(完整版)肝病常用英文

在论坛上搜了一下，没有发现肝病专业的英语词汇，所以做个提议，大家一起整理一下关于肝病专业的英语词汇。

估计词汇不会超过1000，我们以每帖50个词汇为限，整理完毕，争取在3-6个月的时间，能使我们本版战友可以轻松阅读专业期刊杂志，希望各位高手和斑竹支持。

我先抛砖引玉，这是我整理了1天整理出的中英文对照肝脏基础知识，希望能继续下去。

The LiverThe liver is the largest gland in the body (approximately 1500 grams) and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is glossy in appearance and dark red in color from the rich supply of blood flowing through it. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output flows to the liver. It performs many important functions:(1)the uptake, storage, and disposal of nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fat), drugs, toxins and (2)the production of synthetic proteins (critical for blood clotting) and metabolism of substances produced by the body.肝脏肝脏是人体最大的腺体（重约1500克），它位于右上腹部。

肝脏表面光滑，因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。

大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。

肝脏有许多重要的功能：（1）营养物（蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪）、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。

在论坛上搜了一下，没有发现肝病专业的英语词汇，所以做个提议，大家一起整理一下关于肝病专业的英语词汇。

估计词汇不会超过1000，我们以每帖50个词汇为限，整理完毕，争取在3-6个月的时间，能使我们本版战友可以轻松阅读专业期刊杂志，希望各位高手和斑竹支持。

我先抛砖引玉，这是我整理了1天整理出的中英文对照肝脏基础知识，希望能继续下去。

The LiverThe liver is the largest gland in the body (approximately 1500 grams) and is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It is glossy in appearance and dark red in color from the rich supply of blood flowing through it. Approximately 25% of the cardiac output flows to the liver. It performs many important functions:(1)the uptake, storage, and disposal of nutrients (protein, carbohydrates and fat), drugs, toxins and (2)the production of synthetic proteins (critical for blood clotting) and metabolism of substances produced by the body.肝脏肝脏是人体最大的腺体（重约1500克），它位于右上腹部。

肝脏表面光滑，因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。

大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。

肝脏有许多重要的功能：（1）营养物（蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪）、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。

消化内科英语专业词汇一、消化系统器官相关词汇。

1. esophagus [iːˈsɒfəɡəs]（名词，食管）2. stomach [ˈstʌmək]（名词，胃）- gastric [ˈɡæstrɪk]（形容词，胃的，例如：gastric juice 胃液）3. intestine [ɪnˈtestɪn]（名词，肠）- small intestine [smɔːl ɪnˈtestɪn]（名词短语，小肠）- large intestine [lɑːdʒɪnˈtestɪn]（名词短语，大肠）- intestinal [ɪnˈtestɪnl]（形容词，肠的）4. liver [ˈlɪvə(r)]（名词，肝脏）- hepatic [hɪˈpætɪk]（形容词，肝的，例如：hepatic artery 肝动脉）5. gallbladder [ˈɡɔːlˌblædə(r)]（名词，胆囊）6. pancreas [ˈpæŋkriəs]（名词，胰腺）- pancreatic [ˌpæŋkriˈætɪk]（形容词，胰腺的，例如：pancreatic juice 胰液）二、消化系统疾病相关词汇。

1. ulcer [ˈʌlsə(r)]（名词，溃疡）- gastric ulcer [ˈɡæstrɪk ˈʌlsə(r)]（名词短语，胃溃疡）- duodenal ulcer [ˌdjuːəˈdiːnl ˈʌlsə(r)]（名词短语，十二指肠溃疡）2. gastritis [ɡæˈstraɪtɪs]（名词，胃炎）3. enteritis [ˌentəˈraɪtɪs]（名词，肠炎）4. hepatitis [ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs]（名词，肝炎）- hepatitis A [ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs eɪ]（名词短语，甲型肝炎）- hepatitis B [ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs biː]（名词短语，乙型肝炎）5. cirrhosis [sɪˈrəʊsɪs]（名词，肝硬化）6. pancreatitis [ˌpæŋkriəˈtaɪtɪs]（名词，胰腺炎）7. cholecystitis [ˌkɒlɪsɪˈstaɪtɪs]（名词，胆囊炎）三、消化内科检查相关词汇。

淡抹、初夏2010-08-12AFP 甲胎蛋白ALP 碱性磷酸酶ALD 酒精性肝病ALT 丙氨酸转氨酶AST 天门冬氨酸转氨酶ATP 三磷酸腺苷CIV IV型胶原DNA-P 乙型肝炎病毒DNA多聚酶& EGF 表皮生长因子ELA 酶免疫分析法ELISA 酶联免疫吸附法GGT r-谷氨酰转肽酶HA 透明质酸HAV 甲型肝炎病毒抗-HAV-IgM 甲型肝炎病毒IgM型抗体抗-HVA-IgG 甲型肝炎病毒IgG型抗体HVA-RNA 甲型肝炎病毒核糖核酸HAAg 甲型肝炎病毒抗原抗-HVA 甲型肝炎病毒抗体HBV 乙型肝炎病毒HBeAg 乙型肝炎e抗原HBcAg 乙型肝炎核心抗原HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原Anti-HBc 乙型肝炎核心抗体Anti-Hbe 乙型肝炎e抗体Anti-HBs 乙型肝炎表面抗体HBxAg 乙型肝炎x抗原抗-HBx 乙型肝炎x抗体抗-HBc-IgM 乙型肝炎病毒IgM型核心抗体抗-HBc-IgG 乙型肝炎病毒IgG型核心抗体HBV-DNA 乙型肝炎病毒脱氧核糖核酸HCC 肝细胞肝癌HCV 丙型肝炎病毒HCV-RNA 丙型肝炎病毒核糖核酸HCAg 丙型肝炎病毒抗原抗-HCV 丙型肝炎病毒抗体HDV 丁型肝炎病毒抗-HDV-IgM 丁型肝炎病毒IgM型抗体抗-HDV-IgG 丁型肝炎病毒IgG型抗体HDV-RNA 丁型肝炎病毒核糖核酸HDAg 丁型肝炎病毒抗原(Delta抗原)抗-HDV 丁型肝炎病毒抗体HEV 戊型肝炎病毒HEV-RNA 戊型肝炎病毒核糖核酸HEAg 戊型肝炎病毒抗原抗-HEV 戊型肝炎病毒抗体HGF 肝细胞生长因子HGV 庚型肝炎病毒IFN 干扰素IG 免疫球蛋白IL 白细胞介素LC 肝硬化LDH 乳酸脱氢酶LN 层粘连蛋白MRI 磁共振成像PBMC 外周血单个核细胞PCⅢⅢ型前胶原PCR 聚合酶链反应PGI 前列环素PHC 原发性肝癌PIIIP 血清前胶原肽RIA 放射免疫法TBil 总胆红素Tcho 总胆固醇TG 甘油三脂TGFβ1 转化生长因子β1TNF 肿瘤坏死因子TTV 经血传播病毒核医学常用英文名词缩写及其英汉对照表A accelerator 加速器activity concentration 放射性浓度activity ratio 活度比akinesis 无运动alpha decay α衰变alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 甲种胎儿蛋白alpha particle α粒子annihilation radiation 湮没辐射anterior view(ANT) 前位applicator 敷贴器articular imaging 关节显像atomic nucleus 原子核atomic nucleus fission 原子核裂变atomic number 原子序数autoradiogram 放射自显影图像autoradiograph 放射自显影B background 本底background count 本底计数bacquerel(Bq) 贝可勒尔（贝可）beta decay β衰变biological effect 生物效应biological half life 生物半衰期blood pool imaging 血池显像bolus 弹丸bone imaging 骨显像bone marrow imaging 骨髓显像brain imaging 脑显像bremsstrahlung 韧致辐射C capture 俘获carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 癌胚抗原cardiac blood pool imaging 心血池显像cardiac index (CI) 心指数cerebral blood flow (CBF) 脑血流量cerebral imaging 脑显像cerebral radionuclide angiography 放射性核素脑血管显像cerebral spinal fluid imaging 脑脊髓液显像circumferential profile analysis 圆周剖面分析法cisternography脑池显像clinical nuclear medicine 临床核医学cold nodule 冷结节collimator 准直器competitive protein binding assay (CPBA) 竞争性蛋白结合分析法competitive radioassay 竞争性分析competitive radioligand binding assay 竞争放射性配体结合分析法computed tomography(CT) 计算机断层cool nodule 凉结节counter 计数器count ratio 计数比值法counts per minute (cpm) 每分钟计数counts per second (cps) 每秒计数cyclotron 回旋加速器D decay 衰变decay per minute (dpm) 每分钟衰变detector 探测器developer 显影剂dose equivalent 剂量当量dose rate 剂量率double antibody radioimmunoassay 双抗体放射免疫分析法double antibody solid phase assay 双抗体固相分析法doughnut sign 炸面圈征dynamic imaging 动态显像dyskinesis 反向运动E effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) 有效肾血浆流量ejection fraction (EF) 射血分数electron capture (EC) 电子俘获emission 发射emission computerized tomography (ECT) 发射型计算机断层end-diastolic volume (EDV) 舒张末期容量end-systolic volume (ESV) 收缩末期容量excitation 激发exercise stress test 运动负荷试验exposure 照射量external irradiation 外照射F filling 灌注film 胶片filtration fraction （FF）滤过分数flare phenomenon 闪烁现象functional image 功能显像G gamma camera γ照相机gastric imaging 胃显像gated cardiac blood pool imaging 门控心血池显像generator 发生器glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 肾小球滤过率H half life 半衰期hapten 半抗体hepatic artery perfusion imaging 肝动脉灌注显像hepatic blood pool imaging 肝血池显像hepatobiliary imaging 肝胆显像horizontal long axis slices 水平长轴断层影像hot nodule 热结节hypokinesis运动低下I image 显像imaging 显像imaging agent 显像剂infarct-avid myocardial imaging 急性心肌梗死灶显像inflammation imaging 炎症灶显像internal conversion 内转换internal irradiation 内照射in vitro 体外interventional test 介入试验in vivo 体内ionization 电离ionization density 电离密度ionizing radiation 电离辐射irradiation 照射isomer 同质异能素isotope 同位素L left anterior oblique (LAO) 左前斜位left lateral (LL)左侧位left posterior oblique(LPO) 左后斜位ligand 配体liver imaging 肝显像lung perfusion imaging 肺血流灌注显像lung ventilation imaging 肺通气显像lung carcinoma imaging 肺肿瘤显像luxury perfusion 过度灌注lympha imaging 淋巴显像lymphoma imaging 淋巴瘤显像M mass number 质量数molecular nuclear medicine 分子核医学multiphase imaging 多相显像myocardial perfusion imaging 心肌灌注显像N neutron 中子neutron activation analysis (NAA) 中子活化分析normal 正常nuclear cardiac angiography 核素心血管显像nuclear cerebral angiography 核素脑血管显像nuclear medicine 核医学nucleon 核子nucleus 原子核nuclide 核素P parathyroid 甲状旁腺显像particle 粒子peak ejection rate (PER) 高峰射血率peak filling rate (PFR) 高峰充盈率perchlorote discharge test 过氯酸盐释放试验permissible dose 容许剂量permissible exposure dose 容许照射剂量phase analysis 时相分析phase cine 时相电影phase histogram 时相直方图phase image 时相图phase shift 相角程photoelectric effect 光电效应physical half-life 物理半衰期planar imaging 平面显像polar bull-eye plot 极坐标靶心图positron emission computed tomography (PET) 正电子发射计算机断层仪positive imaging 阳性显像posterior view (POST) 后位probe 探头protection 防护proton 质子pulmonary blood flow 肺血流量pulmonary perfusion imaging 肺血流灌注显像Q quality contron 质量控制R radiation biology 放射生物学radioactive contamination 放射性污染radioactive element 放射性元素radioactive half-life 放射性半衰期radioactive isotope放射性同位素radioactive renogram 放射性肾图radioactive tracer 放射性示踪剂radioactive waste 放射性废物radioactivity 放射性活度radioassay 放射分析radioautography 放射自显影radiobiology 放射生物学radioimmunoassay 放射免疫分析radioimmunoimaging 放射免疫显像radioimmunotherapy 放射免疫治疗radioligand assay 放射配体分析radionuclide 放射性核素radionuclide imaging 放射性核素显像radionuclide cardiac angiography 放射性核素心血管造影radionuclide cerebral angiography 放射性核素脑血管造影radionuclide cystography 放射性核素膀胱造影radionuclide generator 放射性核素发生器radionuclide lower limbs venography 放射性核素双下肢静脉造影radiopharmaceutical 放射性药物radioreceptor assay (RRA) 放射受体分析radiorenogram 放射性肾图radius shortening 轴缩短率receptor 受体region of interest (ROI) 感兴趣区regional cerebral blood flow tomography 局部脑血流断层显像regional wall motion 局部室壁运动renal dynamic imaging 肾动态显像renal static imaging 肾静态显像renogram 肾图right anterior oblique (RAO) 右前斜位right lateral (RL) 右侧位right posterior oblique (RPO) 右后斜位S scanner 扫描机scatter 散射sensitivity 灵敏度shied 屏蔽severt (Sv) 希沃特short axis slices 短轴断层影像single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 单光子发射型计算机断层solid phaseradioimmunoassay 固相放射免疫分析space 区，空间space occupying lesion 占位性病变specific activity 比活度specificity 特异性spleen imaging 脾显像stability 稳定性stable nuclide 稳定核素stroke volume (SV) 心脏每搏量super-bone scan 超级骨显像synchrotron 同步加速器T thyroid hormone suppression test 甲状腺激素抑制试验thyroid imaging 甲状腺显像titer 滴度tomography 断层显像tracer 示踪剂tracer technique 示踪技术tumor maker 肿瘤标记物U uniformity 均匀度unsealed sourer 开放源uptake 摄取V vertex view 顶位vertical long axis slices 垂直长轴断层影像ventricular volume curve 心室容积曲线W warm nodule 温结节waste 废物。

医学常用专业英语词汇（2）医学常用专业英语词汇Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术Gastric cancer 胃癌Gastritis 胃炎Gastroenteritis胃肠炎Gastrorrhagia胃出血Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡Peritonitis 腹膜炎Enterorrhagia 肠出血Enterorrhexis 肠破裂Appendicitis 阑尾炎Colon cancer结肠癌Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查Rectal cancer 直肠癌Anal Fistual 肛门廔管External hemorrhoid 外痔Internal hemorrhoid 内痔Excretion 排泄Hepatitis肝炎Hepatomegaly 肝肿大Gall Stone 胆结石Cholelithiasis 胆石症Liver Cirrhosis 肝硬化Ascites腹水内分泌系统 The Endocrine System Glycemia糖血症Goiter 甲状腺肿Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症Bromidrosis汗臭症Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤神经系统 The Nervous SystemCerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血Cerebral Edema 脑水肿Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血Encephalitis 脑炎Electromyography 肌电图Neuritis神经炎Epilepsy 癜痫Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛Rachitis 痀偻症Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯Spondylitis 脊椎炎Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识Eye opening睁眼反应Verbal response 语言反应Motor response 运动反应Corneal reflex 角膜反射Plantar reflex 膝反射。

（完整版）肝病常用英文【原创】一起学习肝病专业英语词汇肝硬化并发症：The complications of liver cirrhosis核苷类似物：Nucleoside analoguesNucleoside analogs乙肝肝硬化：Hepatitis B cirrhosis肾功能：renal function肾小球滤过率(GFR，glomerular filtration rate)指南：guide 亚肝会指南APASL guide慢加急性肝衰竭：Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure长期：over a long period of time;long-term Hemochromatosis：血色沉着病Phlebotomy：放血, 静脉切开放血术Copper Chelator：铜螯合剂Penicillamine：青霉胺Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency alpha-1：抗胰蛋白酶缺陷症Ribavirin：三(氮)唑核苷,病毒唑(抗病毒药) Deferoxamine：去铁胺Pruritus：搔痒症Osteoprosis：骨质疏松症Scleroderma：硬皮病gallbladder distention 胆胀hypochondriac pain[disease] 胁痛[病]hepatic insufficiency肝衰竭hepatic lobule肝小叶hepatic tumor 肝瘤hepaptosis 肝下垂heparinization 肝素化heparinocyte 肝素细胞hepatalgia 肝痛hepatargia 肝衰竭hepatatrophia 肝萎缩hepatectomy 肝切除术hepatic amebiasis 肝阿米巴病hepatic bile 肝胆汁hepatic cell 肝细胞hepatic cirrhosis 肝硬变hepatic coma 肝性昏迷hepatic cords 肝细胞索hepatic echography 肝回波描记术hepatic failure 肝衰竭hepatic fetor 肝病性口臭hepatic insufficiency 肝衰竭hepatic lobule 肝小叶hepatic tumor 肝瘤hepatico duodenostomy 肝十二指肠吻合术hepatico enterostomy 肝小肠吻合术hepatico gastrostomy 肝管胃吻合术hepatico jejunostomy 肝管空肠吻合术hepaticotomy 肝管切开术hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒hepatization 肝样变hepatoblastoma 肝胚细胞瘤hepatocarcinoma 肝癌hepatocele 肝突出hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞癌hepatocellular jaundice 肝细胞性黄疸hepatocerebral syndrome 肝脑综合征hepatocholangioduodenostomy 肝管十二指肠吻合术hepatocholangioenterostomy 肝管肠吻合术hepatocholangiogastrostomy 肝管胃吻合术hepatocholangiostomy 胆管造口术hepatocirrhosis 肝硬变hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatodynia 肝痛hepatogenous diabetes 肝原性糖尿病hepatogram 肝搏动图hepatography 肝x 线照相术hepatolenticular degeneration 肝豆状核变性hepatolith 肝石hepatolithectomy 肝石切除术hepatolithiasis 肝石病hepatology 肝脏病学hepatoma 肝细胞瘤hepatomegalia 肝大hepatomegaly 肝大hepatomelanosis 肝黑变病hepatomphalocele 脐部肝突出hepatomphalos 脐部肝突出hepatonephritis 肝肾炎hepatopexy 肝固定术hepatorenal syndrome 肝肾综合征hepatorrhagia 肝出血hepatorrhaphy 肝缝术hepatorrhea 肝液溢hepatorrhexis 肝破裂hepatoscintigram 肝闪烁图hepatoscopy 肝检查hepatosis 肝机能障碍hepatosplenography 肝脾x 线照相术hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾大hepatotherapy 肝剂疗法hepatotomy 肝切开术hepatotoxemia 肝性毒血病hepatotoxicity 肝毒性BILIRUBIN -Chemical breakdown product of hemoglobin. Measured in blood specimen by laboratory to assess function of liver.胆红素——血色素化学损坏的产物。

文献生词malignancy 恶性,恶性肿瘤hepatectomy 肝切除术bilirubin 胆红素bilirubinemia 胆红素血症Hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症Indocyanine green 吲哚花青绿indocyanine green retention 靛青绿滞留量试验hepatic insufficiency 肝功能不全,肝功能衰退jaundice 黄疸retrospective review 回顾性调查intraoperative 手术中的,术中parameters 参数Logistic Regression Logistic回归prognosis 预后prognostic 预后的hilar 门的,脐的cholangiocarcinoma 胆管上皮癌intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma 肝内胆管癌anatomic 解剖的,解剖学的hepatic hilus 肝门perioperative 围手术期的indication 适应证,指征curative 治愈的resection 切除术likelihood 可能性liver function 肝功能metastasis 转移hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞癌unexpected 意外的,忽然的cholestasis 胆汁淤积biliary drainage 胆汁引流extended hemihepatectomy 扩大半肝切除术Trisegmentectomy 三段切除Chronic viral hepatitis 慢性病毒性肝炎cirrhosis 肝硬化serum 免疫血清,血清on admission 入院时,住医院时percutaneous 经皮的transhepatic 经肝的endoscopic biliary drainage 内镜胆管引流,内镜胆管引流术, endoscopic 内窥镜的;内窥镜检查的drainage tube 引流管,排液管portal vein 门(静)脉embolization 栓塞,栓塞术,栓子形成peritoneal 腹膜的dissemination 播散,散布laparotomy 剖腹手术distant metastasis 远端转移Surgical Procedures 外科手术anastomosis 吻合术enteric 肠的in terms of 以…的观点;以…的方式hemorrhage 出血hemorrhagic 出血性的hemolysis 溶血hemolytic 溶血的hematology 血液学hematological 血液的hemodynamics 血流动力学coagulation status 高凝状态prothrombin time 凝血酶原时间activated partial thromboplastin time 激活部分促凝血酶原激酶时间antithrombin 抗凝血酶thrombolytic 溶血栓药,血栓溶解剂duration 持续时间;期间nonlinear least squares method 非线性最小平方法natural logarithm 自然对数categorize 分类galactose tolerance test 半乳糖耐量试验half life 半衰期computed tomography scan 计算机体层摄影扫描,CT扫描contrast medium 对比剂,造影剂bolus 推注integrated software 集成软件variables 变量continuous variable 连续变量categorical variable 分类变量univariate 单变量multivariate 多变量univariate analysis 单变量分析multivariate analysis 多元分析,多元统计分析stepwise procedure 逐步过程chi square test χ2检验,卡方检验,cutoff value 截断值Odds Ratio 比值比Mann Whitney test 曼-怀二氏检验tailed 有…尾的receiver operating characteristic curve 接受者（机）操作特征曲线morbidity and mortality 并发症和死亡率decompression 减压in regard to 关于,至于living related liver transplantation 活体亲属供肝肝移植术parenchyma 实质liver parenchyma 肝实质excretory 排泄的,分泌的parenchymal 质的,主质的shrinkage 皱缩,皱缩度biotransformation 生物转化adenosine triphosphate 三磷腺苷ammonia 氨Aspartate Aminotransferase 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶Alanine Aminotransferase 丙氨酸氨基转移酶Lactate Dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶glutamyl 谷氨酰基Inferior Vena Cava 下腔静脉abdominal aorta 腹主动脉Paraaortic 主动脉旁的celiac axis 腹腔干common hepatic artery 肝总动脉proper hepatic artery 肝固有动脉superior mesenteric Artery 肠系膜上动脉Hepatic artery thrombosis 肝动脉血栓形成pseudoaneurysm 假性动脉瘤portacaval shunt 门(静脉与)腔静脉分流术arterialization 动脉化angiography 血管造影术occlusion 闭塞梗塞occluded 闭塞的collateral 侧的,侧支,副的confluence 合流,汇流autologous vein graft 自体静脉移植物porta hepatis 肝门Portal lymph node 肝门淋巴结second order biliary radicles 二级胆管根lobar atrophy 肝叶萎缩caudate lobe 尾状叶falciform ligament 肝镰状韧带periampullary 壶腹周围的Retroduodenal 十二指肠后的jejunum (jejunal) 空肠（的）ileum (ileal) 回肠（的）colon(colonic) 结肠（的）rectum (rectal) 直肠（的）anal canal 肛管oncology 肿瘤学oncological 肿瘤学的neoplasm 肿瘤，新生物neoplastic 肿瘤的，新生物的neoplastic seeding 肿瘤播种papillary tumor 乳头瘤adenocarcinoma 腺癌cystadenoma 囊腺瘤testis 睾丸gastrinoma 胃泌素瘤squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌carcinoid tumors 类癌sarcoma 肉瘤focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 局灶性结节性增生parenchymal disease 器质性疾病advanced cancer 晚期癌症well differentiated 分化良好nodule 结节nodal metastases 淋巴结转移therapeutic effect 疗效neoadjuvant chemotherapy 新辅助化疗radiofrequency ablation 射频消蚀arterial chemoembolization 动脉化疗性栓塞infiltrating 浸润macroscopically 肉眼[检查]的;目视的carcinoembryonic antigen 癌胚抗原indication 适应症指征contraindication 禁忌证preoperative workup 术前全面评估postoperative morbidity rate 术后并发症发生率operative approach 手术入路radical operation 根治术,根治性手术en bloc 整个地,整块地inoperable 不能手术的,不能做手术的palliative 姑息的diagnostic laparoscopy 诊断性腹腔镜检查non-therapeutic laparotomy 非治疗性剖腹探查术invasive techniques 微创技术procedural complications 手术并发症pancreaticoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术Adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术thrombectomy 血栓摘除术lymphadenectomy 淋巴结切除术Lymph Node Dissection 淋巴结清扫术lymph node harvest 淋巴结清扫end to side anastomosis 端侧吻合术hepaticojejunostomy 肝空肠吻合术cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Caudate lobectomy 尾状叶切除术radiopharmaceutical agent 放射性药剂iodized oil 碘化油absolute ethanol 无水乙醇scintigraphy 闪烁扫描术helical 螺旋的,螺旋状,螺旋状的cross sectional imaging 横断层面成像magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 磁共振成像endoscopy retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)内镜下逆行胆胰管造影magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)磁共振胰胆管成像intraoperative ultrasonography 术中超声检查法contrast enhanced computed tomography对比增强扫描CTpositron emission tomography PET正电子发射断层扫描cholangiogram 胆管造影Recurrence 复发follow up 随访concomitant 伴发的,附随的comorbidities 并存病bleeding 出血,流血extravasation 外渗,溢出hemobilia 胆道出血biliary fistula 胆瘘pleural effusion 胸腔积液lung edema 肺水肿splenomegaly 脾肿大hypersplenism 脾功能亢进hepatic encephalopathy 肝性脑病ascites 腹水subphrenic abscess 膈下脓肿endotoxaemia 内毒素血症myocardial infarction 心肌梗死pyrexial 发热的hypothermic 低体温的Biliary Stricture 胆管狭窄steatohepatitis 脂肪性肝炎fatty liver 脂肪肝adipose tissue 脂肪组织primary sclerosing cholangitis 原发性硬化性胆管炎angina 心绞痛sepsis 败血症,脓毒症perfusion 灌注ex vivo 离体,在活体外in situ 原位right upper quadrant 右上象限proximal part 近心端perineural 神经周围的bifurcation 二根分叉部,分岔ipsilateral 身体的同侧的,同侧的Institutional Review Board 机构审查委员会Ethics Committees 伦理学委员会predispose to 易患，使易感染、诱发platelet 血小板hyperalimentation 高营养支持cirrhotic 硬变的morbidity 并发症，发病率medications 用药dislodge 移去,逐出,取出gonadal 性腺的,生殖腺的Histologic 组织学的frozen section 冰冻切片atrophy 萎缩hypertrophy 肥大,过度生长proliferation 增生,增殖hyperplasia 增生;数量性肥大Stem cells 干细胞bone marrow derived 骨髓衍生的epithelium 上皮,上皮细胞encased 包裹reconstruction 重建,再造,重构inflammatory 炎症性的broad spectrum antibiotics 广谱抗菌素blood culture 血培养Gram Negative bacillus 革兰阴性[芽胞]杆菌cut surface 切面stent 支架catheter 导管direct cannulation 直接插管spectrophotometer 分光光度计rupture 破裂,vt.(使)破裂somatostatin 生长抑素Extracellular Matrix 细胞外基质cohort 同期组群Length of Stay 住院时间after discharge 出院后stratified 分层的,成层的clear cut 明确的In this regard 在这方面come at a cost 是有代价的progressively 进行性地,渐进地rationale 原理,基础理论homogeneous 同类的同质的heterogeneous 异类的,不同的putative 假定的omnipotent 全能的,无所不能的as controls 作为对照preconditioned 预处理preconditioning 预处理prospectively 前瞻性prospective randomized date 前瞻性随机数据Disease-Specific survival 疾病特异性生存率irreversible 不可逆的references 参考Cochrane 循证医学cholangiopancreatography 胰胆管造影术resolution 分辨率（决心，决议解决）herein 如此,鉴于，在此处iatrogenic 医源性palliation 缓和,减轻running suture 连续缝合orthotopic liver transplantation 原位肝移植chemoradiation 放化疗preneoplastic change 癌前变化carcinogenesis 致癌作用dysplasia 发育不良,不典型增生endoprosthesis 内镜置管术pruritus 瘙痒pruritis 瘙痒症Etiology (aetiology) 病原学etiologic 病原学的epidemiology 流行病学epidemiological 流行病学的pathophysiology 病理生理学lesion 病变Radionuclide 放射性核素nitrosamine 亚硝胺类pathogenesis 发病机制carcinoid 类癌Mucinous Adenocarcinoma 粘液腺癌Clear cell adenocarcinoma 透明细胞腺癌Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma 印戒细胞腺癌Adenosquamous Carcinoma 腺鳞状癌Squamous Cell Carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌Oat Cell Carcinoma 燕麦细胞癌Undifferentiated Carcinoma 未分化癌Papillomatosis 乳头状瘤病Papillary Carcinoma 乳头状癌hepatoblastoma 肝母细胞瘤Haemangioendothelioma 血管内皮瘤neuroendocrine tumour 神经内分泌瘤Leiomyosarcoma 平滑肌肉瘤malignant fibrous histiocytoma 恶化纤维组织细胞瘤nodular tumors 结节性肿瘤cachexia 恶液质sterilize 灭菌,消毒surgical radicality 手术的根治性angiogenetic 血管生成angiogenic 血管源性的，生成血管的antiangiogenic 抗血管生成的chemosensitization 化疗增敏photosensitizer 感光剂,光敏剂irradiation 放射，照射conformational radiotherapy 适形放射治疗brachytherapy 短距离放射治疗stereotactic 立体定位的,立体定向的interventional radiology 介入放射学oxaliplatin 奥沙利铂doxorubicin 多柔比星gemcitabine 吉西他滨immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂Portography 门静脉造影术contrast agent 对比剂,造影剂lipiodol 碘油Iodophor 碘伏cystic duct 胆囊管choledochal duct 胆总管choledochal cysts 胆总管囊肿Choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石hepatolithiasis 肝内胆管结石病oriental cholangiohepatitis 东方人胆管肝炎Biliary malformation 胆管畸形Liver fluke 肝吸虫protocol 治疗方案therapeutic regimen 治疗方案Palliative Treatment 姑息治疗Signs and Symptoms 体征和症状plethora 多血症,多血质Differential Diagnosis 鉴别诊断Randomized Controlled Trials 随机对照试验enterocinesia 肠动,肠蠕动Ligation 结扎术luminal obstruction 官腔阻塞screening 普检,筛查,筛选predisposing factor 易感因素enhanced susceptibility 增强易感性hyperbaric oxygen treatment 高压氧治疗asymptomatic 无症状的indolent 无痛的Intractable Pain 顽固性疼痛visceral 内脏的steatosis 脂肪变性latency 潜伏期side effects 副作用decompensation 失代偿anoxia 缺养症anoxic 缺氧的anoxemia. 缺氧血症;血缺氧ischemia 局部缺血,缺血Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 缺血再灌注损伤ischemic change 缺血性改变anemia 贫血pyogenic 化脓的purulent 化脓性,脓性的hepatomegaly 肝肿大umbilical fissure 裂脐cytokine 细胞因子neuropeptide 神经肽neurotransmitter 神经递质fluorescence in situ hybridization 荧光原位杂交necrosis 坏死necrocytosis 细胞坏死apoptosis 凋亡apoptotic 细胞凋亡的desmoplastic reaction 纤维成形性反应oncogene 癌基因Suppressor Genes 抑制基因genetic 遗传的epigenetic change 基因外改变hypermethylation 超甲基化sequential occurrence 顺序发生stepwise 分步的,分段的,逐步的mesenchymal 间质morphology 形态atypia 非典型,异型性Phenotype 表型dehydration 脱水paraffin 石蜡impregnation 浸渍,受精,受孕embedding 包埋,埋植serial section 连续切片anesthesia 麻醉anesthesiology 麻醉学anesthetist 麻醉师palpation 触诊orifice 管口,口,小孔one orifice 一个管口intubate 插管pancreatic secretion 胰腋centrifuge 离心,,离心机cannulation 管子reactive oxygen species 活性氧recanalization 再通，再穿通Celiac Plexus 腹腔丛arteriolar 微动脉的,小动脉的Collateral Circulation 侧支循环intima 内膜subintimal 内膜下的mitochondria 线粒体multifocal 多病灶的endemic 地方性的amenable 适合的more specifically 更具体地说mainstay 主要依据kink 扭折,纽结lethal 致命的peculiarity 特性armamentarium 医疗设备,设备demarcate 划界线,分开,区别paucity 资料贫乏migration 移位interim report 中期报告nihilistic 虚无主义的enigmatic 难理解的，神秘的occult 隐匿的，潜隐的autopsy 尸检detritus 腐屑,腐质,碎屑antegrade 顺行的retrograde逆行的endogenous 内源的,内生的exogenous 外源的,外生的intracorporeal 体内的extracorporeal 体外的autocrine 自分泌paracrine 旁分泌xenogenic 异体的,异种的cryptogenic 隐原性的,原因不明的insidiously 隐袭地congenital 先天的,天生的hereditary 遗传的,遗传性的pitfall 缺陷Biliary anomalies 胆道畸形cholecystolithiasis胆囊结石cholecystitis 胆囊炎choledocholithiasis 胆总管结石total bilirubin总胆红素unconjugated bilirubin 游离胆红素conjugated bilirubin 结合胆红素bile plug 胆栓sinusoid 血窦，窦状隙sinusoidal 血窦的窦状隙的transjugular 经颈静脉的portosystemic shunt 门体分流术hepatic coma 肝昏迷hyperammonaemia 高氨血症hypoalbuminemia 低白蛋白血症neuropsychiatric 神经精神性的confusion 意识错乱,意识模糊disorientation 定向障碍astrocyte 星形胶质细胞inflammatory mediator 炎症介质neutrophil (neutrophilic granulocyte) 嗜中性粒细胞macrophage 巨噬细胞phagocyte 吞噬细胞phagocytosis 吞噬作用mitogen 促细胞分裂原,有丝分裂原reticuloendothelial system 网状内皮系统Synthase 合酶dysregulation 调节异常,失调chromosome 染色体nuclear atypia 核异型nucleotide 核苷酸mitochondria 线粒体mitochondrial 线粒体的microsome 微粒体microsomal 微粒体的detoxify 去毒, 解毒，戒烟毒detoxification 解毒(作用),脱毒,戒毒治疗carcinogen 致癌物mutagen 诱变剂,致突变原carbohydrate antigen 糖类抗原标志物,糖链抗原glycoprotein 糖蛋白extirpation 摘除malignant transformation 恶变,恶性转化forceps biopsy 钳夹活检,钳夹活检术transpapillary 经十二指肠乳头stenosis 狭窄stenotic 狭窄的patency rate 通畅率vasculature 脉管系统diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管内凝血(DIC) coagulant and fibrinolytic systems 凝血和纤溶系统circulatory disturbance 循环紊乱Vascular Permeability 血管通透性vasodilatation 血管扩张vasopressor 血管升压类药物vasopressin 加压素endothelin 内皮缩血管肽prostaglandin 前列腺素Saphenous Veins 隐静脉renin 肾素angiotensin 血管紧张素aldosterone 醛固酮oestrogen (estrin) 雌激素progestogen (progestin) 孕激素androgen (androtin) 雄激素testosterone 睾酮acute tubular necrosis 急性肾小管坏死oedema 水肿oliguria 少尿症diuretic(a) 利尿剂haemofiltration 血液滤过dialyse 透析dialysate (Dialysis Solutions) 透析液acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS) diaphragm 横隔dyspnea 呼吸困难pulmonary oedema 肺水肿ventilatory dysfunction 通气功能障碍Total Parenteral Nutrition 全胃肠外营养enteral nutrition 肠道营养malabsorption 吸收不良venoplasty 血管成形术hematoma 血肿perforation 穿孔paracentesis 穿刺,穿刺术granulomatous inflammation 肉芽肿性炎症Bacterial Translocation 细菌移位the administration of antibiotics 抗生素的应用prophylactic antibiotics 预防性抗生素synbiotic therapy 合生元治疗free radical 自由基lactate 乳酸盐malaise 不适感,全身乏力episode 发作idiopathic 特发性的,自发性的tracer 示踪剂relaparotomy 再手术mild to moderate 轻度到中度multifactorial 多因子的,多因素的iohexol 碘海醇procaine 普鲁卡因lidocaine 利多卡因analgesia 镇痛dehiscence 裂开cryopreserved 冷藏保存的discriminant analysis 判别分析cadaveric 尸体的subjects 受试者obliteration 涂去,抹消,删除milieu 环境,境界potent 有力的,有效的schematic diagram 示意图,原理图misidentification 错误认同,错认algorithm 公式,算法,推导strong echo 强回声acoustic shadow 声影hyperecho(ic) 高回声（的）isoecho(ic) 等回声（的）hypoecho(ic) 低回声（的）anecho(ic) 无回声（的）aseptic technique 无菌术asepsis 灭菌antisepsis 消毒emergency operation 急诊手术confine operation 限期手术selective operation 择期手术evidence-based medicine 循证医学polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 聚合酶链反应inquiry 问诊chief complaints 主诉history collection 病史采集history of present illness 现病史past history 既往史personal history 个人史marital history 婚姻史menstrual history 月经史child bearing history 生育史family history 家族史physical examination 体格检查inspection 视诊palpation 触诊percussion 叩诊auscultation 听诊abdominal pain 腹痛abdominal distension 腹胀diarrhea 腹泻constipation 便秘nausea 恶心vomit 呕吐stool 大便urine 小便aspiration 误吸asphyxia (apnea) 窒息atelectasis 肺不张arrhythmia 心律失常cardiac arrest 心脏骤停ventricular fibrillation 心室纤颤hyperthermia 高热hypothermia 低温Natrium (sodium) 钠Kalium (potassium) 钾Chlorine 氯Calcium 钙Magnesium 镁Phosphorus 磷ion 离子homoeostasis 体内平衡derangement 紊乱isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水water intoxication 水中毒hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hypermagnesemia 高镁血症hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒metabolic alkalosis 代谢性碱中毒respiratory acidosis 呼吸性酸中毒respiratory alkalosis 呼吸性碱中毒hematocrit (Hct) 血细胞比容autologous blood transfusion 自体输血salvaged autotransfusion 回收式自体输血predeposited autotransfusion 预存式自体输血hemodiluted autotransfusion 稀释式自体输血cryoprecipitate 冷沉淀furuncle 疖furunculosis 疖病carbuncle 痈acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎erysipelas 丹毒abscess 脓肿dermoid cancer 皮肤癌melanotic 黑痣melanoma 黑色素瘤lipoma 脂肪瘤neurinoma 神经鞘瘤neurofibroma 神经纤维瘤capillary hemangioma 毛细血管瘤angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤racemosum hemangioma 蔓状血管瘤sebum cyst 皮脂腺囊肿tetanus 破伤风gangrene 坏疽superinfection 二重感染septicemia 败血症debridement 清创术simple goiter 单纯性甲状腺肿hyperthyroidism 甲亢hypothyroidism 甲减mastitis 乳腺炎mastopathy 乳腺病，乳腺增生症mastectomy 乳房切除术teratoma 畸胎瘤inguinal hernia 腹股沟疝femoral hernia 股疝incisional hernia 切口疝umbilial hernia 脐疝hernia of linea alba 白线疝interloop abscess 肠间脓肿helicobacter pylory (HP) 幽门螺杆菌pyloric obstruction 幽门梗阻vagotomy 迷走神经切断术lymphoma 淋巴瘤duodenal diverticulum 十二指肠憩室intussusception 肠套叠polyps 息肉ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎rectal prolapse 直肠脱垂anorectal abscess 直肠肛管周围脓肿anal fistula 肛瘘anal fissure 肛裂haemorrhoids 痔internal haemorrhoids 内痔external haemorrhoids 外痔mixed haemorrhoids 混合痔annulus haemorrhoids 环形痔proctocolectomy 直肠与结肠切除术major operation 大手术omentum 网膜pancreaticobiliary 胰胆管的Bile canaliculus 胆小管mediastinum 纵隔quadrate lobe 方叶organic 有机的,器官的interferon 干扰素glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率Fulminant Liver Failure 暴发性肝衰竭Nephrotic Syndrome 肾病综合征enteropathy 肠病,肠病变Esophageal cancer 食管癌gastroesophageal varices 胃食管静脉曲张Supine Position 仰卧位informed consent 知情同意sequelae 后遗症,转归demarcate 划界线,分开,区别postprandial 食后的to date 迄今为止regarding 关于serologic 血清学的Serology 血清学hepaplastin test 肝促凝血活酶试验urea 尿素heme 血红素anionic 阴离子的。