高考英语语法专题复习--名词

.高考英语语法分类专题名词名词的单复数1）不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式，如果需要表示多少，通常要用“a+表示数量的词+of+名词”来表示。

通常抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词。

同时，不可数名词之间的意义区别是名词的重要考点。

常见的不可数名词有：①物质名词：ice，coffee，soup，grass，cloth，clothing，iron，food,bread等。

②抽象名词：thought, success, advice，knowledge, experience，courage，fun，childhood等。

以-s、-x、-ch、-sh结尾2）可数名词复数的变化①规则变化②不规则变化passers by, sons-in-law, policemen,lookerson, grown ups2.名词的复数类指与冠词复数可数名词表示泛指，前面一般不加冠词，如果加冠词则表示特指或事物的类别。

—Could you tell me the way to Johnsons，please?—Sorry，we don’t have Johnson here in the village.A.the；theB.the；aC./；theD.the；/解析：选B。

前面“the+姓氏的复数”指一家人或夫妇两个；后面表示“一个姓……的人”，为泛指概念，因此姓氏的前面加不定冠词a。

3.名词在特殊情况下的复数使用有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks, clothes，congratulations，goods，works，shoes，trousers 等。

有些短语也要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for 为……做准备take pains to do sth. 努力做某事make both ends meet 收支平衡ke ep ties with 同……保持联系be in high spirits 兴致勃勃;情绪很高do/make repairs 进行修理二、名词所有格1.对于有生命的名词，其单数的所有格一般在名词后面加“’s”，如：the boy s bag 这个男孩的书包，而以s结尾的人名或复数名词后直接加“’”，如:Teachers’Day 教师节，Charles’home查理的家。

2020届高考一轮复习语法专项十四：名词（一）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。

（二）命题导向名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。

不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。

有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。

有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。

词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。

（三）知识概要英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。

如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。

普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people, family, cl ass, team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。

注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。

而很多英语名词具有双重性。

即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。

School is over at six.（抽象）六点钟放学。

语法复习专题一-—名词一、考点聚焦1。

可数名词单、复数变化形式(1）规则变化.①单数名词词尾直接加—s。

如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。

如：glass — glasses，box — boxes， watch — watches, brush — brushes.特例：stomach - stomaches.③以“辅音字母 + y"结尾的变“y”为“i"再加“-es”.如:baby - babies， lady - ladies， fly — flies.④以“o"结尾的多数加-es。

如：tomato —tomatoes，potato —potatoes， hero - heroes。

但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o 结尾的词只加—s。

如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos， photo - photos，piano - pianos， kilo — kilos， tobacco - tobaccos.⑤以“f”或“fe"结尾的名词复数形式变“f"或“fe”为“v",之后再加-es。

如:wife - wives， life - lives, knife — knives， wolf— wolves， self — selves, leaf - leaves等.特例:handkerchief— handkerchiefs， roof - roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs， belief — beliefs, cliff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的.如：man - men, mouse — mice， foot — feet，woman — women, tooth — teeth， goose - geese， ox — oxen.特例：child - children。

高考英语 高考语法全集之--名词一．名词的定义名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。

它可表具体的和抽象的东西。

下面划线单词都是名词：John is my friend ．My children love their teachers ．（人） The dog is running after a rat ．（动物） The meeting was a great success. （事物）This school is good ．Broadway is a street in New York City ．（地方） My pencil is lost ．The window of this house is pretty ．（东西） Poverty is a big problem ．Everyone seeks happiness ．（状态） His bravery is well-known ．I enjoy the beauty of this garden ．（品质） His arrival was on Sunday ．His judgment is not correct ．（动作） 名词分为专有名词和普通名词两个大类:指具体人物、地点、机构、组织、团体、国家或地区的专用名称。

是一类人、一类东西、一个抽象概念等的共有名称。

按语法特征它又可分为个和不可数名词之分：表示作为个体而存在的人或事物的名词。

②集体名词：表示若干个人或事物总体的名词。

若强调整体也可作单数用。

如：family 家庭class 班,阶层army 军队 council 委员会 staff 工作人员team 队 public 公众 jury 陪审团generation 一代人 club 俱乐部 government 政府 crowd 人群 group 组police 警察 press 新闻界 board 董事会 people 人们 youth 年轻人 majority 大多数 population 人口 party 群，队，组 personnel 全体人员 committee 委员会 audience 观众；听众crew 全体船员/机组人员等。

高考英语复习语法知识专题讲解专题十专题十五五 名词性从名词性从句句名词性从句的句法功能相当于名词词组，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。

因此名词性从句又分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

类别功 能 引 导 词 从属连词只起连接作用，不充当句子成分 that, whether, if 连接代词 起连接作用，并充当主语、宾语、表语或定语 who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever,whoever连接副词 起连接作用，并充当从句状语when, where, how, why 一、主语从句的易错点主语从句的一般结构主语从句＋谓语动词＋其他 How the book will sell depends on its author. That he is the best student in the class is obvious.it 作形式 主语时的主语从句 It+be/becomes/became+形容词／名词／过去分词＋主语从句 It is still a question whether she will come or not. It became clear that Mary did make a mistake. It seems/ appears/ happens 等动词＋that 从句 It seems strange that he should have done a thing like that. It happens that he can understand a little about thelanguage. It remains to be+过去分词＋主语从句It remains to be seen who will be the victor in the contest.It doesn't matter +how/whether 从句 It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not.It doesn't matter much whether we go together orseparately.用来表示惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，主语从句谓语动词用（should) do 形式 It is necessary /important / natural /strange 等＋that 从句It is necessary that one(should)obey the law.It is suggested /requested /proposed/desired 等＋that 从句It is suggested that you (should) attend the openingceremony.二、宾语从句的易错点动词后的宾语从句主语＋及物动词＋宾语从句I know that he is an honest boy.Can you tell me how I can get to the zoo?I wonder if/whether you have told the news to Li Lei.They asked what Jean was doing now.Do you know who has won Red.Alert game?feel, think, find, consider, make等，常用it作形式宾语，宾语从句后置I find it important that.we should keep calm in danger.You may think it strange that he would live there.I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy,appreciate等不能直接跟宾语从句，必须用it作形式宾语，后接宾语从句I like it that everyone passed the exam.I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.think, believe, suppose, 等词后的宾语从句若是否定的，否定词要转移到主句的谓语动词上I don't think your answers are right.I don't believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?介词后的宾语从句介词后可接宾语从句，但连接词whether 不可换作ifHe often thinks of how he can make his class lively.She worries about whether she's really good enough.非谓语动词之后的宾语从句不定式、v.-ing形式、过去分词后也可以接宾语从句I'd just tried to do what I could for you.I suggest eating what is fresh.宾语从句中的时态主句谓语动词为一般现在时，从句时态根据实际情况而定Do you know when the ancient games began?主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的时态一般用适当的过去时态He asked me if I was reading the textbook when he wasin.当宾语从句为客观真理和规律时，则用一般现在时He said that light travels faster than sound.whether与if 引导宾语从句的区别与 or not 连用时，只用 whether I want to know whether or not the train goes to KingStreet.＂whether+不定式”结构作宾语，相当于一个宾语从句；if无此用法I don't know whether to go there.介词后面的宾语从句中只用whetherI'm not interested in whether he has a lot of money.if引导的条件句中，如果再有表示“是否”的引导词引导宾语从句时，只用 whetherHe asked me whether I'd move to Beijing if I got the job.doubt 在肯定句中，接whether 和if引导的宾语从句；但在否定句中，只用 thatWe don't doubt that he is a brave man.I doubt whether/if Jack could manage a sailing boat.三、表语从句的易错点表语从句常位于连系动词be, look, remain, seem等之后，其连接词还有as if/though,because等主语＋系动词＋表语从句The trouble is that we are short of money.He looked just as he had looked ten years before. The question is whether they will be able to help us. The problem is who we can get to replace her.I think it is because you are doing too much.The question is which of us should go.because 引导表语从句强调原因，why引导表语从句强调结果It's because you're careless.That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.the reason why 从句＋be + that 从句The reason why he was absent was that he was ill.what 从句＋be+that从句What comforted the young mother was that the babycame to life.It looks/seems as if/though 从句It looks as if it is going to rain.At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.主句主语是advice, demand, suggestion, order，requirement, idea, request，command等时，表语My advice is that you(should)quit smoking.从句用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用（should)do 形式My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow. Our only request is that this(should)be settled as soon as possible.四、名词性从句其他易错点that与what 在名词性从句中的区别what 充当成分，意为...的事物不可省略；that 不作任何成分，只起连接作用，也无实际意义，有时可以省略I only knew(that)he was studying in a western country,butI didn't know what country he was in.What you need is more practice.That you will win the medal seems unlikely.名词性从句已有疑问引导词时，不再用thatI don't understand what you said just now.(understand 后不再用 that)2021高考英语语法高考英语语法【【名词性从句名词性从句】】易错点对点训练30题I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空1.Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.2.She asked me I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.3.The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.4.As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.5.If you swim in a river or lake,be sure to investigate is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.【答案详解】1.whoever解析：句意：每年，无论谁做出最漂亮的风筝都将会在风筝节获奖。

1．2017·全国卷Ⅱ;69This development was only possible with the ________ introduce of electric-powered engines and lifts.答案：introduction 由空格前的定冠词the可知其后应接名词作介词with的宾语..2．2017·全国卷Ⅲ;66She is determined to carry on with her ________ educate.答案：education 形容词性物主代词通常在名词前作定语..由此可知her后面的空格处应为名词education..3．2017·浙江高考;56 Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ carrot and was about to throw them away.答案：carrots 由空格前面的修饰语a handful of “一把……；少量的”可知后面的名词carrot应用复数形式carrots..4．2016·全国卷Ⅱ;46Recent ________study show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.答案：studies 根据句子谓语动词show可知;主语应该是名词的复数形式..5．2016·全国卷Ⅰ;61Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires; Asia's biggest building; and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me; pandas are its top ________ attract.答案：attraction 根据空格前的形容词top可知应用名词;形容词常用作定语来修饰名词..6．2016·全国卷Ⅱ;42Handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________ achieve.答案：achievement 介词of后要用名词作宾语..a sense ofachievement “成就感”..7．2016·全国卷Ⅰ;69The nursery team switches him every few ________ day with his sister.答案：days few修饰可数名词复数;故答案为days..every few days “每隔几天”..8．2016·江苏高考;阅读CThe weather ________effect; both good and bad; are felt in many places.答案：effects 句子的谓语为are felt;由此可知句子的主语也应该是复数形式effects..9．2016·北京高考;阅读DThe college years are supposed to be a time for important ________grow in autonomy 自主性and the development of adult identity.答案：growth 形容词important用来修饰名词；根据句子结构 ... and the development ... 可知此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列..10．2015·浙江高考;15One of the most effective ways to reduce ________ stressful is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.答案：stress 动词reduce后需用名词作宾语;stress “压力;紧张”;是不可数名词..句意：减压的最有效方法之一是和你信任的人谈论感受..一、可数名词的数可数名词都有单数和复数之分..一名词复数的规则变化二名词复数的不规则变化二、不可数名词不可数名词包括专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词;一般没有单复数之分..1．常考的不可数名词2．抽象名词具体化抽象名词在表示具体的概念时;可以与不定冠词连用;常见的和常考的有：3．物质名词的复数现象1有些物质名词用复数形式表示与原来不同的事物..paper纸—papers证件;论文custom风俗习惯—customs海关arm胳膊—arms武器;装备air空气—airs摆架子;装腔作势2有一些物质名词用复数形式;表示由大量该物质组成的事物..sand沙子—sands沙滩;沙漠water水—waters水域;水体time时间—times时代wood木头;木材—woods树林3有些物质名词用复数形式表示不同的种类;如food; wine;metal; fish; vegetable等..The wines of France are among the best in the world.三、名词的所有格1．有生命的名词;其所有格一般在名词后加-'s..his father's boss 他爸爸的老板2．表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物后也可加-'s 表示其所有格..today's paper 今天的报纸England's shore 英国的海岸the car's design 这辆车的设计We accepted the invitation without a moment's hesitation.3．在某些习惯用语中;也需要加-'s所有格..for friendship's sake 为了友情at a stone's throw 一箭之远at one's finger's tip 手头上有at arm's length 保持距离；在伸手可及处at one's wits' end 黔驴技穷4．无生命的名词;借用of表示所属关系..the window of the room 这个房间的窗户5．如果一样东西为两个人共有;则只在后一个名词后加-'s;如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加-'s..Jane and Mary's mother 简和玛丽的妈妈共有;暗示简和玛丽是姐妹关系Jane's and Mary's mothers 简的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈不是共有;分别指两位妈妈6．双重所有格：“a/two/some ...＋名词＋of＋名词's/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格;“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人;不能表示事物..a friend of her mother's 她妈妈的一个朋友two photos of hers 她的两张照片Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Although these _______ measure are not effective forever; they are vital for now.答案：measures 根据前面的指示代词these和谓语动词are可以判断;主语应用复数形式measures..2．Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see; and often taste a wide variety of ________ apple.答案：apples a wide variety of “各种各样的”;修饰复数名词..句意：在苹果节人们可以看到;并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果..3．The __________ life of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.答案：lives 句子的谓语动词have finally been recorded是复数形式;由此可以判断出此处需要用名词复数形式作句子的主语..4．It's still a useful and pleasant form of ________communicate.答案：communication 介词of之后要用名词; a form ofcommunication “一种沟通方式”..5. I had no ________ choose but to prepare for it; though.答案：choice 形容词no后面应跟名词..have no choice but to do sth. “除了……别无选择”;固定搭配..6．Some schools will have to make ________adjust in agreement with the national soccer reform.答案：adjustments 句意：为了与国家的足球改革相适应;一些学校将做出调整..make adjustments是固定表达;意为“做出调整”..7．There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ________ think and then let me know.答案：thought 句意：现在没必要告诉我你的答案..认真考虑;然后告诉我..some后应跟名词;t hought “思索;考虑”..8．Only a few dollars can help to fill a ________ child hungry stomach.答案：child's 此处表示“仅仅几美元就能帮助一个孩子不挨饿”;空后是名词stomach;提示词是child;空前是不定冠词a;故用child的所有格形式..9．When he was running after his brother; the boy lost his ________ balanced and had a bad fall.答案：balance 句意：小男孩在追赶哥哥时失去了平衡;重重地摔了一跤..根据空格前的动词lost和物主代词his可知需用名词作宾语..lose one's balance “失去平衡”..10．—Why not buy a second-hand car first if you don't have enough money for a new one—That's a good ________ suggest.答案：suggestion 句意：——如果你的钱不够买一辆新车;为什么不先买一辆二手车呢——这是个好建议..由常识可知形容词修饰名词;故good后应用suggest的名词形式suggestion..Ⅱ.单句改错1．“Reading for pleasure” plays a more important role in one's grow than one's family background._____________________________________________________答案：grow→growth考查词性转换..由后文的one's family background可知前面的one's后应是名词growth..2. As a witness; he gave the police a vivid descriptions of the accident._____________________________________________________答案：descriptions→description考查名词..description “描述;描写”;give sb. a description为固定短语;意为“向某人作描述”..3．You can't legally take possessions of the property until three weeks after the contract is signed._____________________________________________________答案：possessions→possession考查固定短语..take possession of “拥有;占有”;固定搭配..4. The students with hobbies left school with many extra skill.____________________________________________________答案：skill→skills考查名词的数..由many修饰可数名词复数可知应用skills..5．Several friends of me together with me will visit our headmaster.____________________________________________________答案：第一个me→mine考查双重所有格..此处表示“我的几个朋友”;应用“n.＋of＋名词性物主代词”结构..Ⅲ.语法填空I've dreamed of becoming a writer since I was a teenager. But it isn't easy to get a book of __1__ I published. Although I've tried hard; none of my __2__ book have been published. This is really __3__ upset．This morning; I received a call from a publisher and __4__tell once again that there was no way my book would be published. __5__ feel sad; I left home and went to the park near my apartment. At the park; I sat down on the bench near the grass.While I was sitting there; I saw a little boy about one and a half years old. He was running on the grass; __6__ his mother not far behind him. He looked so happy when he enjoyed the__7__ free of running on the grass. He then fell on the grass; but he quickly got up and continued to run as fast __8__he could again even without looking back at his mother. He was still running with a smile on his face; as if nothing__9__ happen．Seeing that; I was __10__true inspired. I suddenly realized that Ishouldn't get discouraged after experiencing failure. Instead;I should cheer up and keep on trying.1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________9．________ 10.________篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文..文章主要讲述了作者在公园里看到一个一岁半左右的男孩在草地上摔倒后并没有向妈妈求助而是自己迅速爬起来继续奔跑这一情景;从而受到启发：人生遇到挫折不能气馁;而是要振作起来;继续努力奋斗..1．mine 考查双重所有格..由设空前的“a book of”可知;应填名词性物主代词;且此处表示“我的一本书”;故填mine..2．books 考查名词的数..根据主谓一致原则;none of后可接不可数名词;也可接可数名词复数形式;book为可数名词;故应填books..3．upsetting 考查词性转换..副词really修饰形容词;this指的是上句中所述没有一本书被发表这件事;由此可知此处应用形容词upsetting作表语..4．was told 考查动词的语态和时态..句意：我被再一次告知我的书不可能出版..句子的主语I与谓语是被动关系;因此需用被动语态;且由“this morning”可知;应用一般过去时的被动语态..5．Feeling 考查非谓语动词..feel sad的逻辑主语是句子的主语I;是主动关系;因此需用现在分词的一般式作状语;表示原因..Feeling sad相当于As I felt sad..6．with 考查介词..with的复合结构作伴随状语..7．freedom 考查词性转换..根据空格前的定冠词the以及空格后的介词短语of running on the grass可知应用名词;即在草地上奔跑的自由..8．as 考查连词..as fast as he could “尽可能快地”;as ... as 为固定结构..9．had happened 考查动词的时态..句意：摔倒之后他飞快地爬起来;依然面带笑容地奔跑着;好像什么事也没有发生似的..根据语境可知;as if引导的方式状语从句所表示的内容是对过去的情况的假设;因此需用虚拟语气..10．truly 考查词性转换..句意：看到此情此景;我真的受到启发..副词作状语修饰谓语动词was inspired..Ⅳ.短文改错Dear Peter;I'm glad to give you some advices on how to learn Chinese well. Here is a few suggestions.First; it is important to take a Chinese course; so in this wayyou can learn from teachers and practice with your fellow students. Then; it also helped to watch TV and read books; newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever it possible. Besides; it is good ideato learn and sing Chinese songs; because by doing so you'll learnand rememberChinese words more easier. You can also make more Chinese friends; from which you will learn a lot about China. They can helpyou learning Chinese; too. We hope that my suggestions will beof help to you.Best wishes.Yours;Li Hua 答案：Dear Peter;I'm glad to give you some 错误! on how to learn Chinese well. Here 错误! a few suggestions.First; it is important to take a Chinese course; 错误! in this way you can learn from teachers and practice with your fellow students. Then; it also 错误! to watch TV and read books; newspapers and magazines in Chinese whenever 错误! it 错误! possible. Besides; it is 错误! good idea to learn and sing Chinese songs; because by doing so you'll learn and remember Chinese words more 错误!. You can also make more Chinese friends; from 错误!you will learn a lot about China. They can help you 错误! Chinese; too. 错误! hope that my suggestions will be of help to you.Best wishes.Yours;LiHua1.advices→advice考查不可数名词..advice是不可数名词;没有复数形式..2.is→are考查主谓一致..主语suggestions是复数形式;谓语动词也应该用复数..3.so→because考查连词..后一分句表示的“能够向老师学习和同学之间练习汉语”是原因;而非结果..4.helped→helps考查动词的时态..本句进一步描述报读一门汉语课程的好处;应用一般现在时..5.去掉whenever后的it或在it后加is 考查省略..whenever it is possible的省略形式为whenever possible..6.good idea前加a 考查名词的数..idea是可数名词..7.easier→easily考查副词..修饰谓语动词learn and remember应用副词..8.which→whom考查关系代词..定语从句的先行词Chinese friends 是指人的名词短语;且关系词在从句中作宾语;故关系代词应用whom..9.learning→learn考查非谓语动词..help sb. do sth.“帮助某人做某事”..10.We→I考查人称代词..根据短文开头I'm glad to give you some ... 可知;应将We改为I..。