High resolution magnetic Barkhausen noise measurements ☆

高分辨磁质谱高分辨磁质谱（High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy，HR-MAS）是一种综合磁共振成像和磁共振波谱学的新型技术，具有高分辨率、高灵敏度、高代表性等优点，广泛应用于生物医学领域。

下面将为您介绍这项技术的相关内容。

一、技术原理HR-MAS 通过在样本管道内放置微小的马蹄形探头，利用高强度的磁场和射频波对样本进行激发和检测，获取样品内分子的信号强度和频率。

该技术采用的马蹄形探头能够使样品受到均匀的磁场和射频场作用，从而大大提高了信号分辨率和灵敏度。

二、应用领域1.癌症研究HR-MAS 技术可以对癌细胞的代谢组进行分析，挖掘和发现癌症发生和发展的代谢特征，为癌症的早期诊断和治疗提供依据。

2.神经系统研究HR-MAS 技术可用于神经系统疾病的诊断，如阿尔茨海默病、癫痫等。

同时，该技术还可以探究大脑代谢变化和神经递质的转化过程。

3.药物研发HR-MAS 技术可以对药物和分子的代谢组进行分析，评估药效和性质，为药物研发提供依据。

同时，该技术还可以对药物代谢和毒性进行研究。

三、技术局限性1.样品数量小HR-MAS 技术适用于样品数量较小和较纯的样品，无法分析大量复杂的混合物。

2.横向分辨率较差HR-MAS 技术的横向分辨率有限，对于细胞和组织分析需要进一步优化。

3.仅能分析分子代谢HR-MAS 技术只能分析分子结构代谢，对于蛋白质和核酸等高分子分析有局限。

以上就是关于高分辨磁质谱的介绍。

HR-MAS 技术是一种非常有前景的生物医学技术，具有广泛的应用前景，但也面临一些技术局限性和挑战。

随着技术的不断升级和改进，相信 HR-MAS 技术会成为未来生物医学领域的一项重要技术。

磁测量常用名词术语及含义3 术语及含义符合JJG1013-93 磁学计量常用名词术语及定义试行技术规范。

3. 1 一般术语 General terms3. 1. 1 硬磁材料 Magnetically hard material通常指矫顽力不低于10 kA/m 的磁性材料。

3. 1. 2 软磁材料 Magnetically soft material通常指矫顽力不高于1000 A/m 的磁性材料。

3. 1. 3 磁通计 Fluxmeter利用电磁感应定律，测量感应电动势对时间的积分原理制成的测量磁通量变化的直读仪表。

3. 1. 4 磁强计 Magnetometer测量磁场的仪器。

3. 1. 5 磁性材料标准样品 Standard specimen of magnetic material是指由计量部门按规定的技术条件制做，给出磁性材料磁特性参数值，经一定时间考核，性能稳定，再经国家最高计量部门正式批准作为标准量具使用的磁性材料样品。

注：(1) “磁性材料标准样品”的作用是用来校准或评定测量磁性材料磁特性的仪器（仪表）或装置的误差。

(2) “磁性材料标准样品”性能的高低不做为判别该样品所代表的材料性能优劣的依据。

3. 2 磁化状态3. 2. 1 磁化曲线 Magnetization curve表示当磁场强度变化时，材料的磁通密度、磁极化强度或磁化强度变化的的一条曲线。

注：在表示磁通密度曲线、磁极化强度曲线或磁化强度曲线的区别时，可使用下列术语：B-H曲线；J-H曲线；M-H曲线。

3. 2. 2 B-H（J-H）（M-H）磁滞回线 Hystersis B-H（J-H）（M-H）loop显示磁滞现象的一种闭合磁化曲线。

注：根据磁滞的定义，磁滞回线是由静态磁化曲线构成的，然而也可以大概地认为由动态磁化曲线形成回线，虽然这种回线通常还将依赖于除磁滞以外的其他过程，术语 B-H（J-H）（M-H）回线可以用来表示动态情况。

太赫兹材料与器件英文With the rapid development of science and technology, the demand for high-speed communication and advanced imaging systems has increased in recent years. One of the most promising solutions for these needs is the use of Terahertz (THz) materials and devices.THz waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz. This frequency range is also known as the THz gap, which is an area in the electromagnetic spectrum that is difficult to access with traditional technologies. With the development of THz technology, it is possible to exploit THz waves for a range of applications, including imaging, sensing, communication, and security.To harness the potential of THz waves, researchers have focused on developing THz materials and devices. These materials and devices have unique properties that make them ideal for THz applications. For example, THz waves can pass through a range of materials, including plastics, wood, and clothing, making them ideal for security applications. THz devices can also detect subtle changes in materials, making them useful for medical imaging and quality control in manufacturing.The development of THz materials and devices has been facilitated by advances in nanotechnology, which allows the creation of new materials with controlled properties. One such material is graphene, which has extraordinary electron transport properties that make it ideal for THz applications.Other materials used for THz devices and components include gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium antimonide (InSb), and indium phosphide (InP).Apart from materials, THz devices also require components such as antennas, sources, and detectors. Antennas are used to generate and receive THz waves, while sources provide the energy required for THz radiation. Detectors, on the other hand, capture and convert the THz radiation into a form that can be analyzed.In summary, THz technology is a promising area of research that has already shown its potential in a range of applications. The development of THz materials and devices is essential to harnessing the potential of THz waves. Nanotechnology has enabled the creation of new materials with controlled properties, while components such as antennas, sources, and detectors are required for THz devices. With continued research and development, THz technology will undoubtedly lead to significant advances in communication, imaging, and sensing.。

magnetic field 磁场elementary magnetic dipole 基本磁偶极子Magnetically hard material 永磁/硬磁材料electrical steel 电工钢Magnetically soft material 软磁材料semi-processed 半力口工remanence 剩磁(卜.Br) maximum polarization 最大磁极化强度Remanent flux density 剩余磁通密度domain wall 畴壁coercivity 矫顽力(HcB) Coercive field strength-矫顽力intrinsic coercivity 内禀矫顽力(HcJ) field strength 磁场强度Magnetic induction 磁感应强度B electric potential 电位maximum energy product 最大磁能积BH(max) moment 磁矩1但)退磁曲线8(用磁滞回线polarisation磁极化强度magnetic flux density 磁通密度magnetic hysteresis 磁滞fluxmeter 磁通计manometer 压力计comunication interface 通讯接口gausser高斯计(磁强计)coercimeter矫顽磁力计vibrometer测振仪permeameter 磁导计feebly magnetic material 弱磁材料saturation magnetization饱和磁化强度fixture 固定装置saturation magnetic polarization 饱和磁极化强度Saturation magnetization (mass) density 饱和磁化(质量)密度Specificsaturation magnetization 比饱和磁化强度Magnetic dipole moment 磁偶极矩incremental loop 增量回线gnetic moment 磁矩magnetic potential 磁位eddy current loss 涡流损耗curve 曲线100P 回线commutation curve 换向曲线Magnetic anisotropy 磁各向异性magnetic texture 磁织构Induced magnetic anisotropy 感生磁各向异性Magnetic anisotropic substance 磁各向异性物质Grain-oriented material晶体取向材料drill钻头fuse保险丝Thermally neutralized state 热致磁中性状态virgin state 初始状态Technical Specification 技术协议Drift 漂移NIM National Institute of Metrology 中国计量科学研究院IEC International Electrotechnical Comission 国际电工技术委员会DIN Deutsch Industrial Norman 德国标准German Institute of Standardization GB 国标ASTM 标准:American Society for Testing Material 美国试验材料学会QMS: Quality Management System 质量管理系统housing 测量主机temperature pole caps 高温极头thermocouple 热电偶Thermal element 热敏原件surrounding coils 环绕线圈integrated heating elements 集成力□热元件Room Temperature measurement 常温测量Pole Measuring 极头测量Segment pole coils 瓦型极头线圈Internal calibration 内部校准field coil场线圈pole coil极头线圈(arc) segment 瓦形square shape 方形Cubic 立方体Cylindrical圆柱体cylinder n.汽缸；圆柱状物ellipsoid椭圆体ring measuring cable 环行测量线Reference Samples 标准样品Ferrite Reference Sample 铁氧体标准样品Measuring range 测量范围NdFeB Reference Sample铉铁硼标准样品Resolution分辨率Shrink fitting 冷缩配合/烧嵌radial compression 径向压缩Nickel Reference Sample 银标准样品Permanent Magnet 永磁体3D-Helmholtz Coil三维亥姆霍兹线圈Electro magnet 电磁铁changeable pole cap 可更换极头voltage generator 电压发生器voltage integrator 电压积分器voltage indicator 电压指示器Measuring desk with Container 测量桌带货柜Integrator with very low drift with 24 bit A/D-converter积分器低漂移带24bit A/D转换器Windows-program多窗口界面Input resistance 输入电阻Interfaces 接口Connectors:Thermovoltage miniconnectors 连接器：热电压微型连接器data bank数据库printer打印机curves测量曲线data storage in an EXCEL-compatible 数据存储Excel 兼容Heating module 力口热模块Pole cap diameter 极头直径Inner diameter 内径temperature poles 温度极头thermovoltage mini socket 热电压微型插座Homogeneous Dia 平均直径Pole Face Dia 极面直径with feeder clamp connection 与馈线夹连接Incl. BROCKHAUS-Certificate 带Brockhaus 计量证书Allocation of filenames 分配文件名称depending on air-gap and pole cap 取决于空气间隙与极头Electrical drawings 电气图Mechanical drawings 机械图Drawings of part lists 零部件图Hardware set up 硬件调试LDR abbr.光敏电阻(light dependentresistor) PLM 脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Length Modulation) PWM abbr.脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Width Modulation) carbon fiber碳化纤维，碳素纤维optical fiber光纤，光导纤维steel fiber钢纤维；金属纤维fiber laser纤维激光器AlNiCo铝银钻ferrite铁氧体SmCo钐Shan钻磁铁NdFeB 铉铁硼slitting 分条single notching 单冲槽Steel plate shearer 剪板机interlocking with orientation 定向铆接Design and manufacture of carbide dies硬质合金模具的设计和制造Annealing and steam bluing 退火和发蓝core welding 铁芯焊接Plastic overmoulding 注塑rotor die casting 转子压铸Shaft insertion with liquid nitrogen 液态氮轴压入ventilation 通风设备Shaft production and assembling 轴的生产和组装aerospace 航空/天Axial轴向的radial辐射的multipolar多极的skewed偏斜的Amorphous alloy 非晶态合金cemented carbides硬质合金Austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢solenoid 螺旋管Plasma cutting machine等离子切割机carbide stamping硬质合金冲压Blanking 落料notching 槽冲plastic overmoulding 注塑生产线Automatic press machine 自动压缩机high corrosion 高耐腐蚀性Low temperature coefficients 低温度系数scanner 扫描仪Parallelogram平行四边形diagonal对角线，斜的Generator stator and rotor parts 发电机定转子部件Pressure-riveting 压铆 laminations for automobile motor 汽车电机铁芯 EV Electron Volt 电子伏特 HEV Hybrid Electrical Vehicle 混合动力汽车Profilograph 轮廓曲线仪纵断面测绘仪表面光度仪Communication protocol （计算机）通讯协议 vacuum plate 真空板 Sucker 吸盘 torque force 扭力stamping 冲压 annealing 退火welding 焊接Actuator motor 执行器电机crane stator 起重机用电机定子Synergy 协同cocking-up 上翘Hydraulic pump 液压驱动 vibration free table 减震桌Electric cabinet 电控柜 barrier frequency 截至频率 Homogeneous primary windings 均匀的初级绕组Horizontal transmissibility 水平性传输resonance 协振 Elliptically rotation 椭圆旋转angular velocity 角速度 A real time acquisition system 实时采集系统phase control 相差 lead time 投产前准备阶段interlocking 咬合 gluing 粘合 Clamping 固定/夹紧burr 毛边/铁屑 anneal 退火/韧炼 Amortization 分期偿还 elongation 延展力 coax plug 共轴插头 Exciting current 励磁电流 software editor 软件编辑器 Hydraulic cylinder 液压缸log files 记录文件/日志文件Unloading problems 卸货问题trolly 货车/推车vacuum pumps 真空泵 Bending machine 折床 warranty guarantee 授权保证Meeting minutes 会议纪要 rectangular/sinusoidal wave 矩形波/正弦波 magnetizing current 励磁电流 amplitude stability 放大稳定性 The integral of the secondary voltage 次级电压的积分measuring gauge(n. 计量器；)测量仪 Function generator 信号发生器 Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method 用功率表/电流表/电压表 ARCNET interface-card ARCNET 网络接口卡等NO material 无取向试样 Magnetic displacement 磁位移 PO 是指采购订单生产计划是依据客户的采购订单（客户PO ） Ambit 范围/周围gauge 测量器 mechanical lifters 机械升起装置 connection screws 螺钉连接 solenoidn.［电］螺线管；螺线形电导管control loop 控制回路 Higher Harmonics 高次谐波Higher centrifugal force 高离心力Ceramic 陶瓷的Load cell 称重传感器/测力传感器G-clamp 螺旋夹钳 OD/ID(outside/inside diameter)外直径/内直径Sintered magnet 烧结磁铁slot ripple 线槽脉冲 thermal demagnetization 热退磁setup, commissioning (acceptance test)设定、命令(接收测试)operation of machine, Trouble shooting, calibration and adjustment and maintenance 机器操作、问题处理、校正与调试维护radium 半径 Magnetic moment 磁矩 helmholtz coil 亥姆霍兹线圈 DC Bias 直流偏磁 control algorithm 控制算法 strain gauge 变形测量器 sample clamp 样品夹。

磁共振常用英文缩写AACR 美国放射学会ADC 模数转换器、表面扩散系数BBBB 血脑屏障BOLD 血氧合水平依赖性（成像法）CCBF 脑血流量CBV 脑血容量CE 对比度增强CSI 化学位移成像CHESS 化学位移选择性（波谱分析法）CNR 对比度噪声比CNS 中枢神经系统Cr 肌酸CSF 脑脊液DDAC 数模转换器DDR 偶极-偶极驰豫、对称质子驰豫DICOM 医学数字成像和通信标准DTPA 对二亚乙基三胺五乙酸DWI 扩散加权成像DSA 数字减影成像术DRESS 磷谱研究所用空间定位法，又称深度分辨表面线圈波普EEPI 回波平面成像TE 回波时间ETL 回波链长度ETS 回波间隔时间EVI 回波容积成像EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸ETE 有效回波时间EPR 电子顺磁共振ESR 电子自旋共振FFFT 快速傅里叶变换FLASH 快速小角度激发FSE 快速自旋回波FE 场回波FID 自由感应衰减FOV 成像野FISP 稳定进动快速成像FLAIR 液体抑制的反转恢复fMRI 功能磁共振成像FID 自由感应衰减信号FIS 自由感应信号FT 傅里叶变换FWHH 半高宽GGM 灰质GMC 梯度矩补偿GMN 梯度矩置零GMR 梯度矩重聚GRE 梯度回波HHPG-MRI 超极化气体磁共振成像术IIR 反转序列IRSE 反转恢复自旋回波序列KK-space K空间LLMR 定域磁共振MMRA 磁共振血管成像MRCM 磁共振对比剂MRI 磁共振成像MRM 磁共振微成像MRS 磁共振波谱学MRSI 磁共振波谱成像MRV 磁共振静脉造影MT 磁化转移MTC 磁化转移对比度MAST 运动伪影抑制技术MIP 最大密度投影法MTT 平均转运时间MESA 多回波采集MPR 多平面重建MP-RAGE 磁化准备的快速采集梯度回波序列MS-EPI 多次激发的EPINNEX 激励次数NMR 核磁共振NMRS 核磁共振波谱学NSA 信号(叠加)平均次数NV 信号采集次数PPCM 顺磁性对比度增强剂PEACH 突出化学位移的顺磁性增强PS 部分饱和PSSE 部分饱和自旋回波PC 相位对比PCr 磷酸肌酸PCSI 信号强度变化率PD 质子密度PDW 质子密度加权PEDRI 质子电子双共振成像RRF 射频脉冲RARE 驰豫增强的快速采集方法ROI 感兴趣区SSAR （射频）特定吸收率SR 饱和恢复序列SE 自旋回波SNR,S/N 信噪比SS-EPI 单激发EPISPIR 谱预饱和反转恢复SSFP 稳态自由进动SSI 固态成像STE 受激回波SSC 稳定状态相干技术STEAM 空间定域的受激回波采集序列STIR 短TI反转恢复TTE 回波时间TI 反转时间TOF 时间飞越效应TMR 局部磁共振(波谱法)TSE 快速自旋回波VVOI 感兴趣空间VSE 容积选择性激发WWI 加权像WM 白质。

永磁体基本性能参数永磁材料：永磁材料被外加磁场磁化后磁性不消失，可对外部空间提供稳定磁场。

钕铁硼永磁体常用的衡量指标有以下四种：剩磁（Br）单位为特斯拉（T）和高斯（Gs）1Gs =0.0001T将一个磁体在闭路环境下被外磁场充磁到技术饱和后撤消外磁场，此时磁体表现的磁感应强度我们称之为剩磁。

它表示磁体所能提供的最大的磁通值。

从退磁曲线上可见，它对应于气隙为零时的情况，故在实际磁路中磁体的磁感应强度都小于剩磁。

钕铁硼是现今发现的Br 最高的实用永磁材料。

磁感矫顽力（Hcb）单位是安/米（A/m）和奥斯特（Oe）或1 Oe≈79.6A/m处于技术饱和磁化后的磁体在被反向充磁时，使磁感应强度降为零所需反向磁场强度的值称之为磁感矫顽力（Hcb）。

但此时磁体的磁化强度并不为零，只是所加的反向磁场与磁体的磁化强度作用相互抵消。

（对外磁感应强度表现为零）此时若撤消外磁场，磁体仍具有一定的磁性能。

钕铁硼的矫顽力一般是11000Oe以上。

内禀矫顽力（Hcj）单位是安/米（A/m）和奥斯特（Oe）1 Oe≈79.6A/m 使磁体的磁化强度降为零所需施加的反向磁场强度，我们称之为内禀矫顽力。

内禀矫顽力是衡量磁体抗退磁能力的一个物理量，如果外加的磁场等于磁体的内禀矫顽力，磁体的磁性将会基本消除。

钕铁硼的Hcj会随着温度的升高而降低所以需要工作在高温环境下时应该选择高Hcj的牌号。

磁能积(BH)单位为焦/米3（J/m3）或高•奥（GOe）1 MGOe≈7. 96k J/m3退磁曲线上任何一点的B和H的乘积既BH我们称为磁能积,而B×H 的最大值称之为最大磁能积(BH)max。

磁能积是恒量磁体所储存能量大小的重要参数之一，(BH)max越大说明磁体蕴含的磁能量越大。

设计磁路时要尽可能使磁体的工作点处在最大磁能积所对应的B和H 附近。

各向同性磁体：任何方向磁性能都相同的磁体。

各向异性磁体：不同方向上磁性能会有不同；且存在一个方向，在该方向取向时所得磁性能最高的磁体。

Baumer inductive sensors are special units that- With reduction factor 1- MiniatureTo find out stock ability and delivery time toyour region, please contact our manager.Monitoring final positions of tele-Magnetic proximity switches respond tomagnetic fields within a distance of 60mm and will detect them even throughnon-ferromagnetic materials like stainlesssteel. They provide precise and depend-able switching behaviour even in dampor dirty environments. Their sensingrange capabilities depend on the selectedpermanent magnet, thus they provideversatile mounting options even in a con-fined space. The permanent magnet canbe attached independently from polar-ity. Generous mounting tolerances saveboth time and effort during installation.Cylinders with C- and T-slotEased installation – simply inserted in the slot The permanent magnet inside the cylinder is detected Attachment to cylinders without slotVersatile mounting accessory kits allow attachment to any conventional cylinder:Compact sensor designs for short-stroke cylindersMonitoring the movements of pneumatic cyl-inders is an essential task in countless fields of automation. Magnetic cylinder sensors exactly recognize the piston positions by non-contact technique and will output a switching signal. Completely free from wear they are attached outside the cylinder. Where standard T- or C-slots are provided, the sensor can be directly inserted into the slot and fixed. For other cylinder types there is a wide selection of accessory kits which enable easy and quick installation.Strain control via the dancer arm rotation Inclination angle detection of the con-tainer on garbage trucksOutput of the crane’s current rotation angleDependable position feedback even after power failure thanks to abso-Magnetic angle measuring sensors detect rotation angles throughout the entire 360° range by aid of a permanent magnet. The cur-rent position is output as an absolute analog signal. The sensor’s non-contact sensing method is absolutely wearfree and ensures topgrade fail-free performance. The highresolution of 0,09° and a response time of less than 3 ms enable precise control of complex processes. Even in demanding environments with dust, fabric and moisture, the magnetic angle measuring sensors provide dependable operation.Speed monitoring at ring spinning machinesThe high switching frequency allows for highly dynamic applications Thanks to their high switching frequency of max. 20 kHz, Hall sensors are mainly deployed for detecting fast running toothed wheels. The high resolution ensures reliable detection of module sizes as little as 1 and up. By two signals shifted in a phase the sensor not only picks the wheels’ speed but at the same time also the sense of rotation. Since Hall sensors fully eliminate the need for any mechani-cal moving components, wear is down to a minimum whereas longevity is substantially enhanced. In a full-metal housing they are the product to choose in dirty, humid or oily environments.Electrical and mechanical specifications11Magnetic proximity switchesOverviewPage 12Functional principle and installation Page 13Cylindrical designs Page 15Rectangular designsPage 16********************+421 552 601 099MFRM 08MFFM 08MFVM 08 flush flush flush8 mm8 mm8 mmdimension drawingDetects permanent magnets on long distancesdimension drawingFully enclosed full metal housingdimension drawing12819Magnetic cylinder sensorsOverviePage 20Functional principle and installation Page 21C-slot sensors Page 23T-slot sensorsPage 25********************+421 552 601 099MZCK 03MZCK 03MZTK 06MZTK 06MZTK 06 C-slots C-slots T-slots T-slots T-slots4 mT 4 mT 4 mT 2 mT 4 mTC-slot housingdimension drawings3,74,6C-slot housingdimension drawingssensing faceT-slot housingdimension drawings6,24,3T-slot housingdimension drawings6,5T-slot housingdimension drawings6,194,529Magnetic angle sensorsOverviewPage 30Functional principle and installation Page 31Cylindrical designs Page 33Rectangular designsPage 39********************+421 552 601 099MDRM 18MDRM 18 120° linear160° linear0,09 °0,09 °Angular range 120° lineardimension drawingsM18 x 1M18 x 1M18 x 1Angular range 160° lineardimension drawingsM18 x 1Angular range 360° linearM18 x 1M18 x 1Angular range 270° linearAngular range 270° linearAngular range 360° linearAngular range 360° linear45Hall sensorsOverviewPage 46Functional principle and installation Page 47Cylindrical designsPage 49********************+421 552 601 099MHRM 12IHRM 12MHRM 1812 mm12 mm18 mm 60 mm60 mm60 mm1-channel push-pull outputDetection of rpm speed and rotational directiondimension drawingM12 x 1。

MAGTECH MAGNETIC LEVEL INDICATORSProduct data informationMagtech magnetic level indicators are low-maintenance alternatives to sight glasses and other level indicators. They provide non-invasive level indication while reducing leak points and fugitive emissions.Combined with our externally mounted transmitters and switches, Magtech magnetic level indicators provide a complete, redundant and cost-effective level solution.+ Easy to install, no extra piping required in most applications + Visual level indication to 100 ft (30 m)+ No process liquid in contact with indicator glass + Ideal for high-temperature, high-pressure and corrosiveapplications+ Manufactured to meet ASME B31.1 or ASME B31.3+Magnetostrictive and radar transmitter options for non-invasive and/or redundant level control+ Available with HART TM 5, HART 7 or Foundation Fieldbus TM +AMS AwareReliable, low maintenance, redundant measurements are vital to the efficiency of your operation, so you need time tested solutions.Magtech level instruments complement the Rosemount product portfolio and have served the process industry for over 25 years with flexible and creative solutions for a wide variety of applications. Test, inspection and certification are increasingly important, and managing complex requirements reliably in today’s safety conscious environment is a strength of the Magtech brand.Magtech magnetic level indicator and magnetostrictive level transmitterIncreased safety and reliability with non-pressurized high pressure floatsThe Magtech high pressure float delivers higher safety andreliability than other, pressurized floats. Made from highstrength titanium, it is suitable for specific gravities as low as0.41 and pressures up to 3400 psi (234 bar). For pressureseceeding 3400 psi, please consult the factory.Higher usability and safety withclearly visible flagsMagtech indicators contain flags made ofaluminum coated with 850 °F (454 °C) paint,which can withstand high temperatures. Theflags are assembled so that the componentsare prevented from separating, for exampledue to vibration in the application.The Magtech standard flag color is red, whichis the universal color of warning and standsout in an industrial environment, making surethe level in the vessel is highly visible.Safety and reliability are challenges you need to meetSafety and reliability are ever-increasing challenges. Youneed more stringent vessel, piping and process connectiondesigns to cope with high pressure and cyclic processservices. To meet these needs, we utilize a T-Drill machineto form extruded outlets. This features fully computerizedautomation control with ultra-precise machining for a morereliable gauge design.+I ndependent certified testing as required by ASMEstandards+E liminates the need for pipe-tees and minimizes welds+100% X-rayable process connection welds+E liminates internal pipe distortion+P rovides full bore process connections and all butt-weldconstructionMagtech MLI mounting stylesNo matter what your application, we can design and manufacture a magnetic level indicator to fit. Above are our standard mounting styles, but if none of these meet your needs we will come up with the best solution based on your requirements.NOTE: Style “A” is for through process piping only. Other connections shown are examples of typical process connections and need to be specified.Your application is unique. All Magtech MLIs are custom-made based on your requirementsMagtech magnetic level indicators consist of a chamber, a magnet equipped float which rises and lowers with the fluid level, and an indicator which is mounted to the chamber.The indicator houses a column of small flags which indicate the level of the fluid in the chamber, based on the position of the float. As the fluid level rises and lowers, the float rises and lowers as well, and the flags are tripped from one orientation to the other; typically the red side indicates the liquid level and the silver side indicates the vapor space.As the float rises and falls with the process level, tripping the flags, it also stimulates any attached transmitters and switches, providing a signal back to the control system.This is how it worksC hamber materialChamber flangesFloat assemblyChamber design300 Series stainless wetted partsTypically supplied ANSI B16.5 RF slip on type, 500 RMS, in 300 Series stainless steel300 Series stainless steel suitable forapplications up to 1000 psig and 0.63 S.G. at temperatures from -320 to 1000 °F (-196 to 538 °C)Float chamber is designed to ANSI B31.1and B31.3, and ASME Boiler Code PG60. Welding and welder qualification in accordance with ASME Section IX.Other non-ferrous materials that do not exhibit ferro-magnetic properties such as Hastelloy, CB20, Inconel, Monel 400 and T-321 stainlessCommon upgrades are ANSI weld neck style, socket weld, or lapjoint, and other flange faces such as RTJ or flat face Magtech floats are available in a wide variety of materials, for pressures to 3400 psig (234 bar), and in low pressure applications, minimum specific gravities down to 0.40 (lower SG could be possible under certain conditions, please consult factory)Non-standard welding procedures, qualifications or testing may be supplied if required, as well as designs to proprietary customer design specificationsOptional as requiredOptions required by the applicationProcessConnections, 2 (Typ.)Vent plugIndicatorFloatFloat chamber Drain flange and plugindicator, a magnetostrictive level transmitter and a guided wave radar that are designed to work optimally together to provide the most reliable measurements.We combine the proven reliability and rugged constructionof Magtech LG Series magnetic level indicators,magnetostrictive level transmitters and Rosemount guidedwave radar transmitters. The union of these outstanding levelmeasurement technologies provides a redundant systemappropriate for use in a wide range of applications.+Allows measurement of virtually all level and interfaceapplications+Local indication and redundancy via guided wave radar andmagnetostrictive level transmitter+Manufactured to fit perfectly together - no project delays+Each unit designed for optimal performance in each applicationGuided wave radar and magneticlevel indicator in combination forredundant level measurementsGuided wave radar provides a top mounted, direct level and interface measurement of liquids and solids, including those with wide temperature and pressure requirements. They are easy to install and are virtually unaffected by process conditions.+Highly accurate and reliable+Multivariable output includes the choice of level, interface level, distance, upper product thickness, volume and signal strength+Best fit for chamber applications and ideal for replacing older technologies+No moving parts, no calibration+Wide selection of materials and process connections+Seamless system integration with HART, Foundation Fieldbus, and Modbus+Wireless option available+Available with dynamic vapor compensation for steam applicationsPrinciple of operationMicrowave pulses guided down a probe reach the media and part of the signal is reflected back. The time difference between sending and receiving is measured, and the level and/or interfacelevel is derived.LTM Series magnetostrictive transmitterLTM Series magnetostrictive level transmitters offer a variety of configuration options. The LTM transmitter may be utilized as a direct insertion transmitter or externally mounted to a magnetic level indicator for non-invasive level measurement.In the gauge-mount configuration, the sensor is attached to the exterior of the magnetic indicator. This allows the transmitter to be installed or serviced without removing the indicator from service. As the fluid rises and falls, so does the float. The magnetostrictive level transmitter senses the level of fluid in the vessel by detecting the level of the magnets contained within the float, and then transmits the measurement back to the control system.LTM transmitters are available with two-wire loop powered 4-20 mA signal output, or bus powered (Fieldbus) with digital output(s).Remote-mount electronics are available for easy access orhigh temperature applications. Sensor probes are available in a variety of materials including stainless steel and exotic alloys or electropolished for sanitary service. LTM transmitters feature explosion-proof, dual-compartment enclosures, integral displays and intrinsically safe electronics.The “plug-and-play” electronics allow easy upgrades. LTMtransmitters offer the latest and most advanced software features on the market, introducing a registered HART DD, Rev. 5 with AMS Aware and Rev. 7 with EDD, compliant to IEC 61804-2, and compliant to Foundation Fieldbus software version ITK-4.6.Housing: Epoxy coated aluminium or stainless steel Protection rating: NEMA 4X, NEMA 7, IP66Sensor probe Material:316 SS, 5/8 inch (15.88mm) probe (standard), other materials available All wetted parts are non-ferrous compatible materials(stainless steel, Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)Maximum length: 30 ft (9 m)Mounting style: Gauge mount (via 316 SS brackets) Operating temp.: -200 to 750 °F (-129 to 399 °C) Insertion type optional Operating temperature:-58 to 300 °F (-58 to 149 °C)*All transmitters have the following RFI Limits: SAMA PMC 31.1, 20 to 1000 MHz, up to 30 V/mBottom mount with elbow Remote mount Top mountAccessoriesMagtech level switchesMagtech level switches are non-invasive alarm switches that clamp to the gauge chamber and are magnetically actuated by the float through the chamber wall. These switches provide a low cost, reliable alarm and control action without making additional cutouts in the vessel.The external mounting clamps make it easy to adjust the set point orservice the switch at any time without interrupting the process. They are also easily added after gauge installation.All Magtech switches may be wired for rising or falling level and NC or NO operation. Each switch has approximately ½ inch deadband toeliminate chattering and all have “break before make” action. The MLS-3EX is CSA, ATEX, UL and C-UL listed for both the U.S. and Canada.PS-2 SeriesThe PS-2 is a pneumatic switch designed to control air and natural gas from 15 to 100 psi. The PS-2 is rotary cam activated and incorporates a non-bleed switch. When the float passes, the cam rotates and latches the switch in the open position. This will allow unobstructed airflow. When the float moves back in the opposite direction the switch unlatches and blocks the airflow. The non-bleeddesign of the PS-2 can be used to control pneumatic alarms, valves and pumps, and is configured for rising or falling level.AccessoriesMLS-3 SeriesThe MLS-3EX is a hermetically sealed switch with Form C contacts. A bias magnet latches the switch, maintaining contact as the float continues to rise or fall within the gauge chamber. A non-latching switch is available.The MLS-3EX is best suited for low power alarm signals.MLS-3EX-M SeriesSpecifications.50 Inches (12.7 mm)350 °F (177 °C) standard 650 °F (343 °C) MLS-3EX-HT -40 °F (-40 °C)SPDT or DPDT, Form C 1 Amp ac/dc resistiveSwitch options:Switch only (no housing)Standard EXP housing ATEX EXP housingCl.III, ATEX Ex II 2G EExd IIC T6Deadband: .50 InchesE,F,G; Cl.IIIMLS-10EX SeriesThe MLS-10EX-C is a DPDT cam-actuated switch used to control pumps, solenoids, etc. The switch can be set by the user for rising or falling activation. This switch meets Class 1, Div. 1 codes and the internal micro-switches are UL approved. MLS-10EX-R (relay, requires auxiliary power) isavailable for higher inductive load.Other optionsInsulationInsulation is recommended when indicators are to be used under extreme temperature conditions. Factory installed, removable insulation blankets are available in two configurations. The standard blanket is for temperatures to 500˚F (260˚C) and consists of a 2 inch thick (compressed to 1 inch), 6# Cer-Wool HP enclosed in 3201-2-SS silicone coated fiberglass cloth. For operating temperatures above 500˚F (260˚C), fiberglass material rated to 1100˚F (593˚C) is included on the contact surface of the blanket.In cryogenic applications, aluminum-skinned “foamglas” insulation with indicator frost extension to prevent “icing” and flashing for fluids with low boiling points is provided.Optional scalesIn addition to the standard stainless steel scale (graduated in feet and inches), other scale options are available.+I nches only+N egative/positive (boiler service)+M etric (mm/cm)+D ecimal feet (0.1 ft. or 0.01 ft. divisions)+O ffset zero (plus and minus scale divisions)+P ercent (0 to 100)+V olumetric (gallons, liters)*Given that characteristics of every vessel are different, drawingsor strapping tables must be supplied.Cryogenic insulationStandard insulationTestingAll materials are supported by material traceability reports(MTR’s), available upon request. Both NACE MR-01-75 and NACEMR0103 are available as well as dual NACE stamping ifrequired. All peripheral bolts, nuts and fittings are ANSI B31.1/B31.3 compliant. In addition, random samples are X-rayed in orderto insure quality materials and workmanship.Further testing and documentation is available upon request.This includes dimensional (as built) drawings, positive materialidentification (PMI), X-ray, dye penetration, and hydrostatictesting. Specificationssilicone coated fiberglass clothCryogenic blanketHeat tracingA wide variety of electrical and steam heat tracing options areavailable. Heat tracing can be used for freeze protection or tomaintain the process temperature of molten materials. Electricaltracing is engineered to customer specifications and can beprovided with controllers.Common types are mineral insulated (MI) and self regulating (SR).Steam tracing of Magtech indicators is accomplished by traversingfour lengths of the gauge with ¼ inch or 3/8 inch stainless steeltubing.For more information on industry leading level instrumentation visit us at /levelMagnetic level indicatorAccessoriesNon-contactingradarChambersGuided wave radarDP levelUltrasonicFloat switchesVibrating forksThe Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. Rosemount and the Rosemount logotype are registered trademarks of Rosemount Inc. PlantWeb is a registered trademark of the Emerson Process Management group of companies. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. ©2012 Rosemount Inc. All rights reserved.Emerson Process Management Rosemount Inc.8200 Market Boulevard Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA T (U.S.) 1-800-999-9307T (International) (952) 906 8888F (952) 949 7001Emerson Process Management Blegistrasse 23P.O. Box 1046CH 6341 Baar SwitzerlandTel +41 (0) 41 768 6111Fax +41 (0) 41 768 6300Emerson Process Management Asia Pacific Pte Ltd 1 Pandan Crescent Singapore 128461Tel +65 6777 8211Fax +65 6777 0947Service Support Hotline : +65 6770 8711Emerson FZE P.O. Box 17033Jebel Ali Free Zone Dubai, UAETel +971 4 883 5235Fax +971 4 883 531200803-0100-6156 Rev AC 9/13。

《太赫兹超材料高灵敏度生物传感器研究》篇一一、引言随着科技的不断发展，生物传感器已成为生物医学、生物工程和医疗诊断等领域不可或缺的装置。

太赫兹超材料因其独特的物理性质，在传感器技术中展现出了巨大的应用潜力。

本文旨在研究太赫兹超材料高灵敏度生物传感器的设计、制备及其在生物医学中的应用。

二、太赫兹超材料概述太赫兹（THz）波是一种电磁波，其频率介于微波与红外线之间。

太赫兹超材料是一种具有特殊电磁性质的人工结构材料，能够控制太赫兹波的传播和散射。

其独特的物理性质使得太赫兹超材料在传感器、通信和成像等领域具有广泛的应用前景。

三、高灵敏度生物传感器设计1. 材料选择：选用具有高灵敏度和稳定性的太赫兹超材料作为传感器的基础材料。

2. 结构设计：设计合理的传感器结构，包括超材料的排列方式、厚度、尺寸等，以优化传感器的性能。

3. 制备工艺：采用先进的微纳加工技术，制备出高质量的太赫兹超材料生物传感器。

四、传感器制备与性能测试1. 制备过程：详细描述传感器的制备过程，包括材料准备、结构设计、加工工艺等。

2. 性能测试：对制备出的生物传感器进行性能测试，包括灵敏度、响应时间、稳定性等。

实验结果表明，该生物传感器具有高灵敏度和良好的稳定性。

五、生物医学应用1. 生物分子检测：利用太赫兹超材料生物传感器检测生物分子，如蛋白质、DNA等。

通过测量太赫兹波的散射或吸收变化，实现对生物分子的高灵敏度检测。

2. 细胞成像：将太赫兹超材料生物传感器应用于细胞成像，通过测量细胞对太赫兹波的响应，实现对细胞的非侵入性检测和成像。

3. 疾病诊断：利用太赫兹超材料生物传感器检测生物标志物，实现疾病的早期诊断和监测。

例如，通过检测肿瘤标志物，实现对肿瘤的早期发现和评估。

六、结论本文研究了太赫兹超材料高灵敏度生物传感器的设计、制备及其在生物医学中的应用。

实验结果表明，该生物传感器具有高灵敏度和良好的稳定性，可应用于生物分子的检测、细胞成像以及疾病诊断等领域。

红色字体：为难点和要求，要注意蓝色字体：有争议的翻译，仔细研究有下划线：演讲时使用新型磁性纳米多层高灵敏的磁阻传感器物理及天文系内布拉斯加中心材料和纳米科学，内布拉斯加大学摘要-软铁磁层中的磁隧道结的磁特性的是确定磁致电阻传感器的性能重要因素之一。

在本文中，我们比较两个磁性隧道结不同的自由层的厚度有很大不同的磁力特性，如磁化反转行为，磁性corecivity，饱和磁场，和隧道magnetoreistance比例等。

在这项研究中，我们将展示一个具有灵敏度相当于1916％/ mT(大地电磁)的传感器，该磁传感器只消耗功率的20μW，在1伏电压下运行。

引言（标题1）提高磁阻传感器的灵敏度的关键是降低噪声源，以增加信号，并了解他们的基本限制。

新型磁性纳米多层膜的发展为提高信号并降低磁性隧道结的噪音提供了明确的途径。

经过许多研究小组的共同努力来改进所述磁性隧道结层结构。

影响磁阻传感器的性能的因素有许多。

其中之一是自由层的磁性隧道结的磁特性。

（查阅磁阻传感器的工作原理）经过我们项目组的研究，我们已经证明通过使用铁磁耦合（FM 耦合），以改善自由层的柔软度以增强磁阻传感器的灵敏度高达750％/ mT（原文：we have demonstrated（论证）by using the ferromagnetic coupling （铁磁耦合）(FM coupling) to improve the softness（柔软度）of the free layer which enhance （增强）the sensitivity of the magnetoresistive sensor as high as 750%/mT）在本文中，我们将比较两个有着不同的自由层的厚度的磁性隧道结不同的磁性特征。

我们实现了敏感性高达1916％/ mT的磁阻传感器。

这些磁性传感器在1 V的外加电压下运行而消耗功率仅为20μW。

II. EXPIMENTAL DETAILS在这项研究中使用的磁性隧道结（MTJ）层结构是1.5 nm 钽/25 nm 钌/7 nm Ir20Mn80/2.2 nm Co40Fe60/0.85 nm 钌/2.8 nm Co20Fe60B20/2 nm MgO/ 1.5纳米（或1纳米）Co20Fe60B20/1纳米钽/15纳米茹，(各层结构的名称)（下图为结构图）（图一.磁隧道结层结构ferrimagetic layer 铁磁层）如图1所示，隧道结，通过光刻和氩铣削被做成大小10微米×20微米的椭圆为（面积157平方微米，偏心率0.866）（原文：as shown in Fig. 1. The junctions（隧道节）were patterned into ellipses （椭圆）with a size of 10 μm x 20 μm (area 157 μm2, eccentricity 0.866) by photolithography and argon milling.)。