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国际贸易教程（第三版）导论1、国际贸易的特点是什么？（1）困难大。
由于各国语言、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、法律和贸易法规不同，世界市场上贸易障碍多，交易技术困难多，交易接洽不方便，贸易对手资信调查和市场调查不易，所以国际贸易的困难大于国内贸易。
（2）复杂。
国际贸易在内容、程序等方面均比国内贸易复杂得多多，货币与度量衡制度、商业习惯、海关制度，以及国际汇兑、货物运输与保险等也均比国内贸易复杂。
（3）风险多。
经营国际贸易可能发生的风险多，包括信用风险、商业风险、汇兑风险、运输风险、价格风险及政治风险等。
2、国际贸易中常用的基本概念有哪些?(一)出口与进口：出口与进口是对外贸易的两个组成部分。
对运进商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是进口；对运出商品和劳务的国家（地区）来说是出口。
(二)贸易差额：一个国家（地区）在一定时期（如一年）内，出口额与进口额的相差数，叫做贸易差额。
(三)贸易额与贸易量：贸易额又叫贸易值，是一个用货币表示的反映贸易规模的指标，各国一般用本国货币表示。
贸易量是用进出口商品的计量单位（如数量、重量等）表示的反应贸易规模的指标。
(四)贸易条件：贸易条件一般指出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率。
(五)贸易的地理方向：从一国对外贸易的角度来说，地理方向是指一国对外贸易额的地区分布和国别分布的状况，即指该国的出口商品流向和进口商品来自哪些国家（地区）。
(六)贸易的商品结构：是指一国在一定时期（如一年）内，各类进出口商品在进出口贸易总额中所占的比重。
理论篇第一章国际分工（上）1、影响国际分工产生与发展的因素有哪些？各占什么地位？（1）生产力因素：生产力的变化对国际分工的形成与发展起着决定性作用，它推动着国际分工的发展，也决定着国际分工的形式、广度和深度。
在生产力因素中，科学技术的进步发挥着重要作用。
（2）生产关系因素：主要指参与国际分工国家的社会生产关系，以及参与国际分工国家之间的经济联系，或生产的国际关系。
《国际贸易实务》参考答案及评分标准（B）一、贸易术语（如系英语简称，先写出全称，再译成中文，每题1分，共10分）1．Carriage Insurance Paid To运费付至（指定目的地）2．汇票3．Letter of Credit信用证4．Certificate of Origin原产地证5．With Particular Average水渍险6．Arbitration7．Open Account 8．International Factoring9．Warehouse to Warehouse Clause 10．More or less Clause二、判断题（每题1分，共20分）1✓ 2✓ 3✗ 4 ✗5✗6✓ 7 ✗8✓ 9✗10✗ 11✗ 12✗ 13✗14✗15✓ 16✗ 17✗18✓ 19✓20 ✓三、选择题（10题共20分，1-5是多项选择，在下列几个答案中选出二个或二个以上的正确答案，错选、少选或多选都不得分，6-20是单项选择，每题只选择一个答案）1BC 2ABCD 3 ABCD 4BCD 5 ACD 6A 7A 8B 9C 10C 11B 12D 13B 14C 15A 16C 17C 18B 19C 20C四. 计算题（每题5分，共10分）1．解：计算方法一：M：0.45×0.40×0.25=0.045M3 W：35KGS=0.035MT M＞W 选M（1分）F=120×（1+20%+10%）×0.045=7.02（美元）（2分）FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98（美元）（4）FOBC2=FOB/1-2%=42.98/1-2%=43.86（美元）（2分）计算方法二：FOBC2=50-120×（1+20%+10%）×0.045/1-2%=43.86（美元）（4分）2．100÷1.4320×1.2562=87.47（欧元）（5分）五. 案例分析题（每题10分，共40分）1．开证行有权拒付（3分）。
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
专注考研考证第14章国际技术贸易的发展14.1 复习笔记一、技术进步与国际贸易技术进步促进了国际贸易的迅速发展，对国际贸易的方向和商品结构、国际市场容量、国际经济联系与国际分工体系、国际贸易的组织结构与方式方法等，产生了多方面的影响。
技术进步对国际贸易的影响如下：1．技术进步使国际贸易的货物结构发生了变化战后国际贸易中的初级产品贸易增长速度放缓，工业制成品，特别是高技术产品的增长速度加快。
技术进步对国际贸易的货物结构的变化所起的作用是：技术进步提高劳动生产率，使初级产品价值量降低；技术进步使越来越多的人工合成材料替代天然产品；技术创新周期加快。
2．技术进步使国际贸易方向发生了变化由于生产专业化和协作化的加深，使得以比较利益为基础的产业间贸易逐渐向以规模经济为基础的产业内贸易转移。
发达国家之间的贸易占了四分之三以上，而发达国家与发展中国家的贸易只占四分之一。
在新的国际分工和交换体系内，发达国家控制了新技术、新产品、新服务的生产和贸易，而将普通技术、产品、服务转移到发展中国家去。
这进一步加剧了发达国家和发展中国家之间贸易和经济发展的不平衡。
3．技术进步使贸易惯例、规则、程序和做法都出现了新的重要变化由于科技生产力的发展，运输业在中出现了以集装箱为主要运载工具的多方式联合运专注考研考证输，把海洋、公路、铁路以至航空和内河等各种运输方式连为一体，另外，电子处理单证、无纸化贸易（电子商务、网络贸易等）的出现，都使国际贸易的方式、规则和程序等发生了变化。
4．技术进步推动了技术贸易的发展国际竞争的主要内容就是技术竞争。
技术竞争推动了技术贸易和技术转让。
许可证贸易、技术咨询和技术服务、商品贸易和技术贸易相结合、直接投资和技术转让相结合贸易方式在技术流动的推动下都迅速发展。
5．技术进步加剧了各国的贸易竞争技术进步加剧了资本的集中和国际化。
跨国公司的发展、区域经济合作的发展、关税同盟的建立、各国政府的干预等都是技术竞争和国际竞争加强的表现。
