研究生入学考试英语模拟试题三

考研英语模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)1．Even the Saudis—or rather, the small number of men who actually rule their troubled country—are giving ground in the struggle for women’s rights. For sure, the recommendations (1)_____ this week to Crown Prince Abdullah at the end of an (2)_____ round of “national dialogue” concentrating on the role of women were fairly tame. in the reformers-versus-reactionaries (3)_____ test of whether women should, be allowed to drive cars (at present they cannot do so in the kingdom, nor can they travel unaccompanied, by whatever (4)_____ of motion), the king was merely asked to”(5)_____ a body to study a public-transport system for women to facilitate mobility”. (6)_____ mention, of course, of the right to vote—but then that has been (7)_____ to men too, though local elections, on an apparently universal franchise, are supposed to be held in October. In sum, it is a tortoise’s progress. But the very fact of the debate happening at all is (8)_____ —and hopeful. It is not just in Saudi Arabia that more rights for women are being demanded (9)_____ across the whole of the Arab and Muslim world. The pushy Americans have made women’s rights part of their appeal for greater democracy in (10)_____ they now officially call the “broader Middle East”, to include non-Arab Muslim countries such as Iran, Turkey and even Afghanistan. Many Arabs have cautioned the Americans against seeking to (11)_____ their own values on societies with such different traditions and (12)_____. Many leading Muslims have (13)_____ the culturally imperious Americans of seeking to (14)_____ Islam. The (15)_____ for more democracy in the Muslim world issued by leaders of the eight biggest industrial countries was watered down for fear of giving (16)_____. Yet, despite the Arabs’ prickliness, the Americans have helped pep up a debate that is now bubbling fiercely in the Arab world, even (17)_____ many Arab leaders, none of whom is directly elected by the people, are understandably (18)_____ of reforms that could lead to their own toppling. Never before have women’s rights in the Arab world been so (19)_____ debated. That (20)_____ is cause to rejoice.A．remouldedB．inheritedC．accordedD．handed正确答案：D解析：本题是一道语意逻辑推导题。

考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案考研英语全国研究生入学考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her newbook Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improvetheir lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to bedifferent, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenbergargues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via socialcommunication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plantrunning. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since , when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past . In , the state went a step further, requiring that anyextension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happennext. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of anunderground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year againstallowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the agreement is invalid because of the legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left tolose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promisesfrom Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny andacceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Littlereward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy.rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without sufferingmuch in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes frompublic-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute ofCalifornia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies andmerit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions haverallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit thosewho want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets haveattracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much biggerproblem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector unionmembership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one fromthe list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the firstmedia machine that serves as the mode of production, meansof distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of productionremains, with a small number of people uploadingmaterial, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining contentto just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneselfof a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn ofthe millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world'smedia culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinianevolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such atheory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless,unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable tosuppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewilderingvariety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex culturalbehavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies areality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution ofgrammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans areborn with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generativerules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children canlearn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifyingtraits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases thatresult from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between themrepresent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language changethat are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergianuniversality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither ofthese patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Unionto1)extend your welcome and provide some suggestions for their campus life here.2)You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “LiMing”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解Section I Use of English1．【答案】B【解析】从空后信息能够看出，这句表示的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，因此应该选C, maintain“维持，保持”，其它显然语义不通。

2022全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷英语（一）模拟3试卷条形码考生注意事项1.答题前，考生应按照准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息，粘贴“考生信息条形码”。

2.将试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴到答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。

考生不按照规定粘贴条形码影响考试的结果，考生责任自负。

3.客观题答案填涂按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。

如需改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

英译汉和写作部分必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡2上做答。

字迹要清楚。

考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points)Interpersonal communication is your_____1_____interaction with others.Talking to a friend on campus,chatting to a friend on campus,chatting on the phone with a classmate about an_____2_____test, arguing the____3______of a movie with friends,discussing strategies for accomplishing tasks at work, ___4____for a job,and planning the future_____5_____a loved one are all forms of interpersonal communication.Effective interpersonal communication____6____our sensitivity to others and to the situation.One goal of effective interpersonal communication is to maintain relationships,and forming__7___messages that accurately convey our ideas and feelings___8___not offending the other person is key__9___our success.Effective interpersonal communication____10____us.People who can clearly express their ideas,beliefs, and opinions become influential and___11___control over what happens to them and to others that they ___12___.When we accurately and precisely___13____our thoughts,others gain a better____14____for our position.Their understanding and appreciation make it more likely that they will respond in___15____that are consistent with our needs.Effective interpersonal communication helps us manage the___16___we create.Presenting ourselves in such a way that others will___17___and trust us is important in both public and private____18____—whether we’re communicating in a professional setting,___19___our interpersonal skills are vital to getting a job, holding a position,or rising in an organization,or in a private setting where we’re trying to___20____and maintain relationships.1.[A]familiar[B]informal[C]intimate[D]close2.[A]upcoming[B]final[C]mid-term[D]intermediate3.[A]advances[B]strength[C]population[D]fondness4.[A]interview[B]interfere[C]interact[D]interpret5.[A]for[B]with[C]over[D]to6.[A]describes[B]conveys[C]portrays[D]betrays7.[A]sound[B]directory[C]diction[D]verbal8.[A]if[B]when[C]while[D]as9.[A]to[B]of[C]for[D]in10.[A]empowers[B]reinforces[C]supports[D]sustains11.[A]exhaust[B]exert[C]affect[D]enact12.[A]care about[B]care for[C]care with[D]take to13.[A]interpret[B]decipher[C]encode[D]decode14.[A]assessment[B]evaluation[C]appreciation[D]appraisal15.[A]approaches[B]methods[C]ways[D]ends16.[A]impressions[B]practices[C]things[D]experiences17.[A]respect[B]despise[C]mock[D]sneer at18.[A]settings[B]locations[C]situations[D]circumstances19.[A]when[B]where[C]how[D]if20.[A]work[B]build[C]keep[D]retainSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text OneThe importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic.Most of these books,as well as several chapters,mainly in, but not limited to,journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts,stress the“how to”aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview,its context,and implications.Much of the“how to”material is based on personal experiences and general impressions.As we know,in journalism as in other fields,much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice.Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting,but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.On the other hand,many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written.Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers.Unhappily,this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview.The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.First,it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing.Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview,such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists.In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help.Another familiar situation is the job interview.However,very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media,particularly by television.And yet,we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers,listeners,and viewers.Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews,requires thoughtful analyses and even study,as this book indicates.21.The main idea of the first paragraph is that________.[A]generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism[B]importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing[C]concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing[D]personal experience and general impression should be excluded from journalistic interviews22.Much research has been done on interviews in general________.[A]so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened[B]though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn’t received much attention[C]but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected[D]and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing23.Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview,________.[A]but most of them wish to stay away from it[B]and many of them hope to be interviewed some day[C]and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it[D]but most of them may not have been interviewed in person24.The word“empirical”(Para.2)most probably means[A]hypothetical[B]practical[C]reciprocal[D]hysterical25.The text is most likely a part of a________.[A]news article[B]journalistic interview[C]research report[D]prefaceText2The future of space exploration depends on many things.It depends on how technology evolves,how political forces shape competition and partnerships between nations,and how important the public feels space exploration is.The near future will see the continuation of human space flight in Earth's orbit and unpiloted space flight within the solar system.Piloted space flight to other planets,or even back to the moon,still seems far away.Any flight to other solar systems is even more distant,but a huge advance in space technology could drive space exploration into realms currently explored only by science fiction.The1968film2001:A Space Odyssey depicted commercial shuttles flying to and from a giant wheel-shaped space station in orbit around Earth,bases on the moon,and a piloted mission to Jupiter.The real space activities of2001will not match this cinematic vision,but the21st century will see a continuation of efforts to transform humanity into a space faring species.Perhaps the most difficult problem space planners face is how to finance a vigorous program of piloted space exploration in Earth’s orbit and beyond.In1998no single government or international enterprise had plans to send people back to the moon,much less to Mars.Such missions are unlikely to happen until the perceived value exceeds their cost.One belief shared by a number of space exploration experts is that future lunar and Martian expeditions should be aimed at creating permanent settlements.The residents of such outposts would have to"live off the land,"obtaining such necessities as oxygen and water from the harsh environment.On the moon,pioneers could obtain oxygen by heating lunar soil.In1998the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice,a valuable resource for settlers,mixed with soil at the lunar poles.On Mars,oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice.The future of piloted lunar and planetary exploration remains largely unknown.Most space exploration scientists believe that people will be on the moon and Mars by the middle of the21st century,but how they getthere,and the nature of their visits,is a subject of continuing debate.Clearly,key advances will need to be made in lowering the cost of getting people off Earth,the first step in any human voyage to other worlds.Space exploration experts have long hoped that as international tensions have eased,an increasing number of space activities could be undertaken on an international,cooperative basis.In addition to the economic savings that could result from nations pooling their resources to explore space,the new perspective gained by space voyages could be an important benefit to international relations.The Apollo astronauts have said the greatest discovery from our voyages to the Moon was the view of their own world as a precious island of life in the void.Ultimately that awareness could help to improve our lives on Earth.26.A flight to other solar systems will be made more possible by_________[A]technological breakthroughs.[B]international cooperation.[C]market competition.[D]public pressure.27.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that human society will become increasingly_________[A]worried about life on other planets.[B]dependent on space tourism.[C]accustomed to long-distance flights.[D]associated with space exploration.28.It is difficult to send people to other planets because of_________[A]lack of capacity of space exploration vehicles.[B]the financial expenditure involved in space travel.[C]controversial nature of space travel.[D]the uncertain future of space exploration.29.According to this text,piloted space missions will need to be_________[A]more exciting than earlier film versions.[B]supported by international organizations.[C]more cost-effective than they appear to be at present.[D]financed by individual governments.30.It is predicted that people who will live on other planets would have to_________[A]appreciate the harsh conditions they encounter there.[B]depend on the natural resources available there.[C]take most daily necessities along with them.[D]engage in scientific research.Text3Big Western oil firms were reporting their results for the third quarter as the oil price climbed towards$100 a barrel during the past few weeks.Record oil prices,it turns out,do not translate into record profits.Oil is now close to exceeding the record set in1979of between$100and$110,depending on how you adjust for inflation and what criterion you use.Yet almost without exception,big oil firms'profits are falling from the peaks reached last year.Exxon Mobil,for example,reported a10%drop in profits in the third quarter,and BP's fell even more sharply.Profits also fell at Chevron,ConocoPhillips and Eni.They rose at Total and Royal Dutch Shell—but only thanks to exchange-rate fluctuations and one-off asset sales.Analysts at Citigroup calculate that,measured in dollars,the biggest oil firms'earnings fell by15%on average.To be fair,the oil price has surged most dramatically since the end of September,although it was also buoyant in the third quarter.The majors'poor showing also reflects lower profits from refining,as the difference in price between petrol and crude oil has fallen from the exceptionally high levels of recent months.But the fact remains that oil giants are struggling to pump more oil and gas.In part,this is due to a quirk of the rules that oblige Western oil firms to share the crude they produce with state-owned oil firms in many countries.The contracts in question often rule that as the price goes up,the volume of oil the foreigners receive decreases.Worse,several countries are changing contracts or tax rules in ways that will further erode the Western oil firms'profits—and in some cases are throwing them out altogether.Rising costs are also a problem.Exxon,which is known for its strict financial discipline,saw costs rise almost twice as fast as revenue in the third quarter.The shortage of labor and equipment that is feeding this inflation is also causing delays to new projects.And there are not enough new projects in the pipeline.The International Energy Agency reckons that the expansion plans of the big Western and state-owned oil firms will leave the world12.5m barrels per day short of requirements in2015.Despite this looming deficit and the glaring price signal,all the big companies except Total produced less oil and gas in the third quarter than they did in the same period last year.According to Citigroup,the average decline in overall output was3.3%.If the relatively steady supply of natural gas is stripped out,the numbers look even worse:oil production fell by9%on average.No matter how high the price goes,the oil majors cannot make a profit from oil they do not produce.31.We can learn from the first paragraph that_______[A]the oil price is not really close to the degree of exceeding the historical record.[B]whether the oil price will break the record rests on the measurement used.[C]the oil price is rising and will continue rising to the historical record.[D]the profit of the oil production industry reached the historical record last year.32.Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the situation of the third quarter?[A]Most oil companies were suffering a serious loss in the third quarter.[B]Some companies also enjoyed rising profits in the third quarter.[C]The oil refining industry was also suffering a surplus reduction in the third quarter.[D]The oil price was on the rise in the third quarter.33.“This inflation”(Paragraph5)refers to_____[A]the rise of oil price.[B]the rise of Consumer Price Index(CPI).[C]the rise of oil production costs.[D]the rise of oil production revenue.34.The example of Citigroup is mentioned to______[A]show the big oil firms can benefit from the oil production[B]illustrate the Citigroup was the largest corporation with oil output[C]explain the causes for the average decline in the overall oil output[D]prove the prevalent trend of reduction in oil production35.Record oil prices do not translate into record profits because of the following reasons except_____[A]the declining margin from oil refining.[B]the disadvantageous change in contracts.[C]the shortage of supply of labour and equipment.[D]the decreasing quantity of oil production.Text4Dreams are said to be the window to the mind.Through the study of dreams,we can catch glimpses into what our subconscious minds are thinking,or what is troubling us at our deepest levels.No all dreams are the same,however,either in content or in meaning.In this respect,the study of bad dreams,nightmares,can yield interesting observations in regard to the mind and status of the dreamer.Indeed,nightmares appear to have been the subject of far more studies than more pleasant dreams,if for no other reason than while pleasant dreams are easily forgotten upon awakening,nightmares tend to linger in our minds is sufficient to demand attention.The sources of our dreams are most commonly attributed to factors in our waking lives.Whether it be emotional challenges,stress in the workplace,relationship problems or a myriad of other possible factors,the thoughts and feelings created in our waking environments are believed to directly influence the content of our dreams.A particular dramatic or traumatic experience during the day would no doubt be encountered again in some form or another during the night.Just as important as actual events in the determination of the content of our dreams are the pre-existing beliefs that we hold.If we encounter some kind of phenomena in our dreams,it is very likely that we already believed in the possibility of the phenomena before the dream.For example,if someone dreams of being abducted by aliens,it’s very likely that,before the dream,he already believed in the existence of aliens.To the extent that dreams are direct reflections of our minds,they will reflect accurately what we believe and hold to be true.The way that we act in dreams bears consideration as well.Often times,our behavior in our dreams reflects hidden desires for that type of behavior in our waking lives.Someone who dreams of revenge may actually desire revenge in real life,and likewise someone who dreams of adventure night after night may be experiencing his mind playing out a desire for more excitement in his everyday life.While the items encountered in our dreams are of great importance in the analysis of dreams,it must be recognized and understood that the same item in two different dreams can easily have entirely different meanings for the two dreamers.For example,a horse in the dreams of an avid equestrian can signify comfort and relaxation,whereas the same horse in the dreams of a hunter can represent excitement and challenge.36.Nightmares are mentioned in paragraph one in order to______[A]give an introduction of our subconscious mind.[B]give an example of one particularly vivid type of dream.[C]provide a justification for the study of influence of dreams.[D]compare the pleasant dreams and nightmares.37.Based on the information provided in paragraph three,if a man dreamed of being hit by a train,it is likely that he_______[A]has been hit by a train before.[B]beliefs in the existence of trains.[C]believes that it is possible to be hit by a train.[D]is afraid of being hit by a train.38.The last sentence of the text gives an example of horses encountered in dreams of two different people in order to______[A]illustrate how the same item can mean different things in different dreams.[B]exemplify the concept that people would,no doubt,react differently to the same images in dreams.[C]illustrate the idea that the emotions can influence the contents of dreams.[D]Support the assertion that the meaning behind dream images is entirely subjective.39.The main point of the text is that_______[A]the study of dreams is based on logic from the waking life of the dreamer.[B]in order to understand the meaning of dreams,we must analyze the beliefs of the dreamers.[C]dreams can reveal much about the personality of the dreamer.[D]the study of nightmares,while multifaceted,is a worthwhile endeavor.40.Which of the following would the author most likely agree with?[A]Nightmares can be good for us,if we use it properly.[B]Those who study dreams must first study the emotion of the dreamer.[C]The study of dreams makes sense if we know what to look for.[D]Dreamers should pay attention to their dreams to discern what those dreams reveal about themselves.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about the tasks of leaders and the skills required for leadership.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－G for each numbered paragraphs(41－45).The first and the last paragraph of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(10points).[A]Handling rights based disputes[B]The role of dependence in disputes[C]Methods of settling conflicting interests[D]The use of negotiation for different dispute types[E]Advantages of negotiation over mediation[F]The role of power in settling disagreements[G]Disagreement of interestsThe Nature of DisputesTo resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome.The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors.They may seek to(1)reconcile their interests,(2) determine who is right,and/or(3)determine who is more powerful.41Interests are needs,desires,concerns,fears一the things one cares about or wants.They provide the foundation for a person's or an organization's position in a dispute.In a dispute,not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party,but they are in conflict.For example,the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce.The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets;more models mean more choice for consumers and hence increased sales.The director of manufacturing,however,wants to produce fewer models.His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.42Reconciling such interests is not easy.It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns,devising creative solutions, and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed.The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation,the act of communication intended to reach agreement.Another interests based procedure is mediation,in which a third party assists the disputants,the two sides in the dispute,in reaching agreement.43By no means do all negotiations(or mediations)focus on reconciling interests.Some negotiations focus on determining who is right,such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit.Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful,such as when quarrelling neighbors or nations exchange threats and counter threats.Often negotiations involve a mix of all threesome attempts to satisfy interests,some discussion of rights,and some references to relative power.44It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute.Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalized in law,other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior,such as reciprocity,precedent,equality,and seniority.There are often different―and sometimes contradictory standards that apply to rights.Reaching agreement on rights,where the outcome will determine who gets what,can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right. The most typical rights procedure,in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants.(In mediation,by contrast,the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute.)Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies.Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.45A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power.We define power,somewhat narrowly,as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do.Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so.The exercise of power takes two common forms:acts of aggression, such as physical attack,and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship,as when employees stop working in a strike.Section III TranslationDirections:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment,performance,dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching.Students must be incorporated, made,so far as possible,an integral part of the learning process.(46)The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly,but that is nonetheless the case.(47)Of Ezekiel Cheever,the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils"came to work as though they came to play,"and Alfred North Whitehead,almost three hundred years later,noted that a teacher should make his/her students"glad they were there."(48)Since,we are told,80to90percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education.There is,I think,much truth in Patricial Nelson Limerick's observation that"lecturing is an unnatural act,an act for which God did not design humans.It is perfectly all right,now and then,for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak,and to speak while others remain silent.But to do this regularly,one hour and15minutes at a time for one person to drag on while others sit in silence?I do not believe that this is what the Creator designed humans to do."(49)The strange,almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors,just as they feel obliged to write dully,believe that they should lecture dully.To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific,unobjective;it is to appeal to the students'emotions rather than their intellect.Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone.The cult of lecturing dully,like the cult of writing dully,goes back,of course,some years.Edward Shils, professor of sociology,recalls the professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed"a priesthood,rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing;they never referred to anything personal.Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years,to judge by the worn edges...(50)The teachers began on time,ended on time,and left the room without saying a word more to their students,very seldom being detained by questioners...The classes were not large,yet there was no discussion.No questions were raised in class,and there were no office hours."Section IV WritingPart ADirections:A chemical plant should be responsible for the water pollution in a nearby river.Write a letter to the City Environment Protection Agency to1)state the present situation,2)suggest ways to deal with the problem and3)express your sincere hope.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following picture.In your essay,you should1）describe the picture briefly,2）explain its intended meaning,and then3）give your comments.。

研究生入学考试英语模拟试题(三)及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections： Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your anawer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 point)1. I′d prefer that she _____ .A)acted the teacherB)would act the teacherC)act the teacherD)was acting the teacher2. I will take the coat, _____ cheap or dear.A)it beingB)be itC)was itD)it was3. She told me that she′d _____ on the committee.A)rather not to serveB)not rather to serveC)not rather serveD)rather not serve4. I wish that I _____ this letter before the office closed for the day.A)receivedB)receiveC)could have receivedD)should have received5. The foreign student advisor recommended that she _____ more English beforeEnrolling at the university.A)studiedB)studyC)would studyD)was studying6. We′d decided to open a joint account, _____ ?A)wouldn′weB)shouldn′t weC)couldn′t weD)hadn′t we7. _____ called did not leave his name and number.A)SomeoneB)AnyoneC)WhoeverD)Whosever8. It was not until she arrived in class _____ realized she had forgotten her book.A)and sheB)sheC)when sheD)that she9. Ben would have studied medicine if he _____ to a medical school.A)could be able to enterB)was admittedC)had been admittedD)were admitted10. Fire safety in family houses, _____ most fire deaths occur,is difficult to achieve.A)whereB)whyC)howD)whenSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C,and D)ldentify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)11. Sally must have called (A) her sister last night, but she arrived (B) home toolate (C) to call her. (D)12. I would rather that (A) they do not travel (B) during the bad (C) weather,but theyinsist that they must return (D) home today.13. The question arises (A) whether or no (B) his statement will bear (C) suchconstruction.(D)14. The principle of radiocarbon dated (A) is the most important scientifictechnique to be applied (B) to (C) archaeological work in recent times. (D)15. One of (A) the most widespread uses (B) of survey research today isfor them (C) rating(D) radio and television programs.16. Magnesium forms (A) a tough surface coating (B) it (C) protects the underlying (D)metal from tarnishing.17. The (A) results of the test proved to (B) Fred and me (C) that we needed to studyharder and watch less (D) movies on television18. He determined, (A) what may come, (B) to return (C) the visit he had justreceived. (D)19. Last winter not a day (A) passed (B) for (C) that it snowed or sleeted. (D)20. He has been hoped (A) for a raise for the last (B) few months but his boss isreluctant to give (C) him one. (D)Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are 4 choices marked A,B,C andD)Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points)21. The book was lost for years,then it turned up one day,quite out of _____ .A)the blueB)the redC)the blackD)the yellow22. _____ the interruption,she was still able to finish her assignment before class.A)DespiteB)SpiteC)In spiteD)In despite23. The man was very conscious _____ his bold head.A)aboutB)withC)ofD)for24. He was so engrossed in the TV programme that he forgot to _____ .A)turn the oven overB)turn the oven backC)turn the oven offD)turn the oven up25. No matter how angry he was he would never _____ to violence.A)resortB)resolveC)recourseD)exert26. The accusation left him quite _____ with rage.A)dumbB)speechlessC)silentD)mute27. I liked the coat but was rather _____ off by the price.A)shakenB)putC)setD)held28. The ruling party is worried in case they lose _____ control of the City Council inthe forthcoming elections.A)overallB)wholeC)unanimousD)mass29. In those days a girl could not get married if her father _____ his consent.A)forbadeB)upheldC)rejectedD)withheld30. They were awaiting official _____ of the news they had heard from a friend.A)recommendationB)statementC)confirmationD)conference31. I′d like to _____ this old car for a new model but I can′t afford it.A)interchangeB)exchangeC)replaceD)convert32. When he woke up,he realized that the things he had dreamt about could not_____ have happened.A)possiblyB)likelyC)certainlyD)potentially33. There is a lot of friendly _____ between the supporters of the two teams.A)contestB)rivalryC)contentionD)defiance34. The purpose of the survey was to _____ the inspectors with local conditions.A)informB)acquaintC)instructD)notify35. _____ all his money,he didn′t seem happy.A)AtB)ForC)InD)On36. We are fed up _____ your perpetual moaning.A)ofB)byC)withD)at37. She′s rung _____ . I must have said s omething to upset her.A)upB)roundC)backD)off38. Of course I′ll play the piano at the party but I′m a little _____ .A)out of useB)out of reachC)out of turnD)out of practice39. A conceited man feels _____ to everyone else.A)superiorB)beneficialC)successfulD)advantageous40. The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which are neverused outside the subject or field _____ .A)in viewB)in questionC)in caseD)in effectPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers A,B,C and D)Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points)Passage 1Earthquakes may rightly be ranked as one of the most devastating forces known to man:since records began to be written down,it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions,and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(gigantic sea waves),and other phenomena resulting fromearthquakes,rather than from the quakes themselves.The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses.The other extends from the East Indies to the Atlas Mountains,including the Himalayas,Iran,Turkey,and the Alpine regions.It is in these two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place;they may,however,happen anywhere at any time.This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake predication may be possible.By analyzing changes in animal behavior,patterns of movements in the earth′s crust,variations in the force of gravity and the earth′s magnetic field,and the frequency with which minor earth tremors(震动) are observed,scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike.As a result,a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for (and thus lessen)the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether,but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood,man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.51. Based on what you have just read,which of the following is true?A)Earthquakes are highly feared,but actually relatively harmless.B)There is absolutely no way to predict when or where earthquakes might occur.C)Man is now able to predict when earthquakes will happen,but not where.D)Man is now able to predict where earthquakes will happen,but not when.52. What is the probable meaning of contiguous(line 9)?A)underwaterB)ancientC)borderingD)huge53. To what does this element of the unknown(line 13)refer?A)the two great earthquake zonesB)the fact the earthquakes can happen at any time or placeC)the percentage of earthquakesD)the exact cause of earthquakes54. Which of the following have been used to anticipate earthquake activity?A)differences in the earth′s magnetic field and force of gravityB)how often minor earth tremors have been observedC)patterns in the movement of the earth′s crustD)all of the above55. Which of the following describes the author′s attitude toward the possibility ofearthquake prediction?A)It will never be possible to predict earthquakes.B)Earthquakes can already be predicted with great accuracy.C)There is really no need to try to predict earthquake occurrences.D)Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.Passage 2Drunken driving——sometimes called America′s socially accepted form of murder——has become a national epidemic.Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers,adding up to an incredible 250 000 over the past decade.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers,glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours.Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient(宽容的) in most courts,but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicised tragedies,especially involving young children,that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21,reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18.After New Jersey lowered it to 18,the number of people killed by 18—20-year-old drivers more than doubled,so the state recently upped it back to 21.Reformers,however,fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programmes to help young people to develop“responsible attitudes”about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already,to a marked decline in fatalities.Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks.A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously intoxicated”and later drove off the road,killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state,some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919,which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”.They forget that legal prohibition didn′t stop drinking,but encourage d political corruption and organised crime.As with the booming drug trade generally,there is no easy solution.56. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because _____ .A)most Americans are heavy drinkersB)Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC)accidents attract so much publicityD)drinking is a socially accepted habit in America57. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A)Detailed statistics are now available.B)The news media have highlighted the problem.C)Judges are giving more severe sentences.D)Drivers are more conscious of their image.58. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _____ .A)many drivers were not of legal ageB)young drivers were often bad driversC)the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD)the legal drinking age should be raised59. Laws recently introduced in some states have _____ .A)reduced the number of convictionsB)resulted in fewer serious accidentsC)prevented bars from serving drunken customersD)specified the amount drivers can drink60. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A)Alcohol is easily obtained.B)Drinking is linked to organised crime.C)legal prohibition has already failed.D)Legislation alone is not sufficient.Passage 3Let us set out from a fact.The same type of civilization,or to use a more exact,although more extended expression,the same society,has not always inhabited the earth.The human race as a whole has grown,has developed,has matured,like one of ourselves.It was once a child,it was once a man;we are now looking on at its impressive oldage.Before the epoch which modern society has dubbed“ancient”there was another epoch which the ancients called“fabulous”but which it would be more accurate to call “primitive.”Observe then three great successive orders of things in civilization, from its origin down to our days.Now,as poetry is always superposed upon society,we propose totry to demonstrate,from the form of its society,what the character of the poetry must have been in those three great ages of the world primitive times,ancient times,modern times. In primitive times,When man awakes in a world that is newly created,poetry awakes with him.In the face of the marvelous things that dazzle him,his first speech is a hymn simply.He is still,so close to God that all his thoughts are joyful,all his dreams are visions.The earth is still almost deserted.There are families,but no nations;patriarchs,but no kings.Each race exists at its own pleasure;no property,no laws,no contentions,no wars.Everything belongs to each and to all.Society is a community.Man is restrained in nought.He leads that nomadic pastoral life with which all civilizations begin,and which is so well adapted to solitary contemplation,to fanciful reverie(幻想).He follows every suggestion,he goes hither and thither, at random.His thought,like his life,resembles a cloud that changes its shape and its direction according to the wind that drives it.Such is the first man,such is the first poet.He is young;he is cynical.Prayer is his sole religion,the ode is his only form of poetry.This ode,this poem of primitive times,is Genesis.By slow degrees,however,this youth of the world passes away.All the spheres progress;the family becomes a tribe,the tribe becomes a nation.Each of these groups of men camps about a common center,and kingdoms appear.The social instinct succeeds the nomadic instinct.The camp gives place to the city,the tent to the palace,the ark to the temple.The chiefs of these states of early development are still shepherds,it is true,but shepherds of nations;the pastoral staff has already assumed the shape of a sceptre(君权).Everything tends to become stationary and fixed. Religion takes on a definite shape;prayer is governed by rites;dogma sets bounds to worship.Thus the priest and king share the paternity of the people:thus theocratic society succeeds the patriarchal community.Meanwhile the nations are beginning to be packed too closely on the earth′s surface.They annoy and jostle one another;hence the clash of empires-war.They overflow upon another;hence the migrations of nations-voyages.Poetry reflects these momentous events;from ideas it proceeds to things.It sings of ages,of nations,of empires…61. The author believes that the best historical age is _____ .A)primitiveB)ancientC)medievalD)modern62. In the above passage the primitive period is equated with the period called_____ .A)fabulousB)ancientC)medievalD)modern63. War,the author believes,results primarily from _____ .A)rule by kingsB)patriarchal jealousiesC)the existence of a theocratic stateD)large,closely packed populations64. The author draws an analogy between the growth of peoples into nationstatesand the _____ .A)development of poetic verse formB)books of the Old TestamentC)great epochs in historyD)maturation of the human being from childhood to maturity65. Because of its unique character,a great interpreter of the periods of history is .A)the national historianB)poetryC)the biblical prophetD)storytellingPassage 4Opinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus(舆论)that,whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on,high unemployment is probably here to stay.This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the availabe employment more widely.But we need to go further.We nust ask some fundamental questions about the future of work.Should we continue to treat employment as the norm?Should we not rather encourage many other ways for selfrespecting people to work?Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves,rather than for anemployer?Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood,as well as the factory and the office,as centres of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of h uman history in which most people′s work has taken the form of jobs.The industrial age may now be coming to an end,and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.This seems a daunting thought.But,in fact,it could offer the prospect of a better future ofwork.Universal employment,as its history shows,has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land,and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people′s homes. Later,as transport improved,first by rail and then by road,people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until,eventually,many people′s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Meanwhile,employment put women at a disadvantage.In preindustrial times,men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community.Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment,leaving the unpaid work of the home and familly to his wife.Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today,and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered.As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the utopian (空想的)goal of creating jobs for all,to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.66. Recent opinion polls show that _____ .A)available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of thepopulationB)new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figuresC)available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployedD)the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life67. The word “revive” in the passage(para.2)probably means _____ .A)make active againB)study againC)go over agianD)find the value again68. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that _____ .A)universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperityB)economic freedom came within everyone′s graspC)patterns of work were fundamentally changedD)people′s attitudes to work had to be reversed69. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that _____ .A)people had to do the productive work at homeB)people were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselvesC)people were able to be dependent on their landD)people were badly paid for the work they managed to find70. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that _____ .A)the work status of those not in paid employment sufferedB)the household and village communtiy disappeared completelyC)men now travelled enormous distances to their places of workD)young and old people became superfluous components of societyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(15 points)(71) By a faction,I understand a number of citizens,whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole,who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest,adverse to the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.There are two methods of curing the mischief of factions:the one,by removing its causes;the other,by controlling its effects.There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction:the one,by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;the other,by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions,and the same interests.(72) It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy,that it was worse than the disease.(73) Liberty is to faction what air is to fire,an ailment without which it instantly expires.(74)But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty,which is essential to political life,because it nourishes faction,than it would be to wish the annihilation of air,which is essential to animal life,because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise.As long as the reason of man continues fallible,and he is at liberty to exercise it,different opinions will be formed.As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his selflove,his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other;and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves.The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man;and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity,according to the different circumstances of civil society.If a faction consists of less than a majority,relief is supplied by the republicanprinciple,which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote….When a majority is included in a faction,the form of popular government,on the otherhand,enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.(75) To secure the public good and private rights,against the danger of such a faction,and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government,is the great object to w hich our inquiries are directed…Part I Structure and VocabularySection A(1-10)CBDCBDCDCASection B(11-20)11. 正确答案为：A 改为:should have called12. 正确答案为：B 改为:did not travel13. 正确答案为：D 改为:sach a construction14. 正确答案为：A 改为:dating15. 正确答案为：C 改为:去掉them16. 正确答案为：C 改为:which/that17. 正确答案为：D 改为:fewer18. 正确答案为：B 改为:come what may19. 正确答案为：C 改为:except20. 正确答案为：A 改为:has been hopingSection C(21-40)AACCABBADCBABBBCDDABPart II Cloze Test(41-50)ACBCDADACCPart III Reading Comprehension(51-70)BCBDDDBDBDAADDBDACBAPart IV English Chinese Translation71. 我对宗派小集团的理解是，若干公民不管是多数还是少数，在一起受共同情感或利益的激励反对其他公民的权力或者反对其周围社会的共同利益。

考研英语模拟试题及答案解析（3）Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. (10 points)The universities are schools of education, and schools of research. (46) But the primary reason for their existence is not to be found either in the mere knowledge conveyed to the students or in the mere opportunities for research afforded to the members of the faculty.Both these functions could be performed at a cheaper rate, apart from these very expensive institutions. Books are cheap, and the system of apprenticeship is well understood. (47) So far as the mere imparting of information is concerned, no university has had any justification for existence since the popularisation of printing in the fifteenth century. Yet the chief impetus to the foundation of universities came after that date, and in more recent times has even increased.(48) The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. At least, this is the function which it should perform for society. A university which fails in this respect has no reason for existence.This atmosphere of excitement, arising from imaginative consideration, transforms knowledge. A fact is no longer a bare fact: it is invested with all its possibilities. It is no longer a burdenon the memory: it is energising as the poet of our dreams, and as the architect of our purposes.Imagination is not to be divorced from the facts: it is a way of illuminating the facts. (49) It works by drawing the general principles which apply to the facts, as they exist, and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with those principles. It enables men to construct an intellectual vision of a new world, and it preserves the zest of life by the suggestion of satisfying purposes.Youth is imaginative, and if the imagination be strengthened by discipline this energy of imagination can in great measure be preserved through life. The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. Fools act on imagination without knowledge; pedants act on knowledge without imagination. The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience.The initial discipline of imagination in its period of youthful vigour requires that there be no responsibility for immediate action. (50) The habit of unbiased thought, whereby the ideal variety of exemplification is discerned in its derivation from general principles, cannot be acquired when there is the daily task of preserving a concrete organisation. You must be free to think rightly and wrongly, and free to appreciate the variousness of the universe undisturbed by its perils.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Six months from now, you will be graduating from the university. For the time being, you are looking for a chance ofinternship at the Evening Post of the city.1) State your wish to work as an intern with the newspaper;2) Explain what kind of job that you're looking for;3) And State your reasons why you can do the job well.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2. (20 points)。

2023年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题篇一：听力理解Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) She needs to consult a doctor.B) Her headache has completely gone.C) She has taken some medication.D) She doesn't want to take pills.2. A) She can lend the man some money.B) She has plenty of cash.C) She doesn't have enough money.D) She needs to go to the bank.3. A) She feels worried about her presentation.B) She will help the man prepare the presentation.C) She has already finished her part of the work.D) She doesn't like speaking in public.4. A) He couldn't find the way to the bank.B) He wasn't able to withdraw any money.C) All ATMs are out of service.D) There will be a long queue at the ATM.5. A) The man doesn't need to worry about the deadline.B) The man needs to extend his deadline.C) The assignment must be submitted earlier.D) The woman suggests changing the deadline.篇二：阅读理解Section BDirections: In Section B, you will read three passages and answer several questions on each of the passages. You are encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The human footprint has become so large that it now leaves a permanent mark on the planet. We dominate Earth, changing its climate, destroying natural habitats and wiping out other species. The effects of our actions are not only visible on land but also extend to the oceans, where we have disrupted marine ecosystems.Our interference with the oceans has led to various problems, one of which is overfishing. According to a recent report released by the United Nations, over 90% of the world's fish stocks are currently overfished or fished to their biological limits, with only 7.1% considered to be at healthy levels.Overfishing is a result of excessive fishing efforts driven by increased demand for fish and improved fishing technologies. Large commercial fishing fleets, equipped with advanced equipment, are causing significant damage to marine ecosystems. These fleets often use large nets and long lines that can catch large quantities of fish in a single operation, but also catch many other marine animals, known as bycatch. Bycatch includes dolphins, turtles, seabirds, and other non-targeted species, many of which are endangered or protected.Furthermore, our demand for certain fish species has caused severe population declines and even the collapse of some fisheries. For example, the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna population has declined rapidly due to its high market value, leading to strict fishing regulations being imposed.In order to protect our oceans and preserve marine ecosystems, it is crucial to address the issue of overfishing. This requires international cooperation, improved fisheries management, and responsible consumer choices. By adopting sustainable fishing practices and supporting fishery regulations, we can ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our oceans.11. What does the author say about the human footprint?12. What is one of the problems caused by our interference with the oceans?13. What do we learn about overfishing from the recent UN report?14. What is mentioned as a cause of overfishing?15. What does the author suggest to address the issue of overfishing?篇三：完形填空Section CDirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It was Sunday and we were waiting on the platform for the 16.35 train when an announcement said it was delayed. We were traveling to friends who lived about 200 miles away and had been 16 them several weeks.As we had a couple of hours to wait, we 17 an earlier train and therefore got there on time. However, as it happened, our friends were still out shopping so we crowded in their kitchen and 18 warming ourselves by the Aga cooker until they returned at about 7 p.m.We were just 19 to have a meal when there was a knock at the door and in walked a man and a woman who 20 lived next door to our friends."Would you 21 a little problem for me?" asked the man. We asked what was wrong and he said that he had left his lit gas water heater on when he left home, and he wanted someone to go in and turn it off. The watercylinder in the airing 22 was quite small, and with the attic door in the closed position, there was a real 23 that the cylinder might boil over and cause a flood. We asked the man why he didn't come back before 24, and he said that he had tried to get off at the previous station, but the doors didn't open, and by the time he got out it was too late.My husband said he would 25. They led the way round to their house, and sure enough, the cylinder was bubbling away like mad. My husband turned it off at once.16. A) visiting B) ignoring C) meeting D) reminding17. A) took B) missed C) drove D) caught18. A) occurred B) spent C) found D) killed19. A) preparing B) stopping C) deciding D) reminding20. A) never B) already C) almost D) often21. A) explain B) settle C) solve D) mention22. A) table B) room C) place D) position23. A) possibility B) chance C) result D) solution24. A) midnight B) sunset C) noon D) midday25. A) find B) meet C) run D) agree篇四：写作Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1. interpret the chart, and2. give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.请根据以上要求完成文章。

Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They include events and feelings that he has experienced. Most dreams are related to events of the day before the dream and strong wishes of the dreamer. Many minor incidents of the hours before sleep appear in dreams. Few events more than two days old turn up. Deep wishes or fears - especially those held since childhood- often appear in dreams, and many dreams fulfil such wishes. Events in the sleeper's surrounding- a loud noise, for example, may become part of a dream, but they do not cause dreams. Some dreams involve deep feelings that a person may not realize he has. Psychiatrists（精神病医⽣）often use material from a patient's dreams to help the person understand himself better. Dreaming may help maintain good learning ability, memory, and emotional adjustment. People who get plenty of sleep-but are awakened each time they begin to dream- become anxious and restless. 51. This passage is mainly about 。

考研英语3试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the decline in honeybee populations?A) The use of pesticidesB) Climate changeC) Loss of habitatD) Disease答案：A2. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem of declining honeybee populations?A) Banning the use of pesticidesB) Creating more habitats for beesC) Introducing new species of beesD) Educating the public about the importance of bees答案：B3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A) Honeybees are essential for pollination.B) The decline in honeybee populations could have a negative impact on agriculture.C) The use of pesticides has no effect on honeybee populations.D) The author calls for immediate action to protect honeybees. 答案：C4. What is the author's attitude towards the currentsituation of honeybee populations?A) OptimisticB) ConcernedC) IndifferentD) Angry答案：B5. What is the purpose of the passage?A) To inform readers about the importance of honeybeesB) To persuade readers to take action to protect honeybeesC) To describe the life cycle of honeybeesD) To argue against the use of pesticides答案：B二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, the number of honeybees has been decliningat an alarming rate. This is a cause for concern because honeybees play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They are responsible for pollinating a wide variety of plants,including many of the fruits and vegetables that we rely onfor our diet.6. The decline in honeybee populations has been _______.A) gradualB) alarmingC) minorD) temporary答案：B7. Honeybees are essential for the _______.A) environmentB) economyC) agricultureD) survival答案：C8. The author suggests that the decline in honeybee populations could _______.A) increase food pricesB) decrease crop yieldsC) improve the environmentD) have no impact答案：B9. The author calls for _______ to protect honeybees.A) immediate actionB) further researchC) public awarenessD) government intervention答案：A10. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A) the importance of honeybeesB) the causes of the decline in honeybee populationsC) the effects of pesticides on honeybeesD) the role of honeybees in agriculture答案：A三、翻译（共20分，每题5分）11. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：近年来，蜜蜂的数量急剧下降，这引起了人们的担忧。

Vocabulary( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0. 5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Answer Sheet.Skin, being sturdy and elastic and well supplied with blood, tolerates injury well and recovers quickly.16A. resilientB. elusiveC. looseD. expansive正确答案：A注释:elastic有弹力的，引缩自如的；elusive难懂的；loose宽松的；resilient有弹力的；expansive易膨胀的。

Our social backgrounds also affect our attitudes toward art.17A. effectB. affluenceC. varyD. influence正确答案：D注释:influence与affect同为“影响”之意。

affluence丰富，汇集。

There is an argument that Lincoln was assassinated by an actor.18A. stabbedB. murderedC. killedD. shot正确答案：B注释:assassinate与murder意思相近，同为“暗杀，谋杀”。

英语考研真题模拟试卷三一、阅读理解Passage 1In recent years, the trend of urbanization has been accelerating worldwide. The migration from rural areas tocities has brought about a series of social issues, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. However, urbanization also offers opportunitiesfor economic development and cultural exchange. This passage will explore the impacts of urbanization on society and the environment.Questions:1. What is the main topic of this passage?2. What are some of the social issues mentioned as a resultof urbanization?3. What opportunities does urbanization provide?Passage 2The advancement of technology has been a double-edged sword. While it has improved our quality of life, it has also led to concerns about privacy and security. The use of social media and the internet has made it easier for people to communicate, but it has also made personal information more vulnerable to misuse. This article will discuss the pros and cons oftechnological progress.Questions:1. What is the central issue discussed in this text?2. What are the benefits of technology mentioned?3. What are the potential risks associated with technology?二、完形填空The story is about a young man named Tom who overcomes various challenges to achieve his dream of becoming a successful entrepreneur. Despite facing financialdifficulties and skepticism from his family, Tom's determination and innovative ideas eventually lead to the establishment of a thriving business.三、翻译英译汉：In the face of adversity, it is crucial to maintain apositive attitude and to believe in one's ability to overcome obstacles.汉译英：面对挑战，我们必须保持冷静，寻找解决问题的最佳方法。

1980-2013年历年考研英语真题集含答案（word版）目录2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 2 -Section Ⅰ Use of English - 2 -Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension - 3 -Part A - 3 -Part B - 8 -Section III Writing - 11 -Party A - 11 -Part B - 11 -2013年考研英语真题答案- 12 -Part A - 12 -Part B: (20 points) - 13 -2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 13 -Section I Use of English - 13 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 15 -Part A - 15 -Part B - 21 -Section III Writing - 23 -Part A - 23 -Part B - 24 -2012考研英语真题答案 - 24 -2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 35 -Section I Use of English - 35 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 35 -Part A - 36 -Part B - 40 -Part C - 41 -Section Ⅲ Writing - 42 -Part A - 42 -Part B - 42 -2011年考研英语真题答案- 42 -2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题49Section I Use of English 49Section II Reading Comprehension 51Part A 51Part B 59Part C 61Section ⅢWriting 62Part A 62Part B 622010年考研英语真题答案632009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题65 Section I Use of English 65Section II Reading Comprehension 67Part A 67Part B 73Part C 75Section ⅢWriting 75Part A 75Part B 752009年考研英语真题答案752008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题75 Section I Use of English 75Section II Reading Comprehension 75Part A 75Part B 75Part C 77Section III Writing 78Part A 78Part B 782008年考研英语真题答案802007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题82 Section I Use of English 82Section II Reading Comprehension 85Part A 85Part B 92Part C 94Section III Writing 95Part A 95Part B 952007年考研英语真题答案962006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题98 Section I Use of English 98Section II Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 102Part C 102Section III Writing 102Part A 102Part B 1022006年考研英语真题答案1022005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题102 Section I Use of English 102Section II Reading Comprehension 103Part A 103Part B 110Part C 112Section III Writing 113Part A 113Part B 1132005年考研英语真题答案1152004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题117 Section I Listening Comprehension 117Part A 117Part B 117Part C 118Section II Use of English 120Section III Reading Comprehension 124 Part A 124Part B 130Section IV Writing 1322004年考研英语真题答案1332003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题135 Section I Listening Comprehension 135Part A 135Part B 135Part C 136Section II Use of English 138Section III Reading Comprehension 142 Part A 142Part B 149Section IV Writing 1492003年考研英语真题答案1512002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题153 Section I Listening Comprehension 153Part A 153Part B 154Part C 154Section II Use of English 157Section III Reading Comprehension 161 Part A 161Part B 168Section IV Writing 1682002年考研英语真题答案1702001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题172 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 172Part A 172Part B 174Section II Cloze Test 178Section III Reading Comprehension 182 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 189 Section V Writing 1902001年考研英语真题答案1922000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题194 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 194Part A 194Part B 196Part C 197Section II Cloze Test 202Section III Reading Comprehension 203 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 211 Section V Writing 2122000年考研英语真题答案2131999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题215 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 215Part A 215Part B 217Part C 218Section II Cloze Test 222Section III Reading Comprehension 224 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 232 Section V Writing 2321999年考研英语真题答案2341998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题236 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 236Part A 236Part B 238Part C 239Section II Cloze Test 243Section III Reading Comprehension 245Section IV English-Chinese Translation 253 Section V Writing 2541998年考研英语真题答案2561997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题258 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 258Part A 258Part B 260Part C 261Section II Cloze Test 265Section III Reading Comprehension 267 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 274 Section V Writing 2751997年考研英语真题答案2771996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题279 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 279Part A 279Part B 281Part C 282Section II Cloze Test 286Section III Reading Comprehension 288 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 295 Section V Writing 2961996年考研英语真题答案2971995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题299 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 299Part A 299Part B 301Part C 302Section II Cloze Test 306Section III Reading Comprehension 308 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 315 Section V Writing 3161995年考研英语真题答案3171994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题319 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 319Part A 319Part B 321Part C 322Section II Cloze Test 326Section III Reading Comprehension 328 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 335Section V Writing 3351994年考研英语真题答案3371993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题339 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 339 Section II Reading Comprehension 344 Section III Cloze Test 349Section IV Error-detection and Correction 352 Section V English-Chinese Translation 354 Section VI Writing 3541993年考研英语真题答案3561992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题358 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 358 Section II Reading Comprehension 363 Section III Cloze Test 368Section IV Error-detection and Correction 370 Section V English-Chinese Translation 372 Section VI Writing 3731992年考研英语真题答案3741991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题376 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 376 Section II Reading Comprehension 381 Section III Cloze Test 386Section IV Error-detection and Correction 389 Section V English-Chinese Translation 390 Section VI Writing 3911991年考研英语真题答案3921990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题394 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 394 Section II Reading Comprehension 396 Section III Cloze Test 400Section IV Error-detection and Correction 402 Section V Verb Forms 404Section VI Chinese-English Translation 404 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 405 1990年考研英语真题答案4071989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题409 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 409 Section II Reading Comprehension 411 Section III Cloze Test 416Section IV Error-detection and Correction 418 Section V Verb Forms 419Section VI Chinese-English Translation 420 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 420 1989年考研英语真题答案4221988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题424 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 424 Section II Reading Comprehension 426 Section III Cloze Test 431Section IV Error-detection and Correction 433 Section V Verb Forms 434Section VI Chinese-English Translation 435 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 435 1988年考研英语真题答案4371987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题439 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 439 Section II Reading Comprehension 441 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 445 Section IV Cloze Test 447Section V Verb Forms 449Section VI Error-detection and Correction 450 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 452 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 452 1987年考研英语真题答案4541986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题456 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 456 Section II Cloze Test 458Section III Reading Comprehension 460 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 463 Section V Error-detection and Correction 465 Section VI Verb Forms 467Section VII Chinese-English Translation 467 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 468 1986年考研英语真题答案4691985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题471 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 471 Section II Cloze Test 473Section III Reading Comprehension 476 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 477 Section V Error-detection and Correction 479 Section VI Verb Forms 480Section VII Chinese-English Translation 481 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4821985年考研英语真题答案4841984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题487 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 487 Section II Cloze Test 492Section III Reading Comprehension 494 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section V Error-detection and Correction 497 Section VI Verb Forms 499Section VII Chinese-English Translation 500 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 500 1984年考研英语真题答案5021983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题505 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 505 Section II Verb Forms 507Section III Error-detection 507Section IV Cloze Test 508Section V Reading Comprehension 511 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 512 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 514 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 514 1983年考研英语真题答案5161982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题518 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 518 Section II Verb Forms 520Section III Error-detection 521Section IV Cloze Test 522Section V Reading Comprehension 524 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 526 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 526 1982年考研英语真题答案5291981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题531 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 531 Section II Error-detection 534Section III Sentence Making 535Section IV Verb Forms 535Section V Cloze Test 536Section VI Chinese-English Translation 537 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 537 1981年考研英语真题答案5401980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题543 Section I Use of Prepositions 543Section II Verb Tenses 543Section III Verb Forms 544Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 545Section V Error-detection 547Section VI Chinese-English Translation 548Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5481980年考研英语真题答案5512013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal-- meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that--and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores aroundthe world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year--about 64 items per person--and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes--and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment--including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line--Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and。

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题及答案攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语全真模拟试题APart I: Vocabulary (20 points)1. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other .A. bruisesB. blundersC. handicapsD. drawbacks2. Some studies confirmed that this kind of eye disease was _ _ in tropic countries.A. prospectiveB. prevalentC. provocativeD. perpetual3. After several nuclear disasters, a has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A. quarrelB. suspicionC. verdictD. controversy4. He is a(n) and well-behaved child, but his parents worry about him for he talks too little.A. obedientB. transientC. consciousD. passionate5. Mary once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. collaboratedC. coincidedD. constituted6. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment7. Earl was balancing himself on top of the fence when he lost his and fell off.A. equilibriumB. equivalenceC. equivalentD. equation8. The of a society, club, etc, are the records of its doings, especially as published each year.A. proceduresB. processesC. proceedingsD. projects9. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves know where to look.A. virtuallyB. initiallyC. invariablyD. infinitely10. Outsiders have the success of Eastern Asia's economics with admiration, wonderment andsometimes hostility.A. gazedB. glancedC. contemplatedD. peered11. It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent12. There are some between their two descriptions; we are puzzled which we should believe.A. discrepanciesB. distractionsC. diversionsD. discretion13. In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to dreams were likely to behighly respected.A. interpretB. interveneC. inheritD. impact14. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainlyon .A. consciousnessB. impulseC. instinctD. response15. Equipment not official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.A. conforming toB. consistent withC. predominant overD. providing for16. According to a growing number of experts, it is already technically to construct a pioneeringspace colony, powered by solar energy.A. practicalB. flexibleC. feasibleD. beneficial17. Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly _ _ to hot, dry winds.They are what we call weather-sensitive people.A. subjectiveB. subordinateC. liableD. vulnerable18. These areas rely on agriculture almost , having few mineral recourses and a minimum ofindustrial development.A. respectivelyB. extraordinarilyC. incrediblyD. exclusively19. There is no doubt that the of these goods to the others is easy to see.A. prestige 'B. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity20. Military orders are and cannot be disobeyed.A. defectiveB. conservativeC. alternativeD. imperative21. Some educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of grouping is advisable.A. homogenousB. instantaneousC. spontaneousD. anonymous22. All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloonsslowly into the sky.A. ascendingB. elevatingC. escalatingD. lingering23. He obviously displayed a great for some of your poems.A. consentB. admirationC. respectD. pleasure24. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause of vegetables in the coming days.A. rarityB. scarcityC. invalidityD. variety25. The continuous unrest was _____________ the nation’s economy.A. exaggeratingB. aggravatingC. amendingD. fastening26. With a wave of his hand, the magician made the duck .A. scatterB. vanishC. abandonD. fly away27. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this __________ producesartificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction28. They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainyweather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong29. This dictionary is intended for American learners of Chinese.A. especiallyB. particularlyC. specificallyD. uniquely30. A UN official said that aid programs would be until there was adequate protection for reliefconvoy.A. dependedB. suspendedC. postponedD. expended31. The problem is that most local authorities lack the ____to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise32. Awards provide a(n)____for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive33. The physician had to visit his patient six ___________days before the patient could be considered in a faircondition.A. consequentB. consecutiveC. consistentD. conservative34. Oil is derived from the ____of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. 1eftovers35. Successful students sometimes become so ____with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed36. Apparently there were ____between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions37. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, ____at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse intounconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing38. The 12-year-old civil war had____1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted。

北航05年英语专业硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。

I．Vocabulary and Structure(40points,1*40)Part 1Directions: Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.1. “The giant was bit” is a tautological statement, to say the least.A tightB redundantC illogicalD relative2. There is an embargo on any more video games coming into the house.A landing placeB prohibitionC violationD permission3. Youngsters are usually more impetuous than old people .A impatientB immatureC impulsiveD imperial4. Unfortunately, I’ll spend the weekend doing a bunch of prosaic chores.A dullB practicalC trivialD rhyming5. The crowd at the town meeting found the mayor’s assurance too glib.A sarcasticB flashyC maliciousD readily fluent6. Gazing at the crystalline lake, I decided it was too beautiful to swim in.A breakableB futuristicC delicateD sparkling7. We cannot vacillate on the question of the party’s leadership.A leadB doubtC checkD repeat8.It is more difficult for a chronic smoker to give up the habit than fora novice, but it can be done.A affluentB confirmedC disciplinedD indecisive9. They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another companyA headhuntedB punchedC plunderedD probed10. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were unreadable.A indelibleB inscrutableC illegibleD illegitimate11. She bristled at the suggestion that she had been dishonest.A bridledB bridgedC breathedD boasted12. Investors should study a prospectus before putting money into a big company.A positive outlookB banking agreementC profit-and-loss statementD formal business document13 .The real hero is never ostentatious.A frivolousB pretentiousC presumptuousD ponderous14. If you have never held a driving license before, you should apply fora provisional license.A providentialB temporaryC provincialD improvised15. John Smith is a voracious book collector.A viciousB luxuriousC insatiableD valuable16. I don’t think we should make precipitate decisions.A precipitousB precociousC precariousD precautious17. You need an excursion to break the monotony.A gauntB jauntC vauntD taunt18. The government appears in a quandary about what to do with so many people.A borderB marshy groundC dilemmaD situation19. It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an author.A unexpectedB interestingC favorableD doubtful20. The governor was usually circumspect when dealing with the media.A skilledB cautiousC impatientD obedientPart 2Directions: Choose one from the four alternatives that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter.21. The children were having a wonderful time _____ on the frozen lake.A slippingB slitheringC skiddingD sliding22. The campers ______ their tent in a sheltered valley.A establishedB installedC pitchedD fixed23. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning. Whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on _____ .A responseB impulseC instinctD consciousness24. The cultural traditions of the invaders slowly ______ the practices of the island dwellers.A spreadB perpetuatedC permeatedD reinforced25. He had always had a good opinion of himself, but after the publication of his bestselling novel he became unbearable _____ .A bigotedB proudC conceitedD exaggerated26. This is the _____ piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A actualB realC originalD genuine27. Although ____, new deposits of oil will be found, sooner or later, the world’s supply will be exhausted.A in all likelihoodB in all possibilityC in all circumstancesD in all conditions28. I should like to rent a house, comfortable and ___ in a quiet position.A before allB above allC first of allD over all29. He came to inspect the house ___ buying it.A in the event ofB with a view toC in case ofD with regard to30. Let’s not ____ over such a trifle!A fall throughB fall offC fall outD fall back31. He is a clever mimic who can take ____ most of the lectures in this college.A overB downC offD for32. He tried for forgery in a law court but was lucky enough to _____ .A get onB get offC get throughD get out33. The captain turned ____ early that night, not realizing that the icebergs were so closeA inB downC intoD OFF34. You promised you would do it. Why did you go ____ on your word?A backB awayC overD by35. The numerals have become, _____ , his friends, and he knows all their relations and acquaintances.A as it isB as it wasC as it wereD as they are36. A safety analysis _____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.A would identifyB will identifyC would have identifiedD will have identified37. Jennifer took this opportunity to repay her friends for their kindness ____ , she would have had to entertain them in her small apartment in Charlotte town.A OtherwiseB HoweverC ButD Nevertheless38. The window is never opened ____ in summer.A butB exceptC whenD while39. Generally, prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods can hold ____ bacteria in foods to a safe level.A a number ofB the number ofC an amount ofD a quantity of40. Jean Wagner’s most endur ing contribution to the study ofAfro-American poetry is his insistence that is ____ in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet.III. Cloze (10 points, 1*10)Directions: Fill in each underlined space with one word that best suits the context of the following passage.Today it is out of fashion to speak in ___61______ of characters. But there is no more essential aspect of any person.Character is made up of those principles and values that give your __62___ direction, meaning and depth. These constitute your inner sense of___63_____ is right and wrong based not on laws or rules of conduct ___64____ on who you are. They include ___65____ traits as integrity, honesty, courage, fairness and generosity ------ which arise ___66______ the hard choice we have to _67___ in life. So wrong is simply in doing wrong, not in getting caught.___68____ some people wonder if our inner values __69_____ anymore. After all, hasn’t our noted bank executive succeeded in every visible way ___70____ his transgressions( 错误，过失)。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B], [C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.The court cannot_1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law_2_justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that_3_the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia，for example，appeared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be_4_as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not_5_by an ethics code.At the very least，the court should make itself_6_to the code of conduct that_7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases_8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law_10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions_11_they would be free to_12_those in power and have no need to_13_political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely_14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it_16_ is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily_17_as unjust.The justices must_18_doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves_19_to the code of conduct.That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_，convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]leads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]through[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]by all means[B]at all costs[C]in a word[D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1In the2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her,Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”.In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent release,and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited todesigners.For H&M to offer a $5.95knit miniskirt in all its2,300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year—about64items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since2008has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A]lack of imagination.[B]poor bargaining skill.[C]obsession with high fashion.[D]insensitivity to fashion.22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to[A]combat unnecessary waste.[B]shop for their garments more frequently.[C]resist the influence of advertisements.[D]shut out the feverish fashion world.23.The word“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]accusation.[B]enthusiasm.[C]indifference.[D]tolerance.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree at one of200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top ofundergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered“restrictive”partly because it[A]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text,the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies---at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers ca n be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecuti ons under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do no t consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies That contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishmentfor bribing foreign officials”,says one researcher.Researcher admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty.[B]skepticism.[C]approval.[D]tolerance.32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices.[B]protecting it from being defamed.[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products.33.The expression“more lenient”(Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR,according to the last paragraph?[A]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.[B]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[C]Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4In a rare unanimous ruling,the U.S.Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging a meeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an“official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–thatall are equal in treatment by government－is undermined.Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the court[A]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[B]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[C]guarantee fair play in official access.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]In December of1869,Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of1871.[B]Completed in1875,the State Department’s south wing was the first to be occupied,withits elegant four-story library(completed in1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretary’s office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.[C]The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation’s foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nation’s most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.[D]Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President.It has housed16Secretaries of the Navy,21Secretaries of War,and24Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.[E]The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from1871to1888to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.[F]Construction took17years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly2miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.[G]The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offices were constructed between1799and1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41.C42.43.F44.45. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medicalliterature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately,the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible.We must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university.Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning,and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20points）。

英语证书考试美国研究生入学考试（GRE）2022年模拟题3(总分：170.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、数值比较题(总题数：7，分数：56.00)1.x2=81Quantity A: xQuantity B: 8（分数：8.00）A.Quantity A is greater.B.Quantity B is greater.C.The two quantities are equal.D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given. √解析：x2=81，那么x=±9，一个大于8，一个小于8，所以无法与8比较大小，选择D。

2.Quantity A: The Standard Deviation of 1, 3, 5,7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19Quantity B: The Standard Deviation of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20（分数：8.00）A.Quantity A is greater.B.Quantity B is greater.C.The two quantities are equal. √D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.解析：如果做这道题目时把两边的值硬算出来的话，显然是不明智的。

我们仔细观察一下这两个数列，第二个数列中的数对应项比第一个数列中的数都大1，那么根据标准方差的性质，这两个数列的standard deviation完全相等，所以选择C。

3.Quantity A: The probability that event R occurs is 0.38 the probability that events R and W both occurQuantity B: 0.4（分数：8.00）A.Quantity A is greater.B.Quantity B is greater. √C.The two quantities are equal.D.The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.解析：事件R发生的概率是0.38，事件R和W同时发生的概率必然小于单个事件发生的概率，不管这两个事件独立与否，因此两者同时发生的概率最大为0.38，小于0.4，所以选择B。