A) It cannot be measured by immunofluorescent assay.(B) It is detected in most patients after surgery.(C) It should not cause additional problems with regard to tissue rejection.(D) It results in infection that usually is fatal.(E) CMV infection occurs only in CMV positive donor.33. A 4-year-old girl has a yellow, blood-tinged, foul-smelling, vaginal discharge. On examination, the external genitalia are red, and a malodorous, blood-tinged discharge is noted. The most likely cause of these findings are:(A) Chlamydia trachomatis(B) Gonorrhea(C) Treponema(D) Foreign body(E) Vaginal cancer34. A 46-year-old man is on a waiting list to secure a renal transplant. The genetic locus of transplant antigens in humans is known as which?(A) Rhesus (Rh)(B) Ig (Immunoglobulin) A and IgM(C) Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)(D) ABO(E) Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)35. A64-year-old man underwent transplantation, which was complicated by graft-versus-host reaction. He had undergone a transplantation of which of the following?(A) Kidney(B) Skin(C) Bone marrow(D) Cornea(E) Liver36. In evaluating the role of the autonomic nervous system related to urinary incontinence that developed in a 67-year-old man after prostatectomy, it is determined that the sympathetic nerves are injured. What is the natural hormone in the catecholamine pathway?(A) Norepinephrine(B) Dopamine(C) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)(D) Isoproterenol(E) Acetylcholine37. During evaluation of the cause of varicocele in a 36-year-old man, attention is directed to the method of drainage of the left testicular vein, which usually enters which of the following?(A) Left adrenal vein(B) Left renal vein(C) Left inferior mesenteric vein(D) Inferior vena cava (IVC)(E) Left inferior epigastric vein38. A 42-year-old man presents with cancer of the left testis. To exclude lymphatic metastasis, which is the site that should be initially examined?(A) Vertical chain of inguinal glands(B) Horizontal chain of inguinal glands(C) Retrorectal glands(D) Para-aortic glands(E) Obturator nodes39. As a result of a motor vehicle crash, a 42-yearold female has a pelvic fracture, confirmed onx-ray of the pelvis. What does she require?(A) Surgical repair under local anesthesia(B) Open lavage and, if positive, immediate laparotomy(C) Immobilization of the pelvis in a plaster cast(D) Analgesics and observation(E) Skeletal traction40. A 42-year-old woman involved in a traffic accident presents to the emergency room complaining of flank pain and gross hematuria, she is hemodynamically stable. The next step in management is:(A) Exploratory laparotomy(B) Open lavage and, if positive, immediate laparotomy(C) Immobilization of the pelvis(D) Computed axial tomography (CAT) scan with the use of intravenous contrast(E) Skeletal traction。