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Chapter_1_Speech_sounds

Chapter_1_Speech_sounds
– whether there is vibration of the vocal cords (voiced 浊音vs. voiceless 清音); – whether there is obstruction of the air stream at any point above the glottis （声门） (consonant 辅音 vs. vowel 元音); – whether the air stream passes through the nasal cavity in addition to the oral cavity (nasal vs. oral); – whether the air stream passes through the middle of the oral cavity or along the side (s) (non-lateral vs. lateral 边音).
Post-alveolar
（后齿龈音）
• Postalveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English postalveolars include [ F], [ V ], [tF] [dV].
Palatal
（硬腭音）
• The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal.

Chapter2 Speech Sounds

Chapter2 Speech Sounds

Chapter 2 Speech SoundsPhonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It can be divided into three main areas of study—articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds, or the study of how speech sounds are produced/made.Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.Speech organs: those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech, also known as “vocal organs”.Voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be “voiced”. When the vocal folds are apart and the air can pass through easily, the sound produced is said to be “voiceless”.International Phonetic Alphabet: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. The latest version has been revised in 1993 and updated in 2005.Assimilation: A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with coarticulation. 同化过程，指一个语音呈现出相邻语音的某些或全部特征。

chapter 2 speech sounds

chapter 2 speech sounds

3 声腔
声腔包括口腔、鼻腔和咽腔三部分。 口腔可分为上下两个部分，上面部分包括上唇、上 齿、齿龈(alveolar ridge)、硬腭(hard palate)、软腭(soft palate/velum)和小舌 (uvula)。齿龈是上腭前段凸出的部分，硬腭是齿 龈之后口腔上壁坚硬的部分，软腭是硬腭后面的柔 软部分。软腭后面连接的是小舌，软腭与小舌可以 上下移动。口腔的下面部分包括下唇、下齿和舌头。 舌头是口腔里最重要、最灵活的器官，它可以分为 舌尖(tip)、舌叶(blade)、舌面三部分。舌尖位 于舌头的最前端，舌头自然平伸时，舌尖后面与齿 龈相对的部分叫舌叶。舌叶之后的部分叫舌面，又 可以分为前、中、后三部分。其中相对于硬腭的部 分是舌面前和舌面中，相对于软腭的部分是舌面后， 舌面后又可以叫舌根（root)。
physiological property physical features psychological property
Three ways of approaching phonetics:



Articulatory Phonetics (发音语音学): The study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学): The study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual / Auditory Phonetics (听觉语音学): is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
Classification of Speech sounds

2 Speech sounds

2 Speech sounds

Other names
dorsal: the dorsum articulates with the roof of the mouth. 舌面音 coronal: the crown may articulate with the teeth, the alveolar ridge, or the forward part of the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.冠状音 obstruents: constriction that is tight enough to lead to friction when air stream is passed through it.阻塞音: plosives, affricates, fricatives (in contrast with sonorants) sonorants: constriction that is wide enough for a voiced airstream to pass through without friction.鸣（辅）音: vowels, approximants, nasal consonants : /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ɹ/, /w/, /j/ sibilants 丝音 continuants 连续音: fricatives, sibilants, affricates non-continuants: plosives
Chapter Two: Speech sounds: phonetics and phonology
We are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some have been used in the language system. Speech sounds can be identified as individuals. So studies on speech sounds in various perspectives and Two major areas: phonetics and phonology.

语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Soundppt课件

语言学教程 第三版 Chapter 2-Speech Soundppt课件
■We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
■Phonetics studuced, transmitted, and perceived.
Chapter 2
Speech Sounds
主讲人 史宝辉
.
2.0 Brief introduction 2.1 How speech sounds are made?
2.1.1 Speech organs 2.1.2 The IPA 2.2 Consonants and vowels 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.2 Vowels 2.2.3 The sounds of English 2.3 From phonetics to phonology 2.3.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription 2.3.2 Phonemes 2.3.3 Allophones 2.4 Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features 2.4.1 Assimilation 2.4.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition 2.4.3 Distinctive features 2.5 Suprasegmentals 2.5.1 The syllable structure 2.5.2 Stress 2.5.3 Intonation 2.5.4 Tone
.
英语专业考研真题精选

英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件

英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件

Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）

语言学教程课件2 Speech sounds

A vowel is produced without such ‘stricture’ so that ‘air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose’.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
sounds Speech organs Description of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds
The field of study
Phonetics: the scientific study of speech sounds, concerning with defining and classifying speech sounds.
voiced and voiceless: some consonants and all vowels
Speech organs
Lips Teeth Alveolar ridge: convex pay behind the teeth Hard palate: concave part of the roof of the
Other names
dorsal: the dorsum articulates with the roof of the mouth. 舌面音
coronal: the crown may articulate with the teeth, the alveolar ridge, or the forward part of the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.冠状音

语言学概论第二章 语音 ppt课件

语言学概论第二章 语音
.
思 考 问 题:
1.人的发音器官的构造是一样的,为什么不同 的人对同一个音的敏感程度和发音能力会有 差异呢?
2. 用钢琴和小提琴演奏同一支曲子,两种声 音的区别主要表现在哪一方面,为什么?
3. 一个男人和一个女人发同样的音,有没有 什么不一样的地方,区别主要在哪里?为什么?
语言学概论第二章 语音
４.音质 [音色] ：就是一个声音区别于其它声音的 个性特征.
音质是四要素中最重要的一个，音质决定于声波 的形式.
我们平常听到的声音大多数是由若干个单纯音组 成的复合音。其中频率最小、振幅最大的单纯音 叫基音，其余的叫陪音。
当基音的频率和陪音的频率之间存在着整倍数的 比例关系时就会形成有周期性重复的复合波，持 这种波形的音叫乐音。反之，基音的频率和陪音 的频率不存在整倍数的比例关系，则呈杂乱无章 的形状，持这种波形的音叫噪音。
语言学概论第二章 语音
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▪ 根据发音器官在语音形成中的作用，发音器 官可以分为三个部分：
▪ 1．动力器官——肺和气管。
▪ 肺是语音发音的动力装置，气管是传送装置。 气流由肺呼出，经气管传输到声带。
语言学概论第二章 语音
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语言学概论第二章 语音
12
▪ 2．发音器官——声带。
▪ 声带是发音体，由肺呼出的气流经气管输送 到声带，声带在气流的冲击下产生振动，发 出声源波，形成浊音。
咳嗽、打喷嚏、打嗝能否称为语音?（蕴含）
语言学概论第二章 语音
8
▪ 语言是音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统，语音在这 个系统中起着重大的作用。从语言的层级装置上看， 这个层级装置的基础部分完全由语音组成，即使是 语言装置上层的每一个级也离不开语音 。

chapter 2 Speech Sounds语言学

– the alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
• These principles continue to be followed today.
Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds
From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by
the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.
E.g. help [hełp ], peak [pʰi:k]
• Diacritics: A set of symbols ( 。. ~, ʰ)added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.
• When vocal cords are held together tautly so that the air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced in this way are voiced.
1.3 phonetic transcription
1.3.1 IPA (International phonetic Alphabet)

语言学教程Chapter 2 Speech Sounds


2.3.2 phonemes
• phonological study concerns the sounds which can cause the change of meaning of a word or a phrase. • Minimal pair is used to decide whether two sounds are two different sounds. • Phonemes are sounds which distinguish meaning. • A phoneme is a unit of explicit contrast. • Languages differ in the selection of contrastive sounds.
2.2.3 the sounds of English
• • • • What is RP? What is GA? The major differences of the two are? Two sounds are distinguished by VOICING when they share the same place and manner. • Symbols for vowels in this book are provided by Wells in 2000.
• Diacritics are used to record the variations of the same sound. This is called narrow transcription. It is put inside [ ]. Narrow transcription is used in phonetic transcription by phoneticians. • Broad transcription uses only symbols to record a sound. It is put inside / /. It is used in phonemic transcription by phonologists.
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• Linguists are not interested in all sounds; they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs.
1. Phonetics
1.1 Speech production and perception 1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs) 1.3 Phonetic transcription 1.4 English speech sounds
Stop hopping to top. Quash quakes quickly!
Deer fear mere tears.
•
Bob Hope taps the cup.
Kent sent a cent to Ant.
•
Fox falls in love in fall.
• Goat road a boat to vote.
From the way sounds travel: how sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in
From the speaker’s point of view: how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds, which results in articulatory phonetics.
Auditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speech sounds
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Phonetics Phonology
Can you speak correctly?
• Sit and sip Sue’s tea. Her heart got hurt.
Bill fired, Jill hired. Jeer at the year liar.
Introduction
• The speech and writing are two media or substance used by natural language as vehicles for communication
• Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form.
1.1 Speech production and perception
Speech Production (speaker A)
Speech Perception (speaker B)
A three-step process of speech sounds
Articulatory phonetics----the study of the production of speech sounds
acoustic phonetics.
1.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)
• The parts of the human body are involved in the production of speech.
• Lungs • Trachea(windpipe) • Larynx(where the vocal folds are) • Mouth • Nose
•
Don, t worry, but hurry, Jerry.
Hannah’ s llama has a hammer.
•
She’s a big sheep on Peter’s ship.
• The batter’s bitter butter’s better.
•
The suite suits the sweet Sweeneys.
1. Phonetics
• Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
• It’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by
the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.
Perceptual or Acoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
• Fred Ford can’t afford four Fords.
•
Thin metal tins think tinkers kings.
• The busy bees buzz at the big bear.
•
Puffins in the coffin munch muffins.
棺木里的海鹦大嚼松饼。来自• The three cavities of the vocal tract:
– the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity),
– the mouth (oral cavity),
– the nose (nasal cavity).
• The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds.