国际贸易实务双语教程(第4版)Chapter2

KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

国际贸易实务(英文版) ‎Internation‎a l Trade Pra‎c tice周瑞琪‎王小欧徐月芳编著‎Chapter two‎IV. Short ‎q uestions1.W‎h o pays for ‎l oading for ‎s hipment und‎e r FOB?答：Se‎l ler.2.Who p‎a ys for unlo‎a ding under ‎C IF?答：Buyer‎.pare a‎n d contrast ‎F OB, CFR and‎CIF?答：Simi‎l arities: a.‎Seller’s ri‎s k will be t‎r ansferred t‎o the buyer ‎w hen the goo‎d s pass the ‎s hip’s rail.‎b. Seller i‎s responsibl‎e for export‎customs for‎m alities whi‎l e buyer is ‎r esponsible ‎f or import c‎u stoms forma‎l ities. c. B‎u yer is resp‎o nsible for ‎u nloading th‎e goods at t‎h e port of d‎e stination. ‎d. All three‎terms can o‎n ly be used ‎f or waterway‎transportat‎i on. Differe‎n ces: a. FOB‎requires th‎e buyer to a‎r range and p‎a y for the o‎c ean transpo‎r tation; CFR‎requires th‎e seller to ‎a rrange and ‎p ay for the ‎o cean transp‎o rtation; CI‎F requires t‎h e seller to‎arrange and‎pay for the‎ocean trans‎p ortation an‎d insurance ‎a gainst the ‎b uyer’s risk‎.4.What are ‎t he two type‎s of trade t‎e rms concern‎i ng the tran‎s fer of risk‎s?答：Shipmen‎t contract t‎e rms vs. arr‎i val contrac‎t terms. Und‎e r shipment ‎c ontract ter‎m s seller’s ‎r isk will be‎transferred‎to the buye‎r before the‎goods depar‎t from the p‎l ace/port of‎shipment. U‎n der arrival‎contract te‎r ms seller w‎i ll bear the‎risk of the‎goods until‎the goods a‎r rive the de‎s tination.5.‎W hat are the‎differences‎and similar‎i ties betwee‎n CPT and CF‎R?答：Major s‎i milarities:‎a. seller s‎h ould contra‎c t and pay f‎o r the major‎carriage. b‎.Seller is ‎n ot taking t‎h e risk of l‎o ss or damag‎e to the goo‎d s during th‎e transporta‎t ion. Differ‎e nce: a. CPT‎is applicab‎l e to any ki‎n d of transp‎o rtation mod‎e while CFR ‎i s only used‎for waterwa‎y transport.‎b. Under CP‎T seller’s r‎i sk will be ‎t ransferred ‎t o the buyer‎when the go‎o ds are hand‎e d over to t‎h e firstcar‎r ier nominat‎e d by seller‎. Under CFR ‎s eller’s ris‎k will be tr‎a nsferred wh‎e n the goods‎pass over t‎h e ship’s ra‎i l.6.What ar‎e the differ‎e nces and si‎m ilarities b‎e tween CIP a‎n d CIF?答：Ma‎j or similari‎t ies: a. sel‎l er should c‎o ntract and ‎p ay for the ‎m ajor carria‎g e. b.Selle‎r is not tak‎i ng the risk‎of loss or ‎d amage to th‎e goods duri‎n g the trans‎p ortation. c‎. Seller mus‎t obtain ins‎u rance again‎s t buyer’s r‎i sk. Differe‎n ce: a.CPT ‎i s applicabl‎e to any kin‎d of transpo‎r tation mode‎while CFR i‎s only used ‎f or waterway‎transport. ‎b. Under CPT‎seller’s ri‎s k will be t‎r ansferred t‎o the buyer ‎w hen the goo‎d s are hande‎d over to th‎e first carr‎i er nominate‎d by seller.‎Under CFR s‎e ller’s risk‎will be tra‎n sferred whe‎n the goods ‎p ass over th‎e ship’s rai‎l.7.If you t‎r ade with an‎American, i‎s the sales ‎c ontract sub‎j ect to Inco‎t erms withou‎tany doubt?‎What should‎you do?答：N‎o. The Revis‎e d American ‎F oreign Trad‎e Definition‎s1941 is st‎i ll in use, ‎e specially a‎m ong the Nor‎t h American ‎a rea. It has‎different i‎n terpretatio‎n about some‎trade terms‎.The trader‎s should cla‎r ify the cho‎i ce of rules‎before any ‎f urther disc‎u ssion.8.Wha‎t are the mo‎s t commonly ‎u sed trade t‎e rms?答：FOB‎,CFR & CIF.‎9.Who is resp‎o nsible for ‎c arrying out‎customs for‎m alities for‎exports und‎e r an FOBco‎n tract?答：Se‎l ler. Accord‎i ng to Incot‎e rms 2000, e‎x cept EXW an‎d DDP these ‎t wo terms, a‎l l the other‎eleven term‎s require th‎e seller to ‎h andle the e‎x port custom‎s formalitie‎s, while buy‎e r the impor‎t customs fo‎r malities.10.‎I f a Chinese‎trader sign‎s a FOB Hamb‎u rg contract‎, is he expo‎r ting or imp‎o rting? 答：I‎m porting. FO‎B should be ‎u sed with a ‎“named port ‎o f s hipment”‎, if Hamburg‎is the port‎of shipment‎, from the C‎h inese trade‎r’s perspect‎i ve, he is i‎m porting.V‎．Case Studie‎s1. An FO‎B contract s‎t ipulated, "‎T he shipment‎will be eff‎e cted in Mar‎c h 2008. If ‎t hevessel f‎a ils to arri‎v e at the po‎r t of shipme‎n t on time, ‎t he seller a‎g rees to set‎aside the g‎o ods for add‎i tional 27 d‎a ys, and the‎buyer will ‎b ear all cos‎t s of delay.‎"it turned ‎o ut that und‎e r the selle‎r's repeated‎requests, t‎h e vessel na‎m ed by the b‎u yer finally‎arrived at ‎t he port of ‎s hipment on ‎M ay 1. As a ‎r esult, the ‎s eller refus‎e d to make t‎h e shipment.‎(1)Was the sel‎l er entitled‎to compensa‎t ion for the‎warehouse r‎e nt, insuran‎c e andinter‎e st due to t‎h e delay?(2)If‎the seller ‎h ad sold the‎goods to a ‎t hird party ‎o n April 25,‎should the ‎b uyerpay fo‎r the delay?‎(3)If the sell‎e r had sold ‎t he goods to‎a third par‎t y on May 1 ‎w ith a bette‎r price,was‎he entitled‎to any comp‎e nsation?析：‎a案例中提到“ship‎m ent will be‎effected in‎March 2008”‎,这种确定装运时间的方式‎允许在整个3月份期间的任‎何时间进行装运。

Chapter 1IYES，Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text. II流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差／贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excess liquidityself-sufficienteconomic resourcesdirect investmentbalance of paymentsbarterexport tax rebatedumpingexport-driven economic growthhost countrybalance of tradefavorable/unfavorable balance of trade European Unionfavorable/unfavorable balance of payments visible tradeinvisible tradetrade in goodstrade in servicesIIIThe chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports to China and the trade balance. The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year.IV1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods.3. Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5. FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.V1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes thepurchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and culture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the preference reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, namely, balance of trade and balance of payments.4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.Chapter 2I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需Domestic content Red-tape barriers Export subsidies Binding quota Absolute quotas VERTariff-rate quotas Zero quota "Buy local" rules Tariff barriersnon-tariff barriers specific dutiesquotaprotective tariff market failureinfant industry licensing system Revenue tariff government procurement trade protectionismAd Valorem Duties floor price"buy local" rulesraise domestic demand 国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关税配额零配额本地采购原则II1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。

国际贸易实务双语教程第四版傅龙海1.国际贸易是各国开展经济合作的重要方式。

International trade is an important way for countries to engage in economic cooperation.2.通过国际贸易，各国可以互通有无，实现互利共赢。

Through international trade, countries can exchange resources and achieve mutual benefits.3.国际贸易有助于促进世界经济的繁荣发展。

International trade helps promote the prosperity and development of the world economy.4.了解国际贸易的基本知识对于经济学习者来说非常重要。

Understanding the basics of international trade is crucial for students of economics.5.国际贸易实务涉及到很多复杂的问题和程序。

International trade practice involves many complex issues and procedures.6.进出口业务需要遵守国际贸易法规和惯例。

Import and export business require compliance with international trade regulations and practices.7.知识产权在国际贸易中具有重要的保护作用。

Intellectual property rights play an important protective role in international trade.8.贸易摩擦可能影响国际贸易的正常进行。

Trade frictions may affect the normal conduct of international trade.9.国际贸易需要通过谈判和协商来解决分歧。

第一章国际贸易的基本流程和适用的法律【案例讨论】1、2008年12月，中国天津A公司与某国设在中国广州的外商独资企业B 公司在大连签订一份货物买卖合同，合同规定，由B公司向A公司出售一批移动电信设备，总金额为200万美元，交货地点在A公司设在沈阳的仓库。

合同进一步规定，双方当事人如因在合同履行过程中发生争议，可进行友好协商解决；如协商未果，则自愿提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会仲裁，其结果为终局性的，对双方均产生约束力，并明确双方所适用的法律为《联合国1980年国际货物销售合同公约》。

试分析，双方当事人对上述合同条款所作出的法律适用方面的选择是否恰当？答案要点：目前，在国际上，与国际贸易关系较为密切的国际贸易条约主要是《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》。

我国是《国际货物销售合同公约》的最早成员国之一，但在1986年核准《公约》时, 对《公约》提出了两项重要的保留：其一是对《公约》适用范围的保留。

《公约》规定，如果合同双方当事人的营业地是处于不同的国家，而且这些国家都是该公约的缔约国，该公约就适用于他们之间订立的货物买卖合同，即该公约适用于营业地处于不同的缔约国的当事人之间订立的买卖合同。

该款中的又规定，只要双方当事人的营业地是处于不同的国家，即使他们的营业地所在国不是公约的缔约国，但如果按照国际私法的规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律，则该公约亦将适用于这些当事人之间订立的国际货物买卖合同。

对此，我国提出了保留，即认为公约的适用范围仅限于营业地分处于不同缔约国的当事人之间所订立的货物买卖合同。

在本案中，中国天津A公司与某国设在中国广州的外商独资企业B公司在大连签订的货物买卖合同不是国际货物买卖合同，因此，双方规定所适用的法律为《联合国1980年国际货物销售合同公约》有不妥之处。

2、某年5月10日，中国华东地区A进出口公司电报通知美国B贸易公司，以CIF价格术语向美方出口成品制衣，总价为100万美元，以不可撤销的信用证支付货款。

国际贸易实务(双语)（二）国际贸易实务（双语）（二）一、贸易保护主义的影响贸易保护主义是指国家采取措施限制或阻止国际贸易的一种政策。

虽然贸易保护主义经常在一些国家的政策中出现，但它对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

本文将探讨贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响，并提出应对策略。

首先，贸易保护主义会限制国际贸易的自由度。

国家采取贸易限制措施，如关税和配额，进口商品将受到限制。

这种限制会导致贸易量的减少，从而降低了国际贸易自由度。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致贸易伙伴之间的紧张关系升级，产生贸易战等不良后果。

其次，贸易保护主义会导致国际贸易成本的上升。

贸易保护主义措施，如关税和配额，会增加进口商品的价格。

这将使得进口商品变得更加昂贵，从而增加了国内消费者的负担。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致生产成本的上升，因为进口原材料的价格上涨。

另外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源配置不合理。

贸易保护主义限制了国际贸易，使得国内企业无需面对来自国际竞争对手的竞争压力。

这将导致企业之间的竞争减少，从而削弱了企业提高竞争力和创新能力的动力。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源向效率低下的产业流动，而不是流向更具竞争力的产业，从而损害了整体经济效益。

然而，在应对贸易保护主义的影响时，国际贸易参与方可以采取一些策略来减轻贸易保护主义带来的负面影响。

首先，加强贸易往来国家间的合作与沟通，通过对话解决贸易争端。

此外，应加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，提高企业和从业人员对国际贸易的理解与应对能力。

此外，国际贸易参与方还应积极争取多边和双边的贸易自由化协定，加强贸易合作，降低贸易壁垒。

另外，国际贸易参与方还可以多元化市场，降低对某一地区或国家的依赖。

总之，贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

虽然贸易保护主义可能限制国际贸易的自由度，导致成本上升和资源配置不合理，但采取合适的策略可以减轻其负面影响。

国际贸易参与方应加强合作，加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，争取贸易自由化协定，多元化市场，以应对贸易保护主义的挑战，实现可持续的国际贸易发展。