2014年和2015年职称英语综合B新增

2015职称英语理工类B真题及答案(完整版)第一部分：词汇选项1. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. brave D .sensible2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. acceptB. controlC. observeD. regulate3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.A limit B. fear C. power D. fool4. Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. destinyD. refusal5. She's extremely competent and industrious.A. hardworkingB. honestC. objectiveD. independent6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish7. He tried to assemble his thoughts.A. clearB. shareC. gatherD. spare8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.A. messageB. punishmentC. guiltD. obligation9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.A. flexibleB. terribleC. reasonableD. serious10. These products are inferior to those we brought last year.A. poorer thanB. narrower thanC. larger thanD. richer than11. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.A. improvedB. changedC. worsenedD. developed12. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.A. coexistingB. fairC. full D .pubic13. They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.A. requesting B .planning C. preparing D. looking14. He said some harsh words about his brother.A. unkindB. properC. normalD. unclear15. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. sumD. temp第二部分：阅读判断ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known aspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放)PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe(探查)other sources of PAHs, ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的)mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD.Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16. Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20 Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分：概况大意与完成句子First Image-recognitions software1) Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.2)The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则)for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel(像素)data in images and potentially video—rather than just text—to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集)from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明),making for more accurate document search results.3)“Over the last 30 years,” says Associate Professor Korenz o Torresani, a co-author of the study,” the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately get the gist(主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wedpages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.”4)The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed— that extracts semantic(语义的)information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询)on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 _____24. Paragraph 2 _____25. Paragraph 3 _____26 Paragraph 4 _____A. Popularity of the new systemB. Publication of the new discoveryC .Function of the new systemD. Artificial intelligence software createdE. Problems of the existing search enginesF .Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.A. information in imagesB. current popular search enginesC. using photosD. machine vision systemsE. document searchF. description of the HTML page第四部分：阅读理解第一篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers bybuying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be.33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birdsD. humans第二篇More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feeditself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricul tural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischerpainted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will pro bably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research havingspin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995.But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.36. What is the passage mainly about?A. Shortage of food supplies.B. Development of agricultural technologies.C. Impact of agricultural research.D. Expectation of population growth.37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?A. It is increasing among developed countries.B. It is decreasing worldwide.C. Less is demanded from developing countries.D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?A. Food shortage will not be a problemB. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr FischerA. They are costly.B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.C. Their application is limited.D. They have to be applied locally.40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.第三篇Dangers await babies with altitudeWomen who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers areunder-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to bodyweight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.41. What does the new study discover?A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4that_____.A. the finding was unexpectedB. he was very tired.C. the study took longer than expected.D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.A. lack of certain nutrition.B. power of their mother.C. different family backgrounds.D. reduction of oxygen levels.45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies.第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)Saving a City's Public ArtAvoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may be impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals(壁画)can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict(描述)famous people and historical scenes cover office buildings and freeway walls all access the city. With a collection ofmore than 2,000 murals, Los Angeles is the unofficial mural capital of the world.But the combination of graffiti(涂鸦), pollution, and hot sun has left many L.A. murals in terrible condition. _____(46)in the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists were even expected to maintain their own works, not an easy task with cars racing by along the freeway._____(47)The work started in 2003. So far, 16 walls have been selected and more may be added later.Until about 1960, public murals in Los Angeles were rare. But in the 1960s and 1970s, young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-century Mexican mural painting_____(48)The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's "The Great Wall," a 13-foot-high(4-meter-high)painting that runs for half a mile (0.8 kilometer) in North Hollywood, _____(49)it took eight years to complete—400 underprivileged teenagers painted the designs—and is probably the longest mural in the world.One of the murals that will be restored now is Kent Twitchell's "Seventh Street Altarpiece." which he painted for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984. _____ (50) Twitchell said, "it was meant as a kind ofgateway through which the traveler to L.A. must drive. The open hands represent peace."Artists often call murals the people's art. Along a busy freeway or hidden in a quiet neighborhood, murals can teach people who would never pay money to see fine art in a museum, "Murals give a voice to the silent majority," said one artist.A. The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted over some of the murals complete.B. This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C. Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D. Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city's murals.E. The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F .Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.第6部分：完形填空I'll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't _____(51)the difference betweenmusic by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having _____(52)thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not_____(53)to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers,brains_____(54)like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take_____(55)the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is_____(56). According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a_____(57)database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data_____(58)it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combinedthe_____(59)into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could_____(60)more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work to the database.A few years later, Cope's computer program, called "Emmy", was ready to help him with his opera. The_____(61)required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the_____(62)that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great_____(63)! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly_____(64)he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music, _____(65)she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!51. A. Make B. tell C. Take D. understand52. A. trouble B. time C. Fear D. pleasure53. A. Loud B .peaceful C. classic D. easy54. A. Feel B. look C. sound D .work55. A.in B.at C. with D. out56. A. added B .left C. created D .released57. A .Small B. huge C .Simple D. colorful58.A. cut B. drop C. broke D. turned59.A .parts B. programs C. ideas D .pieces60. A. play B. hear C. collect D. analyze61. A .stage B. process C. period D. application62. A. ones B. cases C. others D. sides63. A. loss B. end C. success D. rush64 A .when B. how C. what D. why65. A. but B. until C.so D .because参考答案：第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)1-5. C A B D A6-10. C C B B A11-15. C A A A D第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题l分，共7分)16-22. B B B C C A A第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题，每题1分，共8分) 23-26. D C E F27-30. C E A B第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)31-35. DB D B B36-40. C B C B A41-45. B A A D B第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分) 46-50. A D C E B第6部分：完型填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分) 51-55. B A D D D56-60. B B C D D61-65. B A C B A。

2014年度全国职称英语等级考试综合类(B级）真题试题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项.1.After wards there was just a feeling of let—down。

A。

excitement B。

anger C. Calm D. disappointment2。

The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation。

A.copy B。

furnish C。

publish D。

summariza3.The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid。

A。

hidden B。

inflexible C.traditiona D。

official4.He led a very moral lifeA.honourable B。

human C.intelligent D。

natural.5。

The majority of people around here are decent.A。

real B。

honest C。

normal D.wealthy6。

His knowledge of French is fair.A.very usefulB.very limited C。

quite good D.rather special7。

The group does not advocate the use of violence。

A.limit B。

regalate C.support D。

oppose8。

The worst agonies of the war were now beginning。

A。

pains B。

parts C. aspects D。

综合B阅读押题机会只给有准备的人。

Opportunities are only for the prepared person.孙老师特别提示：押题变成了猜题，极不靠谱，请大家做好无原题或押不中的准备！！！阅读文章通常有二种性质：1、新出文章，通常比较规范，比较简单明了,容易得分。

2、教材中文章一篇(所谓的押题)，通常有两种情况。

1.比较规范，比较简单明了,容易得分。

2.很不规范，很难！不易得分！但真的出现在卷子上时往往会对提问及选项进改动，使其比较规范，比较简单明了,容易得分。

综合阅读押题2014共4篇文章第二十九篇I'll Be Bach（综合B）2014 新增26课讲过第十九篇The Family（综合B）第二十篇Tales 传说故事of the Terrible 可怕的Past（综合B）第二十六篇Seeing the World Centuries世纪Ago（综合B）已考过第三十篇“Lucky” Lord Lucan伯爵----- Alive or Dead（综合B）阅读重点文章2014共4篇文章I'll Be Bach（综合B）The Family（综合B）Tales 传说故事of the Terrible 可怕的Past（综合B）Seeing the World Centuries世纪Ago（综合B）第二十九篇I'll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can't tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope's computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers' brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data: it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren't good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more. complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.,A few years later, Cope's computer program, called "Emmy", was ready to help him with his opera. The process required a lot of collaboration between the composerand Emmy. Cope listened to the computer's musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn't like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!注释：1.J.S.Bach：约翰.塞巴斯蒂安.巴赫(德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日--1750年7月28日)，巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。

A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders(伦敦塔看守),_better （更…）known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top（顶部）of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "From（从）our bedroom we have a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的) view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous for（以..而著名）its ravens(n.乌鸦，黑色的鸟), the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated(着迷，吸引) by the birds and when he was _offered(提供)__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitation （犹豫）_ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always _ aware （意识到）of the fact that I am _ maintaining （保持）_ a tradition. The legend(传奇，传说) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to _ make（确保）sure this doesn't happen!"David devotes（献身于）about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _ fact（事实）that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can keep（关注）a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." At first（起初）, David's wife Mo was not _keen（对..感兴趣）on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history all（所有）around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."A Lucky BreakActor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's doing(做) sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays（扮演一个…）the part of a middleweight(n.中量级拳击手) boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During（过程中）the making of the film Harrelson kept （连续）complaining that the fight scenes （场面）weren't very convincing(a.有说服力的，令人信服的), so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't keen（对…热衷）on the idea at first, but he was eventually（最终）persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring(拳赛场地). However, when he realized how seriously(认真地) his opponent（对手）was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so（太…以至于..）hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious(a.暴怒的，强烈的) that he had been playing "silly macho(a.雄壮的，男子气概的) games". "She was right," confesses(v.承认，坦白) Banderas, "and I was a fool to take（冒险）a risk like that in the middle of a movie." He was reminded（提醒）of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreamed（梦想）of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take up（开始）acting; I saw it as another（另外）way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch（场）was, you might say, my first lucky break."A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made(制造) their fortune(财富) through the Internet. What(这) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable(a.卓越的，值得注意的) is that he is dyslexic(a.诵读困难的n.诵读困难者), and was told(告知) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly(正确地) . "I wanted to prove them wrong(错了) ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities(n.权威，权力，当权) provided(提供) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable(不能) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged(鼓励) by his father, he soon began charging(收费) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set(创建) up his own computer consultancy(n.咨询公司，顾问工作), Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote(精力) all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple(一些) of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing(做) business with bigger companies.” It was his ability to consistently(始终如一的) overcome(克服) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur(n.企业家，主办者) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth(价值)$25 million with a private investment(n.投资，投入) company, which will finance(为…供给资金) his search engine.A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all(根本) that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever（几乎不）doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious（对…好奇）to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful（伤害）to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at （盯着看成）their computers?Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed（沉迷）in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make（利用）of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word（诺言）tha t it won’t interfere(妨碍) withhomework. If the child is not holding（坚持）to this arrangement(安排), the parent can take more drastic(严厉的，极端的) steps（采取措施）dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating（协商）_ any other sort of bargain about(就(某物)讨价还价) behaviour.Any parent who is seriously（严重）alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment(约定) to discuss（讨论）the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily（必定）affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely（完全地）crazy about using the Internet，he or sheis probably just going（度过）through a phase(阶段，时期), and in a few months there will be somethingelse to worry about!Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developingfaster than ever before, many people are beingattracted（吸引）to the idea of looking backinto the past. One way they can do this is byinvestigating(调查，研究) their own familyhistory. They can try to find（找出）out moreabout where their families came from andwhat they did, This is now a fast-growinghobby, especially in countries with a fairly（相当）short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one（一方面）thing to spend sometime going（探究）through a book on familyhistory and to take the decision（决心）toinvestigate your own family's past. It is quite（的确）another to carry out(完成) the research work successfully. It is easy to set about(开始做(某事)) it in a disorganized(扰乱,瓦解) way and cause（引起）yourself many problems which could have been avoided（避免）with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected（有关系）with a famous character, whether hero or criminal(罪犯), do not let this idea take over(接管) your research. Just treat（当作）it as an interesting possibility(可能的事). A simple system for （用collecting and storing your information will be adequate(充足的，适当的) to start with; a more complex(错综复杂的) one may only get in your way（道路）. The most important thing, though, is to get（被）started. Who knows what you might（可能）find ?Helen and MartinWith a thoughtful sigh(长叹一声), Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair(扶手椅). Would（将要）her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up (放弃)_ waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened(变淡)_ until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. curiosity(好奇心) to see what had become(发生…事) of her brother.Almost without warning(预兆) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't bothered(烦扰) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence(对…有信心) in her ownjudgment growing. Ignoring(不顾) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through(过程中) her course and now, to the astonishment(惊讶;令人惊讶的事物) of the whole family, she was gaining(获得) a fast-growing reputation(名声，名誉;声望) in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on(靠)from her paintings.Of course, she took(对) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune(不幸;灾祸，灾难), but she couldn't help(忍不住)looking forward to her brother's arrival with quiet(暗暗地) satisfaction(满意，满足) at what shehad achieved.Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate(n.气候，风气). Many scientists put （把…归咎于）the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in（在）the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever(任何时候) before, the Earth is at risk(危险) from the forces(暴力) of the wind, rain and sun. According(据说) to them, global warming is making extreme(极端的) weather events, such(例如) as hurricanes(n.飓风，暴风) and droughts(n.干旱，早灾), even more severe(严重) and causing sea levels all around the world to rise(上升) .Environmental groups are putting pressure(压力) on governments to take actionto reduce the amount(数量) of carbon dioxide(n.二氧化碳) which is given off(排放) by factories and power plants, thus attacking(攻击) the problem at its source. They are in favour(赞成) of more money being spent on research into solar(a.太阳的n.太阳能), wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations(装置) .Some scientists, however(然而) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(n.大气) tomorrow, we would have to wait several(几) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay(停留).Look on The Bright SideDo you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望）to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧）the worst isn’t really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks like（像）rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things,it's important to do something about（对此）it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according（根据）to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and you'll findlife more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能）to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitude（态度）to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于）too much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes（发生）wrong. Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面）hand, have been brought up not to regard（把..看作）failure as the end of the world—they just get on（继续）with their lives.School LunchResearch has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly（正常地）in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide（提供）meals at lunchtime. Children can choose（选择）to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen(食堂小卖部) One shocking finding（发现）of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards（标准）for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion（比例）of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy(乳制品的) item and starchy((食物)含有大量淀粉的) food like bread or pasta(意大利面食). Lunchboxes examined（检查）by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps(炸马铃薯片) and chocolate bars. Children consume（摄取）twice as much sugar(糖) as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding （解释）of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased（增长）in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise（批评）parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional（营养的）value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can affect（影响）their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits（习惯）at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent（阻止）it.Traffic in Our CitiesThe volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy(a.漫长的，冗长的) delays, and the greater risk of（..的风险）accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade(说服) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible approach(方法) is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing(增加)charges for parking and bringing(收益) in tougher(严格的, 强硬的) fines for(因…而罚(款)) anyone who breaks(打破) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known(为所熟知) as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a number(一些) of cities, using a special electronic card fixed(固定在..上) to the windscreen(n.汽车挡风玻璃) of the car.Another way of dealing(处理) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts(效区) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the final(最后的) stage of their journey.Of course, the most important thing(..的事) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up(放弃) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable(a.可靠的，可信赖的), convenient(方便的) and comfortable, with fares(票价) kept(保持) at an acceptable level.Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责) for learning lie with(是…的责任) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）__in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发……的积极性) to learn for the sake of(为了) learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带…回来）brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对…负责）for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned （选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的)guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其)graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ sources(资源) _in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢) that their students should not be too(太)dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除…之外) teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的). If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会).TheDiffeencebetweenManandComputer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories don’t yet account(解释)__ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what(那些) __ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't even (甚至)have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose".Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理）to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了）order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to find （寻找）a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, andcomputers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise （导致）to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals.A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information（信息）about the name of a restaurant which serves （供应）the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire （获取）information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ "want" to find outthe location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以…方式）the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于）out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted（使...喜悦）onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off(炫耀) his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged （扩大）version of a children’s toy which had been in use（在使用中）for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé" had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状）of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either end．To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力）against the ground（地面）with your legs—there were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celeriferéand it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed （吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行）races up and down the streets.Minor injuries（受伤）were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed（速度）. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向）was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn（掉转）it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋）in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long,however,as the combination（组合）of no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路) made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celeriferéwas the origin（始祖）of the modem bicycle.The Old GateIn the Middle Ages the vast majority ofEuropean cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons(原因)but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious(传染性的，会蔓延的) diseases(疾病). The Old City of London gates were all demolished(拆毁) by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke(打击) of luck, it was never destroyed.This gate is, in actual(实际的) fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary（分界线）between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage(存储)because its design was unfashionable(老套) it was expensive to maintain(维修) and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was set out(建立) in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the Trust is the preservation(保存)of the nation's architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down(推倒) , stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral(总教堂, 大教堂). Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced(替换) , though there is a good chance(机会)_ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job(工作) of all, however, will be to recreate the statues(雕像) of themonarchs(君主) that once stood on top of the gate.Working MothersCarefully conducted(v.实施，实行) researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点）is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多）of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested(投资) such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立) a career that they cannot afford（负担）to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的) necessity（有必要）. Many mothers are not cut （适合于）out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant(婴儿，幼儿), they feel trapped(v.使陷入困境，使受限制) and isolated(使隔离，使孤立).There are a number of options(选项，选择) when it comes（涉及）to choosing childcare. These range from child minders(照顾者) and nannies(保姆) through to(直到) Granny(奶奶) or the kind(好心的) lady across（对面）the street. In reality（在现实状况下）, however,many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter （无论）how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest(抗议) wildly(激烈的) if they are left. This is a perfectly（完全）normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush(依恋, 压烂) on Mum and close family members（成员）. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量）time to help your child settle in(安顿下来).All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached(依恋于) to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do（做）the best for your children, it's not the quantity(数量) of time you spend with them，it's the quality（质量）that matters.。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ( Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.) Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It‟s convenient, it‟s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It‟s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. (In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.) They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. (When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people.) Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can‟t be sure of what they really like. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you‟re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. （Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.）In contrast, th ere are many people who believe that it‟s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it‟s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”(Many people would agree.) They say that it‟s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don‟t share experiences in person.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the …add on‟ in any relationship.”网友算真正的朋友吗？现在计算机技术使得一种新的人际关系成为可能，即网友。

have/gain access to可以获得gain/have an advantage over胜过，优于take advantage of利用，趁…之机d0/try one's best尽力，努力make the best of充分利用，妥善处理catch one's breath屏息，歇口气take care of照顾，照料take charge of担任，负责take a delight in以…为乐take…into account考虑pay the way for为...铺平道路pay attention to注意get the best of 胜过get the.better of打败，致胜take care小心.当心take a chance冒险一试keep company with与…交往make a/the difference有影响，很重要put into effect实行，生效take effect生效，起作用keep an eye on留意，照看find fault埋怨，挑剔come/go into force生效，实施be friends with对…友好，与…交上朋友keep one's head保持镇静carry/bring into effect使生效，使起作用come/go into effect生效，实施catch one eye引人注目make a face做鬼脸catch fire着火来源：make friends交朋友，友好相处make fun of取笑，嘲弄lose heart丧失勇气，失去信心get hold of抓住，掌握throw/cast light on使明白，阐明have…in mind记住，考虑到，想到come/go into operation使投入生产，使运转keep/hold pace with跟上，与...同步take place发生，进行come to the point说到要点，扼要地说get/learn by heart记住，背诵keep house管理家务，做家务Look forward to her coming soon.D：形容词(或具有形容词性质的一ed分词)+介词+ing(详见形容词词组)“should(可省略)+动词原形”用于如下结构中的that 从句中： A.用于表示意原、建议、命令、提议，请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求beg请求demand要求insist坚持move建议，动员advise建议command命令desire渴望intend打算propose提议arrange安排decide决定determine决定maintain坚持，主张objeet反对order命令prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定规定urge强调，促进vote公认，提议decree颁布(法令)prey请求用于it is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable明智的，合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要的asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的insisted坚持的necessary必要的suggested建议urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable好一点proposed提议proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的probable可能的pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾表示建议、要求，命令，请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语从句;常考的有：advice忠告decision，demand，desire，insistence，motion 提议necessity必要性order命令preference偏爱，选择proposal，pray恳求recommendation推荐request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告，忠告典型例句：1.He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour2.It is appropriate that some time be devoted to thoroughstudy of the results of the Aoollo mission.I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

2014年度全国职称英语等级考试卫生类（B级）试题第1部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分）1.After wards there was just a feeling of let-down.A. excitementB. angerC. CalmD. disappointment2.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situationA.copyB. furnishC. publishD. summariza3.The curriculum was too narrow and too rigidA.hiddenB.inflexibleC.traditionaD.official4.He led a very moral lifeA.honourableB.humanC.intelligentD.natural5.The majority of people around here are decentA.realB.honestC.normalD.wealthy6.His knowledge of French is fairA.very usefulB.very limitedC.quite goodD.rather special7.The group does not advocate the use of violenceA.limitB.regalateC.supportD.oppose8.The worst agonies of the war were now beginningA. painsB. partsC. aspectsD. results9.It was a magic night until the spell was brokenA.timeB.charmC.spaceD.opportunity10.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present systemA. proveB. discoverC. considerD. imagine11.Several windows had been smashedA.cleanedB.replacedC.brokenD.fixed12.She felt that she had done her good deed for the dayA. homeworkB. actC. justiceD. model13.London quickly became a flourishing portA.majorrgeC.successfulmercial14.His professional career spanned 16 yearsA.stareedB.changedC.movedsted15.His stomach felt hollow with fearA. emptyB. sincereC. respectfulD. terrible第2部分：阅读判断（第16—22题，每题1分，共7分）Some Schooling on BackpacksAccording to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. 5.900 kids were treated at hospital emergency rooms, clinics, and doctors’offices last year for sprians(扭伤)and strains caused by backpacks. Such injunes are so widespread that more than 70 percent of physicians as a potential clinical problem for children.How do you avoid such problems? Choose bags that have wide, padded straps(有垫的背带)and a belt. That will help transfer some of the weight from the back and shoulders to the hips. You should also tighten both straps firmly, so the pack rests about 2 inches above your waist. Also, remember to pack your bag with the heaviest items closest to your back and to bend both knees when you pick it up.I low much should you stuff into your pack? That depends on your size and strength, but a general rule is not to exceed 20 percent of your body weight. So if a child weights 100 pounds, the backpack and its load should not be more than 20 pounds. One hint: Make frequent trips to your locker(储物柜)to exchange books between classes.Backpacks with wheels let you pull the weight along the ground,but they have problems too. Many are larger than the average shoulder bag, so students are tempted to carry more than they would in a conventional pack.Roller bags often don’t fit into a locker. They can also lead to tripping and falls in crowded halls. Whatever you use. 10 or 15 minutes of stretching and back strengthening is a good idea.16.About six thousand American kids were injured by carrying backpacks last year.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned17. 70 percent of UK physicians have treated children with sprains and strains.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned18. Backpacks with wide, padded straps and a belt can help to avoid problems of sprains and strains.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned19. A 100-pound child should carry a backpack of more than 20 pounds.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned20. Children should put all the books in their lockers.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned21. Roller bags tend to be heavier than ordinary backpacks.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned22. A 10-15 minutes’exercise will help you bear a heavier backpack.A . RightB . WrongC . Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）Aromatherapy(芳香疗法)1 Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine which is based on the use of very concentrated essential oils from the flowers, leaves, bark, branches or roots of plants which are considered to have healing properties. In aromatherapy these powerful oils are mixed with other oils, such as almond(杏仁)oil, or they are diluted(稀释)with water. These solutions(溶液剂)can be rubbed on the skin, sprayed in the air, or applied as a compress(敷药)。

职称英语综合b类真题（含答案）2012年职称英语试题综合类（B级）试卷及答案第⼀部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题-1分；共15分）下⾯每个句⼦中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. We need to extract the relevant flnancial data.A. storeB. obtainC. saveD. review2. His shoes were shined to perfection.A. clearedB. polishedC. washedD. mended3. She always finds fault with everything. .A. simplifiesB. evaluatesC. criticizesD. Examines4. Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work.to doA. doubtingB. thinkingC. sayingD. Knowing5. They converted the spare bedroom into an office.A. reducedB. movedC. reformedD. turned.6. Mr. Henley has accelerated his sale of shares over the past yearA. heldB. increasedC. expectedD. offered7. We have to act within the existing legal frameworkD. system8. Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hoursA. spendC. standB. takeD. last9. At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happenedA. giveB. attachC. understandD. lose10.The view from my bedroom window was absolutely spectacular.A. generalC. strongB. traditionalD. magnificent11. Marsha confessed that she knew nothing of computer.A. admittedB. reportedC. hopedD. answered12. The police believe the motive for the murder was jealousy.A. choiceB. ideaC. decisionD. reason13. The high-speed trains can have a major impact on our livesA. effortC. concernB. problemD. influence14. We explored the possibility of expansion at the conference.D. investigated15. The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.A. continuousC. generalB. relativeD. sharp第⼆部分：阅读判断（第16—22题，每题1分，共7分）下⾯的短⽂后列出了7个句⼦，请根据短⽂的内容对每个句⼦做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A：如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息⽂中没有提及，请选择C。

XX年职称英语考试综合类(B级)试题、答案综合类(B级)试题第1局部：词汇选项 (第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与画线局部意义最相近的词或短语。

请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

1 It is obvious that he will win the game．A likelyB possibleC clearD probable2 The earth moves around the sun．A beforeB roundC afterD over3 Did anyone call when l was out?A everyoneC nobodyB someoneD anybody4 It took us a long time to mend the house．A buildB destroyC designD repair5 I don’t quite follow what she is saying．A observeB understandC explainD describe6 We can no longer tolerate his actions．A put up withB aeptC takeD receive7 Loud noises can be irritating．A hatefulB painfulC stimulatingD annoying8 In the background was that eternal humA longB never-endingC boringD extensive9 The Constitution’s vague nature has given it the flexibility to be adapted whencircumstances changeA impreciseB apparentC clearD easy10Gambling is lawful in Nevada．A enjoyableB irresistibleC legalD profitable11These are the motives for doing itA reasonsB excusesC answersD replies12The river widens considerably as it begins to turn west A extends B stretchesC broadensD bends13 Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics．A errorB puzzleC attractionD contradiction14 With immense relief I stopped running．A noB littleC scarceD enormous15 A great deal has been done to remedy the situationA maintainB improveC preserveD protect第2局部：阅读判断 (第16—22题，每题1分，共7分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。

2015年职称英语考试《综合B》真题及答案（完整文字版）（2015年4月发布）第1部分：词汇选项1.【题干】I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.【选项】A.acceptB.controlC.observeD.regulate【答案】A2. 【题干】The organization was bold enough to face the press.【选项】A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible【答案】C3. 【题干】She's extremely competent and industrious.【选项】A.honestB.hardworkingC.objectiveD.independent【答案】B4. 【题干】Most people find rejection hard to accept.【选项】A.excuseB.clientC.refusalD.destiny【答案】C5. 【题干】These products are inferior to those we bought last year. 【选项】A.narrower thanrger thanC.richer thanD.poorer than【答案】D6. 【题干】I realized to my h orror that I had forgotten the present. 【选项】A.fearB.limitC.powerD.fool【答案】A7. 【题干】The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 【选项】A.messageB.punishmentC.guiltD.obligation【答案】B8. 【题干】We were attracted by the lure of quick money.【选项】A.amountB.temptC.supplyD.sum【答案】B9. 【题干】There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.【选项】A.coexistingB.fairC.fullD.pubic【答案】A10. 【题干】The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.【选项】A.discloseB.hideC.handleD.establish【答案】A11. 【题干】The political situation in the region has deterioratedrapidly.【选项】A.improvedB.changedC.worsenedD.developed【答案】C12. 【题干】They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.【选项】A.planningB.preparingC.requestingD.looking【答案】C13. 【题干】He said some harsh words about his brother.【选项】A.properB.normalC.unclearD.unkind【答案】D14. 【题干】He tried to assemble his thoughts.【选项】A.clearB.shareC.gatherD.spare【答案】C15. 【题干】Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. 【选项】A.flexibleB.reasonableC.terribleD.serious【答案】C第2部分：阅读判断第3部分：概括文章大意第4部分：阅读理解第一篇：Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they'reusually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human p opulation in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers inLatin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted ifthere aren’t any trees. With increased production come i ncreased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide frompredators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are neededto grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die.The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enterthe water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning togrow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers bybuying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worthit.31.【题干】What is the main idea of this passage?【选项】A.Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B.Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C.Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D.People should buy shade-grown coffee.【答案】A32.【题干】The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 isto show_____.【选项】A.the positive effects of coffee.B.a change of coffee growth.C.something that is the most important.D.how coffee production used to be.【答案】B33.【题干】What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?【选项】A.More insects.B.Better quality coffee.rger farms.D.Higher profits.【答案】D34.【题干】How d o farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?【选项】A.They buy more land from other farmers.B.They cut down trees.C.They move to another country.D.They turn grassland into farmland.【答案】B35.【题干】The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____【选项】A.insects.B.air.C.brids.D.humans.【答案】B第二篇：Washoe Learned American Sign LanguageAn animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last monthat the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe h ad become k nown in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be thefirst non-human to learn a human l anguage. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe s aid she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when i t was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like," Who i s coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies oftheir own into this new a nd exciting area of research. The whole directionof primate research changed.However, critics argued Washoe o nly learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developedtrue language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggestthat primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signsonly for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a formerstudent of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoerprovided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today,there are not as many scientists studying language skills withchimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a verylong time.Debate continues about chimps understanding of human c ommunication. Yet, one thing is sure-Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.36.【题干】The Gardners' experiment with Washoe_____.【选项】A.began in 1969.B.won a big prize.sted three yearsD.influenced primate research【答案】D【查看文字解析>>】37. 【题干】The second paragraph mainly discusses _____.【选项】A.a report about Washoe's progress in learning sign language.B.the whole direction of primate research.C.new primate researches conducted by many language scientific.D.an experiment with Washoe at a research center in Africa.【答案】A【查看文字解析>>】38. 【题干】The Gardners' experiment with Washoe was criticized because _____.【选项】A.just ask some simple question.B.only copy teachers' sign language.C.only memorize about 250 words.D.just repeat short sentences.【答案】B【查看文字解析>>】39. 【题干】According to the passage ,which of the following is true?【选项】A.Roger Fouts taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees.B.Washoe was the first chim to use American Sign Language.C.A chimpanzee died of natural causes in Africa at a research center.D.Nowadays there are still lots of scientists experimenting with chimpanzees.【答案】B40. 【题干】We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph that_____.【选项】A.whether chimps can learn a human language remains unanswer.B.primates have the ability to speak a language.C.animals can's learn a human sign.D.Washoe is as intelligent as humans.【答案】C第三篇：Moderate Earthquake Strikes EnglandA moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power in Kent County. One w oman suffered minor head and neck injuries."It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride," said the woman.The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake struckat 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the English Channel, about 8.5 miles south of Dover and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel.Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15seconds."I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up frombed next to me." said Hendrick van Eck,27,of Canterbury about 60 milessoutheast of London. "I then heard the sound of cracking, and it wasgetting heavier and heavier. It felt as if someone was at the end of mybed hopping up and down."There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was thestrongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck thecentral England city of Birmingham.The country's strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale. British Geological Surveyscientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an areathat had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage m London and was felt in France. Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not bescared too much b y this prediction, Musson s aid, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quakeand announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allowtime for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.41. 【题干】The biggest earthquake took place in Britain _____.【选项】A.in 1931.B.in 1580.C.in 2002.D.in 2007.【答案】A42. 【题干】The word "collapsed "in Paragraph 4 most probably meas _____.【选项】A.fell apart.B.flew off.C.shook up.D.blew out.【答案】A43. 【题干】The phrase "this scale "in Paragraph 6 refers to_____.【选项】A.4.8-magnitude quake.B.4.3-magnitude quake.C.5.8 on the Richter scale.D.6.1 on the Richter scale.【答案】B44. 【题干】The following statements are true EXCEPT_____.【选项】A.the quake caused a power failure in Kent Country.B.the tremor lasted for 10-15 seconds.C.people in Canterbury felt strong quake.D.the quake was centered centered under the Channel Tunnel.【答案】D45. 【题干】 It can be learnt from the last paragraph that _____.【选项】A.moderate earthquakes often strike London in the historyB.earthquake warming system of Britain can predict theC.another earthquake is predicted to occur in England.D.the French also felt the earthquake taking place on【答案】B第5部分：补全短文Saving a City's Public ArtAvoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may b e impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals(壁画)can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict(描述)famous people and historical scenes coveroffice buildings and freeway walls all across the city. With a collectionof more than 2,000 murals, Los Angeles is the unofficial mural capitalof the world.But the combination of graffiti(涂鸦), pollution, and hot sun hasleft many L.A. murals in terrible condition._____(46)In the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists wereeven expected to maintain their own works, not an easy task with carsracing by along the freeway._____(47)The work started in 2003. So far, 16 walls have been selected, and more may be added later.Until about 1960, public murals in Los Angeles were rare. But in the 1960s and 1970s, young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-centuryMexican mural painting._____(48)The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's "The Great Wall,"a 13-foot-high(4-meter-high)painting that runs for half a mile (0.8kilometer)in North Hollywood,_____(49)it took eight years to complete—400 underprivileged teenagers painted the designs—and is probably the longest mural in the world.One of the murals that will be restored now is Kent Twitchell's"Seventh Street Altarpiece." which he painted for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984._____ (50)Twitchell said, "It was meant as a kind ofgateway through which the traveler to L.A. must drive. The open handsrepresent peace."Artists often call murals the people's art. Along a busy freeway orhidden in a quiet neighborhood, murals can reach people who would neverpay money t o see fine art in a museum, "Murals give a voice to the silent majority," said one artist.46.【题干】_____【选项】A.The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted oversome of the murals complete.B.This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C.Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D.Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city'smurals.E.The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F.Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.【答案】A47.【题干】_____【选项】A.The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted oversome of the murals complete.B.This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C.Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D.Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city'smurals.E.The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F.Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.【答案】D48.【题干】_____【选项】A.The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted oversome of the murals complete.B.This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C.Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D.Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city'smurals.E.The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F.Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.【答案】C49.【题干】_____【选项】A.The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted oversome of the murals complete.B.This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C.Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D.Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city'smurals.E.The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F.Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.【答案】E50.【题干】_____【选项】A.The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted oversome of the murals complete.B.This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C.Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artists.D.Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore the city'smurals.E.The mural represents the history of ethnic groups in California.F.Soon, their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for L.A.'s cultural diversity.【答案】B第6部分：完形填空The Internet HouseA leading British building and design company has just announcedtheir plans for the home of the future. The new design,_____(51)as the "Internet House", has five bedrooms , plenty of bathrooms and a doublegarage .But these are not the main selling _____(52), for it is the￡25000_____(53)of automation that makes this house really different.It will be _____(54), for people who have plenty of money ,but nota great _____(55)of time ;young professionals in other words ,They arelikely to be _____(56)to the idea of a microwave that provides easy-to-cook _____(57)via the Internet and cooker that switches itselfon or off at a command received via e-mail .All the appliances in the house , _____(58)the heating and lightingcontrols ,are linked together _____(59)means of a gadget(小装置)calleda "router ".Using what's called a "Webpad",a kind of portable lap-topcomputer ,the owners of the house tap in commands from _____(60)they may be .The Webpad _____(61)a signal to the router ,which _____(62)the message and then activates the necessary controls. On the home at night ,for example ,the owners can switch on the lights or _____(63)thecentral heating working ,and so_____(64)sure that they have a nice warm welcome when they _____(65)into their home.51.【题干】_____【选项】A.entitledB.knownC.referredd【答案】D52. 【题干】_____【选项】A.plotsB.plansD.paths【答案】C53. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.valueB.priceC.worthD.cost【答案】A54. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.accurateB.modelC.preciseD.ideal【答案】D55. 【题干】_____A.lengthB.dealC.lotD.extent【答案】C56. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.excitedB.intendedC.interestedD.attracted【答案】D57. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.recipesB.projectsC.receiptsD.invitations【答案】A58. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.as long asB.as soon asC.as well asD.as far as【答案】C59. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.forB.inC.withD.by【答案】C60. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.whateverB.howeverC.whicheverD.wherever【答案】D61. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.drawsB.speaksC.sendsD.hearsay【答案】C62. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.decodesB.discountsC.decidesD.dissolves【答案】A63. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.leadB.haveC.putD.get【答案】B64. 【题干】_____ 【选项】eB.makeC.keepD.hold【答案】B65. 【题干】_____ 【选项】A.stayB.standC.stepD.start 【答案】C。