FAOFisheriepeciesInformationProgrammeCyprsAquacultureCulturedAquaticSinuscarpio(Linnaeus,_1758)
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationsfor a world without hungerFisheries andAquaculture DepartmentCultured Aquatic Species Information ProgrammeCyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)I. Identitya. Biological FeaturesII. Profilea. Historical Backgroundb. Main Producer Countriesc. Habitat And BiologyIII. Productiona. Production Cycleb. Production Systemsc. Diseases And Control MeasuresIV. Statisticsa. Production Statisticsb. Market And TradeV. Status And Trends VI. Main Issuesa. Responsible Aquaculture PracticesVII. Referencesa. Related LinksIdentityCyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758[Cyprinidae]FAO Names: En - Common carp, Fr - Carpe commune, Es - Carpa comúnBiological featuresBody elongated and somewhat compressed. Lips thick. Two pairs of barbels at angle of mouth, shorter ones on the upper lip. Dorsal fin base long with 17-22 branched rays and a strong, toothed spine in front; dorsal fin outline concave anteriorly. Anal fin with 6-7 soft rays; posterior edge of 3rd dorsal and anal fin spines with sharp spinules. Lateral line with 32 to 38 scales. Pharyngeal teeth 5:5, teeth with flattened crowns. Colour variable, wild carp are brownish-green on the back and upper sides, shading to golden yellow ventrally. The fins are dusky, ventrally with a reddish tinge. Golden carp are bred for ornamental purposes. View SIDP Species fact sheetProfileHistorical backgroundThe carp was a luxury food in the middle and late Roman period, and it was consumed during fasting in themiddle Ages. The fish were kept in storage ponds ('piscinae') by the Romans, and later in fish ponds constructed by Christian monasteries. In this European practice the carp were kept in monoculture. The largest individuals were selected as broodfish. From, the 12th to the mid-14th century A.D. unintentional artificial selection had taken place, the first steps towards domestication. Controlled semi-natural pond breeding and fry rearing of carp started in the 19th century in Europe. Cyprinids have been reared in China for more than 2 000 years, where they were kept in undrainable ponds. The ponds were stocked regularly with fry from rivers. Natural food-based polycultural rearing technology was applied. Semi-domesticated carp races have developed in this system. Domesticated carps have been produced in most of the carp rearing areas recently. There are about 30-35 strains of domesticated common carps in Europe. Many strains are maintained in China. There are some Indonesian carp strains, which have not been scientifically examined and identified so far.Main producer countriesMain producer countries of Cyprinus carpio (FAO Fishery Statistics, 2006)Habitat and biologyWild common carp (generally referred to as 'carp' in this fact sheet) live in the middle and lower streams of rivers, in inundated areas, and in shallow confined waters, such as lakes, oxbow lakes, and water reservoirs. Carp are mainly bottom dwellers but search for food in the middle and upper layers of the water body. Typical 'carp ponds' in Europe are shallow, eutrophic ponds with a muddy bottom and dense aquatic vegetation at the dikes.The ecological spectrum of carp is broad. Best growth is obtained when water temperature ranges between 23 °C and 30 °C. The fish can survive cold winter periods. Salinity up to about 5‰ is tolerated. The optimal pH range is 6.5-9.0. The species can survive low oxygen concentration (0.3-0.5 mg/litre) as well as supersaturation. Carp are omnivorous, with a high tendency towards the consumption of animal food, such as water insects, larvae of insects, worms, molluscs, and zooplankton. Zooplankton consumption is dominant in fish ponds where the stocking density is high. Additionally, the carp consumes the stalks, leaves and seeds of aquatic and terrestrial plants, decayed aquatic plants, etc. The pond farming of carp is based on the ability of the species to accept and utilize cereals supplied by the farmers. The daily growth of carp can be 2 to 4 percent of body weigh. Carps can reach 0.6 to 1.0 kg body weight within one season in the polycultural fish ponds of subtropical/tropical areas. Growth is much slower in the temperate zone: here the fish reach the 1 to 2 kg body weight after 2 to 4 rearing seasons. In Europe, female carp need about 11 000 to 12 000 degree-days to reach maturity in the temperate and subtropical climatic zones. Male carp are matured within a period that is 25-35 percent shorter. The maturity period of Asian carp strains is slightly shorter. The spawning of European carp starts when the water temperature is 17-18 °C. Asian strains start to spawn when the ion concentration of the water decreases abruptly at the beginning of the rainy season. Wild carps are partial spawners. Domesticated carps release all their matured eggs within a few hours. After hormonal treatment carp release their ripe eggs within a much shorter period, which makes stripping possible. The quantity of released eggs is 100 to 230 g/kg body weight. The egg shell becomes sticky after contacting water.The embryonic development of carp takes about 3 days at 20-23 °C (60-70 degree-days). Under natural conditions, hatched fry stick to the substrata. About three days after hatching the posterior part of the swim bladder develops, the larvae swim horizontally, and start to consume external food with a maximum size of 150-180 µm (mainly rotifers).ProductionProduction cycleProduction cycle of Cyprinus carpioProduction systemsSeed supplySpawning on nests, aquatic weeds and inundated grass in tanks and pondsCarp may spawn throughout the year in tropical areas of India, with peaks in January-March and July-August. Breeding is carried out in hapas, cement tanks or small ponds. Submerged aquatic plants are used as substrata for egg laying. When the fry are 4 to 5 days old, they are stocked into nursery ponds.The 'Sundanese method' is used for spawning carp in Indonesia. The broodfish are kept in broodfish ponds, segregated by sex. Matured broodfish are transferred to 25-30 m² spawning ponds. 'Kakabans' (nests made of the fibre of Arenga species) are installed into the ponds. The fish lay their eggs on both sides of the kakabans. When spawning is completed, the nests are transferred to hatching/nursing ponds.Small ponds are used for spawning carp in China. Aquatic weeds (Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum) or floating palm leaves are used as spawning substrata.Small 'Dubits ponds' (120-300 m² water surface area) were used for spawning, and for short nursing of carp fry in Europe in the past. More recently, ponds with an area from a few hundred m² up to 10-30 ha are used here. Two to four weeks after spawning, the fry can either be harvested from these large ponds, or may remain there up for rearing to fingerling size.Hatchery based seed productionThis is the most effective and reliable method of seed production. Broodfish are kept in water saturated with oxygen, within the temperature range of 20-24 ºC. They are given two doses of pituitary gland injection, or a mixture of GnRH/dopamine antagonist, to induce ovulation and spermiation. The eggs are fertilized (applying the 'dry method') and the adhesiveness of the eggs is eliminated using salt/urea treatment, followed by a tannin acid bath (the 'Woynarovich method'). Incubation is carried out in Zoug jars. The hatched fry are kept in large conical tanks for 1 to 3 days, and are usually stocked at the stage of 'swim-up' or 'feeding fry' into properly prepared ponds. Approximately 300 000 to 800 000 newly hatched fry can be expected from a single female.NurseryNursing of common carp in ponds and tanksShallow, aquatic weed-free drainable ponds of 0.5 to 1.0 ha are the most suitable for carp nursing. Nursery ponds must be prepared before stocking to encourage the development of a rotifer population, since this constitutes the first food of feeding fry. The stocking density is 100-400 fry/m². The ponds should be inoculated with Moina or Daphnia after stocking. Supplementary feeds, such as soybean meal, cereals meals, meat meal, or mixtures of these materials, should be applied. Rice bran or rice polishings can also be used for feeding fry. The length of the nursery period is 3 to 4 weeks. The final fish weight is 0.2-0.5 g. The survival rate is 40-70 percent.If there are many predators in the area where ponds would be situated (insects, snakes, frogs, birds, wild fish), tank nursing of carp can be applied. Tanks of 5-100 m² surface area, made of concrete, bricks or plastic, can be used for nursing fry up to 1-2 cm in size. By applying hay and manure, dense populations of Paramecium and rotifers can be established in these tanks. A few hundred fry per m² can be stocked. Collected zooplankton and fine particle size meals, or complete starter foods can be used. Industrial type systems, such as raceways, or water recirculating systems are also suitable for nursing.Fingerling productionThe production of carp fingerlings normally takes place in semi-intensive ponds, based on manure/fertilizer-generated natural food and supplementary feeding. Fingerling production can be carried out in a single stage system (stocking newly hatched fry and harvesting fingerlings), a dual stage system (stocking nursed fry and harvesting fingerlings), or a multicycle system (when newly hatched fry are stocked, and the fish are thinnedout several times).Stocking nursed fry is the most effective way for producing medium and large size fingerlings. Depending on the required final size of fingerlings, 50 000-200 000 nursed fry/ha can be stocked in temperate zones, preferably in polycultural systems where the proportion of common carp is 20-50 percent. The final weight of the carp is 30-100 g. In warm climates, if large size fingerlings are the production target, the stocking density of nursed fry is 50 000-70 000/ha, out of which the proportion of common carp is 20 percent. Survival ratesof 40-50 percent are achieved. Small size fingerlings can be produced in ponds stocked with 400 000 small (15 mm) nursed fry. In this case the survival rate is 25-30 percent.Frequent application of manure is necessary to maintain the plankton population. The feeding is based mainly on agricultural by-products in subtropical areas, on cereals and/or pellets in temperate zones.Ongrowing techniquesProduction of two summer-old carpsIn temperate zones, one-summer old fish (20-100 g) must be reared up to 250-400 g in the second year. The stocking rate is 4 000-6 000/ha, plus about 3 000 Chinese carp/ha, if only cereals are fed. The stocking rate can be much higher (up to 20 000/ha) if cereals and pellets also used. The daily ration is approximately 3-5 percent of body weight.Production of market size fishCommon carp can be produced in extensive, natural food and supplementary feed-based monocultural production systems, in stagnant water ponds. Artificial feed-based intensive monocultural production can be carried out in cages, irrigation reservoirs, and running water ponds and tanks, or in recirculation systems. Common carp are stocked with Chinese carps, and/or Indian major carps, tilapia, mullet, etc., in polycultural systems. This constitutes a natural food and supplementary feed-based production method, in which fish that have different feeding habits and occupy different trophic niches are stocked into the same ponds. The quantity of fish should be in accordance with the productivity of natural food organisms. The frequent application of manure or fertilizers and the proper species ratio, make the maintenance of productive populations of natural food organisms, and the maximal utilization of the productivity of pond ecosystem possible. Synergetic effects between fish species support the production in polycultural ponds.Carp culture can be integrated with animal husbandry and/or plant production. Integration can be direct (animals above fish ponds), indirect (wastes of animals are used in the ponds as manure), parallel (rice-cum-fish), or sequential (fish production between crops). The sequential cycling of fish/animal/legumes/rice (in 7 to 9 year cycles) is suitable for significantly decreasing the environmental loading of intensiveaquaculture/agriculture. Since common carp burrow in the pond bottom, have a broad environmental tolerance and an omnivorous feeding habit, they are a key species in integrated systems.Common carp can also be stocked into natural waters, reservoirs, and temporarily inundated areas, in order to utilize the natural food production of these waters for enhanced capture fisheries. In this case the fish stocked should be 13-15 cm fingerlings produced in fish farms ('aquaculture-based fisheries') in order to avoid the losses that would occur with smaller fish. Common carp are usually stocked with other cyprinid species, in accordance with the productivity of the water and the intensity of exploitation.Feed supplyThe use of natural food has been mentioned in other sections of this fact sheet. These are sometimes supplemented with compounded farm-made or commercial feeds.Harvesting techniquesUndrainable ponds, or drainable ponds with a long harvesting ditch, or ponds with inner or outer harvesting pits are used for carp rearing. The fish are usually harvested by seine nets. The length of nets should be 1.5times the width of ponds, but not longer than 120-150 m.In undrainable ponds, selective harvesting can be done. The maximum weight of carp which can get through various mesh size nets are: 20 mm mesh size = 20 g fish; 25 mm = 40 g; 30 mm =100 g; 35 mm =170 g; 40 mm = 270 g; 50 mm = 400 g.Since the carp keep mud-free the area where they search for food, feeding should be done throughout the growing period in the harvest area. At harvest time the water should be drained slowly (1-3 days from a 1 ha pond, 8-14 days from 30-60 ha ponds). The fish gather in the deepest area of the pond, unless they are frightened away by an abrupt decrease of water level, or by noises. Since carp tend to swim towards incoming water, a small quantity of water is flowed into the pond near the drainage site to concentrate the fish, especially if the water temperature is high. When a large quantity of fish is concentrated in the harvesting pits aeration should be supplied. Sprinkling water on the surface is usually not sufficient.Partial harvesting (regardless whether the ponds are drainable or undrainable) increases the total production of the ponds by improving the conditions for the remaining population.Handling and processingIf harvesting is carried out in warm water, the fish are pre-conditioned by repeated stressing before netting. Harvested fish can be transferred live in aerated tanks for 3-5 hours, if the fish/water ratio is not more than 1:2. The density of fish in transport tanks and the duration of transport depend on fish size, temperature and the amount of aeration.If, during harvesting, fish have been enticed into the harvesting area by feed, only very short transport time is feasible, since the oxygen demand of satiated fish is high.The majority of carps is transferred live to markets, and is sold either live or freshly dressed. Successful trials have been carried out on the large scale filleting of carp in France. Apart from value-added products, about 15 different products can be prepared from carp, representing different levels of processing.Production costsThe average profit of carp production in some Hungarian fish farms was EUR 326/ha (from sales of EUR 1 652/ha) between 1999-2001, according to a survey by the Research Institute of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (unpublished data). In India the net profit from polyculture, in which common carp represented 25 percent of the total fish stocked, was reported to be USD 710/ha (from sales of USD 1 929) in 1990 (Sinha,1990). The profit of small scale farmers in Bangladesh was reported to be USD 510-1 580/ha (from sales of USD 1 540-2 610/ha) from undrainable polyculture ponds, in which the stocking ratio of carp was 20 percent (Gupta et al., 1999).Diseases and control measuresIn some cases antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals have been used in treatment but their inclusion in this table does not imply an FAO recommendation.DISEASE AGENT TYPE SYNDROME MEASURESSaprolegniosis Saprolegnia spp.Fungus White fungal colonies on bodysurface, wounded areas orulcers, and on egg surfaceSingle or repeated dosesof malachite greenBranchyomycosis; gill rot BranchiomycessanguinisFungusMosaic type coloration of gills;haemorrhages and anaemicareas; mass mortality;secondary Saprolegnia infectionPond treatment withquick lime; repeatedtreatment with coppersulphateSmall spherical nodules onfins; haemorrhages; ulcers with Apply extensiveCarp erythrodermatitis; ulcer disease AeromonassalmonicidaachromogenesBacteriumjagged rims; protruding scales;exophthalmia; swollenabdomen; haemorrhages ongills; pinkish fluid in the bodycavity; secondary Saprolegniainfection of ulcersApply extensivetechnologies; avoidstress; apply antibioticsin feed or as injections;vaccinationColumnaris disease Flexibactercolumnaris BacteriumAppearance above 15 ºC; grey-white spots surrounded by zonewith reddish tinge on the head,gills, skin and fins; destroyedmembranes between fin raysTreatment withbenzalkonium chloride,copper sulphate orantibiotics (furazolidone,neomycin,oxytetracycline,terramycin); feedcontainingsulphamerazine andoxytetracyclineBacterial gill disease Flavobacteriumbranciophyla BacteriumWhite areas on the bodysurface and/or on the gills;necrosis of infected areasTreatment with salt orantibiotics; improvementof pond environmentMycobacteriosis Mycobacteriumspp.Bacterium Emaciated, stunted fish; feedingceases; light grey discolorationon body surface; sometimesopen ulcersNo treatment available;destroy infectedpopulationsSpring viraemia ofcarp Rhabdovirus carpio Virus Outbreak above 12 ºC; erraticswimming; later lethargyoccurs; enteritis; oedema;exophthalmia; pale gills;haemorrhages in skinElimination of vectors,such as blood suckingparasites; no transfer ofinfected fishCarp pox Herpes typevirus VirusSmooth, opaque, greyish-whitepatches of 1-2 mm diameter onbody surface; later, body iscovered with them; loss ofcalcium; soft body; tail can beturned to head; manifestationabove 14 ºCAvoid introduction ofinfected fishKoi Herpes Virus Disease (KHV)Herpes typevirusVirusDisease occurs between 17-25ºC on common and koi carp;lethargy; uncontrolled, erraticswimming; focal necrosis ofgills; increased mucussecretion; haemorrhages ongills and liver; inflammation ofkidney; mass mortalityKeep infected areas freeof carp for 3 months;vaccinationCostiosis Ichthyobodo spp.Protozoanectoparasite Gulping at inlet; lethargy;flashing; erratic swimming;slim fish; blue-grey film onskin and gillsSalt, formalin ormalachite green baths;copper oxycloride inpondsCoccidiosis Eimeria spp.Protozoanendoparasite Fish lay on pond bottom;hollow eyes; debilitation; thinbody; large head; oedema ofabdominal membranes andintestinal wall; intestinal wall isDisinfection and dryingof ponds; Furazolidonein feeddark; swollen intestinalmucosa; yellowish mucusexudedin feedWhite spot disease Ichthyophthiriosis IchthyophthiriusmultifiliisProtozoanectoparasiteScratching behaviour; flashing;gulping; increased gill beat rate;gill damage; white spots onfins, skin, gills and eyesMalachite green bathsChilodonellosis Chilodonella spp.Protozoanectoparasite Fish at surface; erratic,flickering swimming; pale gills;grey film of mucus on skin;epithelial cell necrosis; ulcersSalt, formalin ormalachite green baths;copper oxychloride inpondsTrichodinosis Trichodina spp.ProtozoanectoparasiteSurfacing; white patches onskin surface; excess mucusexudate on gills; tattered fins;pale gills covered with mucusand cell debrisSalt, formalin ormalachite green baths;copper oxycloride inpondsMyxobolosis Myxobolus spp.MyxozoanendoparasiteOedema; loose scales;exophthalmia; white or yellowcysts and haemorrhages ongills; white nodules on gills(koi); muscle necrosisFumagilin in feedDactylogyrosis Dactylogyrus spp.MonogeneanectoparasiteFish swim to water inlet;proliferation of gill epidermis;flukes visible on gills with low(40-60) multiplicationSalt, ammonia,organophosphate,Neguvon, orpraziquantel baths;drying pondsGyrodactylosis Gyrodactylus spp.MonogeneanectoparasiteFish swimming restlessly;greyish skin; pale gills; whiteand tattered finsSalt, ammonia,organophosphate,Neguvon, orpraziquantel baths;drying pondsDiplostomosis Diplostomum spp.EndoparasitictrematodeUncontrolled swimming; darkskin; small haemorrhages onabdomen; loss of weight;cataracts develop in eyes;haemorrhages in eyes;inflammation of eyes;exophthalmiaPraziquantel bath;eradication of hosts,such as snails and birdsPhosthodiplostomosis Phosthodiplostomumspp.EndoparasitictrematodeEncapsulated larvae evokeaccumulation of melanina;black cysts of 0.6-1.0 mmdevelop; deformation ofvertebral column may occur infryOrganophosphate(Masoten, Dipterex,Sumithion) orpraziquantel baths;eradication of snails andheronsSanguinicoliasis Sanguinicola spp.EndoparasitictrematodeLethargy; swimming in spiralmovement; feeding ceases; fishon water surface; sometimesexophthalmia; gill inflammationPraziquantel bath;eradication of snails withcopper sulphate when nofish present; sun-dryingpondsLigulosis Ligula intestinalis Endoparasitic Distended body; swimmingwith difficulty; feeding ceases;loss of weight; first part of Expel birds; praziquantelAsia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal DiseasesorCEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, UKDr. Peter DixonDr. Keith WayCentral Veterinarian Institute, Fish and Bee Disease Department, Hungary Dr. Gyorgy CsabaDr. Maria LangFish and Shellfish Diseases Laboratory, The NetherlandsDr. Olga L.M. HaenenNational Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, GermanyDr. Sven BergmannProf. Ronald HedrickStatistics(FAO Fishery Statistic)application of vaccines against viral diseases have primary importance to control 'traditional' viraldiseases, such as the spring viremia, carp pox and viral gill necrosis. Large-scale introduction ofvaccination against 'KHV' (which is actually a virus called Carp Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus,CNGNV) is also very important in the infected or endangered areas. The development of rapiddiagnostic tools to determine the bacterial and viral infections is also necessary. Vigilance on parasitical diseases should be maintained. Research on better understanding of pre-conditioning environmental and technological factors, which make the fish less resistant and the pathogens more virulent, should also be continued.Main issuesThe effect of extensive carp farming on the environment is negligible or even positive, since the carp help to maintain aerobic bottom conditions. The environmental effect of semi-intensive polycultural carp farming depends on the intensity of production, and on the water quality of recipients. The accumulation of silt and organic material can be very high in integrated systems. However, the rotational use of land for fish-cum-duck and alfalfa and rice production is the most environmental friendly means of conducting aquaculture and agriculture. The effect of intensive (industrial) aquaculture systems on the environment depends on the efficiency of waste management.The overstocking of open waters with carp and the introduction of non-indigenous carps may cause negative impacts. The population of aquatic weeds can be destroyed by increasing turbidity and uprooting plants. By decreasing the spawning grounds available for phytophil species, common carp may decrease the biodiversity in natural waters.Responsible aquaculture practicesThere are many well elaborated types of carp production, so it is relatively easy to select production methods that accord with Article 9 of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The most widely applied technique, namely supplementary feed-based extensive or semi-intensive carp production, is considered as an environmentally friendly way of animal protein production. Responsible aquaculture on the production level (Article 9.4., Code of Conduct) can be ensured by applying a strict process of licensing, in which the main principles of environment and ecological protection are considered.The establishment of carp breeding associations that maintain and breed pure strains of common carp by certified breeders in licensed fish hatcheries; frequent quality control based on standardized progeny testing; and supporting farms in the stocking of pure strains, helps to maintain the carp population of various areas, including the wild-type carp populations of natural waters this system was elaborated and applied by the Association of Hungarian Fish Producers.Fish health control based on local veterinarians and government institutions helps to increase the security of production by decreasing the effects of the diseases of farmed fish on the natural fish population, and helping to minimize the use of chemicals, drugs and antibiotics.The introduction of quality controls, based on the labelling/traceability of the products, and the provision of support for the development of 'organic' products may increase the application of environmentally friendly technologies, as well as improving the supply of good quality fish.ReferencesBibliographyADB/NACA. 1998. 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