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KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务(英文版) Internationa l Trade Prac tice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short q uestions1.Wh o pays for l oading for s hipment unde r FOB?答：Sel ler.2.Who pa ys for unloa ding under C IF?答：Buyer.pare an d contrast F OB, CFR andCIF?答：Simil arities: a.Seller’s ris k will be tr ansferred to the buyer w hen the good s pass the s hip’s rail.b. Seller is responsible for exportcustoms form alities whil e buyer is r esponsible f or import cu stoms formal ities. c. Bu yer is respo nsible for u nloading the goods at th e port of de stination. d. All threeterms can on ly be used f or waterwaytransportati on. Differen ces: a. FOBrequires the buyer to ar range and pa y for the oc ean transpor tation; CFRrequires the seller to a rrange and p ay for the o cean transpo rtation; CIF requires th e seller toarrange andpay for theocean transp ortation and insurance a gainst the b uyer’s risk.4.What are t he two types of trade te rms concerni ng the trans fer of risks?答：Shipment contract te rms vs. arri val contract terms. Unde r shipment c ontract term s seller’s r isk will betransferredto the buyer before thegoods depart from the pl ace/port ofshipment. Un der arrivalcontract ter ms seller wi ll bear therisk of thegoods untilthe goods ar rive the des tination.5.W hat are thedifferencesand similari ties between CPT and CFR?答：Major si milarities:a. seller sh ould contrac t and pay fo r the majorcarriage. b.Seller is n ot taking th e risk of lo ss or damage to the good s during the transportat ion. Differe nce: a. CPTis applicabl e to any kin d of transpo rtation mode while CFR i s only usedfor waterway transport.b. Under CPT seller’s ri sk will be t ransferred t o the buyerwhen the goo ds are hande d over to th e firstcarr ier nominate d by seller. Under CFR s eller’s risk will be tra nsferred whe n the goodspass over th e ship’s rai l.6.What are the differe nces and sim ilarities be tween CIP an d CIF?答：Maj or similarit ies: a. sell er should co ntract and p ay for the m ajor carriag e. b.Seller is not taki ng the riskof loss or d amage to the goods durin g the transp ortation. c. Seller must obtain insu rance agains t buyer’s ri sk. Differen ce: a.CPT i s applicable to any kind of transpor tation modewhile CFR is only used f or waterwaytransport. b. Under CPTseller’s ris k will be tr ansferred to the buyer w hen the good s are handed over to the first carri er nominated by seller.Under CFR se ller’s riskwill be tran sferred when the goods p ass over the ship’s rail.7.If you tr ade with anAmerican, is the sales c ontract subj ect to Incot erms withoutany doubt?What shouldyou do?答：No. The Revise d American F oreign Trade Definitions1941 is sti ll in use, e specially am ong the Nort h American a rea. It hasdifferent in terpretation about sometrade terms.The traders should clar ify the choi ce of rulesbefore any f urther discu ssion.8.What are the mos t commonly u sed trade te rms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is respo nsible for c arrying outcustoms form alities forexports unde r an FOBcon tract?答：Sel ler. Accordi ng to Incote rms 2000, ex cept EXW and DDP these t wo terms, al l the othereleven terms require the seller to h andle the ex port customs formalities, while buye r the import customs for malities.10.I f a Chinesetrader signs a FOB Hambu rg contract, is he expor ting or impo rting? 答：Im porting. FOB should be u sed with a “named port o f s hipment”, if Hamburgis the portof shipment, from the Ch inese trader’s perspecti ve, he is im porting.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract st ipulated, "T he shipmentwill be effe cted in Marc h 2008. If t hevessel fa ils to arriv e at the por t of shipmen t on time, t he seller ag rees to setaside the go ods for addi tional 27 da ys, and thebuyer will b ear all cost s of delay."it turned o ut that unde r the seller's repeatedrequests, th e vessel nam ed by the bu yer finallyarrived at t he port of s hipment on M ay 1. As a r esult, the s eller refuse d to make th e shipment.(1)Was the sell er entitledto compensat ion for thewarehouse re nt, insuranc e andintere st due to th e delay?(2)Ifthe seller h ad sold thegoods to a t hird party o n April 25,should the b uyerpay for the delay?(3)If the selle r had sold t he goods toa third part y on May 1 w ith a better price,washe entitledto any compe nsation?析：a案例中提到“shipm ent will beeffected inMarch 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
