Oxymoron,Antithesis,Transferred Epithet

常用生物学专业英语词汇(同名19427)1.Biology - 生物学2.Cell - 细胞3.DNA - 脱氧核糖核酸4.RNA - 核糖核酸5.Gene - 基因6.Chromosome - 染色体7.Protein - 蛋白质8.Enzyme - 酶9.Mitosis - 有丝分裂10.Meiosis - 减数分裂11.Photosynthesis - 光合作用12.Respiration - 呼吸作用13.Evolution - 进化14.Adaptation - 适应15.Mutation - 突变16.Genetics - 遗传学17.Genotype - 基因型18.Phenotype - 表型19.Natural selection - 自然选择20.Ecology - 生态学21.Ecosystem - 生态系统22.Biodiversity - 生物多样性23.Conservation - 保护24.Endangered species - 濒危物种25.Extinction - 灭绝26.Classification - 分类27.Taxonomy - 分类学28.Kingdom - 界29.Phylum - 门30.Class - 纲31.Order - 目32.Family - 科33.Genus - 属34.Species - 种35.Anatomy - 解剖学36.Physiology - 生理学37.Microbiology - 微生物学38.Virology - 病毒学39.Immunology - 免疫学40.Biotechnology - 生物技术41.Genetic engineering - 基因工程42.Cloning - 克隆43.Stem cells - 干细胞44.Embryology - 胚胎学45.Developmental biology - 发育生物学46.Neurobiology - 神经生物学47.Botany - 植物学48.Zoology - 动物学49.Entomology - 昆虫学50.Marine biology - 海洋生物学51.Ornithology - 鸟类学52.Herpetology - 爬行动物学53.Mammalogy - 哺乳动物学54.Ecology - 生态学55.Population - 种群munity - 群落57.Ecosystem - 生态系统58.Habitat - 栖息地59.Food chain - 食物链60.Food web - 食物网61.Trophic level - 营养级62.Producer - 生产者63.Consumer - 消费者64.Decomposer - 分解者65.Mutualism - 互利共生66.Parasitism - 寄生mensalism - 共生68.Biome - 生物群落69.Tundra - 苔原70.Desert - 沙漠71.Grassland - 草原72.Forest - 森林73.Rainforest - 热带雨林74.Freshwater - 淡水75.Marine - 海洋76.Estuary - 河口77.Wetland - 湿地78.Adaptation - 适应79.Migration - 迁徙80.Hibernation - 冬眠81.Camouflage - 伪装82.Mimicry - 拟态83.Symbiosis - 共生84.Reproduction - 繁殖85.Asexual reproduction - 无性繁殖86.Sexual reproduction - 有性繁殖87.Fertilization - 受精88.Gamete - 配子89.Ovum - 卵子90.Sperm - 精子91.Pollination - 授粉92.Seed dispersal - 种子传播93.Germination - 发芽94.Growth - 生长95.Development - 发育96.Metabolism - 新陈代谢97.Homeostasis - 动态平衡98.Nervous system - 神经系统99.Digestive system - 消化系统100.Respiratory system - 呼吸系统。

（英语）英语综合综合试题回忆版题型一：30个词义辨析，这个考的很细节。

题型二：5个修辞手法，要自己会写题型三：150字左右的汉翻英题型四：150字左右的英英summary题型五：名词解释（语言学和文学各两个）1 derivation2 language3 Hamlet4 The lost generation题型六：整张试卷的重难点1 如何添加新词（英语语言的词汇丰富过程）2 尽可能多的写出“it is cold outside”的会话意义2 试尽可能多的写出The love song of Alfred Prufrock中Prufrock 的性格特点3 分析Thomas Hardy 的作品Tess of D’urbervilles 中TESS 这一人物2014年英语综合试题回忆版一30个词义辨析二5个修辞三150字汉翻英四summary五名词解释1 clipping2 language3 transcendentalism4 Willam Wordsworth题型六：重难点1 从distinctive property 相关知识考察其是否能区分人与动物的肢体或面部语言2 用sense and reference 相关知识分析以下两个例子，（例子是中文的，其中一个例子内容大概是：一个小偷对时尚杂志很感兴趣，关注杂志中的时尚服装，对裁缝来说，他会注意服装口袋的裁剪制作，而在小偷看来，他特别关注时尚在于关注服装的口袋，请问对小偷来说，他更关注什么，为什么？2015 年英语综合试题回忆版一30个选择二五个修辞三翻译五个汉译英，五个英译汉四summary五名词解释1 language2 error analysis3 Saul Bellow4 Doris lessing六分析题1 重要的ways of word formation 都有哪些，至少说出三个2 给了五组句子，是歧义句，说出每组句子的歧义所在3 what is Naturalism 什么是自然主义，并举例说明4 分析劳伦斯的儿子与情人作品中的Paul2014 年教育综合真题教育学一名词解释1 学校课程2 教育智慧二简答题1 课程研制的过程有哪些？2 教师劳动有哪些特点三论述如何理解人的全面发展？全面发展与个性发展的关系心理学一名词解释1 首因效应2 学校心理咨询二简答题1 什么是实验法，使用实验法时应该注意哪些事项2 影响问题解决的心理因素有哪些3 情绪情感在学习中的作用三论述题如何激发学生的学习动机，提高学生的学习效率2013年教育综合真题教育学一名词解释1 教育价值2 学校管理二简答题1 什么是教育个体功能2 影响课程实施的因素3 教育目的的定向功能具体表现在哪些方面4 有指导的教育学习指的是什么三论述教师应当具有怎么样的学生观心理学一名词解释1 社会知觉2 性格二简答1 使用测验法和调查法时应注意哪些事项2 注意分配依赖的条件3 想象的功能4 教师在教学工作中的角色和任务三论述智力发展的特征、影响因素、怎样开发学生的智力2012年教育综合真题教育学一名词解释1 教学模式2 教学功能二简答1 德育的一般规律2 班主任如何管理班级3 教师专业化发展的途径三论述论述新课改的趋势心理学一名词解释1 行为矫正治疗2 内隐记忆二简答1 知觉有哪些特性2 为什么说大脑是心理的主观能动性的器官3 教师为什么要学习心理学三论述论述教师应具备什么样的心理素质2011年教育综合真题教育学一名词解释1 教育制度2 国家课程二简答1 信息社会教育的主要特征2 我国教育目的的精神实质3 教师的职业角色三论述1 试述程序性教学知识及其教学设计2 为什么说教师的研究属于行为研究心理学一名词解释1 感觉2 性格3 能力4 再造想象二简答1 影响随意注意的因素有哪些2 情绪和情感的功能3 哪些心理因素影响问题解决三论述再创造性思维定义及其特点。

⏹ 1. Hyperbole⏹the trial that rocked the world.⏹ 2. Transferred epithet⏹throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder⏹ 3. Synecdoche提喻⏹The case had erupted round my head.⏹ 4. Ridicule （instance of being made fun of）嘲笑⏹Bryan, ageing and paunchy (Para 10)⏹Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (Para 35)⏹ 5. Sarcasm （a cutting remark, a verbal sneer. Sarcasm pretends to disguise its meaning,but does not intend to be misunderstood）挖苦，讽刺⏹My friend the attorney-general (Para 13)⏹There is some doubt about that.(Para 19)⏹ 6. Irony (the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite meaning)反话，讽刺⏹the glorious age of the sixteenth century (Para 13)⏹7. Antithesis⏹The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he musthave come from below.⏹Example: To err is human; to forgive, divine. –Pope⏹8. Oxymoron;formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms⏹ a victorious defeat⏹ a deafening silence 震耳欲聋的沉默⏹9．Pun⏹Example: DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.'Seven days without water make one weak'. '七天没有水使人虚弱'/'七天没有水也成一星期。

Lesson 1 Face to Face with Hurricane Camille1.We can battle down and ride it out. (metaphor)2.Wind and rain now whipped the house. (metaphor)3.Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi. (metaphor)4.and the group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated. Water rose above their ankles. (simile)5.The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (simile)6.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (simile)7.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads. (simile)8. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (personification)9.Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. (transferred epithet)10. "Everybody out the back door to the cars!" John yelled. (elliptical)Lesson 2 Hiroshima—the “Liveliest” City in Japan1. “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”. (anticlimax)2. …as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop... (alliteration)3. …where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony. (parallelism, transferred epithet)4. At last this intermezzo came to an end… (metaphor)5. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. (irony)6. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. (euphemism)7. Hiroshima—the “liveliest” [pun]City in Japan(irony)8. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. (alliteration)9. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt (synecdoche, metonymy)10. There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated. (synecdoche)11. Was I not at the scene of the crime? (rhetorical question)12. Because I had a lump in my throat…. (metaphor)13. Whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. (onomatopoeia)14.No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the peo ple who were born here or who lived through it. (climax)Lesson 3 Blackmail1.As a result the nerves of both duke and duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded. (metaphor)2. His wife shot him a swift, warning glance. (metaphor)3. You drove there in your fancy Jaguar, and you took a lady friend.(euphemism)4. The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.(metaphor)5. In what conceivable way does our car concern you? (rhetorical question)6. Her voice was a whiplash. (metaphor)7. The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle. (transferred epithet)8. Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks. (transferred epithet)9. The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. (onomatopoeia)10. Eyes bored into him. (metaphor)Lesson 4 A Trial that Rocked the World1) The trial that rocked the world (hyperbole)2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder (transferred epithet)3) The case had erupted round my head (synecdoche)4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted (ridicule)5) and it is a mighty strong combination (sarcasm)6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century (irony)7) There is some doubt about that. (sarcasm)8) No one, ... that may case would snowball into...(metaphor)9) The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot… (metaphor)10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, [carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies]. (ridicule, simile)11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (ridicule)12) Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a “victorious defeat” (oxymoron)13) ...our town ...had taken on a circus atmosphere. (metaphor)14) He thundered in his sonorous organ tones. (metaphor)15）...champion had not scorched the infidels... (metaphor)16）…after the preliminary sparring over legalities… (metaphor)17)Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a … n. (metaphor)18)Then the court broke into a storm of applause that … (metaphor)19）...swept the arena like a prairie fire (simile)20)The oratorical storm … blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind (simile)21)...tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers... (Metonymy)22) The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. (Metonymy)23)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world. (Hyperbole)24)The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes t hat he must have come from below. (antithesis)25)when bigots lighted faggots to burn... (Consonance)26) There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal. (Repetition)27)Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (transferred epithet)28)Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political are na like a prairie fire.(Alliteration)29) DARWIN IS RIGHT—INSIDE(pun)Lesson 5 The Libido for the Ugly1. Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity (metaphor, transferred epithet, antithesis)2. Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats. (Antithesis, Repetition, hyperbole)3. There was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the age. (synecdoche)4. There was not a single decent house within eye range from the Pittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was misshapen, and there was not one that was not shabby. (Understatement; Litotes)5. The country is not uncomely, despite the grim of the endless mills. (Litotes, Overstatement)6. They would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides. (personification)7. On their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. (Metaphor)8. And one and all they are streaked in grim, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. (Metaphor)9. When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (Metaphor, ridicule)10. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.(Irony, sarcasm)11. N.J. and Newport News, Va.Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy… (Metonymy)12. But in the American village and small town the pull is always towards ugliness, and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion. (Ridicule)13. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (Irony)14. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be positive libido for the ugly, as on the other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful. (Antithesis)15. The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as common as the taste for the dogmatic theology and the poetry of Edgar A.Guest. (Metaphor)16. And some of them are appreciably better. (Sarcasm)17. They let it mellow into its present shocking depravity. (Metaphor; sarcasm)18. The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. (Metaphor)19. The boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth. (hyperbole)20. What I allude to is the unbroken and agonizing ugliness, the sheer revolting monstrousness of every house in sight. (hyperbole)21. A steel stadium like a huge rat-trap somewhere further down the line. (simile, ridicule)22. Obviously, if there were architects of any professional sense of dinity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides. (sarcasm)23. By the hundreds and thousands these abominable houses cover the bare hillsides, like gravestones in some gigantic and decaying cemetery. (simile)24. They have the most loathsome towns and villages ever seen by a mortal eye. (hyperbole)25. They are incomparable in color, and they are incomparable in design. (sarcasm)26. It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all ingenuity of Hell to the making of them. (hyperbole and irony)27. Beside it, the Parthenon would no doubt offend them. (sarcasm)28. In precisely the same way the authors of the rat-trap stadium that I have mentioned made a deliberate choice. (metaphor)29. They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossible penthouse, painted a starting yellow, on top of it. (ridicule)30. The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. (metaphor)31. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning. (metaphor)32. This they have converted into a thing… low-pitched roof. (inversion)33. But nowhere on this earth, at home or abroad, have I seen anything to compare to the village(inversion)34. coal and steel town(synecdoche)35. boy and man(synecdoche)36. Was it necessary to adopt that shocking color? (rhetorical question)37. Are they so frightful because the valley is full of foreigners – dull, insensate brutes, with no love of beauty in them? (rhetorical question)38. a crazy little church. (transferred epithet)39. a bare leprous hill (transferred epithet)40. preposterous brick piers (transferred epithet)41. uremic yellow (transferred epithet)42. the obscene humor (transferred epithet)Lesson 6 Mark Twain --- Mirror of America1)saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... (Metaphor)2)main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart(Metaphor)3)All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... (Metaphor)4)When railroads began drying up the demand... (Metaphor)5)...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... (Metaphor)6)Twain began digging his way to regional fame... Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles... (Metaphor)7)Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ...a memory that seemed phonographic(Simile)8) America laughed with him. (Hyperbole, personification)9)...to literature's enduring gratitude...(Personification)10)the grave world smiles as usual... (Personification)11) Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh (Personification)12)America laughed with him. (Personification)13)...between what people claim to be and what they really are… (Antithesis)14)...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever(Antithesis)15)… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. (Euphemism)16)...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home(Alliteration)17)...with a dash and daring... ...a recklessness of cost or consequences...(Alliteration)18)...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe (Metonymy)19)For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. (metaphor)20)From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.(metaphor)21)He boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. (metaphor)22)he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men's final release from earthly struggles (euphemism)23) ...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land... (metaphor, antithesis)24) Most Americans remember ... the father of [Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.] (parallelism, hyperbole)25)The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied --a cosmos (hyperbole)26) the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States(metaphor)27) Steamboat decks teemed...main current of...but its flotsam(metaphor)28) Twain began digging his way to regional fame... (metaphor)29) life dealt him profound personal tragedies... (personification)30) the river had acquainted him with ... (personification)31) ...an entry that will determine his course forever... (personification)32) Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. (personification)33)Keelboats, ...carried the first major commerce (synecdoche)Lesson 7 Everyday Use for your grandmamma1. “Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing. (irony)2. “Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird. “can I have these old quilts?” (simile)3. …showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… (metaphor)4. After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …(metaphor)5. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (hyperbole)6. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (simile)7. Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? (metaphor)8. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out. (hyperbole)9. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. (simile)10. It is like an extended living room. (simile)11. Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue. (assonance)12. My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. (simile)13. She gasped like a bee had stung her. (simile)14. You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. (metaphor)15. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? (rhetorical question)。

《英语修辞》作业参考答案I.1．明喻引喻拟人平行通感矛盾修饰法提喻突降委婉语头韵隐喻对照移就隽语转喻层递低调陈述重复夸张元韵2．Metaphor Antithesis Transferred Epithet ParadoxMetonymy Climax Understatement RepetitionHyperbole Assonance Simile AllusionPersonification Parallelism Synaesthesia OxymoronSynecdoche Anticlimax Euphemism AlliterationII.1. C (Alliteration)2. A (Metaphor)3. B (Pun)4. B (Metonymy)5. D (Understatement)6.C (Euphemism)7. A (Allusion)8. A (Parallelism)9. D (Oxymoron) 10. B. (Anticlimax) 11. C (Simile) 12.D (Personification)13. A (Synaesthesia) 14. D (Synecdoche) 15. B (Hyperbole) 16.B (Antithesis); 17. A (Repetition) 18. C (Irony) 19. D (Parody) 20. C. (Zeugma)III.1.B (Anticlimax)2. D (Personification)3. C (Simile)4. D (Repetition)5. C (Euphemism)6. C (Rhetorical Question)7. A (Anastrophe) 8. C (Simile)9. A (Metaphor) 10. C (Alliterarion)11.D (Oxymoron) 12. C (Simile)13.B (Transferred Epithet) 14. A (Synaesthesia)15. B (Pun) 16. C (Simile)17. B (Pun) 18 D (Parallelism)19. A (Metaphor) 20. D (Understatement)IV.1.Simile2. Transferred Epithet3. Euphemism4. Synecdoche5. Hyperbole6. Parallelism7. Climax 8. Assonance 9. Parody10. Palindrome 11. Metaphor 12. Synaesthesia13. Understatement 14. Allusion 15. Paradox16. Repetition 17. Pun 18. Zeugma19. Malapropism 20. Rhetorical Question 21.Simile22. Metaphor 23. Anticlimax; 24.Simile25.Understatement 26. Personification;V1.C (Simile); D (Personification)2. A (Parallelism); B (Antithesis); D (Repetition);3. B (Metaphor); C (Allusion); D (Anastrophe)4. B (Hyperbole); D (Syllepsis)5. C (Simile); D (Personification)6. B (Antithesis); C (Alliteration); D (Metonymy)7. A (Metaphor); D (Personification);8. B (Climax); D (Repetition)9. B (Antithesis); C (Oxymoron)10. A (Pun); C (Rhetorical Question)11. B (Hyperbole); D (Personification)12. A (Metaphor); D (Personification);13. A (Metaphor); C (Irony)14. B (Hyperbole); C (Climax)15.2. C (Simile); D (Personification);16.A (Antithesis); C (Alliteration); D (Pun)VI.省略VII．AParagraph (1) Alliteration, SimileParagraph (2) ParallelismParagraph (3) Personification, Verb-MetaphorParagraph (4) Personification, AlliterationParagraph (5) MetaphorBParagraph (1) Understatement, SimileParagraph (2) Alliteration, Parallelism,Paragraph (3) Parallelism,Paragraph (4) Antithesis, MetaphorParagraph (5) Personification, Alliteration, ParallelismCParagraph (1) Parallelism, PersonificationParagraph (2) Parallelism, PersonificationParagraph (3) Antithesis, Climax, Metaphor, Allusion, Parallelism, Personification Paragraph (4) ParallelismDParagraph (1) HyperboleParagraph (2) Assonance, Consonance, AllusionParagraph (3)Paragraph (4) Metaphor。

、|!_一个人总要走陌生的路，看陌生的风景，听陌生的歌，然后在某个不经意的瞬间，你会发现，原本费尽心机想要忘记的事情真的就这么忘记了..1. Negative feedback：负反馈：在一个闭环系统中，控制部分活动受受控部分反馈信号（Sf）的影响而变化，若Sf为负，则为负反馈。

其作用是输出变量受到扰动时系统能及时反应，调整偏差信息（Se），以使输出稳定在参考点（Si）。

2. homeostasis（稳态）：内环境的理化性质不是绝对静止的，而是各种物质在不断转换之中达到相对平衡状态，即动态平衡，这种平衡状态为稳态。

3. Autoregulation：自身调节，指组织、细胞在不依赖于外来的神经和体液调节情况下，自身对刺激发生的适应性反应过程。

4. Paracrine：旁分泌，内分泌细胞分泌的激素通过细胞外液扩散而作用于临近靶细胞的作用方式。

5. 局部电位:由阈下刺激引起局部膜去极化（局部反应），引起邻近一小片膜产生类似去极化。

主要包括感受器电位，突触后电位及电刺激产生的电紧张电位。

特点：分级；不传导；可以相加或相减；随时间和距离而衰减。

6. 内向电流：指细胞膜激活时发生的跨膜正离子内向流动或负离子外向流动。

7. fluid mosaic model：液态镶嵌模型，是有关膜的分子结构的假说，内容是膜的共同特点是以液态的脂质双分子层为骨架，其中镶嵌有具有不同分子结构、因而也具有不同生理功能的蛋白质。

8. 跳跃式传导：有髓纤维受外加刺激时，动作电位只能发生在相邻的朗飞结之间，跨髓鞘传递。

9. 膜片钳：用来测量单通道跨膜的离子电流和电导的装置。

10. 后负荷：指肌肉开始收缩时遇到的阻力。

11. 横桥：肌凝蛋白的膨大的球状部突出在粗肌丝的表面，它与细肌丝接触共同组成横桥结构。

它对肌丝的滑动有重要意义。

12. 后电位：在锋电位下降支最后恢复到静息电位水平前，膜两侧电位还要经历一些微小而较缓慢的波动，称为后电位。