06第六章 古罗马的城市

第一篇古代的城市第一章城市的起源一、从狩猎、自然采集到饲养家畜原始社会大约有几十万年的时间，原始人过着完全依附于自然的狩猎与采集经济生活，即猎人有时穴居、巢居，有时跟踪兽群游猎。

旧石器时代，人们为谋取生存，游猎范围较广。

而旧石器时代晚期，人类转入了相对定居的生活，开始出现了土窑。

有的居住地有好几个土窟（图1—1）。

考古学家发现，大约在一万五千年前的中石器时代，部落居民点出现了。

渔民与猎人不同，渔民往往需要一个基地，以便以捕捉鱼类、贝壳、收集海藻以及采集块茎植物为生。

那些滨水定居点有三个特征（1）茅屋或帐篷选址显示出某种相对的秩序或者受自然条件如气温、日照、潮汐和风的影响。

（2）建筑物布局显示出社会的等级关系。

（3）避邪符咒与占卜盛行。

中石器时代的主要特点：一是出现了细石器，二是发明了弓箭，三是绵羊与狗的驯养，这是驯养家畜的开始。

当人们学会了饲养家畜，社会发展进入了一个新的阶段，但为了寻找牧草和适宜气候，他们还不得不经常流动，并从事实物交换。

他们活动于过冬暂息点与夏季放牧地之间，具有良好水源地方成了定居点，主要以帐篷为家。

二、农业革命与农业居民点一万或一万二千年以前，即新石器时代中期，—个新时代开始了，即农业革命。

在与自然的长期斗争中，原始人学会了播种，以及有组织的采图1—1 旧石器时代晚期定居点集，使农收与畜牧分离开来。

产生了第一次社会（今乌克兰）大分工。

那时原始的农业和畜牧业为人们提供了经常的食物积存，因而人们进入了永久的定居生活，并使得经常性的交换成为可能。

土地耕作者的居民点产生于公元前7000~4000年（图1—2）。

人的定居同避寒暑风雨，同罗盘上的方位与基地自然条件密切结合起来。

陶器的出现是人们定居生活的证明。

新石器时代的住所有了很大的进步，并且具有明显的地方特色。

房屋设计的造型，吸取了容器塑造的构思(图1—3)。

图1-2 新石器时代居民点（今德国Hallstatt）今天已很难找到原始农村定居点的遗址。

《外国城市建设史》课程讲稿第一篇最初的城市---奴隶制社会的城市第二章古埃及的城市第一节古埃及社会背景一自然条件二历史分期分为四个时期：古王国时期（公元前3200—bc2400年）中王国时期（公元前2400—bc1580年）新王国时期（公元前1580—bc1150年）晚期（公元前1150—bc30年）三宗教哲学埃及的奴隶制直接从氏族贵族演化而来。

国家机器特别横暴，形成厂中央集权的皇帝专制制度。

有很发达的宗教为这种政权服务，并实行政教合一，国王为“法老”。

认为人在现实世界是极为短暂的，而人死后，灵魂是永生的，要在千年之后复活，死后的世界是永存的。

四其他发展几何学、测量学，创造了起重运输机械，并学会了组织几万人的劳动协作。

天文学、历法、数学、医学、美术、文学等均达到教成的水平。

这些成就对城市和建筑的发展起着重要的推动作用。

第二节古埃及城市概况一孟菲斯古城1孟菲斯古王国第一王朝的首都●白色城墙●法老金字塔、神庙等建于城外远离城市的沙漠边缘●第三朝裘萨的墓地与城并驾，有建筑师的参入●死者之城比生者之城永恒2伊套城十二王朝的首都●城墙与城壕二卡洪城建设时间：12王朝，公元前2000多年长方形，380x260米城市职能：一是认为维修金字塔而建，一是认为通往绿洲的交通要道城市功能分区：奴隶居住区、贵族区、商人及手工业者等中产阶级住区城市防御设施：砖城墙，城内分区死墙城市交通路网：棋盘式，奴隶居住区的主路8—9米宽城市中心：有神庙，城东有集市阶级差异---占据城区的风向优劣区位，建筑密度大小产生原因—建金字塔/开发绿洲三第比斯城生者与死者之城---古埃及中王国与新王国时期（BC1085--2040）（鲁克索与卡纳克神庙已经建在城中，死者之城与生者之城不再离的太远）死者之城规模不亚于生者之城，重视，同时也促进生者之城的繁荣生存。

与金字塔不同，出现山陵崖墓。

城市自然环境：峡谷，两岸悬崖峭壁，尼罗河两岸城市用地规模：9x6公里城市人口规模：盛时10万人城市空间布局：很长中轴线由西南往东北贯穿四阿马纳城人性与生活化的城市---古埃及新王国时期，首都阿玛纳城，尼罗河沿岸，自由布局，宫殿、行政建筑与其他用地结合紧密。

意大利罗马城市简介
罗马（Roma）是意大利首都、第一大城和第二大城市，也是
世界著名历史文化名城，为全球最古老的城市之一。

公元前70
年建城，作为罗马帝国的首都和第一个帝国首都长达300年之久。

古罗马人以其悠久的历史、灿烂的文化和宏伟的建筑而闻名于世。

罗马地处欧洲中部，意大利半岛中部，是一个半岛城市。

北、西、东三面濒临地中海，南与佛罗伦萨相邻。

市区东西长约30
公里，南北宽约25公里，面积915平方公里。

人口145万（1982）。

古罗马文明发祥地。

公元前8世纪，罗马城已具雏形。

公元前6世纪至前3世纪，罗马帝国曾两度建立于此。

公元前2世纪末和3世纪初，罗马帝国皇帝罗慕路斯、雷穆
斯和勒穆尔纳泽相继统治了罗马城。

此后，罗马城不断得到扩建
和修缮。

罗马建城后不久便成为一个独立的国家。

从8世纪开始，意大利半岛分裂为北部的伦巴第和南部的西西里两个国家。

随着意大利半岛经济的发展和人口的增加，罗马逐渐成为欧
洲最大城市和世界文化、政治中心之一。

—— 1 —1 —。

Section1 The historical background of ancient Rome andConstruction Section OverviewThe Roman era is the highest stage of development of western slavery. The Romans create unique architecture and Roman city construction style by relying on a huge amount of wealth and slaves, remarkable building technique and good materials, Greek and Oriental countries building types and shaping methods, combining with its own tradition.In city construction, the Roman people are not as good at making the most of terrain as the Greeks. but powerful to reform it. This is the reason that why the Romans can extensive use of slave labor.Roman geographical position was in Italy territory at first. With the developing of the country and territorial expanding, the territory has been expanded to Europe, Asia and Africa by the Roman Empire. When Emperor Trajan (AD 98 to 117 years) was in power, the population is more than 1 million (around 800 million native Italians in the Roman Empire) .It's rare to see that the quantity and the large of Roman cities in the world's ancient civilizations. There are thousands of cities in the maps of the Roman Empire. Just Spain for example, there are over 400 important cities and 293 secondary cities. Medium and small cities have tens of thousands of people at that time. Large cities have the population of up to several hundred thousand, or nearly a million. Dense land-sea commercial trade network maintain the economic life of the empire. Most of the material flows of goods is sustained by the market mechanism of commercial economy and free trade. That Empire dense spider web around the highway transportation system, huge gold and silver mining, massive slave labor and the "law of nations" provide the material and legal guarantees for the development of economy.Roman history can be divided into three periods, namely Etruria Period (750 BC ~300BC), Roman Republic (510 BC ~ 30 BC) and the Roman Empire.(30 BC - AD 476). Starting from 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western parts. Eastern Roman Empire capital is in Constantinople. Capital city of the Western Roman Empire is in Rome. Rome can not be sustained after the reunification of the country after being split, the Western Roman Empire in AD 476 destroyed. Then Eastern Roman developed into the Byzantine Empire with the feudal system. Roman history can be traced back to the 8th century BC when Iradaliya ruled the Latium plain. It is the earliest cultured nation in Rome. It has ever been combined with the culture of Egypt, Phoenician, Greek, forming the seeds of Roman culture. They have some success in building technology. They use stones to build the city walls, temples and tombs.In the last 100 years of the Roman Republic , urban construction has been greatly developed due to national unity, territorial expansion and the concentration of wealth. Construction projects first are those roads, bridges, walls for military and transportation. And then theatre, bath houses, water channels, sites for the slave owners and daily pleasures and a ship port exchange and the court of Basilica and so on. Urban housing speculation has been popular, but species of the temple has been relegated to secondary status.In the Roman Empire, nation-building is more prosperous. In addition to continuing constructing theaters, the Colosseums, bathrooms they also built monuments to propaganda emperor credits for emperors, such as the squares, the Arc de Triomphe, Ji Gong column, and tombs of the emperor's palace as Palatine (Palatine) Ii and other places which seem extremely likeluxurious palaces. At this time a large number of rental apartments are constructed in the city of Rome. During the heyday of Rome its population has arrived to 100 million.Most of emperors abuse constructions to glory themselves. In the 1st century AD, Roman Emperor Augustus boasted that he gains a Rome which is made old bricks, but leaves a Rome which is made of marbles.There are large numbers of public facilities in all cities of Roman countries. Freemen's city-state patriotism is from these public activities. They elect their own consuls here and carry out various political program debates. The city's public life cast the Roman spirits and form the spiritual pillar of the freedmen's life.The Roman citizens' city-states patriotism and religious god-man isomorphic ideological belief is from the culture which is formed in theancient Greek polis.The emperor augustus architects Vitruvian wrote a book of building papers in the first century , namely "architectural building ten book", which is the first world legacy has the most complete and most influential architecture and urban planning rare book.Section2 Etruscan's urban construction periodInstead of constructing the city first and then building walls in Greek before Greco-Persian Wars, earlier cities were constructed after the building of walls, in a unified model. There are two relatively obvious features in the urban construction: one is that earlier Etruscan's cities were built on rock or high ground; the other is that taking religious thought as a guide, the division of urban areas was very obvious. Urban planning followed city's foundation stone laying ceremony stipulated in the regulations requiring cities have a rule of plane layout. Provisions of the city's foundation stone laying ceremony of four built design stages, namely (1) location; (2) division, regional subdivision of land; (3) to determine the streets' trend; (4)city ceremony. In the stage of division and regional subdivision of land, planners attempted to reflec t celestial bodies’ mode. Spindle represented the world's axis, and area block reflected the universe mode, and the partition residential represented the knowledge of people's cognition to the world.Ancient Roman writers Vahl had written a book describing how Etruscans building cities. It was said that there was a religious elder in construction site to draw a circle with cattle plough as an urban garden, and thus the city was divided into four parts. South-north road was called Cardo and east-west road was called Decumanus, and the temple was built in the intersection. One of seven mounds in the city of Rome called Palatium was the residential area of ancient Etruscans.An early Etruscan's city has already discovered today was near Malzabato. It was built in the 5th-6th century BC. Urban road network was square shape, most of the street was east-west, and there was a 15-meters wide trunk road running throughout the whole city from north to south. On both sides of this trunk road ,there were sidewalks slightly higher, and some places had several pieces of stone above the central road connecting the sidewalk around to facilitate pedestrians crossing the street in the rain. There were roadside gutters, which was designed to let the rainwater flow into the underground drain and out of the city.Urban neighborhood is square-shaped, inside which was a big yard. Densely housing wasaround and there were shops and workshops in the streets.Section III of urban construction during the Roman RepublicFrom the 3rd century BC to thefirst century BC, the Romansconquered almost all the coastsalong the Mediterranean. In 275BC, they occupied Pallas(Pyrrhus) camp on the coast ofthe Mediterranean, and regardedit as the model of castles, whichformed the prototype city of theRoman castles. The city of fortmode (Figure 6-1) is the Founderof the wall. The city had a squareplane and a basic orientationtowards the compass. Cross themiddle of the city side road leadsto the four cardinal points.Temples were built at theintersection of the road. The Castles Figure 6-1city was no longer circular shape but to switch to be square, because cities were not built on the highland anymore at that time.Europe today has 120 ~ 130 cities andforts originating the city of Rome(diagram 6-2). There you can see theoriginal face of the city. One of the mosttypical castle cities, the Roman Empire'sNorth African city of Tim Gardner(Timgad), was built in 100 AD. The citywas submerged by sand after theconstruction of 150, and until moderntimes it was explored again. So that is thereason it is intact at the time style.Diagram 6-2Second, the Republican city of Rome during the Roman Republic Square According to legend, the city of Rome's foundation date was 753 BC years. The city was in the spontaneous formation in a long time. It was not a unified and rational planning. In the Republic, Rome was still the natural development of the city, the layout comparison disorders. But the centre of the city (Figure 6-4) had had a glorious building achievement. The city of Rome was made up by the famous hill composed of seven, one pola lost for seven Cupid's heart, an area of about 300 meters x 300 meters inclining to the northwest. The peak had a natural reservoir which supplied the need of the city water and that was surrounded by protective walls. Roman city in the 4th century BC built walls, city retained by the enemy was a space as a source of food when surrounded. In the city's central square to throw pola's north of here, then gradually forming square group, namely is well known for its republican square (R e p u ¨ c b a n F 0 R u n1) (50 BC 4 ~ 27 .,) and built in the period of the empire plaza (Irn p c R I a 1 F0 R u m) . 2 7 ~ in the 4th July 6 years) (FIG. 6-5). Republican period of Roman plaza (figure 6 6) was a center of urban social, political and economic activity center, around the house quite scattered. Square for citizens gathered huan public activities nature more intense, very much like the Greek PuHua period of city square. Republican period of square buildings in form each other with the whole very not harmonious, its buildings reflected the increase of political and military power. Each county building was larger than before. This group became an accounted for locust construction of urban space in Rome. One Luo Numu Plaza (Forum Romanum) was built by all the marble, large trapezoid lanes were completely open, it was surrounded in the basilica, temples and houses of economic activities, it was a place for public events. Its south was Caesar square (F o r u m o F J u l I u s (C a e s a. r.) which was built in the republican empire's transition in 54 BC to 56 BC. The squares was l6o x 75 meters. This square still retained some common properties, both sides had open gallery porch which was operating usury after the hundredth part of the money industry. And it was a deep square paving the patron saint of dimension family kay nie er (V e n e r) temple, before the temple standed Caesar equestrian statue. This square was closer than previously built square, and was the axis symmetric. Republican period of urban factory field was a very rich statue decoration. These statues were mostly in war plunder, and placed on the edge of the square. Figure 6-6 Aerial view of the Roman Republic Square.Third, Pompeii CityThe famous city of Pompeii (Pompeii) during the Republic (Figure 6-7) was founded in the about 4th century BC, and in AD 79 it was submerged due to the outbreak of the Vesuvius volcano in the ancient Roman republic. It was rule strongholds city originally, and then gradually developed into an important commercial port and the ancient Roman resort city. The city was located at the foot of Mount Vesuvius with about 20,000 people. The main street directions, and the major public buildings and large mansion of axis, were basically facing the Mount Vesuvius. The position of the whole city based on the thoughts for regarding volcano as the centre.Pompeii had 7 ~ 8 meters high walls, 8 gates, and the urban plane was irregular, with the length 1200 m from east to west and the width 700m from north to south, slightly like a wide oval. The width of the road cross the town square of four-arm was about six to seven meters. The secondary street was between and meters, engineering equipment was very good, roads were strong. The streets to square with the block-stone were built by laying bricks or stones, general roads were built in mass of tones, roads were built by YuanShi and sidewalks. The track of turning radius wasmade artificially on the road. City downtown plaza located in the southwest (figure 6-8,6-9) area of 117 * 33 meters. The main buildings in the square had city patron saint of Jupiter temple, courts and exchange, market, nominal meters furnishing room, administrative organs, conference room, etc. Jupiter temple stood straight in the north, and its setting just faced the peak of Mount Vesuvius.Buildings surrounding the plaza were successively built, relatively messy, so later border built a circle double-storey foyer colonnaded, already over the Jupiter temple facade, and colonnades being unified made the overall complete. When square held various performances, two layer porches became stands. Square ground level ground was lower than porches around, which obviously vehicles were not accessible.In the south of the city there was a triangle square, the upper of the square located the temple, the north had two theatres in different size, which could hold 5000 and 1500 people respectively. A coliseum laid in the east with a capacity of 20,000 people, namely all adults of the city could be accommodated inside.Urban general housing or shop was a layer or two layers, the building surrounded the patio. The mansion Pizza Pan near downtown was Prominent near downtown, alone occupying the whole streets with north-south length 97 meters and west-east width 38 meters and three facing street. Behind it was a big garden, occupying 1/3 of the whole mansion land. Parts of the mansion along the street were open stores and bakeries.Section4, urban construction during the Roman EmpireRoman Empire was the heyday of Roman history, in the vast three continents across Europe, Asia and within area of land, construction or expansion of cities everywhere, such as the capital of Rome and the Roman Empire Square building, such as the Port of Palmyra (Palmira) and Ostrava Tia (Ostia) of the building, such as military camps Cypriot city of Aao Costa, Tim Stuttgart's construction.One, Rome and the Roman Empire SquareRome2nd century AD, the Roman development of the city has exceeded square kilometers of the Austrian city walls remain good range of free development outside the walls of class. For V in (Tivoli) Hadrian Villa emperor's palace near Rome that is located in the suburbs. There are graves, temples, military installations and sports facilities along the way to suburbs..In the 3rd century AD, the population has more than 100 million. Their food supply is through the ladder Bo (Tiber) River of Ostrava Tia (Figure 6-10) shipped incorporated into the Roman's. Ostrava Tia has a population of 5 million people, 18 km from Rome. The Romans built in Ostrava Tia Trajan Harbour (Harbour of Trajan) and Klaus Tiya Si Harbour (Harbour of Claudius). City and Harbour were built defensive walls. Lack of food shortage, once ancient Rome, the city residents to suburban migration, the Po River along the staircase appeared lots of buildings.Roman needs huge water supply, then dozens of kilometers away from the water source was transported into the city. There are only 11 of the city of Rome aqueduct (Figure 6-11).Palatine hill in Rome, the cityhas the Emperor Palace (seeFigure 6-3), has differentconstruction years, shortageof land is small, relativelymessy construction, but forrecreation and enjoyment oflife needed to race track,theater, the Colosseum,bathing and othermacro-scale people. MaxiMasi (Maximus) race trackcan accommodate 250,000 Figure 6-11spectators. Theatre can accommodate 10,000 to 25,000 spectators. Coliseum can accommodate 50,000 spectators, baths can accommodate 2,000 to 3,000 people, including 576 meters Caracalla Baths × 365 meters, of land within the addition to bathing, there are clubs, a recreation room, auditorium, stadium, storage reservoirs, such as garden and commercial house. 3rd century AD, representing the Roman city of Bath has 11 large, medium and small beach is all over the city. Late Imperial Rome has 46,602 apartments, some as high as seven or eight layers _ to i. J. _ Department of malignant development. Many apartments for poor quality, resulting in the collapse, so the Austrian emperor to power accounts for Sri Lanka are specified height shall not exceed five, six, high housing can not exceed 18 meters.Rome received the only meters wide, general Avenue to meters. At that time regulations street not less than meters width. Caesar the emperor far away in the republic came to power in Rome, which provides that no vehicles in the city during the days, so the night the sound of the city hustle and bustle of Rome.Achievements in building the city of Rome concentrated in the central area of square skirt and buildings, but the overall layout of the city relatively messy. She was made by a number of makeshift shops, but not form a complete system.Roman Empire SquareIn the Roman Republic, Republic Square is the urban social, political and economic activity. To the Empire, the Empire State Plaza, the nature of change, as glorifying the emperors commemorative sites for individuals. The statue of the emperor began to stand to the main location of the central square. Square based with great temples, magnificent colonnade to recognize the results of the emperor. Place into the form they gradually closed by the open, by the free into rigorous, with the aim of creating a three-dimensional arts for people to watch the group. Empire State Plaza is from Republic Square to the northwest extension of the middle axis of about 300 meters. This open space was originally a mountain. Augustus Square, the Empire State Plaza (Forum of Augustus) and Abdullah true Plaza (Forum of Trajan), and other groups composed of squares. They are different from the Republic Square building layout. Republic Plaza building on the emphasis on self-prominent, and the court as a whole not very coordinated. The Empire Square Plaza building entity subordinate to space, by the square of the square, linear andsemi-circular spaces. Each space has a colonnade connection, the end of the main buildings play amajor role in decorating. Squaredesign technique is that each group ofthe Emperor of the buildings and theconstruction of the Plaza Square,another Emperor layout of buildingsto each other in the spaceperpendicular to the vertical axis ofmultiple intersecting each other toform a complete whole (Figure 6 - 12).Colonnades link the various spaces,each space is the transition. Thisdesign approach is some longer timeinterval between the constructions ofbuildings within established order.The Plaza Group glorious open, clearand orderly manner, by the hugebuildings pose a great space.Augustus Square (42 BC ~ 2 BC) hasno sense of social and economicactivities, built solely for the Emperorpraises. Station temple high upon the Figure 6-12great steps, on each side of a semicircular auditorium. Square area of 120 * 83 meters up to 36 meters around the square, the walls enclosing the city isolation.Square Trajan (AD 109-112) of the axis of symmetry, the layout of a multi-layer depth. 3 Cross Square, the main entrance is the Arc de Triomphe, entered, 120 * 90 meters square. Both sides of the central loggia have a semi-circle room. Place the bottom of the Basilica. Basilica followed by a 24 * 16 m small courtyard, the central standing up to meters in the discipline function column. About the library courtyard. Across the yard, but also a gallery-style around the yard, there are temple worship Trajan is the artistic climax of the square. Place a series of Trajan aspect of space, size, bay changes reflect the artistic caused by building an atmosphere of dignity to deepen the mystery of the design idea of the emperorSecond, Hadrian Villa palaceLurking in the outskirts of Romenear the palace Hadrian Villa(Hadrian Villa) (Figure 6-13) wasbuilt in AD 114 ~ 138 years, isthe use of the concept of physicaland spatial organization in thenatural context of a large buildingcomplex and sample groups.There are many irregular Palaceirregular angle phase space, orthe use of the axis of the winding Figure 6-13space with each other. Usually the bend in the axis of a transition, first into a small space, and then connecting with the large space, so that people feel it is impossible to irregular shape and space, no order. Bai placed in the buildings of several units on the ground, in order to adapt to the complex terrain.Third, Tim Gardner forts City, Lanpei Francis and Aao StarEmpire has built a number of important military significance of cities such as North Africa, Tim Gardner, Lanpei Sith (Figure 6-14) and Aao Star (Aosta) were built by the military in the short term the. Planning the layout of the three cities is a common feature of the Roman army by way of strict construction of forts. City has two intersecting perpendicular to each other word type, the intersection is the city's central square. Here can be the parade. And there are theater, baths and other large public buildings. On major roads, starting and ending points and the intersection, often rotating door between the street for a long colonnade, forming a very majestic vistas.Tim Gardner city(Figure 6-16 )flatsquare, 350 meterssquare, what haveI 2 exclusiveneighborhood,north and south of11 rows, eachneighborhood 25meters square.Town Square 2meters higher thanthe road, with thelevel connections.Square area of 50meters × 42 meters.Square surrounded Figure 6-16by a building surrounded by a colonnade and, spacing of to 3 meters, 5 meters high. In proportion to the colonnade, it feels very large square. Tim Gardner hill and a place outside the temple of God.North Italy Aao da (Fig. 6 a l 7) north-south road (C ard 0) is no longer central in the western side, but also with a parallel road. Was probably due to presence of two armies at the same time, so there are two centers.Four columns of the Roman Empire Street and Urban Engineering columnRoman Empire, the city reached a high level of engineering facilities. Some city street is wide 2 0 ~ 3 0 meters. Like Palmyra (Figure 6 ~ 18), trunk and even reached 35 meters, has both sides of the sidewalk. Smooth and flat on the streets covered with a large stone. In Palmyra, Tim Gardner and other cities, the roads on both sides of a long colonnade, usually listed in the driveway and thesidewalk between. Tim Gardner in North Africa such as the sun violent areas, sidewalks are the top sub, the formation of the colonnade.Figure 6-18In addition to roads, Roman bridges, walls, conduit and other outstanding achievements in both the construction. Rome city Teboliqi bridge spanning 4.5 m 2, with the continuous boulder coupons, and even overlap the second layer of flint coupons up Stretching puts up dozens of kilometers aqueduct, has become a great expressive commemorative structures. t,Before and after the early 5th century BC, the Roman built a sleeping mat on the waterways and sewers, and later built a large pool of water seepage.V. Vitruvius's "Ten Books Building"Support set of Vitruvius's "Ten Books Building" is a summary of Roman building glorious history. Summary Proceedings of Greece and Roman architecture and urban construction experience. In urban construction, site selection for the city, urban form, urban layout, insightful views on the proposed city site selection, he noted the need to take GAO lot, do not account for wetlands, a breeding ground for epidemic disease, must be beneficial to avoid the fog, strong winds and hot, a good water supply, is rich in agricultural resources and a convenient road or river leading to the city. On the building site, he discusses the nature of the building, the relationship with the city, the status of the surrounding lots, roads, topography, orientation, wind, sunlight, water quality, pollution and so on.On the layout of the streets, he studied the relationship between the street and often wind direction, and the relationship between the location of public buildings. The design of the plaza, he made constructive suggestions, and research experiments using local methods of animal organs, such as testing of drinking water. He inherited the ancient Greek Hippocrates, Plato and Aristotle's philosophy and the town planning theory, the ideal city model. He drew the ideal city plan, the plane is octagonal tower walls spaced not more than arrows. Distance, so that all aspects of defense to easily check from the siege by. Urban road network for the radiation ring system. Temple Square downtown center. To avoid the strong wind, the radial roads do not directly to the gate. Vitruvius, after the ideal Renaissance city model its urban planning has very important implications.。

古罗马斗兽场 古罗马通常指从前9世纪初在意大利半岛中部兴起的文明，历罗马王政时代、罗马共和国，于1世纪前后扩张成为横跨欧洲、亚洲、非洲称霸地中海的庞大罗马帝国。

到395年，罗马帝国分裂为东西两部。

西罗马帝国亡于476年。

而东罗马帝国（即拜占廷帝国）则在1453年被奥斯曼帝国所灭。

中文名称： 古罗马简称： 罗马所属洲： 欧洲首都： 罗马城主要城市： 罗马城 政治体制： 君主制 国家领袖： 凯撒、屋大维 主要民族： 罗马人 主要宗教： 基督教古罗马罗马帝王 ▪ 提比略 ▪ 维斯帕先 ▪ 提图斯 ▪ 图密善▪ 涅尔瓦 ▪ 图拉真 ▪ 哈德良 ▪ 安东尼▪ 康茂德目录简述分期文化法律教育列表社会罗马帝王凯撒屋大维提比略加利古拉克劳狄尼禄维斯帕先图密善涅尔瓦图拉真哈德良安东尼马可·奥利略康茂德展开简述分期文化法律教育列表社会罗马帝王凯撒屋大维提比略加利古拉克劳狄尼禄维斯帕先提图斯图密善涅尔瓦图拉真哈德良安东尼马可·奥利略康茂德展开编辑本段简述罗马的发展可以分为以下三个时期①王政时期：公元前8世纪中叶，古代罗马人（罗莫路和勒莫）在意大利半岛中部拉丁姆平原上的台伯河下游河畔建立了罗马城。

②共和时期：公元前509年，罗马废除了“王政”，改行共和制度，开始了近500年的罗马共和国时期。

③帝国时期：公元前30年，继凯撒之后崛起的军事强人屋大维战胜了政敌，结束了罗马数十年的内战，夺取了国家最高权力。

公元前27年，他被元老院授予“奥古斯都”称号，罗马历史也就以此为标志进入了帝国时代。

[1]编辑本段分期上古时期根据传说，当特洛伊城遭到希腊人进攻的时候（约为公元前1300-1190年），维纳斯女神的儿子埃涅阿斯及其追随者逃出来，沿北非西行古罗马(8张)穿过迦太基，来到罗马。

根据现代的研究，意大利半岛在旧石器时代就有人类居住，到了新石器时代，利古里亚人从非洲经过西班牙，法国来到意大利。

公元前2000年左右的青铜时代，一些讲印欧语的部落从多瑙河和喀尔巴阡山越过阿尔卑斯山进入意大利，其中一支拉丁人( Latins )进入拉提乌姆平原，约于前800年移至后来罗马城所在地，居于帕拉提乌姆等山丘。