2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义

2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义：全部倒装
一种情况就是，仍然是主、谓、宾结构，谓语动词都有时态、人称的变化，把谓语动词上的助动词提到了主语的前面，这个就叫做部分倒装。

全部倒装的情况：
实行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。

here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。

①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。

如果是实行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。

Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副词或时间副词置于句首
② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也能够实行全部倒装。

③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，能够把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。

eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。

/ 300名日本青年正在访问北京。

全部倒装的情况：
①当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go，come等时通常用全部倒装。

② 如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也能够实行全部倒装。

③ 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，能够把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。

主要出现在阅读当中，在翻译当中考到全部倒装的可能性比较小。

2019英语六级考试指导(语法篇)：从句部分一、从句从句分为定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。

其中定语从句又能够分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。

在复习从句的时候要注意它们的引导词以及限制条件。

1、在非限制性定语从句中which能够作主语，as则一般不用作主语；2、在状语从句中用来表示“一……就”的习惯搭配有hardly／scarely．．．，nosooner…than；3、能够引导原因状语从句的符合连词有inthat,nowthat。

seeingthat,consideringthat…等；4、在名词性从句中应该注意whether和if的区别。

Whether引导的从句能够放在句首，而if则不行；if引导的从句能够有否定的形式，而whether从句就不行；whether和ornot能够连起来用，但if和0rnot就不能连用，ornot必须放在句末。

看一道例题：And_______fiftyyearsago“beingemployed”meantwork ingasafactor ylabourorasafarmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddlec lasspersonwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdingaprofessiona lormanagementjobrequiringintellectualandtechnicalskills．A．when B．which C．as D．that抛开前面的从句先不看，后面主句的意思是今天雇员越来越多地成为中产阶级，受过扎实的正规教育，担任需要智力和技能的专业工作或管理工作。

从句的意思是50年前，被雇佣就意味着在工厂或农场里当劳力。

显然前后句所表达的并非同一个概念，空格中应该填入表示让步的连词，引导从句。

when在这里的用法比较特殊，它能够代替although，所以准确答案是A。

2019英语四级考试语法知识详解(6)
句子成分(members of the sentence)
英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。

具体地讲，主要有下列
六种句子成分：
1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。

如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。

2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如
I study English中的study。

3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或
特征的，如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。

4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。

介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don't work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。

5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He
likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。

6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。

[注]虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。

2019英语六级语法常考知识讲解(第21讲)定语从句限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.定语从句的引导词that, who, whom：非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就理应用宾格 whom 或that, 但在绝大部分情况下都能够省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (who m) you’ve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom：This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”, 用关系代词that的时候较多, 也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时, 在绝绝大部分情况下都是省略的, 特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all, everything等词时)：Have you everything you need?(Is there) anything I can do for you?All you have to do is to press the button.在介词后只能用which, 在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去, 这时能够用that, 但省略的时候更多一些：The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.This is the q uestion (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的, 但间或也能够修饰整个句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引导词用which：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wantedWhen deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.whose：在表示“...的”这个概念时, 可用所有格 whose; whose 用于指物, 有时可与of which交替使用, 通常的词序是名词词组 + of which：Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast?。

大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。

如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。

如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。

如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。

如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。

如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。

如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。

如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。

如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常用名词或代词担任。

如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。

主要由动词担任。

如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。

海文考研基础课之四六级语法主讲：姜鹏浩微博：万学姜鹏浩微信公众号：英语姜鹏浩一、盲区扫描—夯实基础2.基础成分主、谓、宾、定、状、补3.基础句式①简单句：一套主干A.主+谓Love always come and go.B.主+谓+宾Many oil producers built up huge reserve funds.(2016.12 四级-3 阅读)C.主+系+表Birds are famous for carrying things around.(2016.12 六级-2 听力)D.主+谓+间宾+直宾CET-4 leaves me a bad impression.E.主+谓+宾+宾补We find CET-4 and CET-6 so easy after the training.Perlow calls this vicious cycle the “cycle of responsiveness”.(2016. 12 六级-2 匹配)②复杂句：多套主干连接符号：标点，连词等。

二、高手进阶（一）二非：分词+不定式1.分词（1）Ving做：主语、宾语、定语、表语Building on a child’s ability to feel joy, rather than pushing it aside, wouldn’t be that hard. (2015.12 四级-1 匹配)He has also been highly critical of studies claiming that the software compares well to human graders. (2015.6 四级-2 匹配)（2）Ved做：定语、表语The lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere of the living. (2016-6 六级-1 阅读)Given more time , I would be able to finish the project.Asked straightforwardly, people tend to lie or shade the truth when the subject is sex, money or employment.(2016.6 六级-3 阅读)Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in vast amount of energy from surrounding substance.2.不定式to do做：主语、宾语、定语(1)To finish this huge project in such a short time is not an easy task.Not only is this a boring way to treat children,... (2015.12 四级-1 匹配)(2)做形式宾语和形式主语It is more important for children to find joy in the classroom. (2015.12 四级-1 匹配) Researchers find it greatly difficult to build up a systematical theory based on the rare information. 应用：翻译这项比赛证明是促进中国和世界其他地区文化交流的好方法。

大学英语四级主要语法句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。

2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。

一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。

如：Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

2019英语六级语法常考知识讲解(第24讲)本文为大家讲述不定冠词位置和定冠词位置。

1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。

注意：a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half，I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。

但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。

如：quite a lotd. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他即使勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

2) 定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。

All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。

冠词和数词中零冠词的用法1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary;2)泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词;They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3)抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

大学英语四六级语法讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。

2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。

3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。

（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词（3）介词短语：A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束（4）非谓语动词：动名词（doing）动词不定式（t o do）现在分词（do i ng）过去分词（don e）4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。

·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。

）在进行第一步的时候注意以下5 种情况：1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。

2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。

3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当成谓语动词。

4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前结束。

5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性例如：that：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词；than、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。

四级语法第一课——简单句+并列句基本知识一．课前思考：●英语句型主要分为哪几种？分别是什么？它们之间有什么区别？●什么是简单句？有哪几种常见形式？二．句子结构分类：1.2.3.三．简单句句型分类：●Black livesmatter.●Peer pressure has a positive side.(2018-06)●Avisit to elderlypeoplebrings themgreat laughter andjoy. (2019-06 作文)●The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriouslypolluted.●Mutualtrust is notaluxury, butitis anecessity. (2018-06作文)四．简单句句型理解重点：1.及物动词与不及物动词区分：2.双宾结构与宾宾补结构区分：3.谓语动词与系动词区别：4.表语的理解：五．简单句练习部分：●Everybody loves a payrise.●The down to earth working style won him respect andhonor.●She will make him a good husband. // She will make him a goodwife.●I will make your Englishbetter.●Money can buy you love. // Money can buy yourlove.●She is smelling the flowers. // The flowers smell good. // Your feetsmell.●青海湖最深处 25.5 米。

●人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。

●泰山方圆约400平方公里。

六：并列句理解：两个或以上独立分句，通过并列连词连接，各分句主谓完整各分句意思同等重要，互相独立，主要连词：and，or，but，yet Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsome areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies 年6月阅读）（.（01四级语法第二课——主谓一致+时态语态一．课前思考：●主谓一致指的是什么？●时态和语态分别指什么？常见的时态有哪些，分别是什么形式？二．主谓一致：1.主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数与句子的主语保持一致。

2019年12月英语四级词汇讲解丨考点归纳：if【导语】听说读写，是学习英语的基本功，而词汇是英语学习考试的基础，基础打不好的话听说读写都会有问题，所以英语四六级备考需要花大量的时间去记单词。

下面是###英语四六级频道为大家整理的《2018年12月英语四级词汇讲解丨考点归纳：if》，希望能为大家带来协助，预祝大家高分通过大学英语四级考试!英语四级词汇讲解丨考点归纳：ifHad I not attended this workshop，I would have automatically assumed the manwas the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive trarrel.英语四级译文：如果没有参加过这次研讨会，很自然我就会认定那位男士是候选人。

因为这个职位需要经常出差。

四级词汇讲解：本句的主干是I would have assumed。

倒装结构Had I not attended this workshop为条件状语从句;the man was the best candidate为assumed的宾语从句，省略了引导词that ; because引导的是原因状语从句。

assume的意思是“设想，认为”。

如：I cannot assume anything in this case.在这种情况下，我无法作任何猜测。

a bit of本义是“少量，一点点”，前面加了quite，则意为“大量的”。

如：The novel will take a bit of reading.这本小说不需要花很多时间来看。

英语四级考点归纳：由if引导的条件状语从句，有时可把if省略，将从句的系动词或助动词前置构成倒装，这种情况下句子一般采用的是虚拟语气，表示一种假设的概念。

如：Were it not for his help, I would be in trouble.要不是他帮忙，我就陷入麻烦了。

2019年12月大学英语四级语法讲义：从句的复习复合句：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。

定语从句：1. that，which，who的使用。

一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词实行替换，如果是人，用who;如果是物，用which;that既能够指人又能够指物。

2. 谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面; 介词加which正好表示时间，能够表达成whe- n;表示地点时，能够表达成where;表示原因时，变成3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义(2)非限定性定语从句：② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句形式：名词+从句连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式如果是陈述句，直接加that引导一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接;状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系;分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型定语从句是名词+关系词+从句，关系词的用法取决于名词的问题名词性从句：同谓语从句：名词+关系词+从句，关系词跟后面的从句相关系，如果是陈述句，直接加that引导一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者。

1 / 901Passage Six Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring(), and have better odds of being hired. StudiesSTEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too. says Kuheli Dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist oratDutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared withtheir male counterparts. That includes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes, men and women. The findings are in the journal NatureGeoscience.Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of the applicants using the data in the files. But she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation.call anyone consciously sexist. Rather, the point is to use the results of this study toopen upmeaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutionalrecommendations for the letter writers themselves.51. What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?A)There are many more men applying than women.B)Chances for women to get the positions are scarce.C)More males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.D)Male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.52. What do studies about men and women in scientific research show?A) Women engaged in postdoctoralwork are quickly catching up.B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoralpositions due to gender bias.C) Men are believed to be better able to excel in STEMdisciplines.2 / 9D) Women who are keenly interested in STEM fields are often exceptional.53. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?A) They are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.B) They contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants.C) They provide objective information without exaggeration.D) They are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants.54. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1,200 letters of recommendation?A) They asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them.B) They invited women professionals to edit them.C) They assigned them randomly to reviewers.D) They deleted all information about gender.55. What does Dutt aim to do with her study?awareness of gender bias in their letters.B) Open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in reaserach work.C) Alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the STEM disciplines.D) Start a public discussion on how to raise women s status in academic circles.02Passage twoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two3 / 9types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller citiesthat operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities' quiet after midnight. These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do these cities have so much appeal?18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. This generated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that cased the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and in smaller cities.Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporatemodern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,4 / 9retail, and entertainment especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic. These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike. Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significant investment capital.51. What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago?A) They were divided into residential and business areas.B) Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.C) There was a clear divide between large and small cities.D) They were places where large investment capital flowed.52. What can be inferred from the passage about 18-hour cities?A) They especially appeal to small businesses.B) They have seen a rise in property prices.C) They have replaced quiet with excitement.D) They have changed America's landscape.53. Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized5 / 9cities .A) had hardly any business activityB) were crowded in business hoursC) exhibited no signs of prosperityD) looked deserted in the evenings54. What characterizes the new downtown areas in 18-hour cities?A) A sudden emergence of the knowledge industry.B) Flooding in of large crowds of migrant workers.C) Modernized housing and improved infrastructure.D) More comfortable life and greater upward mobility.55. What have 18-hour cities brought to the local residents?A) More chances for promotion.B) Healthier living environment.C) Greater cultural diversity.D) Better job opportunities.032017-6-12-2Passage ThreeQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams "Save her! Save her!" the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah's 11 percent. The robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in6 / 9devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robotscannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov's robots they don't have to think, judge, or value. They don't have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don't do it.The robot who rescues Spooner's life in I, Robot follows Asimov's zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans) or allow humanity to come to harm an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what's in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov's laws is debatable. A word such as "harm" is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It's doubtful that a computer program can do that at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies () called "H-bots" from danger.When one H-bot headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed7 / 9it out of the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot chocked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both "die." The experiment highlights the importance of morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what's best for humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?46. What question does the example in the movie raise?A) Whether robots can reach better decisions.B) Whether robots follow Asimov's zeroth law.C) How robots may make bad judgments.D) How robots should be programmed.47. What does the author think of Asimov's three laws of robotics?A) They are apparently divorced from reality.B) They did not follow the coding system of robotics.C) They laid a solid foundation for robotics.D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.48. What does the author say about Asimov's robots?A) They know what is good or bad for human beings.B) They are programmed not to hurt human beings.C) They perform duties in their owners' best interest.D) They stop working when a moral issue is involved.49. What does the author want to say by mentioning the word "harm" in Asimov's laws?A) Abstract concepts are hard to program.B) It is hard for robots to make decisions.C) Robots may do harm in certain situations.D) Asimov's laws use too many vague terms.50. What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory8 / 99 / 9found in his experiment?A) Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.B) Robots can have moral issues encoded into their programs.C) Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.D) Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.。

英语四六级讲义PartI第一节四六级作文评分的六个标准一、准确度是指单词的拼写和表达，特别是词性一定要准确无误。

Succeed(v)、success(n)、successful(adj)、successor(n继承者、接班人)、a succeful man成功者、health(n)、healthy(adj+life)、honest(adj)、honesty(n)、economic(adj)、economy(n).The honesty is the best policy.诚实是上策二、难度是指长和罕见的单词。

因此、所以：consequently、accordingly；各人、个体：individuals；电影：movie；孩子：kid；中国政府：The Chiness Adnimistration；现在：currently；漫画、小图：miniature；说明：indicate；含义、意义：implication、connotation.三、广度是指用同义词替换，尤其是主题词。

我认为：I think、in my personal sense、For my part、To my mind.游客：sightseer、tourist、visitor、traveller.四、亮度是指多用短语或词组表达。

and=as well as；look up to尊敬；look down on鄙视；look forward to 期待；seeing you soon写信用语；be aware of意识到；be fond of=be keen on 喜欢.五、语法正确性是指动词时态使用以及尽量用一般现在时等。

绝招是用情态动词must、should、will+do以及名词的单复数college students或a college student，尽量用复数；不可数名词无复数形式stress、pressure；拒绝诱惑resist temptation；减压relieve stress／pressure. 六、句型正确和句式多变。

四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。

谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---T o see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。

大学英语四六级语法讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。

2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。

3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。

（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束（3）介词短语：B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束）动名词（doing）to do动词不定式（非谓语动词：（4））ing现在分词（do e）过去分词（don4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。

·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。

）在进行第一步的时候注意以下5 种情况：如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。

1如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。

2如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当3成谓语动词。

切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前4结束。

有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性5例如：that：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词；than、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。

2019大学英语六级语法常考知识讲解(第19讲)全部倒装和部分倒装：如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面：Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒装的句子中仅仅谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面：Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone elsein our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子：由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一个句子仅仅重复前面一句话的意思, 即使是用so开头,语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装：There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序：There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装：Here is China’s largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序：Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提前：介词短语： On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词：Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副词： Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词： Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.6) 句首状语若由 only + 副词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装：Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.。

2019年12月大学英语四级考试语法知识点复习：从句复合句：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。

定语从句：1. that，which，who的使用。

一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词实行替换，如果是人，用who;如果是物，用which;that既能够指人又能够指物。

2. 谓语动词(结构)和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密&关系疏远;定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动;如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面; 介词加which正好表示时间，能够表达成whe- n;表示地点时，能够表达成where;表示原因时，变成why;3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变;非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义;(2)非限定性定语从句：eg： He won the first place in the competition, which is outof our expectation.② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句;形式：名词+从句;连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式;如果是陈述句，直接加that引导;一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if;特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序;定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分;eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.。

2019年六级考试：语法知识( 二 ) 语法知识来源：语法知识是英语水平的基础，如果单词是细胞的话，语法知识就是骨骼，只有较好地掌握了语法知识才能支撑起整体的英语水平。

回想过去英语学习的道路，从小学的两年到中学的六年似乎都是在学习各种各样的语法知识。

能够说，语法知识的积累是一个长期的过程，并非一朝一夕就能实现。

但是即使如此，仍然存有着一些影响着听力水平的关键的知识点，而如果在复习的过程中着重增强这些方面的训练，我们的听力水平还是能够在有限的时间内得到增强的。

在这里我想强调我认为与听力水平关系最密切的一个知识点：句子结构。

六级听力的考试中不存有对单个词语的辨析的考查，所有的题目均是以句子或句群 ( 段落 ) 的形式出现。

因为六级听力语速为每分钟 150 到 170 词，接近英美人日常说话的速度，所以对考生的反应速度要求很高。

通过平时与同学的交流，我发现很多人 ( 特别是英语水平不高的人 ) 对英语的反应多数是以单词为单位的，不过这样的反应方式远不能适合六级听力的要求。

我记得台湾有一所英语学校以前推出过一则获奖的广告，广告里一个小孩遇见一个外国人，外国人对小孩说：“ Good morning! ”小孩听到以后想：“ Good= 好，morning= 早；那么‘ Good morning '应该是早上好的意思吧。

”虽然广告这样的表现方式存有夸张的成分，但是小孩的表现与绝大部分习惯以单词为反应单位的同学的表现并没有本质的区别。

这样一种反应方式不但大大降低了我们的反应速度，更会妨碍我们对整体句子的把握。

例如在 1997 年 6 月的听力试题的短文部分有这么一段话：来源：考试大网Recently such a disaster almost happened ． Two large jets were flying towards the airport ． One was carrying 69 passengers and had come from。