Wet, Dry Damp - Enduring Legacies Native Cases …

The African savannah,a vast expanse of grasslands that stretches across the continent,is a place of breathtaking beauty and incredible biodiversity.It is home to a wide variety of wildlife,from the majestic elephants and lions to the nimble antelopes and the elusive cheetahs.The savannah is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of nature,and it offers a glimpse into the complex web of life that exists in this unique ecosystem.Geography and ClimateThe African savannah is characterized by its flat,open terrain,which is punctuated by occasional hills and rocky outcrops.The climate is typically tropical,with a distinct wet and dry season.During the wet season,the savannah is lush and green,with abundant rainfall that nourishes the grasses and supports a thriving ecosystem.The dry season, however,can be harsh,with the landscape turning brown and the vegetation becoming sparse,forcing animals to migrate in search of water and food.Flora and FaunaThe savannahs flora is dominated by grasses,which provide a rich food source for herbivores.Acacia trees are also common,their distinctive umbrellashaped canopies offering shade and a place for animals to rest.The savannah is home to a diverse array of fauna,including the Big Five lions,leopards,elephants,buffalo,and rhinoceros.Other notable species include giraffes,zebras,wildebeests,and a variety of antelopes. Wildlife BehaviorThe behavior of animals in the savannah is heavily influenced by the availability of resources.During the wet season,when food is plentiful,many animals can be found grazing in large herds.However,as the dry season progresses and resources become scarce,competition for food and water intensifies,leading to territorial disputes and the migration of large herds in search of sustenance.Conservation ChallengesThe African savannah faces numerous conservation challenges,including poaching, habitat loss due to agricultural expansion,and climate change.Poaching,particularly of elephants for their ivory and rhinoceros for their horns,has led to a significant decline in these species populations.Habitat loss is another major concern,as the conversion of savannah into farmland reduces the available space for wildlife and disrupts the natural balance of the ecosystem.Cultural SignificanceThe savannah is not only a natural wonder but also holds cultural significance for many African communities.It has been the backdrop for countless stories,legends,and traditions,and it continues to inspire artists,writers,and filmmakers.The savannah is a symbol of the continents rich heritage and a reminder of the deep connection between humans and the natural world.Tourism and EcotourismTourism plays a significant role in the economy of many African countries,with the savannah being a major draw for visitors.Ecotourism,a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on preserving the natural environment and supporting local communities,is becoming increasingly popular.It offers an opportunity for tourists to experience the beauty of the savannah while contributing to its conservation.In conclusion,the African savannah is a remarkable ecosystem that supports a diverse array of life.Its preservation is crucial not only for the animals that call it home but also for the millions of people who depend on it for their livelihoods.As we continue to explore and learn from this incredible landscape,it is our responsibility to ensure that its natural beauty and biodiversity are protected for future generations to appreciate.。

Mitigation options to reduce phosphorus losses from the agricultural sector and improve surface water quality:A reviewO.F.Schoumans a ,⁎,W.J.Chardon a ,M.E.Bechmann b ,C.Gascuel-Odoux c ,G.Hofman d ,B.Kronvang e ,G.H.Rubæk f ,B.Ulén g ,J.-M.Dorioz haAlterra Wageningen UR,P.O.Box 47,6700AA Wageningen,The Netherlands bNorwegian Inst Agr &Environm Res,N-1432As,Norway cINRA,UMR1069,Soil Agro and HydroSystem,65route de Saint-Brieuc,35042Rennes,France dDep.Soil Management,University of Ghent,Coupure 653,B-9000Gent,Belgium eAarhus University,Dept.of Bioscience,Vejlsovej 25,DK-8600Silkeborg,Denmark fAarhus University,Dept.of Agroecology,P.O.Box.50,DK-8830Tjele,Denmark gSwedish Univ Agr Sci,Div Water Qual Management,Dept Soil Sci,SE-75007Uppsala,Sweden hINRA,UMR CARRTEL Station d'hydrobiologie,BP 511,74203Thonon-Les-Bains,FranceH I G H L I G H T S •Various mitigation options to reduce phosphorus losses from agricultural land were described in terms of factsheets.•Global budget systems and agro-environmental recommendations systems are useful tools for setting up a more sustainable agricultural management practice.•At field scale different crop and soil management techniques are available to increase the P ef ficiency and reduce loss of P from the fields by erosion and runoff.•At catchment scale the landscape and the hydrological system determines the buffer capacity,transfer and delivery of nutrients to the surface water system and several options are available to reduce P losses.•Finally,with surface water management measures the impact of nutrient loads on surface water quality can be reduced.a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 20September 2012Received in revised form 14August 2013Accepted 20August 2013Available online 20September 2013Editor:D.Barcelo Keywords:Diffuse pollution Water quality Phosphorus Nutrients MeasuresThe EU Water Framework Directive (WFD)obliges Member States to improve the quality of surface water and groundwater.The measures implemented to date have reduced the contribution of point sources of pollution,and hence diffuse pollution from agriculture has become more important.In many catchments the water quality remains poor.COST Action 869was an EU initiative to improve surface water quality that ran from 2006to 2011,in which 30countries participated.Its main aim was a scienti fic evaluation of the suitability and cost-effectiveness of options for reducing nutrient loss from rural areas to surface waters at catchment scale,including the feasibility of the options under different climatic and geographical conditions.This paper gives an overview of various categories of mitigation options in relation to phosphorus (P).The individual measures are described in terms of their mode of action,applicability,effectiveness,time frame,environmental side-effects (N cycling)and cost.In total,83measures were evaluated in COST Action 869.©2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe role of an excess of nutrients phosphorus (P)and nitrogen (N)in the eutrophication of surface water was recognised in the mid-20th century (Red field,1958;Vollenweider,1968).Among the negative environmental effects of eutrophication are reduced functioning and biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems and decline in surface water quality (Scheffer,1998;Smith et al.,1999).The Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)associated with eutrophication produce toxic algal substances that kill fish (Carpenter et al.,1969;Jaworski,1981)and cause disease in ani-mals (Kotak et al.,1994;Main et al.,1977)and humans (Falconer,1989;Lawrence et al.,1994).Nutrient loads to waters must be reduced to control eutrophication.The relative concentrations of total N and P together with bioas-says have been used to estimate which of these nutrients is limiting the growth of algae in aquatic systems (Atkinson and Smith,1983;Hecky et al.,1993;Red field,1958;Smith,1983).For freshwater sys-tems the indicative N:P weight ratios are ≤4.5for N-limitation,4.5–6for intermediate conditions and ≥6for P-limitation;the equivalentScience of the Total Environment 468–469(2014)1255–1266⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+31317486446;fax:+31317419000.E-mail address:oscar.schoumans@wur.nl (O.F.Schoumans).0048-9697/$–see front matter ©2013Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.061Contents lists available at ScienceDirectScience of the Total Environmentj o u r n a l h o me p a g e :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s c i t o t envvalues for marine systems are respectively,≤5,5–10and≥10(EC, 2002).In most freshwater systems P is the limiting factor and is the nutrient present in lowest amount in relation to phytoplankton re-quirements(Carpenter,2008;Herath,1997;Lee,1973).By contrast, in marine systems,N has often been identified as the growth-limiting nutrient,especially in summer(Anderson and Glibert, 2002;Ärtebjerg and Carstensen,2001).Thesefindings should be interpreted with caution,however,as the N:P ratio may not correctly indicate the limiting nutrient of the system because of the role played by the absolute concentration and other factors such as light and phys-ical conditions.Furthermore,the bio-availability of P can change over time due to redox processes,pH changes and enzymatically-mediated hydrolysis processes(Correll,1998;Ekholm,2008;Reynolds and Davies,2001).Since the mid-20th century,nutrient losses throughout Europe have been declining,partly as an epiphenomenon of processes such as indus-trial decline,but also because of targeted measures.Examples of the lat-ter are increasing the number of homes connected to sewerage, introducing denitrification of N and precipitation of P in sewage water treatment plants,purifying industrial wastewater from industries and banning phosphorus in detergents.In many countries,P losses from eas-ily identified and targeted point sources have been reduced.Yet despite these trends and the implementation of EU directives to reduce nutrient loads(EEC,1991a,1991b,1996,2000),the water quality in many rivers, lakes and estuaries remains poor,largely due to diffuse pollution from land entering surface water systems(EEA,2010).Nutrient losses from agriculture mainly enter water systems as a re-sult of nutrients being transported by surplus runoff'as itflows over or under farmland.One of the most important pathways of P loss in hilly and mountain areas occurs when erosion detaches soil particles during overlandflow.Inflatter or less hilly areas,the main pathways of phos-phorus pollution to surface waters are leaching through the soil and ar-tificial drainage(Chapman et al.,2005;Chardon and Schoumans,2007; Grant et al.,1996;Heathwaite et al.,2005;Kronvang et al.,1997;Nelson et al.,2005;Ulén and Mattsson,2003).Organic or inorganic nutrient ions are transported by waterflow, either in solution,associated with particles,or incorporated in microor-ganisms.In general,the amount of P bound to soil particles is much higher than the amount of bound ammonium.However,when organic particles are transported in dissolved form they carry more N than P, since the C:N:P ratio of soil organic matter is about100:10:1 (Stevenson and Cole,1999;Tilsdale et al.,1990).The concentration of soluble inorganic P in runoff water depends highly on the amount of adsorbed P.There is a good relationship between the amount of soluble inorganic P in surface runoff water and the soil P status of the plough layer(Allen et al.,2006),and in most cases there is a P enrichment of thefine eroded material(Schiettecatte,2006).The magnitude of dissolved inorganic P losses by leaching seems to be strongly influenced by the phosphate saturation of the soil(Schoumans and Groenendijk, 2000;Van der Zee,1990).The amount and composition of the soluble organic nutrients depend on factors such as the soil organic matter con-tent,physical and chemical type of organic material,affinity of the nutri-ent to adsorb to the soil and soil pH(McDowell and Koopmans,2006; Wilson and Xenopoulos,2009).After manure or fertiliser applications, high nutrient concentrations can be found in runoff water(Allen and Mallarino,2008;Smith et al.,2007),soil solution(Chardon et al., 2007;Van Es et al.,2004)and tile drains(Schelde et al.,2006).These losses can generate high Pfluxes and concentrations(Hahn et al., 2012;Preedy et al.,2001).As significant P losses are known to occur via particles eroded from agricultural soils,soil erosion from arable land and grassland should be reduced.Since soil and crop management in the form of tillage strat-egies,application of soil conditioners,crop rotation,crop management and catch or cover crops directly impact on soil erosion,it is possible to reduce P losses by adapting these management strategies for this pur-pose in erosion-prone areas on arable land.On grassland,avoiding poaching by intensive grazing,and soil compaction by traffic are possi-bilities to reduce erosion(Newell Price et al.,2011).Clayey and silty soils are frequently important sources of loss of soil particles and at-tached P through erosion.Such soil types furthermore often demon-strate rapid waterflow(preferentialflow)via preferred pathways through a fraction of the soil pores(Jarvis,2007),which enhances leaching of P through the soil profile and transport via tile drains.Soil and crop management strategies may also be adapted with the purpose of reducing this type of leaching loss.A large proportion of arable land in north and northwest Europe has tile drainage:30%in UK,40%in Denmark(Brown and Van Beinum, 2009),and over90%in the clayey/silty soil areas of Sweden and Finland(De la Cueva,2006).The tile drainage systems channel water di-rectly from farmland to streams and further to the sea.Reducing P trans-port from such drained agriculturalfields will therefore effectively reduce the P transport in streams and the load on lakes and seas.Addi-tionally,improvement of the actual drainage system may offer a possi-bility for reducing P losses under certain conditions.The Water Framework Directive(EEC,2000)obliges catchment management authorities of the EC Member States to improve the eco-logical status of surface waters by2016or at latest by2027.When striv-ing to meet the Directive's targets,the focus will be on reducing nutrient losses from agriculture,because this is becoming the main source of pol-lution.There is thus a need to have an overview of the options for reduc-ing nutrient losses from the agricultural sector and empirically established effectiveness under different circumstances(Cherry et al., 2008;Withers and Haygarth,2007).Focusing on P,here we give such an overview of mitigation practices that have been tested to varying de-grees.Though the overview was conducted for Europe,it has relevance to regions elsewhere in the world where loss of P from farmland is an actual or potential problem.2.MethodsFrom2006to2011the European Commission funded COST Action 869in which30countries participated(Chardon et al.,2012).One of the main objectives was to undertake a scientific evaluation of the suit-ability and cost-effectiveness of different options for reducing nutrient loss to surface waters at river basin scale.This included reporting their limitations in terms of applicability under different climatic,ecological and geographical conditions.Based on information from literature and an inventory amongst participating countries,83measures were distin-guished and grouped into eight categories:(a)nutrient management;(b)crop management;(c)livestock management;(d)soil manage-ment;(e)water management within agricultural land;(f)land use change;(g)landscape management and(h)surface water manage-ment.Each measure was described in a factsheet with the following sections:•Description,including whether the mitigation effect targets P(or N).•Rationale,mechanism of action:describes the mechanism to retain P (and N).•Relevance,applicability&potential for targeting:describes under which conditions the option can be applied.•Effectiveness,including uncertainty:estimates how effective the option can be,under which conditions it will be most effective and under which conditions it is least effective.•Time frame:indicates if the option is assumed to be effective in the short,medium or long term.•Environmental side-effects/pollution swapping:indicates unwanted ef-fects in other environmental compartments.•Administrative handling,control:describes the ease of applying and controlling the application of an option.•Costs:since actual costs can vary greatly between and even within countries,only investment and maintenance costs are defined.1256O.F.Schoumans et al./Science of the Total Environment468–469(2014)1255–1266•References:the references given are preferably easily accessible, e.g.via a url.All83mitigation measures are described individually on the website http://www.cost869.alterra.nl/Fs/List_of_options.htm.The complete ref-erences,links and numbering of all factsheets are given in the Supple-mentary Material accompanying this paper.Many factsheets include information from other evaluation studies.Important sources of informa-tion included are(Cuttle et al.,2007;Newell Price et al.,2011),from the UK,(Schou et al.,2007)from Denmark and the SERA-17group in the USA(SERA-17;/SERA_17_Publications. htm).In order to structure the different types of mitigation options for re-ducing nutrient losses,a framework was created of systems influencing the surface water quality.It comprises four systems(Fig.1).At the farm scale,strategic socio-economic decisions are made about the production system,and often nutrient management and livestock management strategies are developed in order to comply with European and national legislation.Farm-gate nutrient budgets based on the nutrient and livestock management give valuable information about the potential pressure of nutrients in the region(I.Farm system).The distribution of the available P sources over thefields in space and time depends on the crops and the soil P status,and gives more information about the soil balances and the potential risk of losses from thefields(II.Field sys-tem).The actual P losses from thefields to surface waters strongly de-pend on the landscape and hydrological system in a given region, because those systems determine the transfer and buffer capacity for nutrients(ndscape and hydrological system).The impact of nutri-ent loads on the ecology of the surface waters(IV.Ecological system)de-pends on the actual nutrient pressure compared to the critical nutrient pressure.Related to this framework of systems are the previously defined eight categories of measures relevant for reducing diffuse agricultural nutrient losses(see Fig.1).They represent a complementary set of op-tions to mitigate nutrientfluxes in space and time.Below,we discuss the most important measures for each system in more detail.Thefinal step in COST Action869was to develop a web-based procedure to assist national and regional governments,water managers,intermediaries, and innovative farmers to select the best measures under specific circumstances(http://www.cost869.alterra.nl/dbase).AcknowledgingFig.1.Schematic visualization of the four systems determining the nutrient losses to surface water,with the defined categories of mitigation measures.Table1Mitigation strategies for nutrient management at farm scale.Strategy Aim Measure FactsheetsEnvironmentally sound fertiliser application&nutrient handling Incorporate soil P into management strategy toachieve moderate soil P levelsMake use of available P in soils to avoid high risk hot-spots6,28,30,36,48,49 Reduce P content of the soil at high risk hot spots Don't apply manure and P fertiliser at high risk hot spots82,28,30,34,35,45,4 Increase P efficiency of crop uptake via appropriateplacement and time of applicationUse separated manure fractions and fertilisers with N:P-ratiosin line with the N:P ratio required by crop59,63Apply P near the roots instead of broadcast8Avoid applying manure and P fertilisers before heavyrainfall or prolonged rainfall81Phase nutrient fertilisation application over the year24,25Create sufficient storage capacity83Change P input Avoid high P content in fodder by increasingdigestible P and lowering total P content in feed Feed livestock refined fodder,taking account of their requirements given their growth phase1,80 Use feed with a lower content of phytate-P or add phytaseto feed to increase digestibility of phytate-P1,80Change P output Exploit the commercial value of the manuresurplus Make products for export or for arable farms.46a Produce secondary P resources for industries byincineration to P-ash46a Schoumans et al.(2010).1257 O.F.Schoumans et al./Science of the Total Environment468–469(2014)1255–1266the importance of an integrated approach in the design and implemen-tation of mitigation options for reducing nutrient losses,the COST Ac-tion initially addressed both P and N.In this paper,however,we focus on P and treat N mainly as an important“side-effect”.3.Results3.1.Farming system:nutrient and livestock managementLosses of N and P to surface waters are often a problem in regions with intensive agricultural and livestock production,due to the high availability of nutrients(Breeuwsma and Silva,1992;Sharpley et al., 1994).Table1gives different mitigation strategies and associated mea-sures related to farm management.The EU Nitrate Directive is a crucial EU Directive:it stipulates the permitted amount of manure applications in the Nitrate Action Programmes(max.170kg manure N ha−1unless so-called derogation permits apply more manure)and the period during which manure and fertiliser can be applied.The Directive also stipulates that total N appli-cation must be based on the balance between crop requirement and manure and fertiliser N supply,taking into account N release from the soil.No application standards for P are defined in the Directive,but it makes it obligatory for Member States to prevent surface water eutrophication.To derive agro-environmental nutrient management strategies, attention should be paid to the P balance at farm andfield scales,by tak-ing into account the amount of available soil P(FS28Hofman,2010).In many western European countries the amount of available soil P greatly exceeds the annual amount of P applied,because of the common agri-cultural practice of applying manure on the basis of crop N requirement. The average N:P ratio(w:w)of manures and composts often varies be-tween2and4,while the N:P uptake by major grain and hay crops varies between4.5and9(Eghball,1998;Maguire et al.,2006).Thus,too much manure P is applied on agricultural land,and the P surplus accumulates in the soil.Soil samples taken in many regions with a high livestock density reveal that most of the soils sampled do not require further addition of P to support plant growth(Breeuwsma and Silva,1992; Chardon and Schoumans,2007;Lemercier et al.,2008;Sharpley et al., 1994).At a high agronomic soil P status the P balance can be negative,and at low P status the P balance can be positive and this increases the soil P status to the level recommended to sustain optimal crop growth (Tunney et al.,1997).Therefore,on farms with manyfields with a high agronomic soil P status,the aim should be to have a negative P bal-ance at farm scale and to reduce the annual manure and/or fertiliser application on thefields with high soil P status,by taking account of soil nutrient status and crop response(FS06Dana,2010;FS30Hofman, 2010;FS48Newell Price,2010;FS63Turtola,2010).In so-called“critical source areas”(CSAs)(FS36Krogstad and Bechmann,2010;Heathwaite et al.,2000)–areas where sources and transport factors coincide with a high risk of P losses–integrated fertiliser and manure nutrient supply strategies are very important and can improve surface water quality by reducing the annual applica-tion rates of fertilisers(FS14Garnier,2010;FS35Krogstad and Bechmann,2010;FS45Newell Price,2010;FS49Newell Price,2010) and manure(FS60Taylor,2010;FS82Taylor and Garnier,2011).How-ever,attention should also be paid to the N,P and K ratio of fertilisers in relation to the type and amount of manure that is applied to thefields and crop requirements(FS63Turtola,2010).Application rates and forms of applied nutrients shouldfit with the crop requirement and the nutrient status of the soil;the placement and the timing of manure and fertiliser spreading are also important. Crops with large inter-row distances and/or a restricted root distribu-tion,and crops which grow fast after fertilisation,show improved yields when fertiliser is applied in bands rather than broadcast.Depending on the crop,the recommended amount of P can be reduced appreciably(up to75%)when P is band applied rather than broadcast(Van Dijk and Van Geel,2012).The yield improvement is due to better nutrient availabili-ty;in addition,due to the increased uptake efficiency the nutrient losses are smaller(FS08Delgado,2010;Hofman et al.,1992).There are many options to deliver fertiliser nutrients in such a way that they meet the nutrient needs of different crops during the year.Strategies that are being increasingly used by farmers and should be encouraged still further are split nutrient fertiliser applications,and better timing of fertiliser applications or controlled release fertiliser,which result in more efficient nutrient uptake by plants.Under the EU Nitrate Action Programme,EC Member States are obliged to restrict the period in which it is permitted to spread manure or fertiliser.To date,the closed period for manure and fertiliser application differs between the Member States.1Moreover, high nutrient losses can occur even during closed periods.A good ag-ricultural practice guideline could be to avoid applying manure and fertiliser before predicted heavy or prolonged rainfall events(FS15 Garnier,2010;FS16Garnier and Harris,2010;FS61Taylor,2010; FS81Garnier et al.,2011),or to make it mandatory for the manure to be injected or ploughed in directly after application(FS25Haygarth, 2010).This could affect the manure handling on the farm(FS24 Haygarth,2010;FS27Haygarth,2010;FS44Newell Price,2010;FS59 Taylor,2010)and the manure storage capacity required(FS26 Haygarth,2010;FS50Newell Price and Morvan,2010;FS62Taylor, 2010;FS83Newell Price et al.,2011).For farms with a large nutrient surplus,such as intensive livestock farms,additional specific measures should be taken.Total P in fodder often exceeds animal requirements and can be reduced to decrease the P content in excretions(FS80Van Krimpen and Jongbloed,2010). Reducing total P in animal diets will increase the manure N:P ratio.It will contribute to reducing a surplus in the P balance of a farm or region, and decrease the need for manure transport or processing.The main options for reducing P content in excretion are(Esmaeilipour et al., 2012;FS01Bannink,2010;FS80Van Krimpen and Jongbloed,2010; Maguire et al.,2005):–feed in accordance with the growth phase of the animal;–add phytase to feed(poultry and pig)to increase the ability to digest phytate-P;–feed with a lower content of phytate-P;–use or produce feed that is more digestible;and–maximise the use of available plant phytases to predigest phytate-P before feeding feed ingredients to the animals.As a consequence of applying the options mentioned above Jongbloed and Lenis(1998)showed that in the Netherlands total P in feed for growing–finishing pigs fell by over2.5g/kg(33%)from1973 to1996,which led to P excretion falling from1.62to0.67kg P/pig. The introduction of microbial phytase in the last decade of the20th cen-tury stimulated the further reduction of P excretion.Furthermore,it is possible to remove phosphates from phytate-rich fodders,thereby making it possible to reduce the phosphate intake of pigs without adversely affecting their health and growth(Meesters et al.,2011).A farm P surplus should be transported to neighbouring farms or to nearby less intensive agricultural areas(Lopez-Ridaura et al.,2009). Sometimes it is worthwhile separating a manure surplus into a liquid fraction(with high N and low P content)and a more solid fraction (high P and low N).The liquid can be applied to the land locally,and then only the more nutrient-rich solid fraction needs to be transported. Such an approach can be especially successful on a livestock farm with sufficient land of its own(Schröder et al.,2009).Instead of being transported over a long distance,the manure can be collected and processed in the region–e.g.via digestion(biogas production)–or the solid fraction can be incinerated to produce energy.Furthermore, 1http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/index_en.html.1258O.F.Schoumans et al./Science of the Total Environment468–469(2014)1255–1266the ash is rich in P that can be reused(FS46Newell Price,2010; Schoumans et al.,2010).Since over80%of all P that is mined worldwide as rock is used in agriculture(in feed and fertilisers),this can contribute to sustainably closing the terrestrial P cycle.A more drastic step is to set a maximum permissible livestock density(as in Denmark)or animal production level.In general,the economic and social impacts of such severe measures make it difficult to restructure agriculture in order to create a regional/national N and P balance that reduces the risk of surface water pollution(Senthilkumar et al.,2012a,2012b).3.2.Field system:soil and crop managementSoil and crop management affect the nutrient efficiency and nutrient losses directly,and many modifications to management have been suggested as mitigation options against P losses(Table2).The main purpose of soil management is to improve the soil's pro-duction potential for a certain crop.A number of soil management methods are available:they can be divided into soil tillage methods and soil amendments.Examples of soil tillage methods are direct dril-ling(no-ploughing and only minor disturbance of the topsoil),shallow cultivation and ploughing(FS02Bechmann and Krogstad,2010;FS77 Ulén et al.,2010).Examples of soil amendments are organic matter (FS66Ulén et al.,2010)and chemical additives(FS05Chardon and Dorioz,2010;FS79Ulén et al.,2010).Cropping systems without ploughing are attracting much attention in Europe,for economic reasons(such as reduction in labour and energy consumption)and because of their potential to improve soil(Holland, 2004).In cereal cropping,soil tillage contributes to increased soil ero-sion risk,and thereby also to the risk of particulate P(PP)losses (Lundekvam and Skøien,1998).The risk furthermore depends on slope and soil texture,with silty and low organic content soils being more vulnerable to soil erosion than clayey and sandy soil types.The main soil tillage mitigation options are:1.No tillage/direct drilling:Tillage leaving N30%of the soil coveredwith plant residues,2.Shallow cultivation:Soil tillage to b10cm depth without inversion,3.Ploughing:Soil inversion at20–25cm depth;and4.Contour ploughing.For some sites,deeper and more intense soil tillage increases the erosion risk.In areas where the soil erosion risk is highest during au-tumn and winter,important options to mitigate soil losses in arable cropping systems are direct drilling in autumn(FS03Bechmann et al., 2010)or leaving stubble undisturbed instead of mouldboard ploughing in autumn.In these systems,crop residues and an intact root system may trap and retain soil particles that would be removed by erosion. Furthermore,loosening soil by tillage will increase the risk of mobilisation of soil particles.However,improving aggregate stability by adding plant material will increase biological activity,including earthworm activity,and reduce risk of erosion.The effect of soil till-age on phosphorus losses via surface runoff is related to the soil ero-sion processes,but the relationship between soil tillage and losses of P through leaching is much more complex.Here,in some cases ploughing may destroy macropores,thus hampering the transport of particles and dissolved substances via percolating water(Ulén et al.,2012).In a soil tillage system with direct drilling or shallow cultivation,the topsoil is not inverted.This has great potential for reducing soil erosion and PP losses from unstable,erodible clay loams,silty and clay soils under cereals(FS73Ulén et al.,2010;Grønsten et al.,2007).Similar re-sults have been reported for direct drilling of other crops,e.g.sugar beet (Strauss and Smid,2004).However,if leaving plant material on the soil surface and surface application of P fertiliser are combined with no-till for a succession of years,P accumulates in the topsoil,increasing the risk of dissolved reactive phosphorus(DRP)losses in surface runoff (FS75Ulén et al.,2010).In a Canadian study Gaynor and Findlay (1995)reported higher losses of DRP after reduced tillage compared to conventional ploughing.They suggested that this was a result of P enrichment of the soil surface.Studies from the northern Mississippi in the US concluded that even though total P(TP)losses were consider-ably reduced when soil tillage was omitted,no-till DRP losses were eight times higher than with conventional ploughing(McDowell and McGregor,1984).As DRP has a higher ecological impact than PP due to its higher bioavailability in the short term,direct drilling should pref-erably not be practised on areas where DRP losses from the soil are large,whether from surface water runoff or from leaching via preferen-tialflow through the soil profile and/or tile drainage.However,since PP can at least partly be released and taken up by biota on longer term (Barko and Smart,1980;Bole and Allan,1978;Sharpley,1993; Uusitalo and Yli-Halla,1999),a balance has to be found between reduc-ing PP loss and(the risk of)increased DRP loss.In shallow cultivation,there is no inversion of the topsoil.The soil is usually tilled to a depth of5–10cm and remains covered with some crop residues.Based onfield experiments reviewed in Scandi-navia(Ulén et al.,2010),it can be concluded that,compared to ploughing,shallow cultivation reduces erosion and PP losses,though less so than direct drilling(FS76Ulén et al.,2010).However,Nordic plot experiments showed large variation in the effect of shallow cul-tivation in autumn on soil losses between sites and years(Koskiaho et al.,2002).Table2Mitigation strategies atfield scale.Strategy Aim Measure FactsheetsChange soil management Avoid transport of particles or particulate P No tillage/direct drilling:leaving more than30%of the soil coveredwith plant residues or undisturbed stubble3,69Shallow cultivation:Soil tillage to b10cm depth.No inversion73,76,71Contour ploughing65Switch from autumn tillage to spring tillage74Reduce soil compaction and improve soil structure68,72,75,66,67 Avoid leaching of dissolved P concentrations in soils Conventional ploughing or interspersing periods of ploughless tillagewith conventional ploughingaAdd chemical compounds to the soil to bind soluble P5,79Reduce nutrient budgets and increase soil storage capacity by extensification and agro-forestry Introduce crop rotation and include more years of grass or developmixed(perennial and annual)cropping systems21 Set-aside for several years21Avoid transport of particulate P in tramlines Tillage to avoid tramlines78 Change crop management Avoid erosion and reduce surface runoff Grassland instead of arable crops or grow deep-rooting crops52 Change cropping system Introduce crop rotation and include more years of grass or developmixed(perennial and annual)cropping systems21,33 Avoid leaching Apply catch crops(and harvest the products)51Crop production without fertilisation(P mining)4a Ulén et al.(2012a,2012b),Ulén et al.(2010).1259O.F.Schoumans et al./Science of the Total Environment468–469(2014)1255–1266。

纺织英语第三版课本知识中文翻译Lesson Two Cotton Properties and UsesA relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.相对较好的吸湿性和良好的芯吸性使棉纤维成为最舒适的纤维之一。

因为纤维素的羟基基团，使得棉花对水有很强的吸引力。

当水进入纤维棉，棉开始膨胀，其截面变得更圆。

这种高度的亲水性和潮湿时溶胀的性能使棉花可吸水达到其重量的1/4左右。

In the realm of nature,snakes are among the most diverse and adaptable creatures, thriving in a wide array of environments.From the lush rainforests to the arid deserts, these reptiles have managed to find their niche in various ecosystems.This essay will explore the different habitats where snakes can be found and the unique adaptations that have allowed them to survive and flourish in these diverse settings.Tropical RainforestsTropical rainforests are home to a plethora of snake species due to their abundant biodiversity and yearround warm temperatures.The dense vegetation provides ample hiding spots for snakes to ambush their prey,while the high humidity helps maintain their skin health.Some of the most iconic rainforest snakes include the emerald tree boa and the vibrant green pit vipers.These snakes have evolved to be excellent climbers,utilizing their prehensile tails and strong muscles to navigate the forest canopy.DesertsDesert environments,with their extreme heat and aridity,present unique challenges for snakes.Species such as the sidewinder and the horned viper have adapted to these conditions by being nocturnal,seeking shelter during the day and hunting at night when temperatures are cooler.They have also developed specialized scales to help them move efficiently across sand dunes and rocky terrain.GrasslandsIn grasslands,snakes have adapted to the open terrain by becoming burrowers or adept at camouflage.The prairie rattlesnake,for instance,spends much of its time underground, emerging only to hunt or bask in the sun.The grass snake,on the other hand,relies on its ability to blend in with its surroundings,making it difficult for predators to spot. Wetlands and SwampsWetland environments offer a rich source of food for snakes,with an abundance of fish, amphibians,and small mammals.Water snakes,like the cottonmouth,are welladapted to this habitat,possessing a laterally compressed tail that acts as a paddle for swimming. They are also capable of staying submerged for extended periods,allowing them to ambush unsuspecting prey.MountainsMountainous regions,with their varying elevations and climates,host a range of snake species.Some,like the Himalayan pit viper,are adapted to high altitudes,possessing specialized hemoglobin that allows for efficient oxygen transport in thin air.Others,such as the pine snake,are found in lower elevations,thriving in the coniferous forests that characterize mountainous areas.Arctic and Alpine RegionsIn the coldest parts of the world,snakes like the Arctic snake have adapted to survive in freezing temperatures.They enter a state of brumation,a form of hibernation,during the winter months,slowing their metabolism and conserving energy until conditions become more favorable.IslandsIsland ecosystems often harbor unique snake species that have evolved in isolation.The island boa,for example,has adapted to the specific conditions of its island habitat, developing traits that set it apart from its mainland relatives.These adaptations may include changes in size,coloration,or hunting strategies.HumanAltered LandscapesLastly,snakes have shown remarkable resilience in adapting to humanaltered landscapes, such as agricultural fields and urban areas.Some species,like the garter snake,have learned to coexist with humans,taking advantage of the new environments created by human activity to find food and shelter.In conclusion,snakes are incredibly adaptable creatures that have managed to find a place in nearly every type of environment on Earth.Their ability to adapt and thrive in these diverse habitats is a testament to their evolutionary success and a reminder of the importance of preserving the natural world for the sake of all its inhabitants.。

价格的利润生物公司正在吞噬可改变动物DNA序列的所有专利。

这是对阻碍医学研究发展的一种冲击。

木匠认为他们的贸易工具是理所当然的。

他们买木材和锤子后，他们可以使用木材和锤子去制作任何他们所选择的东西。

多年之后来自木材厂和工具储藏室的人并没有任何进展，也没有索要利润份额。

对于那些打造明日药物的科学家们来说，这种独立性是一种罕见的奢侈品。

发展或是发现这些生物技术贸易中的工具和稀有材料的公司，对那些其他也用这些工具和材料的人进行了严格的监控。

这些工具包括关键基因的DNA序列，人类、动物植物和一些病毒的基因的部分片段，例如，HIV,克隆细胞，酶，删除基因和用于快速扫描DNA样品的DNA 芯片。

为了将他们这些关键的资源得到手，医学研究人员进场不得不签署协议，这些协议可以制约他们如何使用这些资源或是保证发现这些的公司可以得到最终结果中的部分利益。

许多学者称这抑制了了解和治愈疾病的进程。

这些建议使Harold得到了警示，Harold是华盛顿附近的美国国家卫生研究院的院长，在同年早期，他建立了一个工作小组去调查此事。

由于他的提早的调查，下个月出就能发布初步的报告。

来自安阿伯密歇根大学的法律教授，该工作组的主席Rebecea Eisenberg说，她们的工作组已经听到了好多研究者的抱怨，在它们中有一份由美国联合大学技术管理组提交的重量级的卷宗。

为了帮助收集证据，NIH建立了一个网站，在这个网站上研究者们可以匿名举报一些案件，这些案件他们相信他们的工作已经被这些限制性许可证严重阻碍了。

迫使研究人员在出版之前需要将他们的手稿展示给公司的这一保密条款和协议是投诉中最常见的原因之一。

另一个问题是一些公司坚持保有自动许可证的权利，该许可证是有关利用他们物质所生产的任何未来将被发现的产品，并且这些赋予他们对任何利用他们的工具所赚取的利润的支配权利的条款也有保有的权利。

Eisenberg说：“如果你不得不签署了许多这样的条款的话，那真的是一个大麻烦”。

The concept of a smart umbrella is quite fascinating and innovative,blending modern technology with the traditional utility of an umbrella.Heres a brief composition on the subject:Title:The Smart Umbrella:A Technological MarvelIn the everevolving world of technology,even the most mundane objects are being transformed with the integration of smart features.One such innovation is the smart umbrella,which has revolutionized the way we prepare for and respond to inclement weather.Design and FunctionalityThe smart umbrella is designed with a sleek and modern aesthetic,often featuring a compact and lightweight frame that makes it easy to carry around.It is equipped with sensors that can detect changes in atmospheric conditions,such as humidity,temperature, and pressure changes,which are indicative of impending rain.ConnectivityOne of the key features of a smart umbrella is its connectivity to smartphones or other smart devices.Through a dedicated app,users can receive realtime weather updates and forecasts,ensuring they are always prepared for sudden downpours.The umbrella can also send alerts to the users device when its time to take it along or when it has been left behind.Automatic Opening and ClosingGone are the days of fumbling with an umbrella in the rain.Smart umbrellas can be programmed to open automatically when rain is detected,and close when the rain stops. This handsfree operation is not only convenient but also adds a touch of sophistication to the users experience.Durability and MaintenanceConstructed from highquality materials,smart umbrellas are designed to withstand harsh weather conditions.They often come with a selfdrying mechanism and UV protection to ensure longevity and to protect the user from harmful sun rays when not in use.Energy SourceThe operation of a smart umbrella is powered by rechargeable batteries,which can be charged using a standard USB cable.This ecofriendly approach aligns with the growing trend of sustainable technology.Safety FeaturesFor added safety,smart umbrellas may include features such as LED lights for visibility during nighttime use or in poor visibility conditions.Some models even have GPS tracking,which can be particularly useful if the umbrella is misplaced or stolen.ConclusionThe smart umbrella is more than just a tool to shield us from the rain it is a testament to the power of innovation and the integration of technology into everyday life.As we continue to embrace smarter living,the smart umbrella stands as a practical and futuristic solution to an ageold problem.This composition provides an overview of what a smart umbrella is,its features,and the benefits it offers to users.It highlights the integration of technology in improving everyday items for enhanced convenience and functionality.。

End of programme as soon as the /4Ready/Anti-Crease indicator light flashes Interrupting the programme Loading or removing laundryThe drum and door may be hot.The drying programme can be interrupted briefly for loading or removing laundry. The selected programme must then continue to run to the end.1.Open the door; the drying process is interrupted.2.Load or remove laundry and close the door.3.If required, select a new programme and additional functions.4.Press the Start/Stop button.Cleaning the fluff filterClean the fluff filter after each drying cycle.1.Open the door and pull out the fluff filter.2.Remove the fluff (brush your hand over the fluff filter).If the fluff filter is very dirty or blocked, wash it out with warm water and dry thoroughly.3.Insert the fluff filter so that you hear it engage.4.Remove fluff from door/door area.Switching off the dryerTurn the programme selector to Off .Do not leave laundry in the dryer.Removing the laundryYour dryer has an automatic anti-crease function. The drum is moved at set intervals for 30 minutes after the programme has ended. Laundry remains loose and fluffy (for 90 minutes, if additional S Reduced Ironing function is selected - depending on model).... and adapt to individual requirementsNever operate the dryer if it is rm your after-sales service.Inspecting the dryer Sorting and loading laundryRemove all objects from pockets.Pay particular attention to cigarette lighters.The drum must be empty before filling.Your new dryerCongratulations - You have chosen to buy a modern, high-quality Bosch domestic appliance.A distinctive feature of your dryer is its low energy consumption.Every dryer which leaves our factory is carefully checked to ensure that it functions correctly and is in perfect condition.Should you have any questions, our after-sales service will be pleased to help.Environmentally-responsible disposalThis appliance is labelled in accordance with European Directive 2012/19/EU concerning used electrical and electronic appliances (waste electrical and electronic equipment - WEEE). The guideline determines the framework for the return and recycling of used appliances as applicable throughout the EU.For further information about our products, accessories, spare parts and services, please visit: Intended useContentsPageʋPreparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋSetting the programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋDrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3/4ʋNotes on laundry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ʋCare and cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6ʋOverview of programmes . . . . . . . . . . . .7ʋInstallation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8ʋTechnical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋOptional accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋWhat to do if... / After-sales service. . . .10ʋSafety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Preparing for installation, see page 8Selecting and adjusting the programmeDryingControl panelCare and cleaningDryer housing, control panel–Wipe off with a soft, damp cloth.–Do not use abrasive cleaners or solvents.–Remove detergent and cleaning agent residue immediately.Exhaust air ductCheck the exhaust air duct. Clean the exhaust air duct every six months. Do not bend the exhaust air duct.1.Switch off the dryer and allow it to cool down.2.Disconnect the mains plug.3.Remove the exhaust air duct.4.Clean the exhaust air duct.5.Refit the exhaust air duct a Installation instructions for exhaust air duct.Moisture sensorsThe dryer is equipped with stainless steel moisture sensors.Moisture sensors measure the moisture level of the laundry.After sustained, repeated operation, a fine layer of limescale may form on the moisture sensors.1.Open the door.2.Clean the moisture sensors using a slightly damp sponge with a roughsurface.Do not use steel wool or abrasive materials.Select the drying programme ...Press the Start/Stop button123Only if your hands are dry. Only hold the plug by the plug casing.Connecting themains plugDryingNotes on laundry ...Labelling of fabricsFollow the manufacturer's care instructions.(c Drying at a normal temperature.'c Drying at a lower temperature a in addition, select V Low Heat .)c Do not machine dry.Be sure to follow the safety instructions a page 11!For example, do not use the dryer for the following fabrics:–Airtight fabrics (e.g. rubber-coated fabrics).–Delicate materials (silk, curtains made from synthetic material) a they may crease.–Laundry contaminated with oil.Before drying for the first time–Do not put any laundry in the machine. Turn the programme selector to Zeitprogramm (timer programme) (a page 7) and select Start/Stop. At the end of the programme, turn the programme selector to Off .Drying tips–To ensure a consistent result, sort the laundry by fabric type and drying programme.–Always dry very small fabrics (e.g. baby socks) together with large items of laundry (e.g. hand towels).–Fasten zips, hooks and eyelets, button covers and tie together cloth belts, bands, etc.–Do not overdry easy-care laundry a risk of creasing Allow laundry to finish drying in the air.–Do not iron laundry immediately after drying, fold items up and leave for a while a the remaining moisture will then be distributed evenly.–Knitted fabrics (e.g. T-shirts, jerseys) often shrink slightly the first time they are tumble-dried.a Do not use the + Cupbord Dry Extra programme.–Starched laundry is not always suitable for dryers a starch leaves behind a coating that adversely affects the drying operation.–When washing the laundry that is to be tumble-dried, measure the fabric softener in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.–Using a timer programme with a small laundry load a optimisation of the drying result.Environmental protection / Energy-saving tips–Before drying, spin the laundry thoroughly in the washing machine a the higher the spin speed, the shorter the drying time will be (consumes less energy), also spin easy-care laundry.–Use the maximum recommended fill level but do not overload with laundry a overview of programmes, page 7.–Make sure the room is well ventilated during drying.–Clean the fluff filter after every drying cycle a page 4.Only when the appliance is switched off.DrumOnly operate the dryer with the fluff filter inserted.Fluff filterʋexclusively for domestic use,ʋonly for drying fabrics which have been washed usingwater.Keep children younger than 3 years old away from the dryer.Do not let children make the cleaning andmaintenance work on the dryer without supervision.Do not leave children unsupervised near the dryer.Keep pets away from the dryer.The dryer may be operated by children from 8 years of age, by persons who have limited physical, sensory or mental abilities and by persons who have inadequate experience or knowledge, provided they are supervised or have been instructed by a responsible person.For a detailed programme overview, a page 7.Before using the dryer for the first time run the drying cycle without any laundry a page 7.Service/Status indicators/Additional functionsProgramme selectorˎV Low Heat Reduced temperature for delicate fabrics ', e.g. polyacrylic, polyamide, elastane oracetate; for longer drying times.ˎS Reduced Ironing Reduces creasing and prolongs the anti-creasing phase after the programme hasfinished./4Ready/Anti-Creasefinished/anti-crease./đ CleanFlashes a clean the fluff filter, check the exhaust air duct a page 6.Read these instructions, the Installation Instructions and the separate Energy-saving mode instructions before operating the dryer.Observe the safety instructions on page 11.o n l y f o r t h e L C o t t o n s p r o g r a m m e *D r y n e s s l e v e l s c a n b e s e l e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y a +:C u p b o a r d D r y P l u s , +. C u p b o a r d D r y a n d |üI r o n D r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e m o d e l ).e g r e e o f d r y n e s s c a n b e f i n e l y a d j u s t e d ; m u l t i -l a y e r e d t e x t i l e s r e q u ir e a l o n g e r d r y i n g t i m e t h a n s i n g l e -l a y e r e d i t e m s o f c l o t h i n g .e c o m m e n d a t i o n : D r y s e p a r a t e l yen Instruction manualDryerWTA74100GBBosch domestic appliance.A distinctive feature of your dryer is its low energy consumption.Every dryer which leaves our factory is carefully checked to ensure that it functions correctly and is in perfect condition.Should you have any questions, our after-sales service will be pleased to help.Environmentally-responsible disposalThis appliance is labelled in accordance with European Directive 2012/19/EU concerning used electrical and electronic appliances (waste electrical and electronic equipment - WEEE). The guideline determines the framework for the return and recycling of used appliances as applicable throughout the EU.For further information about our products, accessories, spare parts and services, please visit: ContentsPageʋPreparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋSetting the programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . .2ʋDrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3/4ʋNotes on laundry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5ʋCare and cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6ʋOverview of programmes . . . . . . . . . . . .7ʋInstallation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8ʋTechnical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋOptional accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9ʋWhat to do if... / After-sales service. . . .10ʋSafety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Programme selectorRead these instructions, the and the separate Energy-saving mode before operating the dryer.Observe the safety instructions on page 11.End of programme as soon as the /4Ready/Anti-Crease indicator light flashes Interrupting the programme Loading or removing laundryThe drum and door may be hot.The drying programme can be interrupted briefly for loading or removing laundry. The selected programme must then continue to run to the end.1.Open the door; the drying process is interrupted.2.Load or remove laundry and close the door.3.If required, select a new programme and additional functions.4.Press the Start/Stop button.Cleaning the fluff filterClean the fluff filter after each drying cycle.1.Open the door and pull out the fluff filter.2.Remove the fluff (brush your hand over the fluff filter).If the fluff filter is very dirty or blocked, wash it out with warm water and dry thoroughly.3.Insert the fluff filter so that you hear it engage.4.Remove fluff from door/door area.Switching off the dryerTurn the programme selector to Off .Do not leave laundry in the dryer.Removing the laundryYour dryer has an automatic anti-crease function. The drum is moved at set intervals for 30 minutes after the programme has ended. Laundry remains loose and fluffy (for 90 minutes, if additional S Reduced Ironing function is selected - depending on model).idual requirementsInspecting the dryeroading laundryhe programmeDryingControl paneldrying programme ...Start/Stop button123nnecting the mains plugDryingDrumy operate the dryer the fluff filter inserted.Fluff filtere overview, a page 7.e using the dryer for the first time drying cycle without any laundry a page 7.ne ore hasCare and cleaningDryer housing, control panel–Wipe off with a soft, damp cloth.–Do not use abrasive cleaners or solvents.–Remove detergent and cleaning agent residue immediately.Exhaust air ductCheck the exhaust air duct. Clean the exhaust air duct every six months. Do not bend the exhaust air duct.1.Switch off the dryer and allow it to cool down.2.Disconnect the mains plug.3.Remove the exhaust air duct.4.Clean the exhaust air duct.5.Refit the exhaust air duct a Installation instructions for exhaust air duct.Moisture sensorsThe dryer is equipped with stainless steel moisture sensors.Moisture sensors measure the moisture level of the laundry.After sustained, repeated operation, a fine layer of limescale may form on the moisture sensors.1.Open the door.2.Clean the moisture sensors using a slightly damp sponge with a roughsurface.Do not use steel wool or abrasive materials.Notes on laundry ...Labelling of fabricsFollow the manufacturer's care instructions.(c Drying at a normal temperature.'c Drying at a lower temperature a in addition, select V Low Heat .)c Do not machine dry.Be sure to follow the safety instructions a page 11!For example, do not use the dryer for the following fabrics:–Airtight fabrics (e.g. rubber-coated fabrics).–Delicate materials (silk, curtains made from synthetic material) a they may crease.–Laundry contaminated with oil.Before drying for the first time–Do not put any laundry in the machine. Turn the programme selector to Zeitprogramm (timer programme) (a page 7) and select Start/Stop. At the end of the programme, turn the programme selector to Off .Drying tips–To ensure a consistent result, sort the laundry by fabric type and drying programme.–Always dry very small fabrics (e.g. baby socks) together with large items of laundry (e.g. hand towels).–Fasten zips, hooks and eyelets, button covers and tie together cloth belts, bands, etc.–Do not overdry easy-care laundry a risk of creasing Allow laundry to finish drying in the air.–Do not iron laundry immediately after drying, fold items up and leave for a while a the remaining moisture will then be distributed evenly.–Knitted fabrics (e.g. T-shirts, jerseys) often shrink slightly the first time they are tumble-dried.a Do not use the + Cupbord Dry Extra programme.–Starched laundry is not always suitable for dryers a starch leaves behind a coating that adversely affects the drying operation.–When washing the laundry that is to be tumble-dried, measure the fabric softener in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.–Using a timer programme with a small laundry load a optimisation of the drying result.Environmental protection / Energy-saving tips–Before drying, spin the laundry thoroughly in the washing machine a the higher the spin speed, the shorter the drying time will be (consumes less energy), also spin easy-care laundry.–Use the maximum recommended fill level but do not overload with laundry a overview of programmes, page 7.–Make sure the room is well ventilated during drying.–Clean the fluff filter after every drying cycle a page 4.Only when the appliance is switched off.o n l y f o r t h e L C o t t o n s p r o g r a m m e *D r y n e s s l e v e l s c a n b e s e l e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l l y a +:C u p b o a r d D r y P l u s , +. C u p b o a r d D r y a n d |üI r o n D r y e p e n d i n g o n t h e m o d e l ).e g r e e o f d r y n e s s c a n b e f i n e l y a d j u s t e d ; m u l t i -l a y e r e d t e x t i l e s r e q u i r e a l o n g e r d r y i n g t i m e t h a n s i n g l e -l a y e r e d i t e m s o f c l o t h i n g .e c o m m e n d a t i o n : D r y s e p a r a t e l yen Instruction manualDryerWTA74100GB。

晒农作物英语作文英文回答：Drying crops is a crucial practice in agriculture, asit ensures the preservation and quality of harvested produce. Farmers employ various drying techniques to remove excess moisture from crops, thereby preventing spoilage, extending shelf life, and enhancing their market value. The most common methods include sun drying, air drying, and mechanical drying.Sun Drying:Sun drying is the oldest and most widely used crop drying technique. It involves spreading harvested crops on a flat surface, such as a drying floor or tarp, and exposing them to direct sunlight. The sun's heat and ultraviolet (UV) radiation evaporate the moisture from the crops, gradually reducing their moisture content. Sun drying is a cost-effective and environmentally friendlymethod, but it can be time-consuming and is highly dependent on favorable weather conditions.Air Drying:Air drying involves exposing crops to warm, dry, and circulating air. This can be achieved through natural ventilation, using fans or blowers, or by employing a specialized drying system. Air drying is less dependent on weather conditions than sun drying, and it can be used to dry a wide variety of crops. However, it can also take longer and requires adequate air circulation to prevent spoilage.Mechanical Drying:Mechanical drying utilizes specialized equipment to remove moisture from crops. These systems use heated air or other drying agents to accelerate the evaporation process. Mechanical drying is the most efficient and controllable method, but it can be expensive to install and operate. It is often used for large-scale operations and for crops thatrequire rapid drying.The choice of drying method depends on several factors, including the type of crop, the desired moisture content, the available resources, and the prevailing climatic conditions. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and farmers often combine techniques to achieve optimal results.中文回答：晒农作物是指将收获的农作物放在阳光下或通风处使其水分蒸发，以达到保存和提高农作物品质的目的。

Maya Water Problems玛雅的水源问题To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle" or 'tropical rainforest." This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes 17 to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest." That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one为了了解生活在今天南墨西哥和中美中地区的古玛雅人种以及他们所面对的生态困境，那么我们必须先研究他们的环境，也就是今天我们所谓的“丛林”或者“热带雨林”。

盥洗生活照护的流程英文回答：Washing and grooming are essential aspects of dailylife that require proper care and attention. The process of personal hygiene involves several steps to ensurecleanliness and well-being.Firstly, I start by brushing my teeth. I take my toothbrush and apply toothpaste, making sure to cover all surfaces of my teeth. I then brush for at least two minutes, focusing on each tooth and the gumline. Afterward, I rinse my mouth thoroughly with water, ensuring that all the toothpaste is removed.Next, I move on to washing my face. I wet my face with warm water and apply a gentle facial cleanser. I massagethe cleanser onto my skin in circular motions, paying attention to areas prone to oiliness or dirt buildup. OnceI have thoroughly cleansed my face, I rinse it with waterand pat it dry with a clean towel.After taking care of my face, I proceed to wash my body.I step into the shower and wet my entire body with warm water. Then, I apply a generous amount of body wash or soap onto a loofah or washcloth and lather it up. I scrub mybody from head to toe, making sure to clean all areas, including my back, underarms, and feet. Once I am satisfied that I have thoroughly cleaned my body, I rinse off all the soap and shampoo, ensuring that no residue is left behind.Once I have finished showering, I focus on my hair. I apply shampoo to my wet hair and massage it into my scalp, ensuring that it reaches all areas. I then rinse out the shampoo and apply conditioner, focusing on the ends of my hair. After leaving the conditioner in for a few minutes, I rinse it out thoroughly.After washing my body and hair, I move on to drying off.I use a clean towel to pat my body dry, making sure to pay attention to areas that tend to stay damp, such as underthe arms and between the toes. I also use a separate towelto dry my hair, gently squeezing out any excess water.Finally, I complete my grooming routine by applying deodorant, moisturizer, and any other necessary products. I make sure to brush my hair and style it as desired. I also take the time to trim my nails and apply nail polish if desired.中文回答：盥洗生活的流程需要细心和关注，确保清洁和健康。