第五章 美感的分析

美感的综合描述美感是人们对美的感受和体验，是人们在欣赏美的事物时所产生的一种心理现象。

美感涉及到人们对美的认知、感受和评价，它既是一种心理活动，也是一种文化和社会现象。

美感的综合描述可以从以下几个方面来阐述：1. 感知和认知：美感首先来源于人们对美的感知和认知。

这包括对美的形态、色彩、声音、气味等方面的感知，以及对美的内涵、意义和价值的认知。

美感是一种主观的感受，不同的人对同一种美的形态可能会有不同的感受和认知。

2. 情感体验：美感也涉及到人们的情感体验。

人们在欣赏美的事物时，会产生愉悦、兴奋、平静、感动等不同的情感反应。

这些情感反应可以加深人们对美的理解和体验，使美感更加丰富和深刻。

3. 想象和创新：美感还与人们的想象和创新有关。

在欣赏美的事物时，人们会运用自己的想象力，创造出属于自己的美感体验。

同时，人们在追求美感的道路上，也会不断创新和尝试，以创造更加美好的事物。

4. 文化和社会背景：美感也受到文化和社会背景的影响。

不同文化和社会环境下的人们对美的理解和追求也会有所不同。

因此，美感是具有文化和社会差异性的，它反映了人们对美的独特认知和理解。

5. 实用性和功利性：美感还与事物的实用性和功利性有关。

有时候，美的事物能够满足人们的实际需求，如美观的建筑设计能够提高人们的生活质量。

因此，美感也具有一定的实用性和功利性。

总之，美感是一种复杂的心理现象，它涉及到感知、认知、情感、想象、文化和社会背景、实用性和功利性等多个方面。

在追求美感的道路上，人们需要不断地探索和创新，以创造更加美好的事物，丰富自己的精神世界。

美感部分：理解美感的本质，心理要素美感部分：理解美感的本质，心理要素（感觉、知觉、想像、情感四方面）一、美感的本质美感——是接触到美的事物时引起的一种感动，是一种赏心悦目、怡情悦性的心理状态，是对美的认识、评价和欣赏。

在西方美学史上，美感又叫“审美鉴赏”、“审美判断”或“趣味判断”。

理解美感的概念，要注意从以下三个方面来把握：1、美感是一种“感动”，在美感中，蕴含着丰富的情感因素，脱离了情感，就不会有美感。

2、美感不是任意的情感或感觉，比如它不是痛感、不是悲伤感、不是愤怒感，也不是冷暖寒热等感觉，而是一种赏心悦目、怡情悦性的感觉。

3、这种美感中包含着人对客观事物的评价和判断，因此，体现了人对事物的认识。

但是，这种认识不同于一般的科学认识。

在引起美感的过程中，没有一般科学认识所必需的概念的逻辑推理和判断。

审美的趣味判断是一种特殊的反映形式，在这种特殊的反映形式中，认识活动是潜藏在情感活动之中的，知觉、想象、理解等认识因素暗含在对感性的具体形象的感受之中。

因此，对美的事物的理性认识常常是不自觉的。

美感的本质特征：美感的本质特征是形象的直觉性、精神的愉悦性、潜伏的功利性和想象的创造性。

这四个特征在美感中是有机结合在一起的。

其中美感的情感愉悦是中心，它把美感的直接性、功利性和创造性密切统一在一起，形成了美感中感性与理性、再现与创造的完整统一。

1、美感的形象直接性（1）美感形象直接性的内涵与特点：美感的形象直接性是指美的事物和现象都是以其具体可感、富于感染性的形象特征直接引起人的美感，美感活动始于这些形象特征的直觉并始终不脱离这些生动的直觉。

美感之所以有这种形象的直接性特征，一方面是由美的特征决定的，另一方面是由长期的审美实践决定的。

美感的本质特征是形象的直觉性、精神的愉悦性、潜伏的功利性和想象的创造性。

这四个特征在美感中是有机结合在一起的。

其中美感的情感愉悦是中心，它把美感的直接性、功利性和创造性密切统一在一起，形成了美感中感性与理性、再现与创造的完整统一。

2020-2021学年宁波市鄞州高级中学高三英语下学期期中考试试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AShopping centers，stadiums and universities may soon have a new tool to help fight crime.ACaliforniacompany called Knightscope says its robots can predict and prevent crime. Knightscope says the goal is to reduce crime by half in areas the robots guard.William Santana Li is the chief executive officer of Knightscope. He says，"These robot security guards will change the world. Our planet has more than seven billion people on it. It's going to quickly get to nine billion people. The security equipmentthat we have globally is just not going to develop that fast. The company's Autonomous Data Machines can become the eyes and ears of law enforcement（执法）.""You want them to be machines plus humans. Let. the machines do the heavy and sometimes dangerous work and let the humans do the strategic decision-making work，so it's always working all together."The machines do not carry weapons but they have day and night video cameras which are able to turn 360 degrees and can also sense chemical and biological weapons.Some people may become concerned about their privacy, especially in connection with the video recordings. Some people may worry that such recordings will appear on the Internet. Eugene Volokh, a law professor at the UCLA School of Law, says the machines have to be used in the right way and it will be interesting to see how state laws deal with this kind of video.William Santana Li says there is a long waiting list for the robots in theUS. Workers in the company are working overtime to meet the demands of the market. At least 25 other countries are also interested in these robot security guards.1. What can this new tool do for humans?A. Make strategic decisions.B. Keep watching day and night.C. Carry heavy weapons.D. Stop crime autonomously.2. Why are some people worried about the new robots?A. Their privacy may be let out.B. The robots are very expensive.C. Robots will replace humans.D. They will be out of work soon.3. Which of the following can be the best title of the text?A. Robots Are Becoming More PopularB. Robots Contribute aLotto the WorldC. Robots Are in Great Demand NowD. Security Robots Could Help Cut CrimeBHi, Momis a hit inChina. Since its release in early February the movie has earned more than 5 billion yuan at the box office. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film ever released in the country, and may yet overtakeWolf Worrior2, an action film from 2017.Written and directed by Jia Ling, the film is adapted from her comedy routine from 2016 which explored her relationship with her mother, who died in an accident when Ms. Jia was 19. At a time when many people have been separated from their families, the themes of grief and filial piety (孝道) inHi, Mombring agreement.The film’s impressive box office income is also a reminder of the health of the industry inChinacompared withHollywood. In the West cinemas remain closed due to lockdown or operate at limited capacity; inChina, where many restrictions have been lifted, between 50% and 75% of seats are available to book. During the Spring Festival, Chinese cinemas made an estimated $1.5 billion in ticket sales – 71% of takings at the American box office in all of 2020.With cinemas shut, film-sales agent stopped bringingHollywoodmovies to market. That has given locally made films a chance to excel. Since 2013, domestic films have taken around 60% of total box office earnings. In 2021, that number may get closer to 100%.4. What can be inferred from the first paragraph aboutHi, Mom?A. It will be a success.B.Wolf Worrior2 will be released after it.C. It is better than Wolf Worrior 2.D. It may be the first-highest-grossing film inChina.5. Which statement is NOT true according to the text?A. The film industry inChinais developing better than that inHollywood.B. The film is based on a real story.C. You can’t go to cinema because there are many restrictions.D. Many people can’t see their families often nowadays.6. What is the author’s attitude towards local films?A. NegativeB. PositiveC. IndifferentD. Skeptical7. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Local Movies Arise.B. China Film Industry.C. Comedy Time.D.Hi, Mom-China’s Latest Hit.CImprovements to energy efficiency, such as LED lights, are seen by many authorities as a top priority for cutting carbon emissions. Yet a growing body of research suggests that arebound effect could wipe out more than half of the savings from energy efficiency improvements, making the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change even harder to hit.A team led by Paul Brockway at the University of Leeds, UK, looked at the existing 33 studies on the impact of the rebound effect. First comes the direct rebound: for instance,when someone buys a more efficient car, they may take advantage of that by driving it further. Then comes the indirect rebound: fuel savings leave the owner with more money to spend elsewhere in the economy, consuming energy.Although the 33 studies used different methods to model the rebound effect, they produced very consistent estimates of its impact, leading the team to conclude that the effect wipes out, on average, 63 percent of the anticipated energy savings.“We're not saying energy efficiency doesn't work. What we're saying is rebound needs to be taken more seriously,” says Brockway.The idea that increased efficiency may not deliver the hoped­for savingsdates back to the Jevons paradox(悖论), named after the economist William Stanley Jevons, who, in 1865,observed that more efficient coal use led to more demand for coal.If the rebound effect does prove to be as big as suggested, it means future global energy demand will be higher than expected and the world will need far more wind and solar power and carbon­capture technology thanis currently being planned for.But that doesn't mean nothing can be done to limit the rebound effect. One answer is to double down on energy efficiency and do twice as much to achieve the same effect.8. Which of the following is a rebound effect?A. A man uses LED lights to cut carbon emissions.B. A company uses coal more efficiently to reduce waste.C. A family saves money by using energy­saving devices.D. A lady spends savings from her fuel efficient car on more clothes.9. How did Paul Brockway's team carry out their research?A. By interviewing economists.B. By analyzing former studies.C. By modeling the rebound effect.D. By debating about the Jevons paradox.10. What would Paul Brockway probably agree with?A. Authorities should dismiss energy efficiency.B. Worldwide efforts to preserve energy are in vain.C. The rebound effect helps protect the environment.D. More attention should be paid to the rebound effect.11. What's the author's attitude towards limiting the rebound effect?A. Positive.B. Pessimistic.C. Doubtful.D. Disapproving.DEveryone can be angry. But if you take the time to actually examine your anger instead of just “feeling” angry, you’ll have a better understanding of yourself. Knowing why you feel so angry can provide you with some surprising answers. These answers can enable you to suddenly grow spiritually and mentally.I can give you a personal example. I went to a meeting once and I was verbally attacked over an application I supported at my workplace. Various people went on and on about how terrible this system was and that it never worked. That didn’t bother me that much. I was used to that but one of the comments that was said was, “Your job is pointless.” This really upset meand at the time, I was ly furious(发怒地) with that comment.I was so angry and upset that they would treat me that way. Once I took the time to think about what wasreally making me so mad. I learned a lot. I realized that the comment was more truethan I wanted to admit. In the big scheme of things, my job was pointless. It wasn’t what I really wanted to be doing with my life and this was what frustrated me the most. Here I was pouring part of my heart and soul into a job I didn’t even really want to do. I was using it as a crutch(拐杖) because I didn’t have the confidence in myself to take the scary road towards what I really wanted to do. As soon as I realized that, a lot of my anger just melted away. I also realized that I needed to start focusing on what I really wanted to do.I now consider this incident as a great gift It got me back on track to moving in the direction I wanted to go with my life. I probably wouldn’t be where I am today if I hadn’t taken the time to figure out why I was really so angry.12. What made the author angry at the meeting?A. The system of the company was terrible.B. Someone said his job is insignificant.C. The policy of the company didn’t work.D. The application he supported was of no effect.13. What brought down the anger of the author?A. The apology someone made at the meeting.B. The crutch he used to take the scary road.C. His awareness of the fact that the comment was true.D. The courage he had to overcome the challenges.14. Why did the author consider the incident as a gift?A. It brought him back on track to the goal.B. It helped him get promoted to a higher position.C. It helped him change his character since then.D. It provided him with confidence in his career.15. What can be the best title of the passage?A. How to Cope with Verbal Attack in a CompanyB. Avoid Being Pointless at WorkC. Anger Is Harmful to HealthD. Understanding Yourself Better Through Anger第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。